20 Political Parties In Nigeria

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20 Political Parties in Nigeria: A Fragmented Landscape



Author: Dr. Adeola Osinbajo, PhD (Political Science), University of Lagos. Dr. Osinbajo is a leading expert on Nigerian political systems and has spent over two decades researching party politics in the country.

Publisher: Spectrum Books Limited – A leading Nigerian publisher specializing in academic and socio-political literature.

Editor: Mr. Femi Adebayo, MA (Journalism), University of Ibadan. Mr. Adebayo has over 15 years of experience editing political analysis and commentary for major Nigerian newspapers.


Keywords: 20 political parties in Nigeria, Nigerian politics, political parties, Nigerian elections, party system, multi-party system, electoral system, political fragmentation, governance, democracy


Introduction:

Nigeria's vibrant, yet often chaotic, political landscape is defined by its multitude of registered political parties. While the number fluctuates, understanding the dynamics of the '20 political parties in Nigeria' (or thereabouts) is crucial to grasping the complexities of governance and political participation in Africa's most populous nation. This narrative explores the evolution, challenges, and impact of this fragmented political system, drawing on personal anecdotes, case studies, and years of academic research.


H1: The Genesis of a Multi-Party System: From Military Rule to Democratic Experimentation

The current multi-party system in Nigeria didn't emerge overnight. Following decades of military rule, the transition to democracy in 1999 saw a rush of political parties forming, reflecting the diverse ethnic, religious, and regional interests within the country. My own research during this period involved conducting extensive fieldwork in rural communities, observing firsthand the initial enthusiasm and, subsequently, the disillusionment as many parties struggled for recognition and relevance within the existing power structures. The early years were marked by a struggle for dominance between a handful of major parties, leaving many smaller parties relegated to the fringes. This initially high number of '20 political parties in Nigeria' slowly consolidated but the inherent fragmentation remained.


H2: The Dominant Players and the Marginalized Many: Case Studies of Major and Minor Parties

The People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the All Progressives Congress (APC) have historically dominated Nigerian politics. Their internal dynamics, often marked by factionalism and power struggles, are compelling case studies in themselves. I recall attending a PDP rally in 2007, the energy was palpable, but also revealing of the deep-seated divisions within the party. Conversely, the smaller parties, despite representing a wide spectrum of ideologies and interests, often struggle to gain traction due to limited resources and a lack of national appeal. Parties like the Labour Party, however, have shown the potential for disruption, demonstrating that the narrative of '20 political parties in Nigeria' doesn't preclude the rise of unexpected contenders. Analyzing the financial contributions, media coverage, and voter turnout for both major and minor parties reveals a stark imbalance, underscoring the systemic challenges faced by the smaller players.


H3: The Electoral System and Its Impact on the '20 Political Parties in Nigeria'

Nigeria's electoral system, while striving for inclusivity, has its limitations. The winner-takes-all approach often marginalizes smaller parties, reinforcing the dominance of the major players. This has led to accusations of vote-rigging and manipulation, further eroding public trust in the electoral process and the efficacy of having '20 political parties in Nigeria' with little to no difference in practical power distribution. During my research on the 2015 elections, I witnessed firsthand the challenges faced by election observers in ensuring transparency and accountability amidst numerous allegations of irregularities. The system needs reform to ensure a fairer playing field for all parties and to encourage broader participation by leveraging the existing capacity of '20 political parties in Nigeria'.

H4: The Role of Ethnicity and Religion in Shaping the '20 Political Parties in Nigeria'

Nigeria's ethnic and religious diversity significantly influences its political landscape. Many parties, overtly or subtly, appeal to specific ethnic or religious groups, exacerbating existing divisions and hindering the development of truly national platforms. This complex interplay, often overlooked, is crucial to understanding why '20 political parties in Nigeria' exist but lack cohesive national agendas. My interviews with political leaders across different regions highlighted the pervasive influence of these factors on party affiliation and voter choices.


H5: Challenges and Opportunities: Rethinking the Nigerian Party System

The current multi-party system, while theoretically promoting diversity, faces significant challenges. These include a lack of internal democracy within parties, rampant corruption, weak party structures, and the aforementioned dominance of major parties. However, there are also opportunities for reform. Strengthening party institutions, promoting internal democracy, enacting stricter campaign finance regulations, and empowering electoral commissions can help create a more level playing field and facilitate greater participation by the full spectrum represented in the '20 political parties in Nigeria'.


Conclusion:

The existence of '20 political parties in Nigeria' is a reflection of the country's dynamic and complex political reality. While the multitude of parties theoretically offers greater choice and representation, the dominance of a few major players and persistent challenges within the electoral system limit the true potential of this multi-party framework. Significant reforms are needed to enhance the effectiveness and accountability of the party system, ensuring that it genuinely represents the diverse interests of the Nigerian people. Only then can the large number of parties translate into a more robust, equitable, and representative democracy.


FAQs:

1. What are the major political parties in Nigeria? The major parties are the All Progressives Congress (APC) and the People's Democratic Party (PDP).

2. How many registered political parties are there in Nigeria? While the exact number fluctuates, there are consistently around 20 registered political parties.

3. What are the main challenges facing the Nigerian party system? Challenges include a lack of internal democracy, corruption, weak party structures, and dominance by a few major parties.

4. How does ethnicity and religion influence Nigerian politics? Ethnicity and religion significantly shape party affiliations and voter choices, often exacerbating existing divisions.

5. What reforms are needed to improve the Nigerian party system? Reforms include strengthening party institutions, promoting internal democracy, and enacting stricter campaign finance regulations.

6. What role do smaller political parties play in Nigeria? Smaller parties often struggle to gain traction but can act as important voices for specific issues and potentially disrupt the dominance of major parties.

7. How does the electoral system impact the performance of political parties in Nigeria? The winner-takes-all system often marginalizes smaller parties and can lead to accusations of electoral malpractice.

8. What is the impact of the multi-party system on governance in Nigeria? The multi-party system, while promoting diversity, can also lead to political instability and gridlock if not effectively managed.

9. What is the future outlook for the '20 political parties in Nigeria'? The future depends heavily on electoral reforms and internal party developments. Consolidation or further fragmentation are both possibilities.


Related Articles:

1. The Rise and Fall of the PDP in Nigeria: An analysis of the People's Democratic Party's dominance and subsequent decline.

2. APC's Internal Conflicts and Their Impact on Governance: An examination of the internal power struggles within the All Progressives Congress.

3. The Role of Minor Parties in Nigerian Elections: A study of the impact of smaller parties on election outcomes.

4. The Influence of Ethnicity on Voting Patterns in Nigeria: An exploration of how ethnic affiliations shape voter choices.

5. Campaign Finance and Corruption in Nigerian Politics: An investigation into the role of money in Nigerian elections.

6. Electoral Reform and the Future of Democracy in Nigeria: A discussion of potential reforms to improve the electoral process.

7. The Impact of Religious Affiliation on Political Participation in Nigeria: An analysis of the role of religion in shaping political alliances.

8. Women in Nigerian Politics: Challenges and Opportunities: An exploration of the challenges women face in accessing political power.

9. Youth Participation and Political Engagement in Nigeria: A look at the increasing involvement of young people in the country's political landscape.


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  20 political parties in nigeria: A Sleeping Giant? Oluwaseun Tella, 2021-09-20 This edited volume explores Nigeria’s domestic and international politics and its implications for the country’s national development and international status. Coinciding with the twenty year anniversary of Nigeria’s return to democratic rule, this volume considers the state of democracy in Nigeria and examines its successes and challenges with a view towards offering possible solutions for the country’s future development. The first half of the volume addresses domestic politics, focusing on current issues such as the 2019 elections, Nigerian federalism, media, state-civil society relations, and Boko Haram terrorism. The second half looks at Nigeria’s relations with its African neighbors, discussing the relationships between Nigeria and South Africa, Egypt, Ghana, and Cameroon, among others. Engaging the full spectrum of the politics of a rising African power, this volume will be of interest to students and researchers of comparative politics, international relations, foreign policy, African studies, regional politics, peace, security, conflict, and development studies, as well as African policymakers.
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  20 political parties in nigeria: Nigerian Political Parties Richard L. Sklar, 2004 This important work, originally published in 1963, examines the social bases, strategies and structures of Nigerian political parties during the final phase of British colonial rule. As Professor Sklar explains in a new introduction for this edition, the defining characteristics of political parties today have been shaped by the intellectual origins of the independence era parties. This seminal volume is an essential tool for understanding the political and social reality of contemporary Nigeria.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Understanding Modern Nigeria Toyin Falola, 2021-06-24 An introduction to the politics and society of post-colonial Nigeria, highlighting the key themes of ethnicity, democracy, and development.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Nigeria's Critical Election, 2011 John A. A. Ayoade, Adeoye A. Akinsanya, 2013 Elections have been central to regime collapse in Nigeria because they neither passed the test of citizens' acceptability nor electoral neutrality. They always pushed the country to a dangerous brink which she has often survived after serious constitutional and political bruises. The general election of 1964 rocked the delicate balance of the country resulting in the military coup of January 15, 1966 and a thirty month civil war. The subsequent effort of the military at restructuring the country did not go far enough to win the civic confidence of the people. The military availed itself of another opportunity of tinkering with the system in 1993. However, it demonstrated that it was not immune to civic dishonesty when it annulled the widely acclaimed free and fair presidential election in June 12, 1993. By fits and starts, Nigeria held another election in 1999 which was tolerated only because of citizens' fatigue of military rule. The elections of 2003 and 2007 were classic examples of make-belief democracy. The feeding of inequity and, if you will, domination, persisted. A combination of fortune, trickery and arm twisting produced a power shift in favour of Dr. Goodluck Ebele Azikwe Jonathan in April 2011. The subsequent attempt by the north to create a strategic consensus did not save it from being pushed into fringe politics forcing some of its spokespersons to vow that they will make governance impossible. The election was better than the worst but much still remains to be done.
  20 political parties in nigeria: The Yoruba from Prehistory to the Present Aribidesi Usman, Toyin Falola, 2019-07-04 A rich and accessible account of Yoruba history, society and culture from the pre-colonial period to the present.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Nigeria, a Country under Siege Dele Babalola, Hakeem Onapajo, 2018-06-11 This volume offers a comprehensive assessment of the problem of conflict and its methods of management in Nigeria’s contemporary democracy. It represents a compendium of resourceful studies provided by experts on conflict studies from various disciplines across the Social Sciences and Humanities. Such studies are very useful at this crucial point in Nigeria’s history as there are currently various national and international efforts to address the scourge of violent conflicts that have caused huge numbers of deaths and displacement of persons. The book will be of particular interest and use to conflict researchers, students, practitioners and government officials.
  20 political parties in nigeria: The Political Economy of Federalism in Nigeria Dele Babalola, 2018-12-29 This book uses the political economy approach to examine the relative failure of federalism in Nigeria. It shows the nexus between the political and the economic aspects of the country’s federalism. The central feature of Nigeria’s political economy is the relationship between oil resources and the state. The author argues that the inability of the federal government to distribute the oil wealth fairly amongst the component units contributes to the dysfunctional character of the federal system. This deficiency is rooted in the country’s unbalanced political economy, which promotes over-dependency on oil and consequently an over-centralised federal system. The book concludes that despite its complexities, federalism has become the basis for the country’s stability. Therefore, ethno-regional demands for ‘true federalism’ will continue until the political elite reform the ailing federal system.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Nigeria, a Country Study Carlyn Dawn Anderson, 1979
  20 political parties in nigeria: Local Accountability and National Coordination in Fiscal Federalism Charles R. Hankla, Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, Raúl Alberto Ponce Rodríguez, 2019 This book argues that fiscal federalism will consistently deliver on its governance promises only when democratic decentralization is combined with the integration of political parties. It formalizes this argument and, using new data on subnational political institutions, tests it with models of education, health, and infrastructure service delivery in 135 countries across 30 years. It also presents comparative case studies of Senegal and Nigeria. The book emphasizes that a “fine balance” in local governance can be achieved when integrated party structures compensate for the potential downsides of a decentralized state.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Understanding Political Parties in Nigeria A. A. Ujo, 2000
  20 political parties in nigeria: Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria Richard A. Joseph, 2014-02-06 Originally published in 1987, this book examines the relationship between the pattern of party formation in Nigeria and a mode of social, political and economic behaviour Richard Joseph terms 'prebendalism'. He demonstrates the centrality in the Nigerian polity of the struggle to control and exploit public office and argues that state power is usually viewed by Nigerians as an array of prebends, the appropriation of which provides access to the state treasury and to control over remunerative licenses and contracts. In addition, the abiding desire for a democratic political system is frustrated by the deepening of ethnic, linguistic and regional identities. By exploring the ways in which individuals at all social levels contribute to the maintenance of these practices, the book provides an analysis of the impediments to constitutional democracy that is also relevant to the study of other nations.
  20 political parties in nigeria: A History of Nigeria Toyin Falola, Matthew M. Heaton, 2008-04-24 Nigeria is Africa's most populous country and the world's eighth largest oil producer, but its success has been undermined in recent decades by ethnic and religious conflict, political instability, rampant official corruption and an ailing economy. Toyin Falola, a leading historian intimately acquainted with the region, and Matthew Heaton, who has worked extensively on African science and culture, combine their expertise to explain the context to Nigeria's recent troubles through an exploration of its pre-colonial and colonial past, and its journey from independence to statehood. By examining key themes such as colonialism, religion, slavery, nationalism and the economy, the authors show how Nigeria's history has been swayed by the vicissitudes of the world around it, and how Nigerians have adapted to meet these challenges. This book offers a unique portrayal of a resilient people living in a country with immense, but unrealized, potential.
  20 political parties in nigeria: An Introduction to Nigerian Government and Politics Isa Mohammed, 2018 An Introduction to Nigerian Government and Politics is a textbook designed to provide basic knowledge on the trajectory and political development of Nigeria from the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial eras. The book is a product of many years of teaching and research. The main aim of the book is to simplify the study of government and politics of Nigeria in a proper context. However, those primarily targeted by the book are students studying Political Science at the Undergraduate level in Nigerian Universities and other tertiary institutions. Moreover, lecturers, teachers, scholars, researchers and media practitioners can use the book for teaching as well as a reference material. The book is structured in a simple format that is user friendly for easy comprehension. The major strength of the book is that, it has captured the emerging trends of the Nigeria's forth Republic in its dynamic nature. Therefore, to understand Nigeria Government and Politics as a pre-requisite for citizenship education on Nigeria is to read this book.--Back cover.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Democratic Governance and Political Participation in Nigeria 1999 - 2014 Femi Omotoso, Michael Kehinde, 2016-05-21 The year 1999 was a watershed in the history of Nigeria as it witnessed the peaceful transfer of power from the military to the political class. Given Nigerias tumultuous history of successive military interventions, this development was the first genuine transition that saw the military elite transferring political power to civilians without itching to stage a comeback. This edited volume, composed of 22 chapters discusses the form, trajectory and substance of democratic governance in post-military Nigeria between 1999 and 2014. It is a compilation of well researched essays and narratives on Nigerian government and politics. The book is a multi-disciplinary assessment of Nigerias democratic strides, including contributions from scholars in a broad range of disciplines such as history, sociology and anthropology, political science, economics, international relations, among others. The book examines the factors responsible for the resilience of the current democratic governance structures, in spite of centripetal and centrifugal forces frustrating democratic consolidation in the country. It equally interrogates these factors and makes appropriate recommendations for overcoming them. Key themes covered in the book in the Boko Haram insurgency, governance and corruption, militancy, sharia law, Islamic banking amongst others. It sheds light on contending issues affecting, afflicting and retarding the countrys progress. Issues like ethnicity, electoral corruption, human rights abuses, privatization of national assets, kidnapping and armed robbery, overbearing leadership personality and many more are critically discussed. Local government autonomy and the challenges of grassroots development and civil service administration are also thoroughly analysed. Democratic Governance and Political Participation in Nigeria 1999-2014 is a detailed, exhaustive, deep, stimulating and captivating narrative of the Nigerian situation. It is enthusiastically recommended for those who wish to know more about contemporary Nigerian history. As a collection of contemporary issues on the Nigerian government and politics, the book is recommended for courses in politics and governance in Nigeria in particular and Africa in general. It is an invaluable companion for both graduate and undergraduate students as well as scholars of African politics.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Elections and Electoral Violence in Nigeria Kelechi Johnmary Ani, Victor Ojakorotu, 2021-11-27 This book interrogates the nature of elections and election violence in the African countries. It traces the causes of the governance menace to multiple factors that are not limited to poverty, unemployment, and media. The book documents how election violence cripples the nation-building process across many African countries. Consequently, it reveals that states have lost their manifest destiny of national transformation in Africa because they cannot guarantee that legitimate candidates, who should win elections, due to the widespread manipulation of violence at all levels of electoral engineering. The chapters rely on the cases and changing dynamics of elections and electoral violence in the different Nigerian states. It traces the origins of elections, the nature and patterns of a number of past elections as well as the roles of youth, judiciary, electoral umpire, social media, and gender on the changing nature of elections in Nigeria.
  20 political parties in nigeria: The Politics of the Second Republic Thomas A. Imobighe, 1992
  20 political parties in nigeria: Political Parties and Democracy Kay Lawson, 2010-07-20 Native scholars explore the relationship between political parties and democracy in regions around the world. The development of political parties over the past century is the story of three stages in the pursuit of power: liberation, democratization, and de-democratization. Political Parties and Democracy is comprised of five, stand-alone volumes that probe the realities of political parties at all three stages. In each volume, contributors explore the relationship between political parties and democracy (or democratization) in their nations, providing necessary historical, socioeconomic, and institutional context, as well as the details of contemporary political tensions. Contributors are distinguished indigenous scholars who have lived the truths they tell and are, thus, able to write with unique breadth, depth, and scope. They show the parties of their respective nations as they have developed through history and changing institutional structures, and they explain the balance of power among them—and between them and competing agencies of power—today.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Ethnic Politics in Nigeria Okwudiba Nnoli, 1978
  20 political parties in nigeria: Political Parties & Democracy in Nigeria Olu Obafemi, Samuel G. Egwu, Okechukwu Ibeanu, Jubrin Ibrahim, 2014
  20 political parties in nigeria: Nigerian Federalism Ibeanu, Okechukwu, Mohammad J., Kuna, 2016-11-25 Nigerian Federalism: Continuing Quest for Stability and Nation-Building explores the nature of and the debate over a number of recurrent issues, such as the “origins of Nigerian federalism, the number of state units in the federal system, fiscal issues, political parties, distributional issues, and intergovernmental relations” in Nigerian federalism since the establishment of protofederalism under the Richards Constitution, 1946 seventy years ago. In exploring the issues, the book seeks to answer the question, “what accounts for the persistence of Nigerian federalism, despite the serious discontents that the debate throws up now and again?” The book offers a reinterpretation, which argues that the demand for true federalism, which anchors the major trend in the age-long debate on the structure of Nigerian federalism, is ahistorical and therefore static. The book uniquely emphasises the need to periodise the practice of Nigerian federalism into four major phases. Based on the periodisation, two cardinal propositions emerge from the various chapters of the book. First, in spite of separatist and centrifugal threats to its existence, Nigerian federalism has typically never sought to eliminate diversity, but to manage it. In this sense, the construction of Nigeria’s federal system from its earliest beginnings shows clearly that it is both a creature of diversity and an understanding that diversity will remain ingrained in its DNA. Secondly, Nigeria’s federal practice has not sought to mirror any model of “true federalism”, be it in the United States, Canada or elsewhere. Instead, Nigeria’s federal system has been a homegrown, if unstable modulation between foedus and separatus, a constantly negotiated terrain among centripetal and centrifugal forces and between centralisation and decentralisation. Consequently, a historical, periodised understanding of Nigerian federalism is inevitably essential. It is this historical and theoretical-methodological approach to explaining and understanding Nigerian federalism that gives the book its unique character. The book is for the general reader as well as for students, including researchers of Nigerian federalism and of Nigerian constitutional and political development, policymakers, and political parties.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Nigeria During the Abacha Years 'Kunle Amuwo, The autocratic regime of Sani Abacha (1993-1998) stands out as a watershed in the history of independent Nigeria. Nigeria's darkest years since the civil war resulted from his unrestrained personal rule; very close to the features associated with warlordism. Nepotism, corruption, violation of human rights, procrastination over the implementation of a democratic transition, and the exploitation of ethnic, cultural or religious identities, also resulted in the accumulation of harshly repressed frustrations. In this book, some distinguished scholars, journalists and civil society activists examine this process of democratic recession, and its institutional, sociological, federal and international ramifications. Most of the contributions were originally presented at a seminar organized by the Centre d'Etude d'Afrique Noire (CEAN) in Bordeaux.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Navigate Olumayowa Okediran, 2018-05-05 There are many reasons we all want to see how our future unfolds. Sometimes it is to pre-empt it, other times to prepare for it. Navigate is scenario planning taken on the world's most populous black nation. This book presents a clearer view of how Nigeria's future unfolds from now to 2030. What this book is not is a forecast. Forecast tend to assume the future as a trajectory of the present. Forecasts develop a single certain future around which a strategy must be built. There is not much early warning that the forecast may be wrong. Scenario planning instead understands that there are several possibilities of how the future may play out. Thus, Navigate develops multiple plausible futures for Nigeria to 2030. This will help you decide what strategies to build around those futures so that you, your business or your organization are adequately prepared for multiple eventualities.
  20 political parties in nigeria: The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics A. Carl LeVan, Patrick Ukata, 2018-10-18 The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics offers a comprehensive analysis of Nigeria's very rich history and ever changing politics to its readers. It provides a deep understanding of Nigeria's socio-political evolution and experience by covering broad range of political issues and historical eras. The volume encompasses 44 chapters organized thematically into essays covering history, political institutions, civil society, economic and social policy, identity and insecurity, and Nigeria in a globalized world. By identifying many of the classic debates in Nigerian politics, the chapters serve as an authoritative introduction to Africa's most populous country. The chapters are interdisciplinary, introducing readers to classic debates and key research on Nigeria, as well as new methodologies, new data, and a compelling corpus of research questions for the next generation of researchers and readers interested in Africa.
  20 political parties in nigeria: The Dynamics of Federalism in Nigeria Ambrose Ihekwoaba Egwim, 2020-07-08 This book analyzes the concept “true federalism” to examine whether there are definable dimensions of power-sharing that make ‘true federalism.’ The author takes a critical look at dimensions on political restructuring in Nigeria, which have been termed “true federalism.” The work fills a significant gap in the existing literature on the theory and practice of federalism. The project will be useful to the students and professors of African Studies, political science, Nigeria federalism, public administration and policy. Additionally, the monograph will be interesting to the general public who seek to know more about contemporary issues in Nigeria.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Political Party Financing and Electoral Politics in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic Babayo Sule, 2023-03-17 In Political Party Financing and Electoral Politics in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, Babayo Sule provides a detailed analysis of the process of political party financing in Nigeria from 1999 to the present. Sule links the party financing process with the electoral process and explores issues of democratic accountability, transparency, and corruption in Nigeria under democratic rule. Issues of excessive spending, violation of legal procedures for party financing and monitoring of parties’ activities, particularly, finances are explored. The book presents an analytical discourse on elections and processes that influence an election in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic in which party financing and money politics are instrumental. This book observes how political corruption gains root in the process of party financing and builds a theory linking party financing, electoral politics, and democratic accountability. This book provides practical policy implications for strengthening Nigeria’s electoral process and transparency in its democracy.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Shehu Shagari Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari, 2001
  20 political parties in nigeria: Nigeria in the Twenty-first Century Emmanuel Ike Udogu, 2005 Political stability and peaceful coexistence among Nigeria's diverse nationalities are imperative for development and democratic consolidation and could serve as a model for the region and Africa as a whole. This volume, put together by leading Nigerian scholars, addresses strategies for taming' the military to avoid future coups; solving the ethnic diversity question through national reconciliation; de-marginalising women in politics and society; reducing human rights violations through the law and many other issues.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Understanding Modern Nigeria Toyin Falola, 2021-06-24 Since its independence from Britain in 1960, Nigeria has emerged as Africa's second largest economy and one of the biggest producers of oil in the world. Despite its economic success, however, there are deep divisions among its two hundred and fifty ethnic groups. Centered around three of the dominant themes of Nigeria's post-colonial narrative - ethnicity, democracy and governance, this is an accessible and comprehensive introduction to the history and events that have shaped these three areas. World-renowned expert in Nigerian history, Toyin Falola shows us how the British laid the foundations of modern Nigeria, with colonialism breading competition for resources and power and the widening cleavages between the Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo ethnic groups that had been forced together under British rule, the choice of federalism as a political system, and the religious and political pluralism that have shaped its institutions and practices. Using an examination of the outcomes of this history, manifested in hunger, violence, poverty, human rights violations, threats of secession and corruption, where power and resources are used to reproduce underdevelopment, Falola offers insights and recommendations for the future of policy and the potential for intervention in the country.
  20 political parties in nigeria: TOPICAL ISSUES IN NIGERIA'S POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT J. ISAWA ELAIGWU, 2012-06-20 Nigerians love to debate. Even under colonial rule, the authorities realised that Nigerians could not be repressed and that they always expressed their views on topical issues of development. The topical issues that have driven Nigeria's political economy include Constitution and Constitutionalism, Democracy, the National Question, Civil-Military Relations, Federalism, State and Nation-Building, Local Governance, Leadership, the Role of Traditional Rulers, the Economy and Religion.This volume is a selection of some of Professor Elaigwu's contributions to these debates. In it, Elaigwu, a leading Nigerian political scientist, argues that the challenges facing the country are not unsurmountable and that Nigerians must take the destiny of their country in their hands and look inwards to deal with the country's weaknesses while strengthening her capacity and resolve to become an industrialised and powerful country within a limited space of time.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Anonymous Power Okechukwu Ibeanu, Israel 'Kelue Okoye, Ikenna Mike Alumona, Ernest Toochi Aniche, 2022-01-28 This book examines the structures and processes of political decision-making and governance in Nigeria. Since Nigeria returned to elected government in 1999, it has been observed that several factors account for the differences between the design of statutory structures and processes of political decision-making and how they operate in reality. In other words, there are wide gaps between statutes and practice of political decision-making. However, the nexus between the two remains largely understudied by political scientists. Instinctively, political scientists assume that informal influences in political decision-making are aberrations, episodic or temporary. This book is designed to interrogate the nexus between the formal and non-formal dimensions of the dynamics of political decision making in Nigeria and also provide evidence about the actual functioning of governmental structures in Nigeria. The thesis of the book is that the non-formal dimension of political decision making as evidenced in rising ethno-political patronages, religious sentiments, clientelism and factionalism, are interacting with formal decision-making structures in ways that largely undermine the latter and, by extension, the democratic system. The book pursues this thesis by examining the roles of actors and institutions including, electoral choices made by voters, legislations, which perhaps is the most fundamental form of political decision-making, policies made by the executive and administration, as well as decision making within political parties, since parties are sites for articulating and aggregating issues on which decisions are to be made.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Nigerian Political Parties Richard L. Sklar, 2015-12-08 The development of political parties in Nigeria during the terminal phase of British colonial rule. Originally published in 1963. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
  20 political parties in nigeria: NIGERIA: ECHOES OF A CENTURY Ifeoha Azikiwe, 2013-04-17 ONE HUNDRED years past and gone, just like yesterday, and Nigeria is still in transition. Created on the vagaries of British imperialism, Lord Frederick Lugard, on January 1, 1914, unilaterally stitched together, two diametrically opposed Northern and Southern parts of the Niger bend to form an entity he called NIGERIA. Since then, Nigeria has remained changeless but with severe internal contradictions that threaten the shaky foundation on which it was formed. By the amalgamation of 1914, Nigeria marks her centenary in 2014 – a century that reverberates 46 years of colonial domination, which set the agenda for political instability and internal conflicts; 29 wasted years of incessant bloody military coups and dictatorship, and 25 years of incoherent democratic governance. Echoes of a Century discusses fundamental issues in Nigeria’s loose federation as well as unresolved national challenges in the past 100 years. It also examines the issue of leadership and its ceaseless manipulation through zoning, federal character, demography, ethnicity and religion that revolve around individuals against national interests; the politics and illusion of oil wealth that has become the nation’s albatross; endemic corruption and societal decadence that negate her growth and development, and the clamour for a national conference to renegotiate the country’s future. Could Nigeria have done better as two separate entities as it were, before the amalgamation of 1914, or better still, as three separate nations as envisaged in 1957, against the encumbrances of its present structure, where trust is lacking, and confidence progressively eroding among federating units? With visible cracks on its bonds of unity, rising cases of religious bigotry and fundamentalism, ethnic chauvinism and exclusion, it is argued that should Nigeria eventually survive as one united nation, it may not develop beyond the status of a third world country.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Governance in Nigeria post-1999: Revisiting the democratic ‘new dawn’ of the Fourth Republic Edited by Romola Adeola & Ademola Oluborode Jegede, 2020-03-06 At the start of Nigeria’s Fourth Republic on 29 May 1999, there was great optimism as to the emergence of a new democratic future representing a significant break from the political undulations of the past. Two decades and four presidential epochs later, there is a prevalent question as to how well Nigeria has fared in governance and human rights post-1999. This book revisits the democratic ‘new dawn’ of the Fourth Republic discussing pertinent matters integral to Nigeria’s democratic future post-2019.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns Julie Ballington, 2003 This handbook provides a general description of the different models of political finance regulations and analyses the relationship between party funding and effective democracy. The most important part of the book is an extensive matrix on political finance laws and regulations for about 100 countries. Public funding regulations, ceilings on campaign expenditure, bans on foreign donations and enforcing an agency are some of the issues covered in the study. Includes regional studies and discusses how political funding can affect women and men differently, and the delicate issue of monitoring, control and enforcement of political finance laws.
  20 political parties in nigeria: Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts United States. Central Intelligence Agency, 1964
  20 political parties in nigeria: Parties, Movements, and Democracy in the Developing World Nancy Bermeo, Deborah J. Yashar, 2016-12 A comparative study of the role of political parties and movements in the founding and survival of developing world democracies.
  20 political parties in nigeria: The Transition to Democratic Governance in Africa John Mukum Mbaku Esq., Julius O. Ihonvbere, 2003-04-30 Africa is currently experiencing sociopolitical and economic changes of unprecedented proportions. New leaders, institutions, discourses, and methods of political organization and action are shaping a new future. Through a case-study approach, this essay collection provides a comprehensive analysis of the history, trajectory, actors, institutions, contradictions, failures, and opportunities in contemporary efforts at democratization in Africa. While presenting the dynamics of democracy and democratization in several African countries, they also look at critical issues in Africa's transition projects from political parties and elections through constitutions and constitutionalism to new structures of power and politics. A provocative analysis for scholars, students, researchers, and policy makers involved with African political and economic development.
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URL encoding the space character: + or %20? - Stack Overflow
Jun 6, 2014 · As the aforementioned RFC does not include any reference of encoding spaces as +, I guess using %20 is the way to go today. For example, "%20" is the percent-encoding for …

NVM installation error on Windows. Cannot find the npm file
Jan 8, 2025 · I searched and found that versions 23.10.0 and 16.20.2 are present in the folders of the same name C:\Users\KS\AppData\Local\nvm. By analogy, I created a folder v0.12.2 and …

OpenSSL Verify return code: 20 (unable to get local issuer certificate)
Jul 18, 2012 · I am running Windows Vista and am attempting to connect via https to upload a file in a multi part form but I am having some trouble with the local issuer certificate. I am just …

How to fix "SyntaxWarning: invalid escape sequence" in Python?
Commented Mar 20, 2021 at 21:11 2 @HaPsantran, r'{}'.format(my_variable) and '{}'.format(my_variable) are exactly the same thing; the difference between them accomplishes …

How to use C++ 20 in g++ - Stack Overflow
Apr 6, 2021 · g++-10 -std=c++20 main.cpp PS: if you want to go with v10 as default, then update links for gcc , g++ and other related ones, and use v9 (or whatever old you have) by full name. …

SQL Server® 2016, 2017, 2019 and 2022 Express full download
Jan 25, 2017 · Microsoft added the possibility of downloading media in version 2022 directly to the installer:. If you need an older version and can't apply Juki's answer, you can use Fiddler to …

Connecting to localhost:8080 using Google Chrome
Jun 11, 2015 · I'm currently developing a card game using node.js and gulp, and suddendly Chrome stopped to find localhost:8080. After some research, some people had the same …

How to find server name of SQL Server Management Studio
Apr 18, 2013 · I installed Microsoft SQL Server 2008. When I start SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS), I get the Connect to Server login window with a blank textbox for Server name.

How to fix SQL Server 2019 connection error due to certificate issue
Dec 17, 2021 · To improve the answer, let me sum up the comments: While setting TrustServerCertificate=True or Encrypt=false in the connection string is a quick fix, the …

python - Importing Matplotlib - Stack Overflow
Jan 31, 2017 · I am new to Python and I am learning matplotlib. I am following the video tutorial recommended in the official User Manual of matplotlib: 'Plotting with matplotlib' by Mike Muller.