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2.02 Quiz: Chemistry of the Oceans: A Comprehensive Guide to Success
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, Ph.D. in Marine Chemistry, 15 years of experience teaching oceanography at university level and conducting research on ocean acidification.
Publisher: Oceanographic Education Society (OES), a leading non-profit organization dedicated to advancing ocean literacy and providing high-quality educational resources related to marine science.
Editor: Professor Alistair Davies, Ph.D. in Marine Biology, extensive experience in curriculum development and educational assessment in oceanographic studies.
Summary: This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts covered in a typical "2.02 Quiz: Chemistry of the Oceans," highlighting best practices for studying and common pitfalls to avoid. It delves into the critical aspects of ocean chemistry, including salinity, pH, dissolved gases, nutrient cycles, and the impact of human activities. The guide offers valuable strategies for mastering the material and achieving success on the quiz.
Keywords: 2.02 quiz chemistry of the oceans, ocean chemistry, salinity, pH, ocean acidification, dissolved gases, nutrient cycles, marine chemistry, oceanography quiz, study guide.
1. Understanding the Scope of the 2.02 Quiz: Chemistry of the Oceans
The "2.02 Quiz: Chemistry of the Oceans" typically assesses fundamental knowledge of ocean chemistry. This includes understanding the chemical composition of seawater, the various processes that influence ocean chemistry, and the consequences of changes in ocean chemistry. A thorough understanding of the syllabus and any provided learning materials is crucial for success. Knowing exactly what topics will be covered on your specific 2.02 quiz is the first step to acing it.
2. Key Concepts for the 2.02 Quiz: Chemistry of the Oceans
This section breaks down the essential concepts often included in a "2.02 Quiz: Chemistry of the Oceans."
2.1 Salinity and its Distribution: Understanding what salinity is, how it's measured (practical salinity scale), and factors influencing its variation (evaporation, precipitation, river runoff, ice formation) are fundamental. Be prepared to interpret salinity maps and graphs.
2.2 Ocean pH and Acidification: This is a crucial area. Understand the concept of pH, the ocean's current pH, the causes of ocean acidification (absorption of atmospheric CO2), and the significant consequences for marine life (shell formation, coral reefs).
2.3 Dissolved Gases in the Ocean: Focus on the most important gases: oxygen and carbon dioxide. Learn about their sources, sinks, and the factors affecting their solubility in seawater (temperature, salinity, pressure). The role of oxygen in marine life and the impact of low oxygen zones ("dead zones") are important.
2.4 Nutrient Cycles in the Ocean: Understanding the cycles of key nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon is essential. Know their sources (upwelling, runoff), their roles in marine ecosystems (primary productivity), and how human activities can disrupt these cycles (eutrophication).
2.5 Chemical Interactions and Reactions in the Ocean: Grasp the basic principles of chemical reactions in the marine environment. This might involve understanding the formation of precipitates, redox reactions, and the interactions between different chemical species in seawater.
3. Best Practices for Studying for the 2.02 Quiz: Chemistry of the Oceans
Effective studying is key to success. Here are some best practices:
Active Recall: Test yourself frequently using flashcards, practice questions, or by explaining concepts aloud.
Spaced Repetition: Review material at increasing intervals to improve long-term retention.
Concept Mapping: Create visual representations of the relationships between different concepts to enhance understanding.
Problem-Solving: Practice solving numerical problems related to salinity, pH calculations, and nutrient concentrations.
Seek Clarification: Don't hesitate to ask your instructor or teaching assistant for clarification on any confusing concepts.
Form Study Groups: Collaborate with classmates to discuss challenging topics and learn from each other's perspectives.
Utilize Online Resources: Explore reputable online resources, videos, and interactive simulations to supplement your learning.
4. Common Pitfalls to Avoid for the 2.02 Quiz: Chemistry of the Oceans
Several common pitfalls can hinder performance on the "2.02 Quiz: Chemistry of the Oceans." Avoiding these will significantly improve your chances of success.
Memorization without Understanding: Rote memorization is ineffective. Focus on understanding the underlying principles and the relationships between different concepts.
Ignoring Units: Pay close attention to units (e.g., ppt, PSU, µmol/L) when working with numerical problems. Incorrect unit handling can lead to significant errors.
Neglecting Diagrams and Graphs: Practice interpreting diagrams and graphs related to salinity distribution, pH changes, and nutrient concentrations.
Overlooking the Big Picture: Try to connect individual concepts to form a holistic understanding of ocean chemistry.
Procrastination: Start studying early and allocate sufficient time for review.
5. Sample Questions and Answers for the 2.02 Quiz: Chemistry of the Oceans (Illustrative Examples Only)
(Note: These are illustrative examples. Actual quiz questions may vary.)
Q1: What is the primary cause of ocean acidification?
A1: The absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) by the ocean.
Q2: Define salinity and explain two factors that influence its distribution.
A2: Salinity is the measure of dissolved salts in seawater. Two influencing factors are evaporation (increasing salinity) and river runoff (decreasing salinity).
Q3: Explain the importance of the nitrogen cycle in the ocean.
A3: The nitrogen cycle is crucial for primary productivity, as nitrogen is a vital nutrient for phytoplankton growth.
Conclusion
Success on the "2.02 Quiz: Chemistry of the Oceans" requires a thorough understanding of key concepts, effective study habits, and a focused approach to avoid common pitfalls. By following the best practices outlined in this guide and addressing the common mistakes, students can significantly improve their performance and achieve a strong grasp of ocean chemistry. Remember, consistent effort and a deep understanding of the material are far more effective than last-minute cramming.
FAQs
1. What is the best way to prepare for a multiple-choice quiz on ocean chemistry? Practice with past papers and online quizzes, focusing on understanding concepts rather than just memorizing facts.
2. How can I improve my understanding of pH and its significance in the ocean? Utilize online resources and videos to visualize the concept, and practice calculating pH using example problems.
3. What are some common mistakes students make when calculating salinity? Failing to convert units correctly and neglecting the effects of temperature and pressure on salinity measurements.
4. How can I remember the different nutrient cycles in the ocean? Create a visual diagram or mind map showing the flow of nutrients between different compartments of the ocean.
5. What is the best resource to understand ocean acidification in detail? Refer to reputable scientific articles and publications from organizations like the NOAA and IPCC.
6. How can I improve my problem-solving skills for ocean chemistry questions? Practice solving a variety of problems, starting with simpler ones and gradually progressing to more complex ones.
7. What are some good strategies for managing test anxiety related to the 2.02 quiz? Practice relaxation techniques, get sufficient sleep, and review material thoroughly beforehand.
8. How can I best utilize online resources for studying ocean chemistry? Choose reputable websites, educational videos, and interactive simulations from credible sources.
9. Are there any specific textbooks recommended for preparing for this quiz? Check with your instructor for recommended textbooks or other learning materials.
Related Articles
1. Ocean Acidification and its Impacts on Marine Ecosystems: A detailed exploration of the causes, consequences, and potential mitigation strategies of ocean acidification.
2. The Global Carbon Cycle and its Connection to Ocean Chemistry: An in-depth analysis of the role of the ocean in regulating the global carbon cycle.
3. Nutrient Cycling in Coastal Waters: A focused study on nutrient dynamics and their influence on coastal ecosystems.
4. The Chemistry of Seawater: A Comprehensive Overview: A broader exploration of the various chemical components and processes in seawater.
5. Salinity Variations and their Impacts on Marine Life: An examination of the effects of salinity changes on the distribution and abundance of marine organisms.
6. Dissolved Oxygen in the Ocean: Dynamics and Impacts: A detailed study of dissolved oxygen distribution, factors affecting it, and consequences of hypoxia.
7. Oceanographic Instrumentation and Techniques for Measuring Ocean Chemistry: An overview of the tools and methods used to study ocean chemistry.
8. Human Impacts on Ocean Chemistry: A Case Study of Pollution: An analysis of various pollutants and their effects on the chemistry of the oceans.
9. Predicting Future Changes in Ocean Chemistry: An exploration of climate change models and their predictions for future ocean chemistry.
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| 202 quiz chemistry of the oceans: School, Family, and Community Partnerships Joyce L. Epstein, Mavis G. Sanders, Steven B. Sheldon, Beth S. Simon, Karen Clark Salinas, Natalie Rodriguez Jansorn, Frances L. Van Voorhis, Cecelia S. Martin, Brenda G. Thomas, Marsha D. Greenfeld, Darcy J. Hutchins, Kenyatta J. Williams, 2018-07-19 Strengthen programs of family and community engagement to promote equity and increase student success! When schools, families, and communities collaborate and share responsibility for students′ education, more students succeed in school. Based on 30 years of research and fieldwork, the fourth edition of the bestseller School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your Handbook for Action, presents tools and guidelines to help develop more effective and more equitable programs of family and community engagement. Written by a team of well-known experts, it provides a theory and framework of six types of involvement for action; up-to-date research on school, family, and community collaboration; and new materials for professional development and on-going technical assistance. Readers also will find: Examples of best practices on the six types of involvement from preschools, and elementary, middle, and high schools Checklists, templates, and evaluations to plan goal-linked partnership programs and assess progress CD-ROM with slides and notes for two presentations: A new awareness session to orient colleagues on the major components of a research-based partnership program, and a full One-Day Team Training Workshop to prepare school teams to develop their partnership programs. As a foundational text, this handbook demonstrates a proven approach to implement and sustain inclusive, goal-linked programs of partnership. It shows how a good partnership program is an essential component of good school organization and school improvement for student success. This book will help every district and all schools strengthen and continually improve their programs of family and community engagement. |
| 202 quiz chemistry of the oceans: Unbroken Laura Hillenbrand, 2014-07-29 #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • NOW A MAJOR MOTION PICTURE • Look for special features inside. Join the Random House Reader’s Circle for author chats and more. In boyhood, Louis Zamperini was an incorrigible delinquent. As a teenager, he channeled his defiance into running, discovering a prodigious talent that had carried him to the Berlin Olympics. But when World War II began, the athlete became an airman, embarking on a journey that led to a doomed flight on a May afternoon in 1943. When his Army Air Forces bomber crashed into the Pacific Ocean, against all odds, Zamperini survived, adrift on a foundering life raft. Ahead of Zamperini lay thousands of miles of open ocean, leaping sharks, thirst and starvation, enemy aircraft, and, beyond, a trial even greater. Driven to the limits of endurance, Zamperini would answer desperation with ingenuity; suffering with hope, resolve, and humor; brutality with rebellion. His fate, whether triumph or tragedy, would be suspended on the fraying wire of his will. Appearing in paperback for the first time—with twenty arresting new photos and an extensive Q&A with the author—Unbroken is an unforgettable testament to the resilience of the human mind, body, and spirit, brought vividly to life by Seabiscuit author Laura Hillenbrand. Hailed as the top nonfiction book of the year by Time magazine • Winner of the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for biography and the Indies Choice Adult Nonfiction Book of the Year award “Extraordinarily moving . . . a powerfully drawn survival epic.”—The Wall Street Journal “[A] one-in-a-billion story . . . designed to wrench from self-respecting critics all the blurby adjectives we normally try to avoid: It is amazing, unforgettable, gripping, harrowing, chilling, and inspiring.”—New York “Staggering . . . mesmerizing . . . Hillenbrand’s writing is so ferociously cinematic, the events she describes so incredible, you don’t dare take your eyes off the page.”—People “A meticulous, soaring and beautifully written account of an extraordinary life.”—The Washington Post “Ambitious and powerful . . . a startling narrative and an inspirational book.”—The New York Times Book Review “Magnificent . . . incredible . . . [Hillenbrand] has crafted another masterful blend of sports, history and overcoming terrific odds; this is biography taken to the nth degree, a chronicle of a remarkable life lived through extraordinary times.”—The Dallas Morning News “An astonishing testament to the superhuman power of tenacity.”—Entertainment Weekly “A tale of triumph and redemption . . . astonishingly detailed.”—O: The Oprah Magazine “[A] masterfully told true story . . . nothing less than a marvel.”—Washingtonian “[Hillenbrand tells this] story with cool elegance but at a thrilling sprinter’s pace.”—Time “Hillenbrand [is] one of our best writers of narrative history. You don’t have to be a sports fan or a war-history buff to devour this book—you just have to love great storytelling.”—Rebecca Skloot, author of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks |
| 202 quiz chemistry of the oceans: Mathematics and Computation Avi Wigderson, 2019-10-29 From the winner of the Turing Award and the Abel Prize, an introduction to computational complexity theory, its connections and interactions with mathematics, and its central role in the natural and social sciences, technology, and philosophy Mathematics and Computation provides a broad, conceptual overview of computational complexity theory—the mathematical study of efficient computation. With important practical applications to computer science and industry, computational complexity theory has evolved into a highly interdisciplinary field, with strong links to most mathematical areas and to a growing number of scientific endeavors. Avi Wigderson takes a sweeping survey of complexity theory, emphasizing the field’s insights and challenges. He explains the ideas and motivations leading to key models, notions, and results. In particular, he looks at algorithms and complexity, computations and proofs, randomness and interaction, quantum and arithmetic computation, and cryptography and learning, all as parts of a cohesive whole with numerous cross-influences. Wigderson illustrates the immense breadth of the field, its beauty and richness, and its diverse and growing interactions with other areas of mathematics. He ends with a comprehensive look at the theory of computation, its methodology and aspirations, and the unique and fundamental ways in which it has shaped and will further shape science, technology, and society. For further reading, an extensive bibliography is provided for all topics covered. Mathematics and Computation is useful for undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics, computer science, and related fields, as well as researchers and teachers in these fields. Many parts require little background, and serve as an invitation to newcomers seeking an introduction to the theory of computation. Comprehensive coverage of computational complexity theory, and beyond High-level, intuitive exposition, which brings conceptual clarity to this central and dynamic scientific discipline Historical accounts of the evolution and motivations of central concepts and models A broad view of the theory of computation's influence on science, technology, and society Extensive bibliography |
| 202 quiz chemistry of the oceans: The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation Lester Kaufman, Jane Straus, 2021-04-16 The bestselling workbook and grammar guide, revised and updated! Hailed as one of the best books around for teaching grammar, The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation includes easy-to-understand rules, abundant examples, dozens of reproducible quizzes, and pre- and post-tests to help teach grammar to middle and high schoolers, college students, ESL students, homeschoolers, and more. This concise, entertaining workbook makes learning English grammar and usage simple and fun. This updated 12th edition reflects the latest updates to English usage and grammar, and includes answers to all reproducible quizzes to facilitate self-assessment and learning. Clear and concise, with easy-to-follow explanations, offering just the facts on English grammar, punctuation, and usage Fully updated to reflect the latest rules, along with even more quizzes and pre- and post-tests to help teach grammar Ideal for students from seventh grade through adulthood in the US and abroad For anyone who wants to understand the major rules and subtle guidelines of English grammar and usage, The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation offers comprehensive, straightforward instruction. |
| 202 quiz chemistry of the oceans: The Water Footprint Assessment Manual Maite M. Aldaya, Ashok K. Chapagain, Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Mesfin M. Mekonnen, 2012-08-21 People use lots of water for drinking, cooking and washing, but significantly more for producing things such as food, paper and cotton clothes. The water footprint is an indicator of water use that looks at both direct and indirect water use of a consumer or producer. Indirect use refers to the 'virtual water' embedded in tradable goods and commodities, such as cereals, sugar or cotton. The water footprint of an individual, community or business is defined as the total volume of freshwater that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. This book offers a complete and up-to-date overview of the global standard on water footprint assessment as developed by the Water Footprint Network. More specifically it: o Provides a comprehensive set of methods for water footprint assessment o Shows how water footprints can be calculated for individual processes and products, as well as for consumers, nations and businesses o Contains detailed worked examples of how to calculate green, blue and grey water footprints o Describes how to assess the sustainability of the aggregated water footprint within a river basin or the water footprint of a specific product o Includes an extensive library of possible measures that can contribute to water footprint reduction |
| 202 quiz chemistry of the oceans: Chemistry 2e Paul Flowers, Klaus Theopold, Richard Langley, Edward J. Neth, WIlliam R. Robinson, 2019-02-14 Chemistry 2e is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the two-semester general chemistry course. The textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them. The book also includes a number of innovative features, including interactive exercises and real-world applications, designed to enhance student learning. The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative. Changes made in Chemistry 2e are described in the preface to help instructors transition to the second edition. |
| 202 quiz chemistry of the oceans: The Disappearing Spoon Sam Kean, 2010-07-12 From New York Times bestselling author Sam Kean comes incredible stories of science, history, finance, mythology, the arts, medicine, and more, as told by the Periodic Table. Why did Gandhi hate iodine (I, 53)? How did radium (Ra, 88) nearly ruin Marie Curie's reputation? And why is gallium (Ga, 31) the go-to element for laboratory pranksters? The Periodic Table is a crowning scientific achievement, but it's also a treasure trove of adventure, betrayal, and obsession. These fascinating tales follow every element on the table as they play out their parts in human history, and in the lives of the (frequently) mad scientists who discovered them. The Disappearing Spoon masterfully fuses science with the classic lore of invention, investigation, and discovery -- from the Big Bang through the end of time. Though solid at room temperature, gallium is a moldable metal that melts at 84 degrees Fahrenheit. A classic science prank is to mold gallium spoons, serve them with tea, and watch guests recoil as their utensils disappear. |
| 202 quiz chemistry of the oceans: Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills David Schottke, 2014 |
| 202 quiz chemistry of the oceans: CRC Handbook of Metal Etchants Perrin Walker, William H. Tarn, 1990-12-11 This publication presents cleaning and etching solutions, their applications, and results on inorganic materials. It is a comprehensive collection of etching and cleaning solutions in a single source. Chemical formulas are presented in one of three standard formats - general, electrolytic or ionized gas formats - to insure inclusion of all necessary operational data as shown in references that accompany each numbered formula. The book describes other applications of specific solutions, including their use on other metals or metallic compounds. Physical properties, association of natural and man-made minerals, and materials are shown in relationship to crystal structure, special processing techniques and solid state devices and assemblies fabricated. This publication also presents a number of organic materials which are widely used in handling and general processing...waxes, plastics, and lacquers for example. It is useful to individuals involved in study, development, and processing of metals and metallic compounds. It is invaluable for readers from the college level to industrial R & D and full-scale device fabrication, testing and sales. Scientific disciplines, work areas and individuals with great interest include: chemistry, physics, metallurgy, geology, solid state, ceramic and glass, research libraries, individuals dealing with chemical processing of inorganic materials, societies and schools. |
| 202 quiz chemistry of the oceans: Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2019-01-06 This report indicates that climate change will significantly affect the availability and trade of fish products, especially for those countries most dependent on the sector, and calls for effective adaptation and mitigation actions encompassing food production. |
| 202 quiz chemistry of the oceans: Refugee Alan Gratz, 2017-07-25 The award-winning, #1 New York Times bestselling novel from Alan Gratz tells the timely--and timeless--story of three different kids seeking refuge. A New York Times bestseller! JOSEF is a Jewish boy living in 1930s Nazi Germany. With the threat of concentration camps looming, he and his family board a ship bound for the other side of the world... ISABEL is a Cuban girl in 1994. With riots and unrest plaguing her country, she and her family set out on a raft, hoping to find safety in America... MAHMOUD is a Syrian boy in 2015. With his homeland torn apart by violence and destruction, he and his family begin a long trek toward Europe... All three kids go on harrowing journeys in search of refuge. All will face unimaginable dangers -- from drownings to bombings to betrayals. But there is always the hope of tomorrow. And although Josef, Isabel, and Mahmoud are separated by continents and decades, shocking connections will tie their stories together in the end. As powerful and poignant as it is action-packed and page-turning, this highly acclaimed novel has been on the New York Times bestseller list for more than four years and continues to change readers' lives with its meaningful takes on survival, courage, and the quest for home. |
| 202 quiz chemistry of the oceans: New Scientist , 1959 |
Use http status 202 for asynchronous operations - Stack Overflow
Feb 22, 2011 · As you said, the 202 response should return a Location header specifying the URL that client should use to monitor the status of its previous request. Calling this Check-the …
HTTP Status code 202 vs 200 for a POST request - Stack Overflow
Dec 1, 2021 · I have confusion that, Im using 202 status code, when I receive a POST request from a client (A) and B is processing it , passing the output to another endpoint(C). In this case …
Is it wrong to return 202 "Accepted" in response to HTTP GET?
Otherwise, a 202 "Accepted" status code is returned, and the client must poll the resource until the final representation is available. The reason for this behavior is the following: If a result is …
HTTP Status 202 - how to provide information about async request ...
Mar 27, 2013 · 202 Accepted The request has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been completed. The entity returned with this response SHOULD include an indication …
return value - REST API 202 versus 204 - Stack Overflow
Apr 23, 2019 · That would be a 202. There is no response body after the processing is complete (and successful). If there is no way for it to fail, or the client doesn't care about failure, and the …
Sendgrid returns 202 but doesn't send email - Stack Overflow
Oct 4, 2017 · There are several reasons as to why messages that returns 202 Accepted Status code from SendGrid does not actually get delivered to the recipients inbox. For example: …
Phone Number Lookup
800notes is a FREE REVERSE PHONE NUMBER LOOKUP database built by YOU, its users.Our strength is in our numbers - by sharing pieces of information each of us has we are putting …
Is the use of Location header in HTTP 202 response RFC-compliant?
Oct 5, 2014 · 202 is a success status. The pointer mentioned is just hypertext in the body of the response. A 303 should be sent if you want to use Location to redirect the client to another …
How long will a Logic App continue to check a HTTP 202 Accepted ...
Mar 12, 2020 · Following is the request I made it returned a status of 202. When I did a GET on the url received in above call after 1 minute I received a 500 Status code. Following is the …
python - HTTP status code 200 vs 202 - Stack Overflow
Mar 16, 2017 · The 202 response is intentionally non-committal. Its purpose is to allow a server to accept a request for some other process (perhaps a batch-oriented process that is only run …
Use http status 202 for asynchronous operations - Stack Overflow
Feb 22, 2011 · As you said, the 202 response should return a Location header specifying the URL that client should use to monitor the status of its previous request. Calling this Check-the …
HTTP Status code 202 vs 200 for a POST request - Stack Overflow
Dec 1, 2021 · I have confusion that, Im using 202 status code, when I receive a POST request from a client (A) and B is processing it , passing the output to another endpoint(C). In this case …
Is it wrong to return 202 "Accepted" in response to HTTP GET?
Otherwise, a 202 "Accepted" status code is returned, and the client must poll the resource until the final representation is available. The reason for this behavior is the following: If a result is …
HTTP Status 202 - how to provide information about async …
Mar 27, 2013 · 202 Accepted The request has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been completed. The entity returned with this response SHOULD include an indication …
return value - REST API 202 versus 204 - Stack Overflow
Apr 23, 2019 · That would be a 202. There is no response body after the processing is complete (and successful). If there is no way for it to fail, or the client doesn't care about failure, and the …
Sendgrid returns 202 but doesn't send email - Stack Overflow
Oct 4, 2017 · There are several reasons as to why messages that returns 202 Accepted Status code from SendGrid does not actually get delivered to the recipients inbox. For example: …
Phone Number Lookup
800notes is a FREE REVERSE PHONE NUMBER LOOKUP database built by YOU, its users.Our strength is in our numbers - by sharing pieces of information each of us has we are putting …
Is the use of Location header in HTTP 202 response RFC …
Oct 5, 2014 · 202 is a success status. The pointer mentioned is just hypertext in the body of the response. A 303 should be sent if you want to use Location to redirect the client to another …
How long will a Logic App continue to check a HTTP 202 …
Mar 12, 2020 · Following is the request I made it returned a status of 202. When I did a GET on the url received in above call after 1 minute I received a 500 Status code. Following is the …
python - HTTP status code 200 vs 202 - Stack Overflow
Mar 16, 2017 · The 202 response is intentionally non-committal. Its purpose is to allow a server to accept a request for some other process (perhaps a batch-oriented process that is only run …
