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4 Main Goals of Psychology: Understanding the Human Mind and Behavior
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, PhD, Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Reed has over 20 years of experience in research and teaching, specializing in cognitive behavioral therapy and psychopathology. Her work focuses on the intersection of psychological theory and practical application in therapeutic settings.
Publisher: Sage Publications – a leading academic publisher specializing in social sciences, including psychology, with a long history of publishing high-quality research and textbooks.
Editor: Dr. Michael Davis, PhD, licensed clinical psychologist and editor for Sage Publications with expertise in reviewing and editing manuscripts in the fields of clinical and cognitive psychology.
Keywords: 4 main goals of psychology, psychology goals, describe psychology, psychological research methods, descriptive psychology, explanatory psychology, predictive psychology, control psychology, psychological methodologies, approaches in psychology, behavioral psychology, cognitive psychology, psychodynamic psychology, humanistic psychology, biological psychology.
Abstract: This article delves into the four main goals of psychology: description, explanation, prediction, and control of behavior and mental processes. We will explore various methodologies and approaches employed by psychologists to achieve these goals, highlighting the diversity and complexity of the field. Understanding the 4 main goals of psychology is crucial for comprehending the breadth and depth of this fascinating discipline.
1. Description: Charting the Landscape of Human Behavior
The first and most fundamental of the 4 main goals of psychology is description. This involves systematically observing and documenting behavioral and mental processes. Psychologists employ various methods to achieve this, including:
Naturalistic Observation: Observing behavior in its natural setting without intervention. This approach provides rich qualitative data, allowing researchers to understand behavior in its context. For instance, observing children's social interactions on a playground can reveal patterns of aggression, cooperation, and leadership. However, naturalistic observation can be subjective and lacks control over extraneous variables.
Case Studies: In-depth investigations of individual cases, often involving interviews, observations, and psychological testing. Case studies provide detailed information about rare or unusual phenomena, offering valuable insights. However, findings from a single case study are difficult to generalize to a larger population.
Surveys: Collecting data from large samples using questionnaires or interviews. Surveys are efficient for gathering information about attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors across a broad population. However, survey responses can be influenced by social desirability bias and sampling error.
Psychological Tests: Standardized instruments designed to measure specific aspects of behavior or mental processes, such as intelligence, personality, or aptitudes. Psychological tests offer objective and quantifiable data, allowing for comparisons across individuals. However, the validity and reliability of these tests must be carefully considered.
2. Explanation: Unraveling the “Why” Behind Behavior
The second of the 4 main goals of psychology is explanation. This goal goes beyond simply describing behavior; it aims to identify the underlying causes and mechanisms that produce it. Explanation requires developing theories and hypotheses that can account for observed patterns of behavior. Different schools of thought in psychology offer diverse explanatory frameworks:
Behavioral Psychology: Focuses on observable behaviors and their environmental determinants, emphasizing learning through conditioning (classical and operant). Explanations for phobias, for example, might center on learned associations between stimuli and fear responses.
Cognitive Psychology: Examines mental processes such as attention, memory, problem-solving, and language. Explanations for cognitive biases, for example, might involve limitations in cognitive processing capacity or heuristics.
Psychodynamic Psychology: Emphasizes unconscious drives and conflicts as the primary determinants of behavior. Explanations for personality disorders, for example, might focus on unresolved childhood conflicts or defense mechanisms.
Humanistic Psychology: Focuses on individual growth, self-actualization, and the inherent goodness of human nature. Explanations for psychological well-being might emphasize factors like self-acceptance, personal responsibility, and meaningful relationships.
Biological Psychology: Investigates the biological basis of behavior, including the roles of genes, neurotransmitters, hormones, and brain structures. Explanations for depression, for example, might involve imbalances in neurotransmitters or structural abnormalities in the brain.
3. Prediction: Anticipating Future Behavior
The third of the 4 main goals of psychology is prediction. This involves using knowledge of past behavior and underlying mechanisms to anticipate future behavior. Accurate prediction is crucial for developing effective interventions and preventative measures. Predictive models rely on statistical techniques and correlational research:
Correlational Research: Examines the relationship between two or more variables. Correlations allow researchers to identify factors that are associated with particular behaviors, enabling predictions about the likelihood of certain behaviors occurring given certain conditions. For example, a strong correlation might be found between stress levels and the likelihood of developing depression. However, correlation does not equal causation.
Longitudinal Studies: Following the same individuals over an extended period, allowing researchers to track changes in behavior and identify risk factors for future problems. Longitudinal studies can provide valuable insights into developmental processes and the long-term effects of various factors.
Statistical Modeling: Using statistical techniques to build predictive models based on a variety of variables. These models can be used to assess the relative contribution of different factors to behavioral outcomes, refining predictive accuracy.
4. Control: Modifying Behavior for Positive Outcomes
The final of the 4 main goals of psychology is control. This goal involves using psychological knowledge to modify or change behavior. Control is often achieved through interventions aimed at improving psychological well-being, addressing maladaptive behaviors, or enhancing performance. Control is a significant aspect of many therapeutic approaches:
Psychotherapy: A variety of therapeutic approaches aiming to modify maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), for example, teaches individuals to identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors.
Behavioral Modification: Techniques based on principles of learning to change behaviors, such as systematic desensitization for phobias or token economies for managing disruptive behaviors.
Pharmacological Interventions: The use of medication to treat psychological disorders by altering brain chemistry. Antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, and antipsychotics are examples.
Neurofeedback: A technique used to train individuals to control their brainwave activity, potentially improving attention, reducing anxiety, or managing other conditions.
Conclusion:
The 4 main goals of psychology – description, explanation, prediction, and control – represent the core aims of this multifaceted field. By employing a diverse range of methodologies and theoretical perspectives, psychologists strive to understand the complexities of human behavior and mental processes. Achieving these goals is an ongoing process, requiring rigorous research, critical evaluation, and continuous refinement of our understanding. The pursuit of these four goals allows psychologists to contribute significantly to improving human lives, addressing mental health challenges, and fostering personal growth.
FAQs:
1. What is the difference between descriptive and explanatory research in psychology? Descriptive research focuses on observing and documenting behavior, while explanatory research aims to identify the causes and mechanisms underlying that behavior.
2. How does psychology predict behavior? Psychology predicts behavior by identifying factors associated with specific behaviors through correlational research, longitudinal studies, and statistical modeling.
3. What are some ethical considerations in psychological research? Ethical considerations include informed consent, confidentiality, minimizing harm, and debriefing participants.
4. How does psychology control behavior? Psychology controls behavior through various interventions such as psychotherapy, behavioral modification, pharmacological interventions, and neurofeedback.
5. What are the limitations of each of the 4 main goals of psychology? Each goal has limitations. Description can be subjective, explanation may be incomplete, prediction is probabilistic, and control can be challenging and ethically complex.
6. How do different theoretical perspectives in psychology influence the pursuit of these goals? Different perspectives emphasize different aspects of behavior and employ different methodologies, leading to diverse approaches in achieving the 4 main goals.
7. What role does technology play in achieving the 4 main goals of psychology? Technology, such as brain imaging techniques, virtual reality, and data analysis software, enhances the precision and scope of research in pursuit of the 4 main goals.
8. How can the 4 main goals of psychology be applied in everyday life? Understanding these goals helps individuals better understand their own behavior, improve their relationships, and make informed decisions about their health and well-being.
9. What are the future directions of research aiming to achieve the 4 main goals of psychology? Future directions include the integration of various perspectives, the application of advanced technologies, and greater focus on cultural and societal influences.
Related Articles:
1. The Role of Observation in Psychological Research: Discusses different types of observation methods and their application in achieving the descriptive goal of psychology.
2. Explaining Behavior Through Cognitive Psychology: Explores how cognitive psychology contributes to the explanation goal, focusing on mental processes and their influence on behavior.
3. Predictive Modeling in Clinical Psychology: Examines the use of statistical models to predict treatment outcomes and identify risk factors for various disorders.
4. Behavioral Modification Techniques and Their Effectiveness: Details various behavioral modification techniques used to control and modify behaviors.
5. Ethical Considerations in Psychological Research and Practice: A detailed examination of the ethical principles guiding psychological research and clinical practice.
6. The Biological Basis of Behavior: Genes, Brain, and Environment: Explores the biological perspectives and their contribution to understanding and explaining behavior.
7. Humanistic Psychology and the Pursuit of Self-Actualization: Focuses on humanistic approaches and their impact on the explanation and control goals of psychology.
8. The Psychodynamic Perspective and the Unconscious Mind: Explores the role of the unconscious mind and defense mechanisms in shaping behavior and mental health.
9. The Use of Technology in Modern Psychological Research: A review of modern technologies used in psychological research, emphasizing their role in data collection and analysis.
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| 4 main goals of psychology: Psychology: A Concise Introduction Richard A. Griggs, 2005-03-18 Psychology: A Concise Introduction explores the territory of the introductory psychology course while answering the growing need for a shorter, less expensive book. Award-winning teacher, Richard A. Griggs, draws on his own classroom experience and his extensive research on the introductory course in his careful choice of the core concepts in psychology. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Willpower Roy F. Baumeister, John Tierney, 2011-09-01 One of the world's most esteemed and influential psychologists, Roy F. Baumeister, teams with New York Times science writer John Tierney to reveal the secrets of self-control and how to master it. Deep and provocative analysis of people's battle with temptation and masterful insights into understanding willpower: why we have it, why we don't, and how to build it. A terrific read. —Ravi Dhar, Yale School of Management, Director of Center for Customer Insights Pioneering research psychologist Roy F. Baumeister collaborates with New York Times science writer John Tierney to revolutionize our understanding of the most coveted human virtue: self-control. Drawing on cutting-edge research and the wisdom of real-life experts, Willpower shares lessons on how to focus our strength, resist temptation, and redirect our lives. It shows readers how to be realistic when setting goals, monitor their progress, and how to keep faith when they falter. By blending practical wisdom with the best of recent research science, Willpower makes it clear that whatever we seek—from happiness to good health to financial security—we won’t reach our goals without first learning to harness self-control. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Psychology Scott O. Lilienfeld, Laura L Namy, Steven Jay Lynn, Kenneth Michael Cramer, Nancy Jean Woolf, Rodney Schmaltz, 2014-03-18 Note: If you are purchasing an electronic version, MyPsychLab does not come automatically packaged with it. To purchase MyPsychLab, please visit www.mypsychlab.com or you can purchase a package of the physical text and MyPsychLab by searching for ISBN 10: 0205896111 / ISBN 13: 9780205896110. Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding strives to empower readers to apply scientific thinking to the psychology of their everyday lives. It accomplishes this by providing the framework students need to go from inquiry to understanding. Its pedagogical features and assessment tools teach students how to test their assumptions and use scientific thinking skills to better understand the field of psychology and the world around them. The Second Canadian edition has been enhanced to provide even more opportunities for students to apply six key principles of scientific thinking to a variety of real-life scenarios. |
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| 4 main goals of psychology: The Psychology of Law Bruce Dennis Sales, Daniel A. Krauss, 2015 Much legal research undertaken by psychologists has had a minimal impact upon law and public policy in the United States. This book diagnoses and offers a blueprint for correcting this fundamental problem. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Behavioral Neuroscience of Motivation Eleanor H. Simpson, Peter D. Balsam, 2016-05-11 This volume covers the current status of research in the neurobiology of motivated behaviors in humans and other animals in healthy condition. This includes consideration of the psychological processes that drive motivated behavior and the anatomical, electrophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms which drive these processes and regulate behavioural output. The volume also includes chapters on pathological disturbances in motivation including apathy, or motivational deficit as well as addictions, the pathological misdirection of motivated behavior. As with the chapters on healthy motivational processes, the chapters on disease provide a comprehensive up to date review of the neurobiological abnormalities that underlie motivation, as determined by studies of patient populations as well as animal models of disease. The book closes with a section on recent developments in treatments for motivational disorders. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Visualizing Psychology Siri Carpenter, Karen R. Huffman, 2013-01-01 This text is an unbound, binder-ready edition. Visualizing Psychology, Third Edition helps students examine their own personal studying and learning styles with several new pedagogical aids--encouraging students to apply what they are learning to their everyday lives while offering ongoing study tips and psychological techniques for mastering the material. Most importantly, students are provided with numerous opportunities to immediately access their understanding. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Real World Psychology Catherine Ashley Sanderson, Karen Huffman, 2024 Real World Psychology: Applications of Psychological Science, 4th Edition provides a complete, college-level survey of the field of psychology and an understanding of its scientific nature and research methods. As its title implies, the text emphasizes scientific thinking and practical applications of psychological science that can expand, enhance, and change students' experience of the real world around them. Updated with abundant new references since the 3rd edition's publication in 2019, this new edition highlights recent research that underscores the importance and power of psychology in our everyday lives and interactions, and the authors' careful and deliberate attention to issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion ensures the representation of multiple perspectives and experiences throughout a text in which all students can find respect and a sense of belonging.-- |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Psychology in Action Karen Huffman, Karen Dowdell, Catherine Ashley Sanderson, 2017 Revised edition of Psychology in action, [2015] |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Introduction to Psychology Jennifer Walinga, Charles Stangor, This book is designed to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The focus on behaviour and empiricism has produced a text that is better organized, has fewer chapters, and is somewhat shorter than many of the leading books. The beginning of each section includes learning objectives; throughout the body of each section are key terms in bold followed by their definitions in italics; key takeaways, and exercises and critical thinking activities end each section. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Psychological Science Catherine A. Sanderson, Karen R. Huffman, 2023-04-11 Psychological Science: The Curious Mind, by award-winning authors and professors Catherine A. Sanderson and Karen Huffman, introduces 21st-century, digital-native students to the fascinating field of psychology. This new program emphasizes the importance of developing scientific literacy and an understanding of research and research methods. The program uses an inviting why-focused framework that taps into students' natural curiosity, incorporating active learning and real-life application to engage students. Psychological Science: The Curious Mind embraces the guidelines released by the American Psychological Association (APA)'s Introductory Psychology Initiative (IPI) in 2021. It provides an excellent framework for instructors who want to implement those guidelines in their Introductory Psychology courses, and it provides students with the content and motivation to achieve the course's ultimate outcome: an enduring, foundational understanding of psychological science. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Majoring in Psychology Jeffrey L. Helms, Daniel T. Rogers, 2015-03-16 Updated to reflect the latest data in the field, the second edition of Majoring in Psychology: Achieving Your Educational and Career Goals remains the most comprehensive and accessible text for psychology majors available today. The new edition incorporates the most up-to-date research, as well as recent changes to the GRE Reveals the benefits of pursuing a psychology degree and shows students how to prepare for a career or to continue with graduate study in the field Features a wide range of supplemental exercises and materials plus topical contributions written by national and international figures in their respective psychology subfields Online support materials for instructors include Powerpoint slides and test banks to support each chapter |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Psychology in Action Karen R. Huffman, Katherine Dowdell, 2015-02-13 Engage and inspire through active learning with Karen Huffman and new co-author, Katherine Dowdell’s Psychology in Action 11th Edition Binder Ready Version, the acknowledged leader of active learning and student success. Designed for introductory psychology courses, this flagship book helps students examine their own personal studying and learning styles with several new pedagogical aids -- encouraging students to apply what they are learning to their everyday lives. Through its welcoming voice, Psychology in Action 11th Edition Binder Ready Version continues to offer a program with ongoing study tips and psychological techniques for mastering the material. This text is an unbound, binder-ready version. |
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| 4 main goals of psychology: The Science of Adolescent Risk-Taking National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on the Science of Adolescence, 2011-02-25 Adolescence is a time when youth make decisions, both good and bad, that have consequences for the rest of their lives. Some of these decisions put them at risk of lifelong health problems, injury, or death. The Institute of Medicine held three public workshops between 2008 and 2009 to provide a venue for researchers, health care providers, and community leaders to discuss strategies to improve adolescent health. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Introducing Psychology Daniel Schacter, Daniel Gilbert, Daniel M. Wegner, Matthew K. Nock, 2018-06-09 This is the textbook only without Launchpad. With an author team equally at home in the classroom, in the lab, or on the bestseller list, this book is written to keep students turning the pages. It offers expert coverage of psychology’s scientific foundations, but communicates with students in a style that’s anything but that of a typical textbook. Introducing Psychology keeps the level of engagement high, with quirky and unforgettable examples, and reminders throughout that the critical thinking skills required to study psychology will serve students well throughout their lives. The fourth edition has been completely retooled for the classroom. For the first time, each chapter section begins with Learning Outcomes to guide students’ learning. These outcomes represent the big picture, so readers come away with more than a collection of facts. The new edition also includes the new 'A World of Difference' feature, which highlights interesting and important research on individual differences such as sex, gender, culture and ethnicity in understanding the breadth of psychology. Introducing Psychology can also be purchased with the breakthrough online resource, LaunchPad, which offers innovative media content, curated and organised for easy assignability. LaunchPad's intuitive interface presents quizzing, flashcards, animations and much more to make learning actively engaging. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: The Psychology of Selling Brian Tracy, 2006-06-20 Double and triple your sales--in any market. The purpose of this book is to give you a series of ideas, methods, strategies, and techniques that you can use immediately to make more sales, faster and easier than ever before. It's a promise of prosperity that sales guru Brian Tracy has seen fulfilled again and again. More sales people have become millionaires as a result of listening to and applying his ideas than from any other sales training process ever developed. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: The Oxford Handbook of Undergraduate Psychology Education Dana S. Dunn, 2015-08-07 The Oxford Handbook of Undergraduate Psychology Education is dedicated to providing comprehensive coverage of teaching, pedagogy, and professional issues in psychology. The Handbook is designed to help psychology educators at each stage of their careers, from teaching their first courses and developing their careers to serving as department or program administrators. The goal of the Handbook is to provide teachers, educators, researchers, scholars, and administrators in psychology with current, practical advice on course creation, best practices in psychology pedagogy, course content recommendations, teaching methods and classroom management strategies, advice on student advising, and administrative and professional issues, such as managing one's career, chairing the department, organizing the curriculum, and conducting assessment, among other topics. The primary audience for this Handbook is college and university-level psychology teachers (at both two and four-year institutions) at the assistant, associate, and full professor levels, as well as department chairs and other psychology program administrators, who want to improve teaching and learning within their departments. Faculty members in other social science disciplines (e.g., sociology, education, political science) will find material in the Handbook to be applicable or adaptable to their own programs and courses. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Real World Psychology Catherine A. Sanderson, Karen R. Huffman, 2019-12-24 Real World Psychology balances comprehensive coverage of the key concepts in introductory psychology with a concise presentation style and engages students with current and interesting research that explores these concepts in real-life contexts. Real World Psychology features the incomparable author team of Karen Huffman (Palomar College) and Catherine Sanderson (Amherst College) who create an outstanding text that is appealing to students and instructors at a wide range of academic institutions. The new edition has been thoroughly updated and features a new focus on Scientific Thinking and Practical Applications underscoring the fact that connecting the principles of psychological science to everyday life is critical to student engagement, and ultimately key to their success – not only in the introductory psychology course, but in whatever their chosen field of study and in everyday life. Students will leave the course with an appreciation of how a basic, yet scientific understanding of human behavior can benefit them in their studies, in their personal lives, and in their professional endeavors. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Loose-leaf Version for Scientific American: Psychology Deborah Licht, Misty Hull, Coco Ballantyne, 2014-01-09 In this breakthrough introduction to psychology, two committed, tech-savvy professors, Deborah Licht and Misty Hull, combine years of research and teaching insights with the journalistic skill of science writer, Coco Ballantyne, who came to this project directly from Scientific American. Together, they have created a an introductory textbook and online system that draws on written profiles and video interviews of 27 real people to help students better understand, remember, and relate to psychology’s basic ideas. Beautifully designed, the printed text is filled with high-interest examples and features, including full-page infographics that help students understand and retain key concepts. Online, additional author-created resources, including scaffolded activities and adaptive quizzes, provide a seamless learning experience for students and a reliable assessment mechanism for instructors and programs. This innovative collaboration between Worth Publishers and Scientific American reflects a commitment to engaging and educating all students, including those who sometimes seem difficult to engage—in the contemporary style of the world’s most respected science magazine. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Human Factors Psychology P.A. Hancock, 1987-10-01 This book is a collection of contemporary applications of psychological insights into practical human factors issues. The topics are arranged largely according to an information processing/energetic approach to human behavior. Consideration is also given to human-computer interaction and organizational design. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Mindset Carol S. Dweck, 2007-12-26 From the renowned psychologist who introduced the world to “growth mindset” comes this updated edition of the million-copy bestseller—featuring transformative insights into redefining success, building lifelong resilience, and supercharging self-improvement. “Through clever research studies and engaging writing, Dweck illuminates how our beliefs about our capabilities exert tremendous influence on how we learn and which paths we take in life.”—Bill Gates, GatesNotes “It’s not always the people who start out the smartest who end up the smartest.” After decades of research, world-renowned Stanford University psychologist Carol S. Dweck, Ph.D., discovered a simple but groundbreaking idea: the power of mindset. In this brilliant book, she shows how success in school, work, sports, the arts, and almost every area of human endeavor can be dramatically influenced by how we think about our talents and abilities. People with a fixed mindset—those who believe that abilities are fixed—are less likely to flourish than those with a growth mindset—those who believe that abilities can be developed. Mindset reveals how great parents, teachers, managers, and athletes can put this idea to use to foster outstanding accomplishment. In this edition, Dweck offers new insights into her now famous and broadly embraced concept. She introduces a phenomenon she calls false growth mindset and guides people toward adopting a deeper, truer growth mindset. She also expands the mindset concept beyond the individual, applying it to the cultures of groups and organizations. With the right mindset, you can motivate those you lead, teach, and love—to transform their lives and your own. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Intrinsic Motivation Edward L. Deci, 2012-12-06 As I begin to write this Preface, I feel a rush of excitement. I have now finished the book; my gestalt is coming into completion. Throughout the months that I have been writing this, I have, indeed, been intrinsically motivated. Now that it is finished I feel quite competent and self-determining (see Chapter 2). Whether or not those who read the book will perceive me that way is also a concern of mine (an extrinsic one), but it is a wholly separate issue from the intrinsic rewards I have been experiencing. This book presents a theoretical perspective. It reviews an enormous amount of research which establishes unequivocally that intrinsic motivation exists. Also considered herein are various approaches to the conceptualizing of intrinsic motivation. The book concentrates on the approach which has developed out of the work of Robert White (1959), namely, that intrinsically motivated behaviors are ones which a person engages in so that he may feel competent and self-determining in relation to his environment. The book then considers the development of intrinsic motiva tion, how behaviors are motivated intrinsically, how they relate to and how intrinsic motivation is extrinsically motivated behaviors, affected by extrinsic rewards and controls. It also considers how changes in intrinsic motivation relate to changes in attitudes, how people attribute motivation to each other, how the attribution process is motivated, and how the process of perceiving motivation (and other internal states) in oneself relates to perceiving them in others. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: An Introduction to Social Psychology William McDougall, 1922 |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Princeton Review AP Psychology Premium Prep, 2022 The Princeton Review, 2021-08-03 Make sure you’re studying with the most up-to-date prep materials! Look for the newest edition of this title, The Princeton Review AP Psychology Premium Prep, 2023 (ISBN: 9780593450871, on-sale August 2022). Publisher's Note: Products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality or authenticity, and may not include access to online tests or materials included with the original product. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: The Psychology of Adolescence Aaron H. Esman, 1975 |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Goal Concepts in Personality and Social Psychology Lawrence A. Pervin, 2015-06-19 Is behavior motivated? And if so, can it be motivated by the anticipation of future events? What role does cognition play in such motivational processes? And, further, what role does motivation play in ongoing cognitive activity? Questions such as these provide the foundation for this book, originally published in 1989. More specifically, the chapters in this book address the question of the utility of goals concepts in studying motivation and social cognition. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Train Your Mind for Athletic Success Jim Taylor, PhD, 2017-10-06 Much too often, the mental aspect of sport performance is overlooked. While all top athletes are in outstanding physical condition and technically exceptional, mental preparation is often what separates the best from the rest. This is just as true for young athletes as it is for pros and Olympians. And even though relatively few athletes will ever reach the top of their sport, the attitudes and life lessons learned from mental training—such as motivation, confidence, focus, perseverance, and resilience—will serve them well in all aspects of their lives. In Train Your Mind for Athletic Success: Mental Preparation to Achieve Your Sports Goals, Dr. Jim Taylor uses his own elite athletic experience and decades of working with some of the world’s best athletes to provide competitors of every ability with insights, practical exercises, and tools they can use to be mentally prepared when it really counts. His Prime Sport System explores the attitudes that lay the foundation for athletic success, the mental obstacles that can hold athletes back, the preparations they must take, the mental muscles they should strengthen, and the mental tools they need to fine tune their competitive performances. Most importantly, Dr. Taylor shows athletes practical strategies they can use to become mentally strong so they can perform their best when it matters most. Train Your Mind for Athletic Success goes well beyond the typical mental skills that are discussed in other mental training books. Readers will not only learn why mental preparation is so important to athletic success, but also where they personally are in each area thanks to brief mental assessments in each section of the book. In addition, each chapter includes exercises to show athletes how to incorporate mental training directly into their overall sport training regimen. The most comprehensive and in-depth book on mental preparation for athletes available, Train Your Mind for Athletic Success is an essential read for athletes, coaches, and parents. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Transforming Introductory Psychology Regan A. R. Gurung, Garth Neufeld, 2021-08-17 This book presents recommendations for teaching the introductory psychology course, developed by the Introductory Psychology Initiative (IPI) task force appointed by APA's Board of Educational Affairs (BEA). Case studies illustrate the application of recommendations to learning goals and outcomes, course design, teacher training, and student transformation. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: A Brief History of Psychology Michael Wertheimer, 2012 This edition approaches psychology as a discipline with antecedents in philosophical speculation and early scientific experimentation. It covers these early developments, 19th-century German experimental psychology and empirical psychology in tradition of William James, the 20th century dubbed the age of schools and dominated by psychoanalysis, behavioralism, structuralism, and Gestalt psychology, as well as the return to empirical methods and active models of human agency. Finally it evaluates psychology in the new millennium and developments in terms of women in psychology, industrial psychology and social justice |
| 4 main goals of psychology: The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 4 Irving B. Weiner, W. Edward Craighead, 2010-01-19 Psychologists, researchers, teachers, and students need complete and comprehensive information in the fields of psychology and behavioral science. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume Four has been the reference of choice for almost three decades. This indispensable resource is updated and expanded to include much new material. It uniquely and effectively blends psychology and behavioral science. The Fourth Edition features over 1,200 entries; complete coverage of DSM disorders; and a bibliography of over 10,000 citations. Readers will benefit from up-to-date and authoritative coverage of every major area of psychology. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Grit Angela Duckworth, 2016-05-03 In this instant New York Times bestseller, Angela Duckworth shows anyone striving to succeed that the secret to outstanding achievement is not talent, but a special blend of passion and persistence she calls “grit.” “Inspiration for non-geniuses everywhere” (People). The daughter of a scientist who frequently noted her lack of “genius,” Angela Duckworth is now a celebrated researcher and professor. It was her early eye-opening stints in teaching, business consulting, and neuroscience that led to her hypothesis about what really drives success: not genius, but a unique combination of passion and long-term perseverance. In Grit, she takes us into the field to visit cadets struggling through their first days at West Point, teachers working in some of the toughest schools, and young finalists in the National Spelling Bee. She also mines fascinating insights from history and shows what can be gleaned from modern experiments in peak performance. Finally, she shares what she’s learned from interviewing dozens of high achievers—from JP Morgan CEO Jamie Dimon to New Yorker cartoon editor Bob Mankoff to Seattle Seahawks Coach Pete Carroll. “Duckworth’s ideas about the cultivation of tenacity have clearly changed some lives for the better” (The New York Times Book Review). Among Grit’s most valuable insights: any effort you make ultimately counts twice toward your goal; grit can be learned, regardless of IQ or circumstances; when it comes to child-rearing, neither a warm embrace nor high standards will work by themselves; how to trigger lifelong interest; the magic of the Hard Thing Rule; and so much more. Winningly personal, insightful, and even life-changing, Grit is a book about what goes through your head when you fall down, and how that—not talent or luck—makes all the difference. This is “a fascinating tour of the psychological research on success” (The Wall Street Journal). |
| 4 main goals of psychology: The Great Mental Models, Volume 1 Shane Parrish, Rhiannon Beaubien, 2024-10-15 Discover the essential thinking tools you’ve been missing with The Great Mental Models series by Shane Parrish, New York Times bestselling author and the mind behind the acclaimed Farnam Street blog and “The Knowledge Project” podcast. This first book in the series is your guide to learning the crucial thinking tools nobody ever taught you. Time and time again, great thinkers such as Charlie Munger and Warren Buffett have credited their success to mental models–representations of how something works that can scale onto other fields. Mastering a small number of mental models enables you to rapidly grasp new information, identify patterns others miss, and avoid the common mistakes that hold people back. The Great Mental Models: Volume 1, General Thinking Concepts shows you how making a few tiny changes in the way you think can deliver big results. Drawing on examples from history, business, art, and science, this book details nine of the most versatile, all-purpose mental models you can use right away to improve your decision making and productivity. This book will teach you how to: Avoid blind spots when looking at problems. Find non-obvious solutions. Anticipate and achieve desired outcomes. Play to your strengths, avoid your weaknesses, … and more. The Great Mental Models series demystifies once elusive concepts and illuminates rich knowledge that traditional education overlooks. This series is the most comprehensive and accessible guide on using mental models to better understand our world, solve problems, and gain an advantage. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: 13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do Amy Morin, 2014-12-23 Kick bad mental habits and toughen yourself up.—Inc. Master your mental strength—revolutionary new strategies that work for everyone from homemakers to soldiers and teachers to CEOs. Everyone knows that regular exercise and weight training lead to physical strength. But how do we strengthen ourselves mentally for the truly tough times? And what should we do when we face these challenges? Or as psychotherapist Amy Morin asks, what should we avoid when we encounter adversity? Through her years counseling others and her own experiences navigating personal loss, Morin realized it is often the habits we cannot break that are holding us back from true success and happiness. Indulging in self-pity, agonizing over things beyond our control, obsessing over past events, resenting the achievements of others, or expecting immediate positive results holds us back. This list of things mentally strong people don't do resonated so much with readers that when it was picked up by Forbes.com it received ten million views. Now, for the first time, Morin expands upon the thirteen things from her viral post and shares her tried-and-true practices for increasing mental strength. Morin writes with searing honesty, incorporating anecdotes from her work as a college psychology instructor and psychotherapist as well as personal stories about how she bolstered her own mental strength when tragedy threatened to consume her. Increasing your mental strength can change your entire attitude. It takes practice and hard work, but with Morin's specific tips, exercises, and troubleshooting advice, it is possible to not only fortify your mental muscle but also drastically improve the quality of your life. |
| 4 main goals of psychology: The Animal Mind Margaret Floy Washburn, 1908 |
| 4 main goals of psychology: Psychology Scott O. Lilienfeld, Steven J. Lynn, Laura L. Namy, 2019-05-08 Revised edition of the authors' Psychology, [2014] |
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G1/4螺纹尺寸是多大？ - 百度知道
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G1/4螺纹尺寸是多大？ - 百度知道
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