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Understanding the 4 D's of Psychology: A Comprehensive Exploration
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD, a renowned clinical psychologist specializing in trauma-informed care and the application of the 4 D's model in therapeutic settings for over 15 years. Dr. Vance has published extensively on the topic, including several peer-reviewed articles and a widely-cited textbook on trauma-focused therapy.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, a leading academic publisher with a long-standing reputation for publishing high-quality research across various disciplines, including psychology. Their rigorous peer-review process ensures the accuracy and validity of published works.
Editor: Dr. Thomas Miller, a seasoned editor with over 20 years of experience in publishing psychological research. Dr. Miller holds a PhD in clinical psychology and has specific expertise in trauma and its impact on mental health. He has previously overseen the publication of several influential books and articles on related therapeutic modalities.
Keywords: 4 D's psychology, trauma-informed care, debriefing, defusing, de-escalation, depression, anxiety, PTSD, therapeutic interventions, mental health
Introduction: Deconstructing the 4 D's of Psychology
The "4 D's of psychology" isn't a formally recognized, universally accepted model within established psychological literature. However, the term is commonly used, particularly in emergency response and trauma-informed care settings, to describe a practical framework for addressing acute stress and trauma. This framework focuses on four key actions: Debriefing, Defusing, De-escalation, and Depression/Anxiety Mitigation. Understanding and effectively utilizing these four D's is crucial for assisting individuals experiencing psychological distress, particularly after a traumatic event. This report will delve into each of these elements within the context of the 4 D's psychology framework, exploring the research and evidence supporting their efficacy.
1. Debriefing: Processing the Experience
Debriefing involves a structured process of reviewing a traumatic event with an individual or group. It aims to facilitate emotional processing, clarify details, and offer initial support. Effective debriefing is not merely recounting events; it focuses on allowing individuals to express their feelings and perceptions without judgment. It is crucial that debriefing is conducted by trained professionals who understand the complexities of trauma.
Research Findings: While initial enthusiasm for immediate debriefing after trauma was high, research has since shown mixed results. Some studies suggest that mandated, early debriefing can be counterproductive, potentially causing harm by overwhelming individuals already struggling to cope. However, carefully timed and skillfully conducted debriefing, conducted by trained professionals, may be beneficial in specific contexts. (e.g., Mitchell, J. T. (2015). Critical incident stress debriefing: A review of the literature. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(1), 1-12.) The key lies in creating a safe space for narrative expression and providing emotional support without forcing disclosure. The efficacy of debriefing is heavily dependent on the individual's readiness and the skill of the facilitator. This nuanced approach is critical to understanding the application of the 4 D's psychology framework.
2. Defusing: Immediate Emotional First Aid
Defusing, distinct from debriefing, focuses on immediate emotional stabilization in the aftermath of a traumatic incident. It involves providing basic emotional support, validating feelings, and helping the individual regain a sense of control and safety. Defusing often occurs immediately after the event, before the individual has time for in-depth processing. This immediate intervention aims to prevent the development of more severe psychological distress.
Research Findings: Studies on psychological first aid (PFA), a related approach, demonstrate the benefit of providing immediate emotional support after trauma. PFA techniques, aligned with the principles of defusing, focus on safety, calm, and self-efficacy. Research suggests that PFA can reduce the likelihood of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health issues. (e.g., Wessely, S., & Fear, N. T. (2005). Psychological debriefing for trauma. The Lancet, 366(9487), 769-770.) The 4 D's psychology framework strongly emphasizes the importance of this immediate intervention to limit the severity of potential negative consequences.
3. De-escalation: Managing Heightened Emotional States
De-escalation focuses on managing acute emotional responses such as anger, panic, or aggression. It involves techniques aimed at reducing physiological arousal and promoting a sense of calm and control. This aspect of the 4 D's psychology framework is particularly relevant in crisis situations involving individuals experiencing severe distress.
Research Findings: De-escalation techniques, frequently employed by law enforcement and mental health professionals, are grounded in principles of behavioral modification and crisis intervention. Studies support the efficacy of these techniques in reducing aggression and promoting safer interactions. (e.g., De La Rosa, M., & Lopez, S. (2017). Crisis intervention strategies: A literature review. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 32(2), 169-180.). The 4 D's psychology framework integrates de-escalation strategies as a vital component in managing the immediate aftermath of trauma, reducing the risk of further psychological harm.
4. Depression/Anxiety Mitigation: Long-term Support and Treatment
The fourth 'D'—Mitigation of depression and anxiety—addresses the potential long-term consequences of trauma. This involves accessing appropriate mental health services, such as therapy and medication, to manage potential development of PTSD, depression, anxiety disorders, or other mental health challenges. This stage emphasizes the importance of ongoing support and treatment.
Research Findings: Numerous studies highlight the efficacy of various therapeutic interventions, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), in treating trauma-related disorders. (e.g., Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991). Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral therapy and counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(6), 715.) The 4 D's psychology framework highlights the need for long-term support as an integral part of the healing process.
Conclusion
The 4 D's psychology framework, while not a formal psychological model, offers a practical and useful approach to managing the psychological consequences of traumatic experiences. It emphasizes the importance of immediate intervention through defusing and de-escalation, followed by more comprehensive processing through debriefing and ongoing support for mitigating the risk of long-term mental health issues. However, it's crucial to remember that these interventions should be tailored to the individual's needs and conducted by trained professionals who understand the complexities of trauma. The effectiveness of the 4 D's psychology approach hinges on a sensitive and skilled application of the principles outlined within its framework. Further research focusing on the long-term effects and the refinement of the 4 D’s is crucial for optimizing this approach to managing trauma's psychological impact.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between debriefing and defusing? Debriefing is a more structured, often delayed process of reviewing the event, while defusing focuses on immediate emotional stabilization and support.
2. Is debriefing always beneficial after a traumatic event? No, research suggests immediate, mandated debriefing can be harmful. Careful timing and skilled facilitation are crucial.
3. Who should conduct debriefing and defusing? Trained mental health professionals or individuals with specialized crisis intervention training.
4. What types of therapy are effective for long-term support after trauma? CBT, TF-CBT, EMDR, and other trauma-informed therapies are frequently used.
5. Can the 4 D's psychology framework be applied to all types of trauma? While adaptable, the specific application may need adjustment based on the nature and severity of the trauma.
6. What are the signs that someone might need professional help after a traumatic event? Persistent anxiety, nightmares, flashbacks, avoidance behaviors, difficulty concentrating, and significant changes in mood or behavior.
7. Is medication always necessary after a traumatic event? No, medication is considered depending on the severity of symptoms and the individual's needs.
8. How can I find a trauma-informed therapist? Through referrals from your primary care physician, mental health organizations, or online directories of mental health professionals.
9. What role does self-care play in recovering from trauma? Self-care, including healthy lifestyle choices, stress-management techniques, and supportive social connections, is a vital component of the healing process.
Related Articles
1. "The Impact of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing: A Meta-Analysis": This article reviews existing research on CISD, evaluating its effectiveness and potential limitations.
2. "Psychological First Aid: An Evidence-Based Approach to Immediate Trauma Support": This explores the principles and practices of PFA and its effectiveness in reducing the long-term impact of trauma.
3. "Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents": This delves into a specific therapeutic approach for young people exposed to traumatic experiences.
4. "The Role of De-escalation Techniques in Crisis Intervention": This focuses on strategies for managing heightened emotional states and reducing aggression.
5. "Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD: A Comprehensive Guide": This explores another evidence-based treatment specifically targeting PTSD symptoms.
6. "The Effectiveness of EMDR Therapy in Treating Trauma": This examines the research behind Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy.
7. "Understanding the Neurobiology of Trauma and Its Impact on Mental Health": This explores the neurological underpinnings of trauma and its effects on the brain.
8. "Building Resilience after Trauma: Strategies for Coping and Recovery": This article focuses on building coping skills and strengthening resilience in the face of adversity.
9. "The Importance of Social Support in Trauma Recovery": This highlights the role of social connections and support networks in the healing process.
4 ds psychology: Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders Institute of Medicine, Committee on Prevention of Mental Disorders, 1994-01-01 The understanding of how to reduce risk factors for mental disorders has expanded remarkably as a result of recent scientific advances. This study, mandated by Congress, reviews those advances in the context of current research and provides a targeted definition of prevention and a conceptual framework that emphasizes risk reduction. Highlighting opportunities for and barriers to interventions, the book draws on successful models for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, injuries, and smoking. In addition, it reviews the risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, alcohol abuse and dependence, depressive disorders, and conduct disorders and evaluates current illustrative prevention programs. The models and examination provide a framework for the design, application, and evaluation of interventions intended to prevent mental disorders and the transfer of knowledge about prevention from research to clinical practice. The book presents a focused research agenda, with recommendations on how to develop effective intervention programs, create a cadre of prevention researchers, and improve coordination among federal agencies. |
4 ds psychology: Psychopathology & Abnormal Psychology Graham Davey, 2015-04-14 This Major Work provides a structured and comprehensive insight into the areas of psychopathology and abnormal psychology – topics that cover the causes and treatments of mental health problems. This is a notably interdisciplinary field that intersects a number of domains of psychological science including clinical psychology, child psychology, experimental psychology, social psychology and neuropsychology, as well as touching upon other areas of study, such as education. It also forms the knowledge base for professions such as clinical psychology and psychiatry. This collection’s contents are structured thematically and each of the five volumes is dedicated to an important area of psychopathology or abnormal psychology. Additionally, each volume includes an introduction written by the work’s acclaimed editor, Graham C. Davey, which maps out the volume’s structure and highlights the significance of each article and the how the subject matter in that area has developed. Volume One: Conceptual Issues, Classification & Assessment Volume Two: Anxiety, Mood & Trauma-Related Disorders Volume Three: Psychosis & Personality Disorders Volume Four: Substance Dependency & Eating Disorders Volume Five: The Treatment of Psychopathology |
4 ds psychology: Introduction to Psychology Jennifer Walinga, Charles Stangor, This book is designed to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The focus on behaviour and empiricism has produced a text that is better organized, has fewer chapters, and is somewhat shorter than many of the leading books. The beginning of each section includes learning objectives; throughout the body of each section are key terms in bold followed by their definitions in italics; key takeaways, and exercises and critical thinking activities end each section. |
4 ds psychology: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) American Psychiatric Association, 2021-09-24 |
4 ds psychology: Psychology, Mental Health and Distress John Cromby, David Harper, Paula Reavey, 2017-09-16 Is depression simply the result of chemical imbalances, or Schizophrenia a wholly biological disorder? What role do the broader circumstances of an individual's social, cultural and heuristic world play in the wider scheme of their psychological wellbeing? In this ground-breaking and highly innovative text, Cromby et al deliver an introduction to the the biopsychosocial paradigm for understanding and treating psychological distress, taking into consideration the wider contexts that engender the onset of mental illness and critiquing the limitations in the sole use of the biomedical model in psychological practice. Rather than biologically determined or clinically measurable, readers are encouraged to consider mental illness as a subjective experience that is expressed according to the individual experiences of the sufferer rather than the rigidity of diagnostic categories. Similarly, approaches to recovery expand beyond psychiatric medication to consider the fundamental function of methods such as psychotherapy, community psychology and service-user movements in the recovery process. Offering a holistic account of the experience of psychological distress, this text draws upon not only statistical evidence but places an integral emphasis on the service-user experience; anecdotal accounts of which feature throughout in order to provide readers with the perspective of the mental health sufferer. Taking an integrative approach to the psychology of mental health, the authors draw from a wealth of experience, examples and approaches to present this student-friendly and engaging text. This is core reading for anyone serious about understanding mental health issues and is suitable for undergraduate students taking introductory courses in psychology and abnormal psychology. |
4 ds psychology: The 4 Stages of Psychological Safety Timothy R. Clark, 2020-03-03 This book is the first practical, hands-on guide that shows how leaders can build psychological safety in their organizations, creating an environment where employees feel included, fully engaged, and encouraged to contribute their best efforts and ideas. Fear has a profoundly negative impact on engagement, learning efficacy, productivity, and innovation, but until now there has been a lack of practical information on how to make employees feel safe about speaking up and contributing. Timothy Clark, a social scientist and an organizational consultant, provides a framework to move people through successive stages of psychological safety. The first stage is member safety-the team accepts you and grants you shared identity. Learner safety, the second stage, indicates that you feel safe to ask questions, experiment, and even make mistakes. Next is the third stage of contributor safety, where you feel comfortable participating as an active and full-fledged member of the team. Finally, the fourth stage of challenger safety allows you to take on the status quo without repercussion, reprisal, or the risk of tarnishing your personal standing and reputation. This is a blueprint for how any leader can build positive, supportive, and encouraging cultures in any setting. |
4 ds psychology: DSM-5 Classification American Psychiatric Association, 2015-08-25 This handy DSM-5(R) Classification provides a ready reference to the DSM-5 classification of disorders, as well as the DSM-5 listings of ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM codes for all DSM-5 diagnoses. To be used in tandem with DSM-5(R) or the Desk Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria From DSM-5(R), the DSM-5(R) Classification makes accessing the proper diagnostic codes quick and convenient. With the advent of ICD-10-CM implementation in the United States on October 1, 2015, this resource provides quick access to the following: - The DSM-5(R) classification of disorders, presented in the same sequence as in DSM-5(R), with both ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM codes. All subtypes and specifiers for each DSM-5(R) disorder are included.- An alphabetical listing of all DSM-5 diagnoses with their associated ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM codes.- Separate numerical listings according to the ICD-9-CM codes and the ICD-10-CM codes for each DSM-5(R) diagnosis.- For all listings, any codable subtypes and specifiers are included with their corresponding ICD-9-CM or ICD-10-CM codes, if applicable. The easy-to-use format will prove indispensable to a diverse audience--for example, clinicians in a variety of fields, including psychiatry, primary care medicine, and psychology; coders working in medical centers and clinics; insurance companies processing benefit claims; individuals conducting utilization or quality assurance reviews of specific cases; and community mental health organizations at the state or county level. |
4 ds psychology: Mental Health , 2001 |
4 ds psychology: Transdiagnostic Group Therapy Training and Implementation Lydia Morris, Phil McEvoy, Tanya Wallwork, Rachel Bates, Jody Comiskey, Warren Mansell, 2018-07-19 Transdiagnostic Group Therapy Training and Implementation provides clinicians with a user-friendly roadmap for delivering a brief, transdiagnostic group therapy that can be used for patients suffering from stress, depression, anxiety, and a range of other related mental health problems. This is supplemented by over an hour of training videos hosted on the book's companion website, visually demonstrating how to effectively implement the therapy. The book introduces the empirical research that has led to a greater emphasis on transdiagnostic treatment approaches, and details how to implement each phase of the therapy, supported by clinical examples to make practical application easier. - Presents therapy suitable for a variety of mental health problems - Outlines how to adapt therapy for different patient populations - Includes Method of Levels transdiagnostic cognitive therapy - Features video demonstrations, worksheets, slides, and more on companion website |
4 ds psychology: Understanding Mental Disorders American Psychiatric Association, 2015-04-24 Understanding Mental Disorders: Your Guide to DSM-5® is a consumer guide for anyone who has been touched by mental illness. Most of us know someone who suffers from a mental illness. This book helps those who may be struggling with mental health problems, as well as those who want to help others achieve mental health and well-being. Based on the latest, fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -- known as DSM-5® -- Understanding Mental Disorders provides valuable insight on what to expect from an illness and its treatment -- and will help readers recognize symptoms, know when to seek help, and get the right care. Featured disorders include depression, schizophrenia, ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and bipolar disorder, among others. The common language for diagnosing mental illness used in DSM-5® for mental health professionals has been adapted into clear, concise descriptions of disorders for nonexperts. In addition to specific symptoms for each disorder, readers will find: Risk factors and warning signs Related disorders Ways to cope Tips to promote mental health Personal stories Key points about the disorders and treatment options A special chapter dedicated to treatment essentials and ways to get help Helpful resources that include a glossary, list of medications and support groups |
4 ds psychology: Essentials of Child Psychopathology Linda Wilmshurst, 2005-05-13 The only concise, comprehensive overview of child psychopathology covering theory, assessment, and treatment as well as issues and trends Essentials of Child Psychopathology provides students and professionals with a comprehensive overview of critical conceptual issues in child and adolescent psychopathology. The text covers the major theories, assessment practices, issues, and trends in this important field. Author Linda Wilmshurst also includes chapters on specific disorders prevalent among this age group and covers special topics such as diversity, abuse, and divorce. As part of the Essentials of Behavioral Science series, this book provides information mental health professionals need in order to practice knowledgeably, efficiently, and ethically in today's behavioral healthcare environment. Each concise chapter features numerous callout boxes highlighting key concepts, bulleted points, and extensive illustrative material, as well as Test Yourself questions that help you gauge and reinforce your grasp of the information covered. Essentials of Child Psychopathology is the only available resource to condense the wide-ranging topics of the field into a concise, accessible format for handy and quick reference. An excellent review guide, Essentials of Child Psychopathology is an invaluable tool for learning as well as a convenient reference for established mental health professionals. Other titles in the Essentials of Behavioral Science series: * Essentials of Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences * Essentials of Psychological Testing * Essentials of Research Design and Methodology |
4 ds psychology: Mental Wellness in Adults with Down Syndrome Dennis McGuire, Brian Chicoine, 2021 This thoroughly updated second edition of MENTAL WELLNESS IN ADULTS WITH DOWN SYNDROME is upbeat and accessible in tone, yet encyclopedic in scope. The size of the book reflects both the breadth of the authors' knowledge--acquired as cofounders of the first medical clinic dedicated solely to the care of adults with Down syndrome--and the number of psychosocial issues and mental disorders that can affect people with Down syndrome. It's the go-to guide for parents, health practitioners, and caregivers who support teens and adults with Down syndrome. MENTAL WELLNESS emphasizes that understanding and appreciating both the strengths and challenges of people with Down syndrome is the key to promoting good mental health. It shows readers how to distinguish between bona fide mental health issues and common characteristics of Down syndrome--quirks or coping strategies. For example, although talking to oneself can be a sign of psychosis, many adults with Down syndrome use self-talk as an effective problem-solving strategy. The second edition includes new chapters on sensory issues (written by Dr. Katie Frank) and regression, expanded and now separate chapters on communication, concrete thinking, and visual memory, and an extensively updated chapter on Alzheimer's disease citing abundant new research. Other chapters cover a range of conditions and assessment and treatment options: What Is Normal? Self-Esteem & Self-Image Self-Talk Grooves & Flexibility Life-Span Issues Social Skills Mood & Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Psychotic Disorders Eating Refusal Challenging Behavior Self-Injurious Behavior Autism Tics, Tourette Syndrome & Stereotypies While it's not inevitable that people with Down syndrome will experience mental health problems, certain biological differences and environmental stressors can create greater susceptibility. Assessment and treatment options are detailed for each condition. With this guide, caregivers will be able to foster good mental health and troubleshoot challenging mental health issues. |
4 ds psychology: Good Reasons for Bad Feelings Randolph M. Nesse, MD, 2019-02-12 A founder of the field of evolutionary medicine uses his decades of experience as a psychiatrist to provide a much-needed new framework for making sense of mental illness. Why do I feel bad? There is real power in understanding our bad feelings. With his classic Why We Get Sick, Dr. Randolph Nesse helped to establish the field of evolutionary medicine. Now he returns with a book that transforms our understanding of mental disorders by exploring a fundamentally new question. Instead of asking why certain people suffer from mental illness, Nesse asks why natural selection has left us all with fragile minds. Drawing on revealing stories from his own clinical practice and insights from evolutionary biology, Nesse shows how negative emotions are useful in certain situations, yet can become overwhelming. Anxiety protects us from harm in the face of danger, but false alarms are inevitable. Low moods prevent us from wasting effort in pursuit of unreachable goals, but they often escalate into pathological depression. Other mental disorders, such as addiction and anorexia, result from the mismatch between modern environment and our ancient human past. And there are good evolutionary reasons for sexual disorders and for why genes for schizophrenia persist. Taken together, these and many more insights help to explain the pervasiveness of human suffering, and show us new paths for relieving it by understanding individuals as individuals. |
4 ds psychology: Essentials of Understanding Abnormal Behavior David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Diane M. Sue, 2016-01-01 ESSENTIALS OF UNDERSTANDING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR, 3rd Edition offers the same multidimensional focus, multicultural emphasis, topical coverage, and engaging style as its comprehensive counterpart -- UNDERSTANDING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR -- in a condensed, student-friendly format. Updated to reflect DSM-5 and the newest scientific, psychological, multicultural, and psychiatric research, the text introduces and integrates the Multipath Model of Mental Disorders to explain how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors interact to cause mental disorders. A focus on resilience highlights prevention and recovery from the symptoms of various disorders, and the book also continues its emphasis on the multicultural, sociocultural, and diversity aspects of abnormal psychology. The authors present material in a lively and engaging manner, connecting topics to real-world case studies, current events, and issues of particular importance and relevance to college students. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version. |
4 ds psychology: Unusual and Rare Psychological Disorders Brian A. Sharpless, 2017 Unusual and Rare Psychological Disorders collects and synthesizes the scientific and clinical literatures for 21 lesser-known conditions. |
4 ds psychology: Abnormal Psychology William J. Ray, 2020-01-21 In Abnormal Psychology, best-selling author William J. Ray brings together current perspectives concerning the manner in which the human mind, behavior, and experience can be understood. In addition to the traditional psychological literature, this book draws from work in the cognitive and affective neurosciences, epidemiology, ethology, and genetics. Ray focuses on unifying and integrating the biopsychosocial understandings of human behavior within a broader consideration of human culture and language as it applies to abnormal psychology. With coverage of DSM–5, ICD–11, and RDoC, the fully revised Third Edition puts even greater emphasis on the range of human experiences and medical comorbidities and includes additional references to representations of mental health in popular culture to connect readers with familiar examples. This title is accompanied by a complete teaching and learning package. |
4 ds psychology: Depression in Parents, Parenting, and Children Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on Depression, Parenting Practices, and the Healthy Development of Children, 2009-10-28 Depression is a widespread condition affecting approximately 7.5 million parents in the U.S. each year and may be putting at least 15 million children at risk for adverse health outcomes. Based on evidentiary studies, major depression in either parent can interfere with parenting quality and increase the risk of children developing mental, behavioral and social problems. Depression in Parents, Parenting, and Children highlights disparities in the prevalence, identification, treatment, and prevention of parental depression among different sociodemographic populations. It also outlines strategies for effective intervention and identifies the need for a more interdisciplinary approach that takes biological, psychological, behavioral, interpersonal, and social contexts into consideration. A major challenge to the effective management of parental depression is developing a treatment and prevention strategy that can be introduced within a two-generation framework, conducive for parents and their children. Thus far, both the federal and state response to the problem has been fragmented, poorly funded, and lacking proper oversight. This study examines options for widespread implementation of best practices as well as strategies that can be effective in diverse service settings for diverse populations of children and their families. The delivery of adequate screening and successful detection and treatment of a depressive illness and prevention of its effects on parenting and the health of children is a formidable challenge to modern health care systems. This study offers seven solid recommendations designed to increase awareness about and remove barriers to care for both the depressed adult and prevention of effects in the child. The report will be of particular interest to federal health officers, mental and behavioral health providers in diverse parts of health care delivery systems, health policy staff, state legislators, and the general public. |
4 ds psychology: Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders Glen O. Gabbard, 2014-05-05 The definitive treatment textbook in psychiatry, this fifth edition of Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders has been thoroughly restructured to reflect the new DSM-5® categories, preserving its value as a state-of-the-art resource and increasing its utility in the field. The editors have produced a volume that is both comprehensive and concise, meeting the needs of clinicians who prefer a single, user-friendly volume. In the service of brevity, the book focuses on treatment over diagnostic considerations, and addresses both empirically-validated treatments and accumulated clinical wisdom where research is lacking. Noteworthy features include the following: Content is organized according to DSM-5® categories to make for rapid retrieval of relevant treatment information for the busy clinician. Outcome studies and expert opinion are presented in an accessible way to help the clinician know what treatment to use for which disorder, and how to tailor the treatment to the patient. Content is restricted to the major psychiatric conditions seen in clinical practice while leaving out less common conditions and those that have limited outcome research related to the disorder, resulting in a more streamlined and affordable text. Chapters are meticulously referenced and include dozens of tables, figures, and other illustrative features that enhance comprehension and recall. An authoritative resource for psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric nurses, and an outstanding reference for students in the mental health professions, Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders, Fifth Edition, will prove indispensable to clinicians seeking to provide excellent care while transitioning to a DSM-5® world. |
4 ds psychology: Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Anita Thapar, Daniel S. Pine, James F. Leckman, Stephen Scott, Margaret J. Snowling, Eric A. Taylor, 2015-06-15 Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry is the leading textbook in its field. Both interdisciplinary and international, it provides a coherent appraisal of the current state of the field to help researchers, trainees and practicing clinicians in their daily work. Integrating science and clinical practice, it is a comprehensive reference for all aspects of child and adolescent psychiatry. New to this full color edition are expanded coverage on classification, including the newly revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and new chapters on systems neuroscience, relationship-based treatments, resilience, global psychiatry, and infant mental health. From an international team of expert editors and contributors, this sixth edition is essential reading for all professionals working and learning in the fields of child and adolescent mental health and developmental psychopathology as well as for clinicians working in primary care and pediatric settings. Michael Rutter has contributed a number of new chapters and a Foreword for this edition: I greatly welcome this new edition as providing both a continuity with the past and a substantial new look. —Professor Sir Michael Rutter, extract from Foreword. Reviews of previous editions: This book is by far the best textbook of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry written to date. —Dr Judith Rapoport, NIH The editors and the authors are to be congratulated for providing us with such a high standard for a textbook on modern child psychiatry. I strongly recommend this book to every child psychiatrist who wants a reliable, up-to-date, comprehensive, informative and very useful textbook. To my mind this is the best book of its kind available today. —Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |
4 ds psychology: Reducing Suicide Institute of Medicine, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, Committee on Pathophysiology and Prevention of Adolescent and Adult Suicide, 2002-10-01 Every year, about 30,000 people die by suicide in the U.S., and some 650,000 receive emergency treatment after a suicide attempt. Often, those most at risk are the least able to access professional help. Reducing Suicide provides a blueprint for addressing this tragic and costly problem: how we can build an appropriate infrastructure, conduct needed research, and improve our ability to recognize suicide risk and effectively intervene. Rich in data, the book also strikes an intensely personal chord, featuring compelling quotes about people's experience with suicide. The book explores the factors that raise a person's risk of suicide: psychological and biological factors including substance abuse, the link between childhood trauma and later suicide, and the impact of family life, economic status, religion, and other social and cultural conditions. The authors review the effectiveness of existing interventions, including mental health practitioners' ability to assess suicide risk among patients. They present lessons learned from the Air Force suicide prevention program and other prevention initiatives. And they identify barriers to effective research and treatment. This new volume will be of special interest to policy makers, administrators, researchers, practitioners, and journalists working in the field of mental health. |
4 ds psychology: Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders David H. Barlow, 2021-06-04 Now in a revised and expanded sixth edition, this is the leading text on evidence-based treatments for frequently encountered mental health problems. David H. Barlow has assembled preeminent experts to present their respective approaches in step-by-step detail, including extended case examples. Each chapter provides state-of-the-art information on the disorder at hand, explains the conceptual and empirical bases of intervention, and addresses the most pressing question asked by students and practitioners--How do I do it? Concise chapter introductions from Barlow highlight the unique features of each treatment and enhance the book's utility for teaching and training. New to This Edition *Existing chapters thoroughly revised to incorporate the latest empirical findings and clinical practices. *Chapter on “process-based therapy,” a new third-wave approach for social anxiety. *Chapter on transdiagnostic treatment of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. *Chapter on chronic pain. |
4 ds psychology: Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Board on the Health of Select Populations, Committee to Evaluate the Supplemental Security Income Disability Program for Children with Mental Disorders, 2015-10-28 Children living in poverty are more likely to have mental health problems, and their conditions are more likely to be severe. Of the approximately 1.3 million children who were recipients of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) disability benefits in 2013, about 50% were disabled primarily due to a mental disorder. An increase in the number of children who are recipients of SSI benefits due to mental disorders has been observed through several decades of the program beginning in 1985 and continuing through 2010. Nevertheless, less than 1% of children in the United States are recipients of SSI disability benefits for a mental disorder. At the request of the Social Security Administration, Mental Disorders and Disability Among Low-Income Children compares national trends in the number of children with mental disorders with the trends in the number of children receiving benefits from the SSI program, and describes the possible factors that may contribute to any differences between the two groups. This report provides an overview of the current status of the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, and the levels of impairment in the U.S. population under age 18. The report focuses on 6 mental disorders, chosen due to their prevalence and the severity of disability attributed to those disorders within the SSI disability program: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, learning disabilities, and mood disorders. While this report is not a comprehensive discussion of these disorders, Mental Disorders and Disability Among Low-Income Children provides the best currently available information regarding demographics, diagnosis, treatment, and expectations for the disorder time course - both the natural course and under treatment. |
4 ds psychology: The Method of Levels Timothy A. Carey, 2006 Based on Perceptual Control Theory, this therapeutic method leaves the patient in control with no interference from the therapist. Carey shows how to ask very simple questions about background thoughts to assist a friend in distress. |
4 ds psychology: Developmental Psychopathology Thomas M. Achenbach, 1982 A completely updated edition of the standard survey of the field. Demonstrates how psychopathology is best understood in the context of biological, cognitive, social, and emotional development. |
4 ds psychology: The Psychology Major's Companion Dana S. Dunn, Jane S. Halonen, 2019-08-21 Designed to help both prospective and current psychology majors know what to expect from the undergraduate major, the larger discipline, and the marketplace beyond campus, The Psychology Major’s Companion, Second Edition gives students a map to planning their career in psychology. The authors include helpful skill-related tips, how to decide on options for course study, and how to apply to graduate school or get a job with an undergraduate degree. |
4 ds psychology: Developmental Pathways to Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders Michelle M. Martel, 2018-06-15 Developmental Pathways to Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders provides essential understanding on how disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) is characterized, its early markers and etiology, and the empirically-based treatment for the disorder. The book covers features and assessment of various DBDs, including oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder, the psychological markers of externalizing problems, such as irritability and anger, common elements of effective evidence-based treatments for DBD for behavioral treatments, cognitive therapies, and family and community therapies. A final section discusses new and emerging insights in the prevention and treatment of DBD. - Provides a critical foundation for understanding how disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) is defined - Looks at early markers and etiology of DBD - Goes beyond the surface-level treatment provided by other books, offering in-depth coverage of various DBDs, such as oppositional-defiant disorder and antisocial personality disorder - Examines the causal factors and developmental pathways implicated in DBD - Includes cutting-edge insights into the prevention of DBD prior to the emergence of symptoms |
4 ds psychology: A Therapist's Guide to the Personality Disorders James F. Masterson, 2004 Contributors from the Masterson Institute introduce the fundamental concepts, theories, and treatment approaches of James F. Masterson, synthesizing the material of his 14 books and many articles. The second part is a workbook in the form of a questionnaire to enable practitioners to apply the skill |
4 ds psychology: Anxiety Disorders and Gender Dan J. Stein, Bavi Vythilingum, 2015-06-01 Anxiety and related disorders are common conditions that disproportionately affect women. In this book, the epidemiology, psychobiology, diagnosis, evaluation, pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy of major anxiety and related disorders are examined with special reference to the effects of gender and sex on clinical presentation and treatment. The conditions considered include generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and social anxiety disorder. In addition, the management of anxiety and related disorders during pregnancy and lactation are discussed. Two concluding chapters specifically address anxiety disorders in women and in men, summarizing key points for clinicians and researchers. The authors are leading clinicians, including both psychiatrists and psychologists, from around the globe. |
4 ds psychology: Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology Charles Spielberger, 2004-09-02 Encompasses topics including aging (geropsychology), assessment, clinical, cognitive, community, counseling, educational, environmental, family, industrial/organizational, health, school, sports, and transportation psychology. Each entry provides a clear definition, a brief review of the theoretical basis, and emphasizes major areas of application. |
4 ds psychology: Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine Susan Ayers, 2007 Health psychology is a rapidly expanding discipline at the interface of psychology and clinical medicine. This text offers a comprehensive, accessible, one-stop resource for clinical psychologists, mental health professionals and specialists in health-related matters. |
4 ds psychology: The Interdisciplinary Handbook of Perceptual Control Theory Warren Mansell, 2020-05-16 Interdisciplinary Handbook of Perceptual Control Theory Volume II: Living in the Loop brings together the latest research, theory, and applications from W. T. Powers' Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) that proposes that the behavior of a living organism lies in the control of perceived aspects of both itself and its environment. Sections cover theory, the application of PCT to a broad range of disciplines, why perceptual control is fundamental to understanding human nature, a new way to do research on brain processes and behavior, how the role of natural selection in behavior can be demystified, how engineers can emulate human purposeful behavior in robots, and much more. Each chapter includes an author biography to set the context of their work within the development of PCT. - Presents case studies that show how PCT can be applied in different disciplines - Illustrates the Test for the Controlled Variable (TCV) and the construction of functional models as fruitful alternatives to mainstream experimental design when studying behavior - Shows how theory illuminates structure and functions in brain anatomy - Compares and contrasts PCT with other contemporary, interdisciplinary theories |
4 ds psychology: Emotional Agility Susan David, 2016-09-06 #1 Wall Street Journal Best Seller USA Today Best Seller Amazon Best Book of the Year TED Talk sensation - over 3 million views! The counterintuitive approach to achieving your true potential, heralded by the Harvard Business Review as a groundbreaking idea of the year. The path to personal and professional fulfillment is rarely straight. Ask anyone who has achieved his or her biggest goals or whose relationships thrive and you’ll hear stories of many unexpected detours along the way. What separates those who master these challenges and those who get derailed? The answer is agility—emotional agility. Emotional agility is a revolutionary, science-based approach that allows us to navigate life’s twists and turns with self-acceptance, clear-sightedness, and an open mind. Renowned psychologist Susan David developed this concept after studying emotions, happiness, and achievement for more than twenty years. She found that no matter how intelligent or creative people are, or what type of personality they have, it is how they navigate their inner world—their thoughts, feelings, and self-talk—that ultimately determines how successful they will become. The way we respond to these internal experiences drives our actions, careers, relationships, happiness, health—everything that matters in our lives. As humans, we are all prone to common hooks—things like self-doubt, shame, sadness, fear, or anger—that can too easily steer us in the wrong direction. Emotionally agile people are not immune to stresses and setbacks. The key difference is that they know how to adapt, aligning their actions with their values and making small but powerful changes that lead to a lifetime of growth. Emotional agility is not about ignoring difficult emotions and thoughts; it’s about holding them loosely, facing them courageously and compassionately, and then moving past them to bring the best of yourself forward. Drawing on her deep research, decades of international consulting, and her own experience overcoming adversity after losing her father at a young age, David shows how anyone can thrive in an uncertain world by becoming more emotionally agile. To guide us, she shares four key concepts that allow us to acknowledge uncomfortable experiences while simultaneously detaching from them, thereby allowing us to embrace our core values and adjust our actions so they can move us where we truly want to go. Written with authority, wit, and empathy, Emotional Agility serves as a road map for real behavioral change—a new way of acting that will help you reach your full potential, whoever you are and whatever you face. |
4 ds psychology: Spirit, Science, and Health Thomas G. Plante, Carl E. Thoresen, 2007 A state of the art look at knowledge and ongoing research on the connection between spirituality and health. |
4 ds psychology: DC: 0-5 , 2016-11-01 |
4 ds psychology: Introduction to Psychopathology Shervert H. Frazier, Arthur C. Carr, 1983 |
4 ds psychology: The Social Psychology of Disability Dana Dunn, 2015 The book's overarching message is an important one: The experience of most people with disabilities is not what nondisabled persons anticipate--contrary to the latter's beliefs and expectations, the former can lead full and normal lives. Thus, The Social Psychology of Disability is designed to counter stereotypical or biased perspectives aimed at an often overlooked minority group.--Publisher information. |
4 ds psychology: Self-Compassion Dr. Kristin Neff, 2011-04-19 Kristin Neff, Ph.D., says that it’s time to “stop beating yourself up and leave insecurity behind.” Self-Compassion: Stop Beating Yourself Up and Leave Insecurity Behind offers expert advice on how to limit self-criticism and offset its negative effects, enabling you to achieve your highest potential and a more contented, fulfilled life. More and more, psychologists are turning away from an emphasis on self-esteem and moving toward self-compassion in the treatment of their patients—and Dr. Neff’s extraordinary book offers exercises and action plans for dealing with every emotionally debilitating struggle, be it parenting, weight loss, or any of the numerous trials of everyday living. |
4 ds psychology: Transdiagnostic Treatments for Children and Adolescents Chu Brian C Ehrenreich-May Jill, 2013-11-01 This volume presents cutting-edge advances in case conceptualization and intervention for children and adolescents, who typically present for mental health treatment with multiple, overlapping problems. Leading clinician-researchers examine common processes--including stress and coping, attention and interpretation biases, avoidant behaviors, and peer and family interactions--that underlie the development and maintenance of diverse forms of psychopathology. They describe exemplary treatments that target these processes and can be used across diagnostic categories. Chapters on specific treatment protocols address the theoretical foundations, clinical strategies used, which patient populations each treatment is suitable for, and the status of the empirical evidence base. |
4 ds psychology: Psychology & Behavioral Health Paul Moglia, 2015 Provides a comprehensive five-volume set that covers notable theories, people, social issues, life stages, the physiology and anatomy of the nervous system, and various mental illnesses or conditions, all in a simple, easy to use A-Z format. This newly updated set covers not only the history of the field and the core aspects of behaviorism, cognitive psychology, and psychoanalytic psychology but also diagnoses, disorders, treatments, tests, notable people, and issues, including many popular concepts. Essays address how culture, ethnicity, and gender affect psychological theory and beliefs. They cover topics such as multicultural psychology and the effect of culture on diagnosis, and other important and developing issues in psychology. |
4 ds psychology: Psychology Applied to Modern Life Wayne Weiten, Dana S. Dunn, 2008-02 A textbook on the psychological issue of adjustment that encourages students to assess popular psychology resources. Emphasizes both theory and application in content areas such as modern life, personality, stress, coping, social influence, interpersonal communication, love, gender, development, careers, sexuality, health, disorders, and psychotherapy. |
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