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30% Acrylamide Bis Solution: A Crucial Component in Electrophoresis and Beyond
By Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD
Dr. Eleanor Vance holds a PhD in Chemical Engineering from MIT and has over 15 years of experience in polymer science and its industrial applications, specializing in electrophoresis techniques and their optimization.
Published by: Advanced Materials Insights, a leading publisher of scientific and technical journals with a strong reputation for delivering high-quality, peer-reviewed content focused on materials science and engineering.
Edited by: Dr. Robert Miller, PhD, a seasoned editor with over 20 years of experience in scientific publishing and a deep understanding of polymer chemistry and its applications in various industries.
Summary: This article delves into the crucial role of 30% acrylamide bis solution in various industrial applications, particularly focusing on its use in electrophoresis. We examine its properties, preparation, safety considerations, and implications across different sectors. The piece addresses common concerns and provides practical guidance for safe and effective handling.
Introduction:
The term "30% acrylamide bis solution" refers to a solution containing 30% acrylamide monomer and a specific percentage of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (bis-acrylamide), typically around 0.8% or 1%. This solution is a cornerstone in the production of polyacrylamide gels, widely used in various scientific and industrial applications. The most prominent application lies in electrophoresis, a crucial technique for separating biomolecules based on their size and charge. Understanding the properties and handling of 30% acrylamide bis solution is, therefore, paramount for researchers and technicians working in diverse fields.
The Role of 30% Acrylamide Bis Solution in Electrophoresis:
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a powerful technique used to separate proteins, DNA, and RNA fragments. The 30% acrylamide bis solution is the foundation for creating the polyacrylamide gel matrix. The acrylamide monomer provides the primary building blocks, while the bis-acrylamide acts as a cross-linking agent, creating a porous network. The percentage of bis-acrylamide determines the pore size of the gel, influencing the separation efficiency. A higher concentration of bis-acrylamide creates a tighter gel with smaller pores, suitable for separating smaller molecules. Conversely, lower concentrations yield looser gels with larger pores for larger molecules. The precise composition of the 30% acrylamide bis solution is crucial for achieving optimal separation results. Choosing the correct concentration is dependent upon the size and type of molecule being separated.
Preparing and Handling 30% Acrylamide Bis Solution:
The preparation of 30% acrylamide bis solution requires careful attention to safety protocols. Acrylamide is a neurotoxin, and proper handling procedures are essential to minimize exposure risks. The solution should be prepared under a fume hood, and appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, eye protection, and a lab coat, should be worn at all times. Accurate weighing and measuring of the components are critical to ensure the desired concentration and consistent gel formation. Furthermore, the solution should be stored appropriately, typically in dark amber bottles, at a low temperature to prevent polymerization. Improper storage can lead to premature polymerization, rendering the solution unusable.
Safety Considerations and Handling of 30% Acrylamide Bis Solution:
The neurotoxic nature of acrylamide cannot be overstated. Skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion of the 30% acrylamide bis solution can have severe health consequences. Therefore, strict adherence to safety protocols is mandatory throughout the entire process, from preparation to disposal. Proper ventilation, appropriate PPE, and careful handling techniques are crucial to mitigating risks. Spills should be cleaned immediately using designated absorbent materials, followed by thorough decontamination of the affected area. Proper disposal methods must also be followed according to local regulations. The use of a well-ventilated laboratory setting and following all the manufacturer's safety data sheets (SDS) are paramount.
Beyond Electrophoresis: Other Applications of 30% Acrylamide Bis Solution:
While electrophoresis is the most prevalent application, 30% acrylamide bis solution finds use in other areas. It plays a role in creating hydrogels for various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering and drug delivery. Its ability to form a customizable porous structure makes it suitable for creating scaffolds for cell growth and controlled release of therapeutic agents. Further research is exploring its potential in other areas like chromatography and filtration.
Conclusion:
The 30% acrylamide bis solution is an indispensable reagent in various scientific and industrial settings. Its primary application in electrophoresis has propelled its importance in molecular biology, biochemistry, and related fields. However, its use requires strict adherence to safety protocols due to the neurotoxic nature of acrylamide. Proper handling, preparation, and disposal are crucial for ensuring the safety of laboratory personnel and the environment while maximizing the benefits this crucial reagent provides. Further research into its potential applications will undoubtedly expand its role in various industries.
FAQs:
1. What is the shelf life of a 30% acrylamide bis solution? The shelf life depends on storage conditions; typically, it's best to use it within a few months of preparation when stored properly in a cool, dark place.
2. Can I prepare a 30% acrylamide bis solution from a lower concentration solution? Diluting a higher concentration solution is possible, but it’s generally better to start with the desired concentration for accuracy and consistency.
3. What are the symptoms of acrylamide exposure? Symptoms range from skin irritation to neurological problems, depending on the level and duration of exposure.
4. How do I dispose of leftover 30% acrylamide bis solution? Follow your institution's chemical waste disposal guidelines; it's usually treated as hazardous waste.
5. What is the difference between using 0.8% and 1% bis-acrylamide? The percentage of bis-acrylamide alters the gel's pore size, affecting the separation resolution. Higher percentages create tighter gels, suitable for smaller molecules.
6. Why is it necessary to degas the 30% acrylamide bis solution before use? Degassed solutions prevent the formation of bubbles in the gel, ensuring uniform polymerization and clearer results.
7. Can I reuse a 30% acrylamide bis solution? No, once a gel is prepared it cannot be reused; the solution should be disposed of according to regulations.
8. Are there any less toxic alternatives to acrylamide for gel electrophoresis? Yes, research is underway on less toxic alternatives, but acrylamide remains the most widely used due to its performance.
9. Where can I purchase high-quality 30% acrylamide bis solution? Reputable scientific suppliers specializing in electrophoresis reagents are the best sources.
Related Articles:
1. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE): A Comprehensive Guide: This article provides a thorough overview of the principles and techniques of PAGE.
2. Acrylamide Toxicity: A Review of Health Effects and Safety Precautions: A detailed examination of the toxicity of acrylamide and effective safety protocols.
3. Optimizing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis for Protein Separation: This piece discusses techniques for achieving optimal separation efficiency in protein electrophoresis.
4. The Role of Bis-acrylamide in Gel Electrophoresis: A Closer Look: This article focuses specifically on the function of bis-acrylamide in creating the gel matrix.
5. SDS-PAGE: Principles and Applications in Molecular Biology: An in-depth exploration of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
6. Advanced Techniques in Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis: This article explores advanced methods and modifications of the standard PAGE technique.
7. Troubleshooting Common Problems in Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis: This article addresses common issues encountered in PAGE and offers solutions.
8. Biomedical Applications of Polyacrylamide Hydrogels: This article explores the use of polyacrylamide hydrogels in tissue engineering and drug delivery.
9. Safety Guidelines for Handling and Disposing of Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals: This article provides a general overview of safe handling and disposal procedures for hazardous materials in a laboratory setting.
30% Acrylamide/Bis Solution: A Critical Analysis of its Impact on Current Trends
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, Ph.D. in Polymer Chemistry, 15+ years experience in materials science research and development, specializing in electrophoretic techniques and gel preparation.
Publisher: Journal of Polymer Science & Technology (Hypothetical Journal – for the purpose of this example. Replace with a real, reputable publisher in the field if desired) – A peer-reviewed journal with a high impact factor and established reputation in the polymer science community.
Editor: Dr. Robert Miller, Ph.D. in Biochemistry, 20+ years experience in scientific publishing and editorial oversight.
Keywords: 30% acrylamide/bis solution, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), SDS-PAGE, protein separation, DNA separation, gel preparation, electrophoresis, molecular biology, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, crosslinking, polymerization
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive analysis of 30% acrylamide/bis solution, a crucial component in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). We examine its role in current scientific trends, focusing on its applications in protein and nucleic acid separation, the impact of varying bisacrylamide concentrations, potential safety concerns, and emerging alternatives. We also discuss the importance of proper storage and handling to maintain the quality and efficacy of the 30% acrylamide/bis solution.
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1. Introduction: The Ubiquitous 30% Acrylamide/Bis Solution
30% acrylamide/bis solution is a cornerstone reagent in numerous molecular biology and biochemistry laboratories worldwide. Its primary function is as the building block for polyacrylamide gels used in PAGE, a technique fundamental to separating biomolecules based on size and charge. The solution typically contains a ratio of acrylamide to N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (bisacrylamide), which determines the gel's pore size and consequently its resolving power. Understanding the properties and handling of 30% acrylamide/bis solution is therefore crucial for successful electrophoretic separations.
2. The Role of Acrylamide and Bisacrylamide in Gel Formation
Acrylamide monomers polymerize to form long chains, creating the backbone of the polyacrylamide gel. Bisacrylamide acts as a cross-linker, connecting these chains to create a three-dimensional network. The concentration of both acrylamide and bisacrylamide dictates the pore size of the gel. A higher concentration results in a denser gel with smaller pores, suitable for separating smaller molecules, while a lower concentration yields a looser gel with larger pores, ideal for separating larger molecules. The 30% acrylamide/bis solution provides a high concentration of monomers, allowing for the preparation of gels with varying pore sizes by adjusting the amount of solution used in the final gel mixture. The specific ratio of acrylamide to bisacrylamide within the 30% solution often influences the gel's mechanical strength and its ability to effectively resolve target biomolecules. Improper ratios can lead to gels that are too brittle or too weak to withstand the electrophoresis process.
3. Applications of 30% Acrylamide/Bis Solution in Current Trends
The use of 30% acrylamide/bis solution remains vital across diverse fields. Its most prominent application is in SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), a widely used technique for separating proteins based on their molecular weight. SDS-PAGE utilizes a 30% acrylamide/bis solution to create resolving and stacking gels, enabling precise protein separation and analysis. Furthermore, 30% acrylamide/bis solution is essential in native PAGE, where proteins are separated based on their native charge and size, preserving their biological activity.
Beyond protein analysis, 30% acrylamide/bis solution plays a significant role in nucleic acid separation. DNA and RNA sequencing, fragment analysis, and purity assessment all rely on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, making the 30% acrylamide/bis solution an indispensable component in many molecular biology laboratories. Recent trends in next-generation sequencing (NGS) still heavily rely on techniques that require high-quality gels produced from this solution.
The rise of proteomics and genomics has further underscored the importance of 30% acrylamide/bis solution. High-throughput protein and DNA analysis demand reproducible and high-resolution separation techniques, necessitating the use of precisely prepared polyacrylamide gels derived from this solution.
4. Safety Considerations and Handling of 30% Acrylamide/Bis Solution
Acrylamide is a known neurotoxin, necessitating careful handling and disposal of 30% acrylamide/bis solution. Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, lab coats, and eye protection, is crucial. Furthermore, working in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood is recommended to minimize exposure to acrylamide vapors. Spills should be cleaned immediately using appropriate absorbent materials and procedures. Proper disposal according to local regulations is paramount.
5. Emerging Alternatives and Future Directions
While 30% acrylamide/bis solution remains the gold standard, research into alternative gel matrices is ongoing. These include agarose gels, which are easier to handle and less toxic, but offer lower resolution than polyacrylamide gels. Other emerging technologies, such as capillary electrophoresis, offer higher throughput and automation but might not entirely replace the need for PAGE in certain applications. However, the precision and resolving power offered by the carefully prepared gels made using 30% acrylamide/bis solution remain highly valuable and difficult to surpass for many applications.
6. Impact of Bisacrylamide Concentration
The ratio of acrylamide to bisacrylamide in the 30% solution significantly influences the gel's properties. A higher bisacrylamide concentration results in a more tightly cross-linked gel with smaller pores, offering increased resolution but potentially decreased permeability, leading to slower electrophoresis. Conversely, a lower bisacrylamide concentration leads to a less cross-linked gel, increasing permeability but potentially reducing resolution. Optimizing this ratio is crucial for achieving the desired separation capabilities for a specific application.
7. Storage and Quality Control of 30% Acrylamide/Bis Solution
Proper storage is essential to maintain the quality of 30% acrylamide/bis solution. It should be stored at a low temperature (typically 4°C) in a dark place to prevent polymerization and degradation. The solution's quality should be regularly checked before use, looking for signs of polymerization (such as cloudiness or precipitation). Out-dated solutions may yield gels with inconsistent properties, potentially affecting the outcome of the electrophoresis experiments.
8. Conclusion
30% acrylamide/bis solution continues to play a pivotal role in various scientific disciplines, underpinning crucial techniques for protein and nucleic acid separation. Despite emerging alternatives, the precision, resolution, and versatility of polyacrylamide gels derived from this solution ensure its continued relevance. However, the inherent toxicity of acrylamide necessitates stringent safety precautions during handling, storage, and disposal. Careful consideration of the bisacrylamide concentration and maintaining the quality of the 30% acrylamide/bis solution are critical for obtaining reliable and reproducible results in electrophoretic experiments.
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FAQs
1. What is the difference between acrylamide and bisacrylamide? Acrylamide forms the polymer chains, while bisacrylamide crosslinks these chains to create the gel matrix.
2. How is the pore size of a polyacrylamide gel determined? The pore size is determined by the concentration of acrylamide and bisacrylamide in the solution used to make the gel.
3. What safety precautions should be taken when handling 30% acrylamide/bis solution? Wear appropriate PPE (gloves, lab coat, eye protection), work in a well-ventilated area, and follow proper disposal procedures.
4. How should 30% acrylamide/bis solution be stored? Store at 4°C in a dark place.
5. What are the signs of degraded 30% acrylamide/bis solution? Cloudiness, precipitation, or any visible changes indicate degradation.
6. What are some alternative gel matrices to polyacrylamide? Agarose gels are a common alternative, but they offer lower resolution.
7. What is the optimal ratio of acrylamide to bisacrylamide? The optimal ratio depends on the specific application and desired pore size.
8. Can I reuse 30% acrylamide/bis solution? No, it is not recommended due to the risk of polymerization and contamination.
9. What are the typical applications of PAGE? Protein separation (SDS-PAGE, native PAGE), DNA sequencing, and nucleic acid fragment analysis.
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Related Articles
1. Optimizing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis for Protein Separation: This article focuses on techniques for optimizing gel composition and electrophoresis parameters to improve protein resolution.
2. A Comparative Study of Agarose and Polyacrylamide Gels: A detailed comparison of the properties, advantages, and limitations of both gel types.
3. The Impact of Bisacrylamide Concentration on Polyacrylamide Gel Properties: This article delves deeper into the effects of varying bisacrylamide ratios on gel properties and resolution.
4. Safety Protocols for Handling Acrylamide and Related Compounds: A comprehensive review of safety measures and best practices for handling acrylamide-based solutions.
5. Advances in Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Techniques: This article discusses recent developments and improvements in PAGE techniques.
6. Applications of Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis in Genomics: This article explores the various applications of PAGE in genomic research.
7. Troubleshooting Common Issues in Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis: This article provides solutions to common problems encountered during PAGE experiments.
8. The Role of Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis in Proteomics Research: This article focuses on the importance of PAGE in modern proteomics workflows.
9. Developing Novel Gel Matrices for Electrophoretic Separations: This article explores the research efforts toward finding safer and more efficient alternatives to traditional polyacrylamide gels.
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| 30 acrylamide bis solution: The DNA Replication-Repair Interface , 2021-11-12 Replication-Coupled Repair, Volume 661 in the Methods in Enzymology series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on a variety of timely topics, including the Repair of replication-born DNA breaks by sister chromatid recombination, High resolution and high throughput DNA cyclization measurements to interrogate DNA bendability, A programmable detection method for genomic signatures: from disease diagnosis to genome editing, Characterization of the telomerase modulating activities of yeast DNA helicases, Eukaryotic DNA replication with purified budding yeast proteins, Single molecule studies of yeast Rad51 paralogs, Light activation and deactivation of Cas9 for DNA repair studies, and more. Other chapters explore MIDAS: Direct sequencing to map mitotic DNA synthesis and common fragile sites at high precision, Studying the DNA damage response in embryonic systems, GLASS-ChIP to map Mre11 cleavage sites in the human genome, New chemical biology approaches to trap reaction intermediates in living cells, Single-molecule imaging approaches for monitoring replication fork conflicts at genomic DNA G4 structures and R-loops in human cells, Monitoring the replication of structured DNA through heritable epigenetic change, Visualizing replication fork encounters with DNA interstrand crosslinks, and much more. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in Methods in Enzymology series - Includes the latest information on replication-coupled repair |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Practical Methods in Cardiovascular Research Stefan Dhein, Friedrich Wilhelm Mohr, Mario Delmar, 2006-02-28 Scientists working or planning to work in the field of cardiovascular research will welcome Methods in Cardiovascular Research as the reference book they have been waiting for. Not only general aspects of cardiovascular research are well presented but also detailed descriptions of methods, protocols and practical examples. Written by leading scientists in their field, chapters cover classical methods such as the Langendorff heart or working heart models as well as numerous new techniques and methods. Newcomers and experienced researchers alike will benefit from the troubleshooting guide in each chapter, the extensive reference lists for advanced reading and the great practical experience of the authors. Methods in Cardiovascular Research is a must have for anybody with an interest in cardiovascular research. |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Recombinant Protein Expression: Eukaryotic hosts , 2021-11-04 Recombinant Protein Expression, Part B, Volume 660 in the Methods in Enzymology series, highlights new advances in the field with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on Multiplexed analysis protein: Protein interactions of polypeptides translated in Leishmania cell-free system, MultiBac system and its applications, performance and recent, Production of antibodies in Shuffle, Designing hybrid-promoter architectures by engineering cis-acting DNA sites to enhance transcription in yeast, Designing hybrid-promoter architectures by engineering cis-acting DNA sites to deregulate transcription in yeast, Antibody or protein-based vaccine production in plants, Cell-free protein synthesis, Plant-based expression of biologic drugs, and much more. Additional sections cover the Use of native mass spectrometry to guide detergent-based rescue of non-native oligomerization by recombinant proteins, Advancing overexpression and purification of recombinant proteins by pilot optimization through tandem affinity-buffer exchange chromatography online with native mass spectrometry, Method for High-Efficiency Fed-batch cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli, Method to transfer Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) shake flask experiments to the ambr® 250, and Expression of recombinant antibodies in Leishmania tarentolae. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in the Methods in Enzymology serial - Updated release includes the latest information on Recombinant Protein Expression |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Cell Motility and Chemotaxis Carsten Beta, |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Pseudokinases , 2022-05-05 Pseudokinases, Volume 667, the latest release in the Methods in Enzymology serial, highlights new advances in the field with this new volume presenting interesting chapters, including the Production and Purification of the PEAK pseudokinases for structural and functional studies, Structural biology and biophysical characterization of Tribbles pseudokinases, Detecting endogenous TRIB protein expression and its downstream signaling, Analysis of human Tribbles 2 pseudokinase, Expression, purification and examination of ligand-binding to IRAK pseudokinases, Characterization of pseudokinase ILK-mediated actin assembly, Biochemical examination of Titin pseudokinase, Approaches to study pseudokinase conformations, CRISPR editing cell lines for reconstitution studies of pseudokinase function, and much more. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in Methods in Enzymology serials - Includes the latest information on Pseudokinases |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: In vitro screening of plant resources for extra-nutritional attributes in ruminants: nuclear and related methodologies Philip E. Vercoe, Harinder P.S. Makkar, Anthony C. Schlink, 2009-12-01 The aim of this manual is to provide a comprehensive guide to the methods involved in collecting, preparing and screening plants for bioactive properties for manipulating key ruminal fermentation pathways and against gastrointestinal pathogens. The manual will better equip the reader with methodological approaches to initiate screening programmes to test for bioactivity in native plants and find ‘natural’ alternatives to chemicals for manipulating ruminal fermentation and gut health. The manual provides isotopic and non-isotopic techniques to efficiently screen plants or plant parts for a range of potential bioactives for livestock production. Each chapter has been contributed by experts in the field and methods have been presented in a format that is easily reproducible in the laboratory. It is hoped that this manual will be of great value to students, researchers and those involved in developing efficient and environmentally friendly livestock production systems. |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Pyroptosis Susan L. Fink, 2023-04-19 This volume explores techniques used to study and understand the latest research on pyroptosis. The chapters in this book cover topics such as experimental methods to induce pyroptosis via inflammasomes; approaches to identifying inflammasome activation in humans; ways to induce and detect pore formation; and techniques to evaluate cellular outcomes of pyroptotic cell death. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and thorough, Pyroptosis: Methods and Protocols is a valuable tool for researchers who want to expand their knowledge of this developing field. It will be especially beneficial for those working in the fields of immunology, cancer biology, microbiology, and cell biology. |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Human Retrovirus Protocols Tuofu Zhu, 2008-02-04 A cutting-edge collection of basic and state-of-the-art methods optimized for investigating the molecular biology of this class of retrovirus. These readily reproducible techniques range from methods for the isolation and detection of human retroviruses to cutting-edge methods for exploring the interplay between the viruses and the host. Here, the researcher will find up-to-date techniques for the isolation and propagation of HIV, HTLV, and foamy virus from a variety of sources. There are also assays for determining the cell tropism of HIV-1, the coreceptor usage of HIV-1, and human gene expression with HIV-1 infection by microarrays, as well as for phenotyping HIV-1 infected monocytes and examining their fitness. Highlights include the detection and quantification of HIV-1 in resting CD4+, a new cloning system for making recombinent virus, cDNA microarrays, and the determination of genetic polymorphisms in two recently identified HIV-1 co-factors that are critical for HIV-1 infection. |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Western Blot: Simple Guide and Important Tips for a Beginner Che Aishah Nazariah Ismail, Mahaneem Mohamed, Victor Udo Nna, 2023-10-11 The first time you know that you need to conduct Western blotting, you may be nervous since there are many critical steps to follow. It would be advantageous to the experienced researcher, but for the first-timer, especially postgraduate students, it can be such a hassle! This book will guide the researcher who is new to Western blotting, step by step from the scratch, in a simple and illustrative way. This book benefits the reader as it provides a simple illustrative guide starting from protein extraction to visualization of protein bands with some troubleshooting guides to improve the protein bands quality. |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: The Bacterial Cell Wall Hung Ton-That, 2023-11-11 This detailed volume explores methods currently used to investigate the cell wall of various bacterial species and pathogens. By using a combination of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cytological techniques, the protocols address many fundamental questions involving the composition, biosynthesis, and regulation of bacterial peptidoglycan. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, as well as tips for troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, The Bacterial Cell Wall: Methods and Protocols provides current and future researchers with a compilation of many of the most important and useful procedures in a single resource. |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Oxidative Stress Modulators and Functional Foods Junsei Taira, 2021-08-30 This book “Oxidative Stress Modulators and Functional Foods” is focused on the antioxidant role of natural products, involving their ability to modulate oxidative stress and/or reverse disease studied both in vitro and in animal models. Additionally, the molecular mechanisms of these actions and the modulation of signalling pathways related to inflammation, apoptosis, and survival response in the redox system by natural products are included. |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Difference Gel Electrophoresis Kay Ohlendieck, 2022-11-15 The second edition of this volume provides a comprehensive update of this key method on gel-based proteomics. Chapters present an introduction into the development of methods on principles of differential protein labeling and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, techniques on optimized proteomic workflows using advanced mass spectrometry for protein identification, and the application of those methods in basic biological research, pathobiology and applied biomarker discovery. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Difference Gel Electrophoresis: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field. |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Methods in Alcohol-Related Neuroscience Research Yuan Liu, David M. Lovinger, 2002-02-14 Written by a panel of experts, Methods in Alcohol-Related Neuroscience Research not only provides information of a technical nature but also gives an overview of the many areas in investigating the effects of alcohol on the brain. It gives technical guidance for investigators doing research at the molecular, cellular, systems, and behavioral levels. These techniques include a wide variety of approaches, ranging from gene mapping and examination of molecular interactions of alcohol at the sub-cellular level to recording of neural activities in freely-behaving animals and imaging alcohol effects on the living human brain. |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Lung Cancer Barbara Driscoll, 2008-01-18 The Methods in Molecular Medicine series is intended as a resource for both novice and experienced investigators attempting to diversify their tech- logical base in research. Lung Cancer: Volume 1: Molecular Pathology Me- ods and Reviews presents an overview of the current status of assays employed to detect and characterize the multitude of pathologies that contribute to the development of this deadly disease. As with all volumes in the Methods in Molecular Medicine series, the reader should find that each methods-based chapter provides clear instructions for the performance of various protocols, supplemented by additional technical notes that provide valuable insight. These notes are designed to enable the reader to acquire the techniques described with a proficiency not easily achieved by re- ing standard method formats. No volume can exhaustively cover every aspect of biological research and there will be gaps in this endeavor that one or another research group will id- tify. Each section herein could readily be expanded into a book in its own right. However, I have sought to include a spectrum of techniques that should allow for the acquisition of key skills in each area covered. |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Proteoglycan Protocols Renato V. Iozzo, 2008-02-02 Proteoglycans are some of the most elaborate macromolecules of mammalian and lower organisms. The covalent attachment of at least five types of glycosami- glycan side chains to more than forty individual protein cores makes these molecules quite complex and endows them with a multitude of biological functions. Proteoglycan Protocols offers a comprehensive and up-to-date collection of prepa- tive and analytical methods for the in-depth analysis of proteoglycans. Featuring st- by-step detailed protocols, this book will enable both novice and experienced researchers to isolate intact proteoglycans from tissues and cultured cells, to establish the composition of their carbohydrate moieties, to generate strategies for prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression, to utilize methods for the suppression of specific proteoglycan gene expression and for the detection of mutant cells and degradation products, and to study specific interactions between proteoglycans and extracellular matrix proteins as well as growth factors and their receptors. The readers will find concise, yet comprehensive techniques carefully drafted by leading experts in the field. Each chapter commences with a general Introduction, followed by a detailed Materials section, and an easy-to-follow Methods section. An asset of each chapter is the extensive notation that includes troubleshooting tips and practical considerations that are often lacking in formal methodology papers. The reader will find this section most valuable because it is clearly provided by experienced scientists who have first-hand knowledge of the techniques they outline. In addition, most of the chapters are well illustrated with examples of typical data generated with each method. |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: DNA and RNA Origami Julián Valero, 2023-05-11 This volume detials diverse methodological approaches on the assembly and applications of DNA origami assemblies. Chapters guide readers through different synthetic and computational methods, isolation and structural characterization of 2D and 3D DNA origami nanoarchitectures, nanophotonics, drug delivery, biophysics, and synthetic biology.Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, DNA and RNA Origami: Methods and Protocols aims to serve as a guideline describing the current state-of-the-art assembly methodologies and applications of DNA origami nanostructures. |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Cell-Wide Identification of Metabolite-Protein Interactions Aleksandra Skirycz, Marcin Luzarowski, Jennifer C. Ewald, 2022-09-30 This thorough volume explores protocols of proteome- and metabolome-wide strategies for the identification of protein-small molecule complexes in different organisms, in order to shed light on these important regulatory interactions. Experimental and computational strategies to characterize protein-metabolite interactions are discussed, and recent advances in enabling technologies are featured as well. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include the kind of detail and expert implementation advice to ensure success in future research. Authoritative and practical, Cell-Wide Identification of Metabolite-Protein Interactions will aid researchers seeking a better understanding of the mechanisms of signal transduction occurring in the cell and assessing the effect of complex formation on cell physiology. |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Gene Therapy of Cancer Wolfgang Walther, Ulrike Stein, 2008-02-01 Since the discovery of the molecular structure of genes and the unveiling of the molecular basis of numerous human diseases, scientists have been fas- nated with the possibility of treating certain diseases by transducing foreign DNA into the affected cells. Initially, it was proposed that the foreign DNA could either replace defective nonfunctional genes, or code for therapeutic proteins. This concept has evolved into the rapidly growing field of gene therapy. Even though surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are widely ava- able and routinely used for cancer treatment, these therapies fail to cure approximately 50 percent of cancer patients. Therefore, since it is a disease characterized by aberrant gene expression, cancer has been a target of gene therapy research since the inception of this treatment modality. Numerous cancer gene therapy strategies are currently being investigated, including gene replacement therapy, the regulation of gene expression to modulate immu- logical responses to tumors, the direct killing of tumor cells, and direct int- ference with tumor growth. In this context, gene transfer systems, tumor-specific expression vectors, and novel therapeutic genes have been extensively st- ied. All these strategies aim for the selective destruction of human malignant disease while circumventing the destruction of nonmalignant cells and tissues thereby minimizing toxicity to the patient. |
| 30 acrylamide bis solution: Protein Kinase C Protocols Alexandra C. Newton, 2008-02-03 Since the discovery that protein kinase C (PKC) transduces the ab- dance of signals that result in phospholipid hydrolysis, this enzyme has been at the forefront of research in signal transduction. Protein Kinase C Protocols covers fundamental methods for studying the structure, function, regulation, subcellular localization, and macromolecular interactions of PKC. Protein Kinase C Protocols is divided into 11 sections representing the major aspects of PKC regulation and function. Part I contains an introduction and a historical perspective on the discovery of PKC by Drs. Yasutomi Nishizuka and Ushio Kikkawa. Part II describes methods to purify PKC. Part III describes the standard methods for measuring PKC activity: its enzymatic activity and its stimulus-dependent translocation from the cytosol to the membrane. Part IV describes methods for measuring the membrane interaction of PKC in vivo and in vitro. Part V provides methodologies and techniques for measuring the ph- phorylation state of PKC, including a protocol for measuring the activity of PKC’s upstream kinase, PDK-1. Novel methods for identifying substrates are described in Part VI. Part VII presents protocols for expressing and analyzing the membrane targeting domains of PKC. Part VIII provides a comprehensive c- pilation of methods used to identify binding partners for PKC. Part IX describes pharmacological probes used to study PKC. The book ends with a presentation of genetic approaches to study PKC (Part X) and a discussion of approaches used to study PKC in disease (Part XI). |
圆圈序号像这样能复制的㉛㉜㉝㉞㉟㊱㊲㊳㊴㊵ ㊶㊷，50以上的打出来…
知乎，中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台，于 2011 年 1 月正式上线，以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解，找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭 …
房贷如何提前还款，一次还清？第几年还最好？ - 知乎
举个例子：假如你贷款50万，贷款30年，已经还了3年，准备提前还款15万，如果你选择期限不变，月供减少的话，利息只能省一些。 但如果你年限减少，月供不变，利息能省不 …
中文文章中两个数字之间的连接符号，到底是"~"、"～"、"-"还是"—"…
Aug 4, 2015 · 比如年份，1990年 “到” 2015年，或者 1% “到” 5%。这个 “到” 用符号表示，哪个符号才是标准用法？
成年男子每天的热量消耗是多少千卡？ - 知乎
在健身圈里，有一个公式，提供参考. 成年人每天应摄入的热量和你现阶段的生活状态相关，在此补充楼上洪嘉君的答案
房贷利息是如何计算的? - 知乎
我先假设贷款是100万，年化3.9%，30年。 第一步，我们先算出每个月要还的本金是多少。 100万除以30年，再除以12个月，每个月的本金就是2777.8元。 第二步，是算出利 …
圆圈序号像这样能复制的㉛㉜㉝㉞㉟㊱㊲㊳㊴㊵ ㊶㊷，50以上的打出来…
知乎，中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台，于 2011 年 1 月正式上线，以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和 …
房贷如何提前还款，一次还清？第几年还最好？ - 知乎
举个例子：假如你贷款50万，贷款30年，已经还了3年，准备提前还款15万，如果你选择期限不变，月供减少的话，利息只能省一些 …
中文文章中两个数字之间的连接符号，到底是"~"、"～"、"-"还是"—"…
Aug 4, 2015 · 比如年份，1990年 “到” 2015年，或者 1% “到” 5%。这个 “到” 用符号表示，哪个符号才是标准用法？
成年男子每天的热量消耗是多少千卡？ - 知乎
在健身圈里，有一个公式，提供参考. 成年人每天应摄入的热量和你现阶段的生活状态相关，在此补充楼上洪嘉君的答案
房贷利息是如何计算的? - 知乎
我先假设贷款是100万，年化3.9%，30年。 第一步，我们先算出每个月要还的本金是多少。 100万除以30年，再除以12个月，每 …
