Advertisement
The 6 P's of Neurovascular Assessment: A Comprehensive Guide for Healthcare Professionals
By Dr. Evelyn Reed, MD, FACS
Dr. Evelyn Reed is a board-certified vascular surgeon with over 15 years of experience in trauma care and peripheral vascular disease. She is affiliated with the renowned City General Hospital and is a frequent lecturer on advanced surgical techniques.
Published by: Medical Insights Publishing – A leading publisher of peer-reviewed medical journals and educational resources, known for its commitment to accuracy and accessibility in healthcare information.
Edited by: Sarah Chen, RN, BSN, CEN – A certified emergency nurse with extensive experience in trauma care and critical care nursing. Sarah has a proven track record in editing medical publications for clarity and accuracy.
Introduction:
The 6 P's of neurovascular assessment – Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Paresthesia, Paralysis, and Poikilothermia – represent a critical framework for evaluating compromised blood supply to an extremity. This assessment is paramount in various medical settings, from trauma resuscitation to post-operative monitoring. Mastering the 6 P's of neurovascular assessment is not just essential for healthcare professionals; it's a matter of patient safety and the prevention of irreversible damage. This article provides a comprehensive overview of each element, emphasizing their clinical significance and implications for best practices within the healthcare industry.
1. Pain:
Sharp, intense, or throbbing pain is a significant indicator of compromised blood flow. The severity and location of pain can provide valuable clues about the extent and nature of the vascular compromise. Pain may be the first sign, even before other clinical manifestations become apparent. Proper documentation of pain characteristics—location, quality, onset, duration, and severity—using scales like the numerical rating scale (NRS) or visual analogue scale (VAS) is crucial for effective monitoring and treatment. The failure to adequately address pain, especially in the context of the 6 P's of neurovascular assessment, can lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment, resulting in significant patient morbidity.
2. Pallor:
Pallor, or unnatural paleness of the skin, signifies reduced blood flow. This is a result of decreased hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the affected area. Comparing the affected limb to the unaffected limb is vital. A subtle change in skin color can be an early sign, making meticulous observation a cornerstone of this assessment. The pallor may be localized or more widespread, depending on the severity and location of the vascular compromise.
3. Pulselessness:
The absence of a palpable pulse in the affected extremity is a serious sign indicative of severe ischemia. The absence of a pulse, confirmed by careful palpation at appropriate arterial sites, warrants immediate intervention. Auscultation with a Doppler ultrasound can assist in detecting weaker pulses that may be difficult to palpate. Failure to promptly address pulselessness can lead to permanent tissue damage.
4. Paresthesia:
Paresthesia refers to abnormal sensations such as numbness, tingling, or pins and needles. This results from nerve ischemia and dysfunction due to reduced blood flow. The area and pattern of paresthesia can provide crucial diagnostic information about the location and extent of nerve compression or vascular compromise. Changes in sensation, even minor ones, should be promptly reported and documented as part of the 6 P's of neurovascular assessment.
5. Paralysis:
Loss of motor function or muscle weakness in the affected limb signifies severe compromise. Paralysis is a late-stage sign, indicating significant nerve damage secondary to ischemia. It usually develops progressively, starting with weakness and progressing to complete paralysis. Immediate medical attention is crucial to prevent permanent disability.
6. Poikilothermia:
Poikilothermia refers to the inability of the affected extremity to maintain a normal temperature. The affected limb will feel cool or cold to the touch compared to the unaffected limb. This results from impaired blood flow, which reduces the delivery of warm blood to the periphery. This is a late sign and signifies significant tissue ischemia.
Implications for the Healthcare Industry:
The 6 P's of neurovascular assessment are fundamental across various healthcare sectors. Thorough documentation of neurovascular checks is critical for:
Improved Patient Outcomes: Early detection and prompt intervention based on the 6 P's of neurovascular assessment are essential for preventing complications such as permanent nerve damage, limb loss, and even death.
Reduced Healthcare Costs: Preventing complications through timely intervention reduces hospital stays, rehabilitation needs, and overall healthcare expenditures.
Legal Protection: Thorough documentation of neurovascular assessments protects healthcare providers from legal liabilities related to missed diagnoses or delayed treatment.
Enhanced Professional Standards: Consistent and meticulous application of the 6 P's of neurovascular assessment demonstrates adherence to high professional standards and promotes patient safety.
Conclusion:
The 6 P's of neurovascular assessment remain an essential tool for healthcare professionals across multiple specialties. By diligently assessing and meticulously documenting these six critical signs, healthcare providers can effectively identify and address compromised blood supply, preventing irreversible damage and improving patient outcomes. A commitment to mastering the 6 P's of neurovascular assessment is a crucial component of providing high-quality, patient-centered care.
FAQs:
1. What should I do if I suspect neurovascular compromise? Immediately notify the attending physician and initiate appropriate monitoring and treatment protocols.
2. How often should neurovascular assessments be performed? The frequency depends on the clinical situation; it can range from every 15 minutes to several times a day.
3. Can the 6 P's of neurovascular assessment be used for all types of injuries? While primarily used for assessing limb injuries, modifications can be applied to other situations involving compromised blood supply.
4. What are the limitations of the 6 P's of neurovascular assessment? It is a subjective assessment; objective measures like Doppler ultrasound are often needed for confirmation.
5. How can I improve my skills in performing neurovascular assessments? Regular practice, simulation training, and continuing education are vital for improving proficiency.
6. What are the potential consequences of neglecting neurovascular assessments? Neglecting assessments can lead to irreversible tissue damage, limb loss, and even death.
7. Are there any specific tools used in addition to the 6 P's assessment? Doppler ultrasound and other imaging techniques help confirm the findings.
8. How do I document my neurovascular assessment findings? Detailed documentation should include the time, date, and specific findings for each of the 6 P's.
9. What are some common causes of neurovascular compromise? Trauma, surgery, compartment syndrome, and vascular diseases are common causes.
Related Articles:
1. Neurovascular Assessment in Trauma Patients: This article focuses on the application of the 6 P's in the acute trauma setting.
2. Post-Operative Neurovascular Checks: This piece details best practices for post-surgical neurovascular monitoring.
3. Compartment Syndrome and the 6 P's: This article explores the relationship between compartment syndrome and the 6 P's.
4. Peripheral Artery Disease and Neurovascular Assessment: This explores how the 6 P's are applied to patients with PAD.
5. The Role of Doppler Ultrasound in Neurovascular Assessment: This article details the use of ultrasound technology in confirming neurovascular compromise.
6. Nursing Considerations for Neurovascular Assessment: This article focuses on the nursing role in performing and documenting neurovascular assessments.
7. Medical Legal Implications of Inadequate Neurovascular Assessment: This discusses the legal responsibilities of healthcare providers.
8. Advanced Techniques in Neurovascular Monitoring: This explores advanced monitoring methods beyond the 6 P's.
9. Case Studies in Neurovascular Compromise: This article presents real-life case studies illustrating the importance of prompt assessment and intervention.
6 Ps of Neurovascular Assessment: A Comprehensive Guide
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, MD, FACS – Board-certified vascular surgeon with 15 years of experience in trauma and emergency surgery, specializing in peripheral vascular disease and limb salvage.
Publisher: Medicus Publishing – A leading publisher of medical textbooks and journals, specializing in surgery, emergency medicine, and critical care. Their publications are known for their accuracy, clarity, and adherence to the latest medical guidelines.
Editor: Dr. Mark Olsen, MD, PhD – Professor of Emergency Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, with extensive expertise in trauma care and neurovascular assessment.
Summary: This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the "6 Ps" of neurovascular assessment – Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Paresthesia, Paralysis, and Pressure – crucial for evaluating limb perfusion and neurological function following trauma or surgery. It details best practices for assessment, highlighting common pitfalls and emphasizing the importance of prompt recognition and treatment of compromised neurovascular status to prevent irreversible damage.
Keywords: 6 Ps of neurovascular assessment, neurovascular assessment, peripheral vascular disease, limb ischemia, pain assessment, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, paralysis, compartment syndrome, trauma assessment, postoperative assessment
Introduction: Mastering the 6 Ps of Neurovascular Assessment
The "6 Ps" – Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Paresthesia, Paralysis, and Pressure – form the cornerstone of neurovascular assessment. This systematic approach is vital in various clinical settings, particularly following trauma, surgery (especially orthopedic procedures), and in cases of suspected peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Accurate and timely assessment of these parameters is crucial for preventing serious complications, including limb loss and permanent neurological damage. This guide aims to provide a detailed understanding of each "P," emphasizing best practices and potential pitfalls.
1. Pain
Pain is often the first and most common symptom of compromised neurovascular status. It can range from mild discomfort to excruciating pain. The location, character, and intensity of the pain should be carefully documented. Pain disproportionate to the apparent injury should raise suspicion of a more serious underlying problem like compartment syndrome.
Best Practice: Utilize a validated pain scale (e.g., Numerical Rating Scale, Visual Analog Scale) to quantify pain and track changes over time. Consider the patient's baseline pain levels and pre-existing conditions.
Pitfall: Subjective nature of pain – patients may downplay or exaggerate their pain, requiring careful observation of other clinical signs.
2. Pallor
Pallor (pale skin color) indicates decreased blood flow to the affected limb. Compare the color of the affected limb to the unaffected limb. Pallor may be subtle, particularly in individuals with darker skin tones. Instead of relying solely on color, assess for temperature differences (see below).
Best Practice: Compare the color of the affected limb to the unaffected contralateral limb in good lighting. Document any cyanosis (bluish discoloration) which may indicate venous compromise.
Pitfall: Variations in skin pigmentation can make pallor difficult to detect. Rely on other parameters in conjunction with pallor assessment.
3. Pulselessness
Absence of a palpable pulse distal to the injury site is a serious sign of compromised arterial blood flow. Use a Doppler ultrasound to confirm the absence of a pulse if manually it cannot be detected.
Best Practice: Palpate pulses systematically (e.g., radial, ulnar, brachial, femoral, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis) and compare bilaterally. Use a Doppler ultrasound if pulses are weak or absent.
Pitfall: Difficulty in palpating pulses in obese patients or those with underlying medical conditions. Reliance on Doppler ultrasound is essential in these cases.
4. Paresthesia
Paresthesia refers to abnormal sensations, such as tingling, numbness, or pins and needles. This indicates nerve compression or ischemia. The distribution of paresthesia can provide clues to the location of the nerve compression.
Best Practice: Ask the patient to describe the sensations experienced in the affected limb. Document the specific location and character of the paresthesia.
Pitfall: Subjective nature of paresthesia; patients may not accurately describe their sensations, particularly if confused or unconscious.
5. Paralysis
Paralysis, or loss of motor function, signifies severe nerve compression or ischemia. Assess the ability to move the fingers, toes, and other joints in the affected limb.
Best Practice: Ask the patient to perform simple motor tasks (e.g., wiggle fingers, dorsiflex foot). If the patient is unable to, passively move the joints and assess for resistance.
Pitfall: May be subtle, especially in early stages; requires careful observation and comparison with the unaffected limb.
6. Pressure
Increased compartmental pressure, often leading to compartment syndrome, is a serious complication that compromises blood supply and nerve function. It is characterized by intense pain, particularly when the muscles are passively stretched. Measurement of compartment pressure using a pressure transducer is critical for diagnosis.
Best Practice: Assess for pain out of proportion to the injury, especially with passive muscle stretch. If suspected, immediate measurement of compartment pressure is essential.
Pitfall: Compartment syndrome can develop insidiously, and early signs may be subtle; high index of suspicion is required for prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Conclusion
The 6 Ps of neurovascular assessment provide a structured approach to evaluating limb perfusion and neurological function. Prompt and thorough assessment using the 6 Ps is essential for identifying and managing compromised neurovascular status, ultimately preventing irreversible damage and improving patient outcomes. Early recognition and prompt intervention are critical in minimizing the risk of complications.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between arterial and venous compromise? Arterial compromise leads to pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, paralysis, and possibly pain. Venous compromise typically presents with swelling, cyanosis, and possibly pain.
2. How often should neurovascular assessment be performed postoperatively? Frequency depends on the procedure and patient risk factors; but usually, assessments are done frequently in the immediate postoperative period (e.g., every 15-30 minutes initially) and then less frequently as the patient stabilizes.
3. What are the signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome? Intense pain out of proportion to the injury, paresthesia, pallor, pulselessness, paralysis, and tense swelling. Compartment pressure measurement is essential for diagnosis.
4. What is the treatment for compromised neurovascular status? Treatment depends on the underlying cause. It may involve fasciotomy for compartment syndrome, surgical repair of vascular injuries, or medical management of PAD.
5. Can the 6 Ps be used to assess neurovascular status in all parts of the body? Primarily used for extremities but can be adapted for other areas, considering the relevant anatomical structures and function.
6. How reliable is the 6 Ps assessment in elderly patients? The 6 Ps remain important but interpretation may need adjustment considering age-related physiological changes, potentially reducing sensitivity of certain parameters.
7. What are the implications of delayed diagnosis of neurovascular compromise? Delayed diagnosis can lead to irreversible nerve damage, muscle necrosis, and limb loss.
8. How does the use of analgesics affect neurovascular assessment? Analgesics can mask pain, making it crucial to rely on other parameters of the 6 Ps and maintain a high index of suspicion.
9. What is the role of Doppler ultrasound in neurovascular assessment? Doppler ultrasound is invaluable in confirming the presence or absence of pulses, assessing blood flow velocity and detecting vascular abnormalities.
Related Articles:
1. Compartment Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management: A detailed guide on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of compartment syndrome.
2. Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD): A Comprehensive Review: An in-depth look at the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of PAD.
3. Neurovascular Assessment in Trauma Patients: Focuses on the application of the 6 Ps in the acute trauma setting.
4. Postoperative Neurovascular Assessment: Best Practices: Detailed guidelines for performing neurovascular assessments after various surgical procedures.
5. The Role of Doppler Ultrasound in Neurovascular Assessment: An article explaining the techniques and interpretation of Doppler ultrasound in assessing vascular status.
6. Case Studies in Neurovascular Compromise: Illustrative examples of various presentations of neurovascular compromise and their management.
7. Nursing Considerations in Neurovascular Assessment: A guide for nurses on performing and documenting neurovascular assessments.
8. Early Recognition and Treatment of Compartment Syndrome: Emphasis on the importance of early recognition and the urgent need for treatment.
9. The Impact of Delayed Diagnosis on Neurovascular Outcomes: Examines the long-term consequences of delayed diagnosis and treatment of neurovascular compromise.
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Nurse's Pocket Guide Marilynn E. Doenges, Mary Frances Moorhouse, Alice C. Murr, 2022-03-07 The perfect pocket guide makes care planning easier. This quick-reference tool has exactly what you need to select the appropriate diagnoses to plan your patients’ care effectively. The 16th Edition features all the latest nursing diagnoses and updated interventions from NANDA-I 2021-2023. One of the best nursing school tools that I can use beyond graduation! “I only wish I found this book at the beginning of my nursing school experience and not towards the end. Finally a useful book that tells us what to do, what we can do, and prioritizes everything. I think it wouldn’t have taken me 6 hours to complete a Care Plan/Map had I found this gem sooner. I’m even going to recommend it to my school to suggest students purchase it.”—Angela D., Online Reviewer Love this Book! “I'm a nursing student, and for all y'all nursing professions, you need to have some form of this book. In semesters past, a friend of mine had a later edition, and the information was incredible. This book is really a must-have when making care plans or wanting to learn more about what interventions you can do for your patient. Reasonable for price.”—Felicia M., Online Reviewer New & Updated! The latest diagnoses and updated interventions from NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification 2021-2023, 12th Edition, including 46 new diagnoses and 67 revised diagnoses, the most current NANDA-I terminology, and labels from NIC and NOC that link content to nursing diagnosis, and statistic data Revised! Streamlined preface that focuses on how to use the book Alphabetized listing of nursing diagnoses from NANDA-I 2021-2023, covering more than 400 diseases/disorders Actions/interventions uniquely organized by priority with selected rationales. Icons within the prioritized interventions for acute care, collaboration, community/home care/cultural considerations, diagnostic studies, medications, and lifespan considerations. NIC and NOC labels at the end of each diagnosis Defining characteristics presented subjectively and objectively. Documentation section that focuses on the other steps of the nursing process, reminding students of the importance and necessity of recording each step. Index with hundreds of diseases/disorders with prioritized associated nursing diagnoses Detachable, laminated, pocket-minder bookmark on the inside back cover |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: HESI Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination - E-Book HESI, 2016-12-23 Prepare for success on your HESI exit exam and the NCLEX-PN®! Updated with the latest test plan and written in an easy-to-read outline format, HESI Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination, 5th Edition breaks down chapters by clinical areas and topics emphasized on the exam. Rationales are provided for incorrect answers to help you address any areas of weakness. The companion Evolve website offers 550 practice questions, giving you valuable practice in the same electronic testing format you will experience on your nursing school exit exam and on the NCLEX-PN exam. HESI Hint boxes highlight important clinical information and concepts commonly tested on the NCLEX-PN® exam. Evolve companion website with 550 NCLEX practice questions, including alternate item formats, gives you a testing experience similar to the exit and NCLEX exams. Critical thinking study questions reinforce key concepts and critical content, and include answer guidelines. Chapters organized by clinical area for easy reference. Pharmacology tables summarize the need-to-know drug therapy content emphasized on the NCLEX-PN exam. Consistent chapter organization and format facilitate learning. NEW! Updated content reflects the latest NCLEX-PN® test plan. UPDATED! Psychiatric Nursing chapter includes the latest DSM-5 material. UPDATED! Revised HESI Hint boxes align with content updates throughout the text. NEW! Updated review questions correspond with new content. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: PASS CCRN®! - E-Book Robin Donohoe Dennison, 2018-07-10 Fully updated to mirror the test plan for the latest CCRN®-Adult certification exam, Dennison's widely acclaimed PASS CCRN®! is known for its targeted yet comprehensive content review, innovative learning strategies, and meticulous accuracy. This new fifth edition addresses each section of the most current CCRN® exam in detail, with review content presented in a quick-reference outline format and supported by a wealth of illustrations, tables, and algorithms. Learning activities for each chapter, as well as more than 1,000 review questions on the companion Evolve website, offer valuable practice and test-taking experience to prepare you for success on the CCRN®-Adult exam. - More than 1,000 multiple-choice review questions on the companion Evolve website offer convenient electronic access and can be answered in Study Mode or Exam Mode. - Outline-style review helps ensure that you have mastered essential content for the CCRN®-Adult exam. - Engaging, chapter-ending learning activities provide fun and stimulating ways for you to learn critical concepts. - Content is supported by a wealth of tables, illustrations, and completely new algorithms to help clarify complex concepts. - NEW! Completely updated content follows the latest CCRN®-Adult exam blueprint to ensure that you have the most current information for exam preparation. - NEW! Integumentary and Musculoskeletal Systems chapter reflects the latest CCRN® exam test plan organization. - NEW! Thorough revisions to the Professional Caring and Ethical Practice and Multisystem chapters match the latest CCRN®-Adult exam. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Guide - Nervous System - 2021/43 Svastham Healthcare, 2021-08-27 Books prepared as per NORCET, AIIMS, RRB, ESIC, DSSSB, JIPMER, PGIMER, GMERS, COH-GUJARAT etc. FAQs & IMP Topics are Covered Highly Successful Team Chosen Contents Also Available in English, Gujarati & Hindi |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Illustrated Study Guide for the NCLEX-RN® Exam JoAnn Zerwekh, MSN, EdD, RN, 2015-11-20 Prepare for the NCLEX with this fun, full-color review! Illustrated Study Guide for the NCLEX-RN® Exam, 9th Edition uses colorful drawings and mnemonic cartoons to cover the nursing concepts and content found on the NCLEX-RN examination. A concise outline format makes studying easier, and the Evolve companion website includes 2,500 NCLEX exam-style review questions (including alternate item formats) - allowing you to create practice exams, identify your strengths and weaknesses, and review answers and rationales. Written by NCLEX expert JoAnn Zerwekh, this study guide offers a clear, visual way to remember key facts for the NCLEX exam. UNIQUE! Mnemonic cartoons provide a fun, easy way to review and remember key nursing concepts and disease processes. UNIQUE! The integrated systems approach incorporates pediatric, adult, maternity, and older adult lifespan considerations in each body system chapter. Practice questions on the Evolve companion website are available in both study and quiz modes and separated by content area, allowing you to customize your review based on your personal study needs. UNIQUE! Appendixes for each chapter summarize medications and nursing procedures for quick reference. Alternate item format questions on Evolve prepare you for the interactive question types on the NCLEX examination, including priority drag-and-drop and hot-spot (illustrated point-and-click) questions. Answers and rationales for all review questions show why correct answers are right and incorrect options are wrong. Separate chapters on pharmacology and nursing management help you to focus on these areas of emphasis on the NCLEX examination. Nursing Priority boxes make it easier to distinguish priorities of nursing care. Pharmacology tables make key drug information easy to find, with high-alert medications noted by a special icon. Special icons distinguish pediatric and adult disorders, and identify content on Self-Care and Home Care. UPDATED content reflects the most recent NCLEX-RN test plan and incorporates important clinical updates. NEW! 2,500 review questions are now included on the Evolve companion website, adding more 200 questions to the total on the previous edition. NEW! Addition of SI Units and removal of trade-name drugs reflects changes in the NCLEX-RN test plan. NEW! Additional alternate item questions are included on Evolve, and new questions incorporating video are also added. NEW! Test Alert! boxes in the book highlight key concepts frequently found on the NCLEX examination. NEW! Additional memory notecard-type illustrations are included in the book to accommodate visual learners. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Nursing Diagnosis Manual Marilynn E. Doenges, Mary Frances Moorhouse, Alice C. Murr, 2022-02-01 Identify interventions to plan, individualize, and document care. Updated with the latest diagnoses and interventions from NANDA-I 2021-2023, here’s the resource you’ll turn to again and again to select the appropriate diagnosis and to plan, individualize, and document care for more than 800 diseases and disorders. Only in the Nursing Diagnosis Manual will you find for each diagnosis…defining characteristics presented subjectively and objectively - sample clinical applications to ensure you have selected the appropriate diagnoses - prioritized action/interventions with rationales - a documentation section, and much more! |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: PASS CEN! - E-Book Robin Donohoe Dennison, Jill Suzette Johnson, 2017-09-05 - NEW! Content follows the most current CEN blueprint, eliminating extraneous information that is not likely to be tested. - NEW! Updated learning activities and additional questions reinforces your retention of information. - NEW! Critical pharmacology information integrated into each chapter stresses it's importance to effective treatment outcomes. - NEW! Integrated anatomy and physiology content reduces repetition of content. - NEW! Learning activities moved to the back of book allows you to complete activities without the distraction of answers being right there. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Nursing Model Question 2021 - Paper Part 12 Svastham Healthcare, 2021-05-01 Books prepared as per NORCET, AIIMS, RRB, ESIC, DSSSB, JIPMER, PGIMER, GMERS, COH-GUJARAT etc. 9999+ Practice MCQs with|without Rationals FAQs & IMP Topics are Covered Highly Successful Team Chosen Contents Also Available in English, Gujarati & Hindi |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Fundamentals of Medical-Surgical Nursing Anne-Marie Brady, Catherine McCabe, Margaret McCann, 2014-01-28 Fundamentals of Medical-Surgical Nursing Fundamentals of Medical-Surgical Nursing A Systems Approach Fundamentals of Medical-Surgical Nursing is a comprehensive yet easy-to-read overview of medical and surgical nursing, designed specifically to support all nursing students learning to care for the adult patient. Highly illustrated and with an easy-to-follow systems-based structure, it provides a thorough foundation in anatomy and physiology, pathophysiology, medical management, and nursing care for the full spectrum of adult health conditions. KEY FEATURES: Extensive coverage of principles of nursing assessment, medication administration, infection prevention and control, and nutritional care Key need-to-know-information and definitions for the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of a range of illnesses and conditions Detailed overviews of nursing care, including patient education, treatment, and complications An online resource centre with a range of extras for both lecturers and students, including case studies, reflective activities, interactive multiple choice questions, and further reading lists Fundamentals of Medical-Surgical Nursing is the ideal textbook to help students succeed on their adult nursing course. with online self-test www.wileyfundamentalseries.com/medicalnursing Interactive multiple-choice questions Reflective questions for downloading Case studies Links to online resources When you purchase the book you also receive access to the Wiley E-Text: Powered by VitalSource. This is an interactive digital version of the book, featuring downloadable text and images, highlighting and notetaking facilities, bookmarking, cross-referencing, in-text searching, and linking to references and abbreviations. Fundamentals of Medical-Surgical Nursing is also available on CourseSmart, offering extra functionality as well as an immediate way to access the book. For more details, see www.coursesmart.co.uk/9780470658239. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Medical Surgical, Nursing, Microbiology Svastham Healthcare, 2022-04-10 Medical Surgical, Nursing, Microbiology |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Family Nurse Practitioner Certification Review - E-Book JoAnn Zerwekh, Jo Carol Claborn, 2016-09-01 Ensure that you're thoroughly prepared for the Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) certification exam with more than 1,500 questions! Family Nurse Practitioner Certification Review, 3rd Edition reflects the latest evidence-based clinical practice and national treatment guidelines and protocols. This comprehensive resource features more than 1,500 high-quality multiple-choice questions with detailed rationales for correct answers. Questions related to patient safety are highlighted with a QSEN safety icon to highlight the graduate-level safety competency of the Quality & Safety Education for Nurses initiative. It also includes a companion Evolve website with virtually unlimited, randomly generated practice exams that match the length and question distribution of the actual AANP and ANCC FNP certification exams. - More than 1,500 multiple-choice questions with by detailed rationales help students understand the reasoning behind each answer. - Division of clinical chapters into Physical Examination and Diagnostic Tests, Disorders, and Pharmacology makes it easy for students to locate specific information within each system. - Chapters on Research and Theory and Professional Issues provide information on professional competencies important to the FNP role. - Multiple-choice questions that mirror FNP certification exam formats give you realistic exam practice. - NEW! Updated questions throughout review the latest evidence-based clinical practice and national treatment guidelines and protocols to prepare students for the AANP and ANCC FNP certification exams and clinical practice. - NEW! Questions emphasizing patient safety are highlighted to reinforce the graduate-level safety competency of the Quality & Safety Education for Nurses initiative. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Care Planning in Children and Young People's Nursing Doris Corkin, Sonya Clarke, Lorna Liggett, 2011-08-24 Care Planning in Children and Young People's Nursing addresses a selection of the most common concerns that arise when planning care for infants, children and young people within the hospital and community setting. Clear and detailed, this text reflects both the uniqueness and diversity of contemporary children's nursing and utilizes images and case studies to provide a holistic insight into the practice of care planning through the reporting of best available evidence and current research, policy and education. Divided into sections for ease of reference, Care Planning in Children and Young People’s Nursing explores both the theory and practice of care planning. Chapters on the principles of care planning include issues such as managing risk, safeguarding children, ethical and legal implications, integrated care pathways, interprofessional assessment, and invaluable parent perspectives. Additional chapters on the application of planning care examine the practical aspects of a wide range of specific conditions including cystic fibrosis, obesity, cardiac/renal failure and HIV/AIDS. Each chapter is interactive, with questions, learning activities and points for discussion creating an engaging and enquiry-based learning approach. Care Planning in Children and Young People’s Nursing is a definitive resource, reflecting innovative practice which is suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate nurse education. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing Jan Hinkle, Kerry H. Cheever, 2017-09-25 Publisher’s Note: Products purchased from 3rd Party sellers are not guaranteed by the Publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Trusted by instructors, preferred by students, Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition makes fundamental coverage of medical-surgical nursing practices more approachable than ever. Comprehensively updated to keep pace with today’s changing health care environment, this edition layers essential patient care procedures with engaging case studies and vignettes that bring concepts to life and prepare students to confidently apply what they’ve learned in nursing practice. Fully updated and enhanced, this new edition provides a fully integrated solution that promotes clinical judgment, performance, and success on the NCLEX examination and in nursing practice. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: CHO - Model Question Paper (Part 10) - 2024 Svastham Healthcare, 2024-01-08 |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: CHO - Model Question Paper (Part 9) - 2024 Svastham Healthcare, 2024-01-08 |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Nursing Model Question 2021 - Paper Part 11 Svastham Healthcare, 2021-05-01 Books prepared as per NORCET, AIIMS, RRB, ESIC, DSSSB, JIPMER, PGIMER, GMERS, COH-GUJARAT etc. 4999+ Practice MCQs with|without Rationals FAQs & IMP Topics are Covered Highly Successful Team Chosen Contents Also Available in English, Gujarati & Hindi |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: The Great Ormond Street Hospital Manual of Children's Nursing Practices Susan Macqueen, Elizabeth Bruce, Faith Gibson, 2012-06-18 Clinical skills are a fundamental aspect of nursing care of children and young people. The Great Ormond Street Hospital Manual of Children's Nursing Practices is an evidence-based manual of practical skills in children's nursing which builds on the extensive expertise developed at Great Ormond Street Hospital. It encompasses all aspects of children's nursing from the most basic aspects of everyday practice to advanced practice in high dependency and intensive care to provide a comprehensive resource for all qualified nurses, students, and other health-care professionals involved in caring for children, both in the hospital and the community setting. Children's and young people's nursing presents unique challenges. The Great Ormond Street Hospital Manual utilises the latest clinical research and expert clinical knowledge to address these challenges, and provides the underlying theory and evidence for nursing care of children. It provides a definitive guide to clinical skills procedures in children's and young people's nursing which enables nurses working with children and young people to practice confidently and deliver clinically effective family-centred care. Key features Offers access to clinical procedures developed through the extensive expertise from Great Ormond Street Hospital Contains evidence-based recommendations for expert care Encompasses all aspects of children's care Contains procedures guidelines students can rely on and effectively use in practice following qualfication Highlights specific needs of neonates and adolescents Placed in the context of inter-disciplinary care of the child Includes the rationale for each procedure - the 'why' as well as 'how' Information presented in a similar way to The Royal Marsden Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures - offering continuity to those working in both adult and paediatric settings This title is also available as a mobile App from MedHand Mobile Libraries. Buy it now from iTunes or the MedHand Store. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Clinical Psychomotor Skills (3-Point): Assessment Tools for Nurses Joanne Tollefson, 2018-09-01 Clinical Psychomotor Skills: Assessment Tools for Nurses offers a unique blend of solid theoretical knowledge, linking it to clinical practice. This text enables students and instructors to translate their skills and knowledge into provable competencies that fulfill the required standards. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Clinical Psychomotor Skills (5-Point Bondy): Assessment Tools for Nurses Joanne Tollefson, 2018-09-01 Clinical Psychomotor Skills: Assessment Tools for Nurses offers you a unique blend of solid theoretical knowledge, linking it to clinical practice. The combined theory and workbook text covers the key clinical skills and knowledge that you need and helps you to master provable competencies that fulfil the required standards. This edition uses the 3-point Bondy Assessment Scale. The inclusion to this edition of five additional skills, the latest evidence-based material from nursing and associated literature, and reflecting The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australias Registered Nurse Standards for Practice, make this the essential guide for students of registered nursing programs. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Nancy Caroline's Emergency Care in the Streets, Volume 2 Nancy L. Caroline, Bob Elling, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2007-03 With this DVD, you will learn how to successfully perform each skill and will find helpful information, tips, and pointers designed to facilitate your progression through the practical examination. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Medical-Surgical Nursing Linda Honan, 2023-09-15 Confidently meet the demands of transitioning students into practice-ready nurses with Medical-Surgical Nursing: Focus on Clinical Judgment, 3rd Edition. Expertly curated by experienced clinician and nursing educator Dr. Linda Honan, this practical approach distills complex concepts down to need-to-know details through the perspective of practicing nurses, establishing a comprehensive foundation in medical-surgical nursing by way of the most commonly encountered conditions and situations. Extensive updates throughout this 3rd Edition broaden your students’ perspectives, cultivate their clinical judgment, and prepare them for success from the Next Generation NCLEX® to the day-to-day challenges of today’s medical-surgical nursing practice. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Nervous System - 2022 Svastham Healthcare, 2022-04-16 Nervous System |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: CHO - Model Question Paper (Part 8) - 2024 Svastham Healthcare, 2024-01-08 |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: CHO (Community Health Officer) - Part 11 | 75 Paper Sets | 7500 Questions & Answers Svastham 24/7, 2020-11-30 More than 7499 MCQs focused on Competitive Exams. Team of Experienced and specialist professionals to design and offer best quality Competitive material for Healthcare professional to excel in Competitive exams and also increase the Patient Safety standards in the country |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Illustrated Study Guide for the NCLEX-PN® Exam - E-Book JoAnn Zerwekh, 2023-11-30 Who says studying has to be boring? The Illustrated Study Guide for the NCLEX-PN® Exam, 10th Edition uses colorful drawings and mnemonic cartoons to bring difficult concepts to life and help you recall the content you need to know to excel on the NCLEX-PN examination. Written in a concise and visually appealing outline format, this book makes learning and studying easier and more fun. The companion Evolve website includes more than 3,000 review questions, including alternate item and Next Generation NCLEX® formats, and allows you to personalize your study by creating practice exams, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and reviewing answers and rationales. - Mnemonic cartoons provide a fun, easy way to review and remember key nursing concepts and disease processes. - More than 3,000 review questions on the Evolve companion website are available in both study and quiz modes and separated by content area, allowing customized review based on personal study needs. The review questions include multiple choice, alternate item format, and NGN. - Answers and rationales are provided for all review questions. - Test Alert! boxes in the book highlight key concepts frequently found on the NCLEX® examination. - Nursing Priority boxes make it easier to distinguish priorities of nursing care. - Older Adult Care Focus boxes in the book provide special considerations and nursing care strategies for the older adult. - Pharmacology tables make key drug information easy to find, with high-alert medications noted by a special icon. - Appendixes for each chapter summarize medications and nursing procedures for quick reference. - Special icons distinguish pediatric and adult disorders and identify content on self-care and home care - A separate chapter on pharmacology and medication administration helps you focus on this area of emphasis on the NCLEX® examination. - NEW! Patient scenarios and Next Generation NCLEX® question types familiarize you with these new item types. - NEW! NCSBN Clinical Judgment Measurement Model and the six cognitive skills are reviewed in the context of preparing for the nursing profession and taking the NCLEX-PN® examination. - NEW! Separate Pediatric Nursing Care chapter makes it easier to find information to care for the pediatric client. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Pass PCCN! Robin Donohoe Dennison, Kathleen Farrell, 2015-10-20 From the author of the bestselling Pass CCRN! and Pass CEN!, Pass PCCN! applies Dennison's time-tested approach to the Progressive Care Nursing Certification exam and follows the latest PCCN exam test plan, with one or more chapters for each section of the exam. This all-new review book features a thorough review in narrative format for each chapter — and covers all the content you need, including the disorders unique to the PCCN, to master the PCCN exam. Learning Activities interspersed throughout the book, as well as more than 900 review questions on the companion Evolve website, are geared towards progressive care nurses and offer valuable test-taking experience. - Content follows the latest PCCN test plan to ensure you have the most current information for exam preparation. - Companion Evolve website with more than 900 multiple-choice review questions, available in Study Mode or Exam Mode, lets you self-test online. - UNIQUE! Learning Activities provide fun and stimulating ways to learn critical concepts, such as crossword puzzles, matching and fill-in-the-blank questions. - Case studies, consisting of patient scenarios and associated learning activities, stimulate critical thinking and promote application of knowledge. - Appendices include common abbreviations and acronyms, laboratory values, formulas, hemodynamic monitoring essentials, and a dysrhythmias reference (including etiology, criteria, significance, and management), so you can quickly reference important information when studying for the PCCN examination. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: TARGET AIIMS NORCET 2020 - PART 1 (WITH 100 PAPER SETS) ON GOOGLE Svastham Healthcare, 2020-08-26 More than 9999 MCQs (With 100 Paper Sets) focused on Competitive Exams. Team of Experienced and specialist professionals to design and offer best quality Competitive material for Healthcare professional to excel in Competitive exams and also increase the Patient Safety standards in the country |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: CHO (Community Health Officer) - Part 10 | 50 Paper Sets | 5000 Questions & Answers Svastham 24/7, 2020-11-30 More than 4999 MCQs focused on Competitive Exams. Team of Experienced and specialist professionals to design and offer best quality Competitive material for Healthcare professional to excel in Competitive exams and also increase the Patient Safety standards in the country |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Pediatric - Guide 2023 Svastham Healthcare, 2023-03-23 |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Lippincott Fast Facts for NCLEX-RN Rebecca Cox-Davenport, 2016-03-03 Lippincott Fast Facts for NCLEX-RN, 2nd edition is a quick and easy review for nursing students to prepare for the licensing examination. Thousands of facts in this resource cover all aspects of nursing care. Each up-to-date fact has been thoroughly reviewed for validity, conciseness, and alignment with the 2016 NCSBN NCLEX-RN test plan. Content, features, and functionality of the resource are aligned with PassPoint RN, making this an ideal print-electronic study package. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Svastham 24/7 - QA Bank (Part 13) (MEDICAL SURGICAL Nursing & GENETICS) Svastham Healthcare, 2020-07-24 More than 2499 MCQs (MEDICAL SURGICAL Nursing & GENETICS) focused on Competitive Exams. Team of Experienced and specialist professionals to design and offer best quality Competitive material for Healthcare professional to excel in Competitive exams and also increase the Patient Safety standards in the country |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Med-Surg Success: Christi Doherty, 2024-10-07 Assure your mastery of medical-surgical nursing knowledge while honing your critical-thinking and test-taking skills. Over 2,000 questions, (including NGN-style and alternate-format questions) reflect the latest advances in medical-surgical nursing and the latest NCLEX-RN® test plan. The huge volume of information you must master is organized into manageable sections divided by body systems and specific diseases. Each chapter is a self-contained unit. For each practice question, you’ll find the answer, rationale for correct and incorrect responses, and a test-taking tip. You’ll also find Clinical Judgment Case Studies in each chapter and NGN clinical judgment question types testing the cognitive skills of the NCSBN’s clinical judgment measurement model. The co |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: CHO (Community Health Officer) - Part 12 | 100 Paper Sets | 10000 Questions & Answers Svastham 24/7, 2020-11-30 More than 9999 MCQs focused on Competitive Exams. Team of Experienced and specialist professionals to design and offer best quality Competitive material for Healthcare professional to excel in Competitive exams and also increase the Patient Safety standards in the country |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing Sonya Clarke, Julie Santy-Tomlinson, 2014-09-22 Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing provides practitioners working in orthopaedic and musculoskeletal trauma settings with the essential evidence, guidance and knowledge required to underpin effective practice. This comprehensive and contemporary textbook explores the variety of adult and paediatric clinical settings where orthopaedic and trauma practitioners work, including acute wards, clinics, community hospitals, nursing homes and patients' homes. Divided into 5 sections, this book looks at: key issues in orthopaedic and musculoskeletal trauma care; specialist practice issues; common orthopaedic conditions and their care and management; musculoskeletal trauma care; and care of children and young people. Suitable for students at degree level as well as those clinicians practicing in more advanced orthopaedic and trauma care roles, Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing is a foremost authority on orthopaedic and musculoskeletal practice for both students and practitioners. Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing: Is strongly supported by the latest evidence, with chapters summarizing evidence, with reference to relevant and seminal research Offers practical guidance based on the relevant evidence Focuses on the perspective of the patient with patient narrative and case studies throughout Includes a section specifically dealing with children and young people |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Cumulated Index Medicus , 1993 |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Med-Surg Success Christi D. Doherty, 2020-10-23 TWO BOOKS IN ONE! A course review NCLEX prep Assure your mastery of medical-surgical nursing knowledge while honing your critical-thinking and test-taking skills. This popular resource features about 2,200 questions (including more alternate-format questions) that reflect the latest advances in medical-surgical nursing and the latest NCLEX-RN® test plan. They organize the seemingly huge volume of information you must master into manageable sections divided by body systems and specific diseases. Each chapter is a self-contained unit. For each practice question, you’ll find the answer, rationales for correct and incorrect responses, and a test-taking tip. The comprehensive exam at the end of each chapter assesses your strengths and weaknesses, identifying areas for further study. BONUS! FREE, 30-day access to Davis Edge NCLEX-RN® included with the purchase of a new print book. This online Q&A platform lets you create practice quizzes with more than 10,000 NCLEX-style questions; review proven test-taking strategies; and prepare for the biggest test of your career with simulated NCLEX exams. See what students are saying online about the previous edition… A Must-Have! “This is a FABULOUS book if you are in Nursing school! A “must have” to get through Med Surg and to practice NCLEX questions!”—Brooke A., Online Reviewer BEST thing you can do is use PRACTICE QUESTIONS. “Helped me get an A- in med-surg. They really help.”—Athalia, Online Reviewer Best around. “Worth every single penny for a nursing student!”—DanielleRae, Online Reviewer Great guide. “Love this book. Great guide to learning how to answer NCLEX style questions and learning nursing content.”—Andrea K., Online Reviewer Must for nursing program. “Helped so much before tests! Loved that it gave rationales for each answer, not just the right one.”—Online Reviewer Way to go. “If you want to pass med surg, this is the book to buy. It has why the questions are correct/incorrect. My grades went up just by using this book.”—Online Reviewer Use this exceptional resource with your current book or combine it with Janice J. Hoffman and Nancy J. Sullivan’s Davis Advantage for Medical-Surgical Nursing, Making Connections to Practice, 2nd Edition. It follows the same organization as Med-Surg Success, 4th Edition for the ideal teaching and learning experience. Check it out today… |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), 2013-04-09 In 1971, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) published the first edition of Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured and created the backbone of EMS education. Now, the Tenth Edition of this gold standard training program raises the bar even higher with its world-class content and instructional resources that meet the diverse needs of today’s educators and students. Based on the new National EMS Education Standards, the Tenth Edition offers complete coverage of every competency statement with clarity and precision in a concise format that ensures student comprehension and encourages critical thinking. The experienced author team and AAOS medical editors have transformed the Education Standards into a training program that reflects current trends in prehospital medicine and best practices. New cognitive and didactic material is presented, along with new skills and features, to create a robust and innovative training solution for your course that will engage students’ minds. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Perianesthesia Nursing Core Curriculum American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses, 2004 This outstanding new resource from the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses (ASPAN) is designed to provide you with the most comprehensive, up-to-date information on perianesthesia practice -- from preanesthesia through postanesthesia Phase III. Book jacket. |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Abridged Index Medicus , 1993 |
| 6 ps of neurovascular assessment: Compartment Syndrome Cyril Mauffrey, David J. Hak, Murphy P. Martin III, 2019-09-02 Compartment syndrome is a complex physiologic process with significant potential harm, and though an important clinical problem, the basic science and research surrounding this entity remains poorly understood. This unique open access book fills the gap in the knowledge of compartment syndrome, re-evaluating the current state of the art on this condition. The current clinical diagnostic criteria are presented, as well as the multiple dilemmas facing the surgeon. Pathophysiology, ischemic thresholds and pressure management techniques and limitations are discussed in detail. The main surgical management strategy, fasciotomy, is then described for both the upper and lower extremities, along with wound care. Compartment syndrome due to patient positioning, in children and polytrauma patients, and unusual presentations are likewise covered. Novel diagnosis and prevention strategies, as well as common misconceptions and legal ramifications stemming from compartment syndrome, round out the presentation. Unique and timely, Compartment Syndrome: A Guide to Diagnosis and Management will be indispensable for orthopedic and trauma surgeons confronted with this common yet challenging medical condition. |
Neurovascular Assessment: What Is It, Why It’s ... - Osmosis
Mar 4, 2025 · What are the 6 Ps of a neurovascular assessment? The 6 P’s of a neurovascular assessment are pain, poikilothermia, paresthesia, paralysis, pulselessness, and pallor. When …
Neurovascular Assessment: Understanding the Critical 6 Ps
Understanding the 6 Ps of a neurovascular assessment is crucial for both clinicians and the general public. These Ps encompass pain, poikilothermia, paresthesia, paralysis, …
Neurovascular Assessment 6 P's | Nursing RN - Picmonic
Use our mnemonic for the 6 Ps to remember key components. Nerve-and-blood-vessel Assess-man with 6 P's. A neurovascular assessment, which is also called a “circ check” is performed …
6 P's of neurovascular assessment Flashcards - Quizlet
Don't know? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness and more.
Neurovascular Assessment | Nursing Pocket Card
The neurovascular assessment of the extremities is performed to evaluate sensory and motor function (neuro) and peripheral circulation (vascular). The components of the neurovascular …
Neurovascular Assessment - ICDST
neurovascular assessment include pulses, capillary refill, skin color, temperature, sensation, and motor function. Pain and edema are also assessed during this examination.
How to Perform a Neurovascular Assessment?
A comprehensive neurovascular assessment includes six key components, often referred to as the "6 P's": Pain: Assess for pain levels and any changes in pain, especially pain that is …
Neurovascular assessment: A guide to using the NSW …
Involves the evaluation of the neurological and vascular integrity of a limb (Judge 2007:39). Evaluates sensory and motor function (Blair & Clarke 2013; Turney, Raley Noble, & Kim 2013; …
Why Neurovascular Assessment Before Orthopedic Surgery
May 7, 2025 · The 6 P's of a neurovascular assessment are pain, poikilothermia, paresthesia, paralysis, pulselessness, and pallor. Pain should only be felt at the site of the injury during …
[Solved] List and explain the 6 Ps of Neurovascular ... - Studocu
The 6 P's of Neurovascular Assessment/Compartment Syndrome. The 6 P's of neurovascular assessment, often used in the context of compartment syndrome, are a mnemonic to …
Neurovascular Assessment: What Is It, Why It’s ... - Osmosis
Mar 4, 2025 · What are the 6 Ps of a neurovascular assessment? The 6 P’s of a neurovascular assessment are …
Neurovascular Assessment: Understanding the Critical 6 Ps
Understanding the 6 Ps of a neurovascular assessment is crucial for both clinicians and the general …
Neurovascular Assessment 6 P's | Nursing RN - Picmonic
Use our mnemonic for the 6 Ps to remember key components. Nerve-and-blood-vessel Assess-man with 6 P's. …
6 P's of neurovascular assessment Flashcards - Qui…
Don't know? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness and …
Neurovascular Assessment | Nursing Pocket Card
The neurovascular assessment of the extremities is performed to evaluate sensory and motor function (neuro) …
