4th Party Risk Management

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4th Party Risk Management: A Comprehensive Guide



Author: Dr. Anya Sharma, PhD, CISM, CRISC – Dr. Sharma is a leading expert in cybersecurity and risk management with over 15 years of experience in advising Fortune 500 companies on developing and implementing robust risk mitigation strategies, specializing in emerging threats including those related to fourth-party risk.

Publisher: CyberRisk Insights – A leading publisher of research and analysis on cybersecurity and risk management, specializing in providing actionable insights for business leaders.

Editor: Mark Johnson, CISSP, CISM – Mark has 20 years of experience in information security and risk management, with a focus on regulatory compliance and governance.


Keywords: 4th party risk management, fourth-party risk, supply chain risk management, vendor risk management, third-party risk management, risk assessment, due diligence, information security, compliance, regulatory compliance, risk mitigation, cybersecurity


Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive overview of 4th party risk management, a critical yet often overlooked aspect of modern supply chain security. We delve into the complexities of identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with entities beyond immediate third-party vendors, outlining various methodologies and best practices.


Understanding 4th Party Risk Management



The digital landscape has drastically altered how businesses operate, leading to increasingly complex and interwoven supply chains. Traditional third-party risk management (TPRM) focuses on direct vendors. However, these vendors often subcontract their work to other organizations, creating a ripple effect of dependencies. These indirect vendors are often referred to as fourth-party vendors, and the risks they pose are significant. 4th party risk management extends the scope of TPRM, encompassing the assessment and management of risks associated with these indirect entities.


Failing to adequately manage 4th party risk can expose organizations to a multitude of threats, including:

Data breaches: A security vulnerability in a fourth-party vendor can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive data.
Financial losses: Operational disruptions caused by a fourth-party vendor's failure can result in significant financial losses.
Reputational damage: A negative event involving a fourth-party vendor can severely damage an organization's reputation.
Regulatory non-compliance: Failure to properly manage 4th party risks can lead to non-compliance with relevant regulations, resulting in hefty fines and penalties.


Methodologies and Approaches for 4th Party Risk Management



Effective 4th party risk management requires a multi-faceted approach. Key methodologies include:

1. Identification and Mapping: The first step involves identifying all fourth-party vendors within the supply chain. This often requires meticulous mapping of the entire ecosystem, going beyond immediate contracts to uncover indirect relationships. Techniques include:

Vendor questionnaires: Requesting detailed information about their subcontractors from third-party vendors.
Network mapping: Utilizing software tools to visualize and map the entire supply chain, revealing hidden fourth-party relationships.
Contractual review: Analyzing contracts with third-party vendors to identify clauses regarding subcontracting.


2. Risk Assessment: Once identified, fourth-party vendors must undergo a thorough risk assessment. This involves evaluating potential risks related to:

Financial stability: Assessing the financial health and stability of the fourth-party vendor.
Security posture: Evaluating their security controls and practices, including data protection, access control, and incident response capabilities.
Compliance: Assessing their compliance with relevant regulations and industry standards.
Operational resilience: Examining their business continuity and disaster recovery plans.


3. Due Diligence: Comprehensive due diligence should be performed on high-risk fourth-party vendors. This may involve on-site audits, background checks, and reference checks.


4. Monitoring and Continuous Improvement: 4th party risk management is an ongoing process. Continuous monitoring of fourth-party vendors is crucial to identify emerging risks and ensure ongoing compliance. Regular reviews of vendor performance, security controls, and compliance posture are essential.


5. Risk Mitigation Strategies: Once risks have been identified and assessed, organizations should implement appropriate mitigation strategies. This may include:

Contractual clauses: Including clauses in contracts with third-party vendors that address the management of fourth-party risks.
Security requirements: Establishing clear security requirements for fourth-party vendors.
Regular audits: Conducting regular audits of fourth-party vendors to ensure compliance.
Incident response plan: Developing a comprehensive incident response plan that includes procedures for addressing incidents involving fourth-party vendors.


Technology's Role in 4th Party Risk Management



Technology plays a critical role in streamlining and enhancing 4th party risk management. Software solutions can automate various aspects of the process, including vendor identification, risk assessment, and monitoring. These tools can provide valuable insights into the overall risk profile of the supply chain, enabling organizations to proactively address potential threats.


Conclusion



Effective 4th party risk management is crucial for organizations operating in today's complex and interconnected digital landscape. By implementing a robust risk management framework, organizations can significantly reduce their exposure to a wide range of threats. This requires a comprehensive approach that integrates various methodologies and leverages technology to improve efficiency and effectiveness. Neglecting 4th party risk management exposes businesses to significant financial, reputational, and legal ramifications. Proactive and diligent management is no longer a luxury; it's a necessity.


FAQs



1. What is the difference between third-party and fourth-party risk? Third-party risk refers to the risk associated with direct vendors, while fourth-party risk encompasses the risks associated with the subcontractors of those vendors.

2. How can I identify my fourth-party vendors? Use vendor questionnaires, network mapping tools, and contractual reviews to identify indirect vendors.

3. What are the key elements of a fourth-party risk assessment? Assess financial stability, security posture, compliance, and operational resilience.

4. What are some effective risk mitigation strategies? Use contractual clauses, establish security requirements, conduct regular audits, and develop an incident response plan.

5. What technology can assist in 4th party risk management? Software solutions can automate vendor identification, risk assessment, and monitoring.

6. What are the legal and regulatory implications of failing to manage 4th party risk? Failure can lead to non-compliance with regulations, resulting in significant fines and penalties.

7. How often should I review my fourth-party risk management program? Regular reviews, ideally annually or more frequently depending on risk levels, are necessary.

8. What metrics should I use to measure the effectiveness of my 4th party risk management program? Track the number of identified risks, the effectiveness of mitigation strategies, and the number of incidents.

9. How can I build a culture of 4th party risk management within my organization? Foster collaboration between different departments, provide training on risk management best practices, and promote a culture of transparency and accountability.



Related Articles:



1. "The Growing Importance of 4th Party Risk Management in Supply Chains": This article explores the increasing significance of 4th party risk management in light of global supply chain disruptions and cybersecurity threats.

2. "A Practical Guide to Mapping Your Fourth-Party Vendor Ecosystem": This guide provides step-by-step instructions on how to identify and map your fourth-party vendor network.

3. "Best Practices for Assessing the Security Posture of Fourth-Party Vendors": This article outlines best practices for evaluating the security controls and practices of fourth-party vendors.

4. "The Role of Technology in Streamlining 4th Party Risk Management": This piece explores how technology can automate and improve the efficiency of 4th party risk management.

5. "Contractual Strategies for Managing Fourth-Party Risk": This article focuses on leveraging contracts to mitigate risks associated with fourth-party vendors.

6. "Compliance and Regulatory Considerations in 4th Party Risk Management": This article examines the legal and regulatory aspects of 4th party risk management.

7. "Incident Response Planning for Fourth-Party Vendor Incidents": This piece details how to develop a comprehensive incident response plan that includes procedures for addressing incidents involving fourth-party vendors.

8. "Metrics and KPIs for Measuring the Effectiveness of 4th Party Risk Management": This article discusses key performance indicators for measuring the success of a 4th party risk management program.

9. "Building a Culture of 4th Party Risk Management: A Practical Approach": This article provides practical advice on how to create a company culture that prioritizes and effectively manages 4th party risks.


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  4th party risk management: The Liquidity Risk Management Guide Gudni Adalsteinsson, 2014-05-08 Liquidity risk is in the spotlight of both regulators and management teams across the banking industry. The European banking regulator has introduced and implemented a stronger liquidity regulatory framework and local regulators have made liquidity a top priority on their supervisory agenda. Banks have accordingly followed suit. Liquidity risk is now a topic widely discussed in boardrooms as banks strive to set up a strong and efficient liquidity risk management framework which, while maintaining sufficient resources, does not jeopardize the necessary profitability and return targets. The Liquidity Risk Management Guide: From Policy to Pitfalls is practical guide for banks and risk professionals to proactively manage liquidity risk in a systemic way. The book sets out its own comprehensive framework, which includes all the various and critical components of liquidity risk management. The recommendations are based on experiences from the recent financial crises, best practices and compliance with current and future regulatory requirements, with special emphasis on Basel III. Using the new 6 Step Framework, the book provides step-by-step guidance for the reader to build their liquidity management framework into a new overarching structure, which brings all the different parts of liquidity risk into one approach. Special attention is given to the challenges that banks currently face when adopting and implementing the Basel III liquidity requirements and guidance is given on how the new metrics can be integrated into the existing framework, providing the most value to the banks instead of being a regulatory reporting matter.
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  4th party risk management: Cybersecurity Ishaani Priyadarshini, Chase Cotton, 2022-03-10 This book is the first of its kind to introduce the integration of ethics, laws, risks, and policies in cyberspace. The book provides understanding of the ethical and legal aspects of cyberspace along with the risks involved. It also addresses current and proposed cyber policies, serving as a summary of the state of the art cyber laws in the United States. It also, importantly, incorporates various risk management and security strategies from a number of organizations. Using easy-to-understand language and incorporating case studies, the authors begin with the consideration of ethics and law in cybersecurity and then go on to take into account risks and security policies. The section on risk covers identification, analysis, assessment, management, and remediation. The very important topic of cyber insurance is covered as well—its benefits, types, coverage, etc. The section on cybersecurity policy acquaints readers with the role of policies in cybersecurity and how they are being implemented by means of frameworks. The authors provide a policy overview followed by discussions of several popular cybersecurity frameworks, such as NIST, COBIT, PCI/DSS, ISO series, etc.
  4th party risk management: TOGAF® 9 Certified Study Guide - 4th Edition Rachel Harrison, 2018-04-26 The TOGAF 9 certification program is a knowledge-based certification program. It has two levels, leading to certification for TOGAF 9 Foundation and TOGAF 9 Certified, respectively. The purpose of certification to TOGAF 9 Certified is to provide validation that, in addition to the knowledge and comprehension of TOGAF 9 Foundation level, the Candidate is able to analyze and apply this knowledge. The learning objectives at this level therefore focus on application and analysis in addition to knowledge and comprehension. This Study Guide supports students in preparation for the TOGAF 9 Part 2 Examination, leading to TOGAF 9 Certified. This fourth edition is based on Version 3 of The Open Group Certification for People: Conformance Requirements (Multi-Level), and is aligned with the TOGAF Standard, Version 9.2. It gives an overview of every learning objective for the TOGAF 9 Certified Syllabus beyond the Foundation level.
  4th party risk management: 4th International Conference on Tourism, Gastronomy, and Tourist Destination (TGDIC 2023) Myrza Rahmanita, Rina Suprina, Willy Arafah, 2024-01-02 This is an open access book. The 4th International Conference on Tourism, Gastronomy, and Tourist Destination (TGDIC 2023) has the theme “Rethinking Sustainable Tourism and Gastronomy in Global Context.” Unlike the previous conferences which were held in Jakarta, Indonesia, this year the conference was held offline in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on 16th – 18th October 2023. TGDIC 2023 serves as a forum for knowledge and experience sharing and invites tourism scholars, practitioners, decision-makers, and stakeholders from various regions to share their knowledge, experience, concepts, examples of good practice, and critical analysis with their international peers. In addition to the organizing committee and keynote speakers, the conference was attended by international presenters and participants from Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Switzerland, Thailand, India, and Taiwan.
  4th party risk management: Illinois Muncipical League Risk Management Association V. Seibert , 1992
  4th party risk management: Privacy, Regulations, and Cybersecurity Chris Moschovitis, 2021-02-24 Protect business value, stay compliant with global regulations, and meet stakeholder demands with this privacy how-to Privacy, Regulations, and Cybersecurity: The Essential Business Guide is your guide to understanding what “privacy” really means in a corporate environment: how privacy is different from cybersecurity, why privacy is essential for your business, and how to build privacy protections into your overall cybersecurity plan. First, author Chris Moschovitis walks you through our evolving definitions of privacy, from the ancient world all the way to the General Law on Data Protection (GDPR). He then explains—in friendly, accessible language—how to orient your preexisting cybersecurity program toward privacy, and how to make sure your systems are compliant with current regulations. This book—a sequel to Moschovitis’ well-received Cybersecurity Program Development for Business—explains which regulations apply in which regions, how they relate to the end goal of privacy, and how to build privacy into both new and existing cybersecurity programs. Keeping up with swiftly changing technology and business landscapes is no easy task. Moschovitis provides down-to-earth, actionable advice on how to avoid dangerous privacy leaks and protect your valuable data assets. Learn how to design your cybersecurity program with privacy in mind Apply lessons from the GDPR and other landmark laws Remain compliant and even get ahead of the curve, as privacy grows from a buzzword to a business must Learn how to protect what’s of value to your company and your stakeholders, regardless of business size or industry Understand privacy regulations from a business standpoint, including which regulations apply and what they require Think through what privacy protections will mean in the post-COVID environment Whether you’re new to cybersecurity or already have the fundamentals, this book will help you design and build a privacy-centric, regulation-compliant cybersecurity program.
  4th party risk management: Enterprise Cybersecurity in Digital Business Ariel Evans, 2022-03-23 Cyber risk is the highest perceived business risk according to risk managers and corporate insurance experts. Cybersecurity typically is viewed as the boogeyman: it strikes fear into the hearts of non-technical employees. Enterprise Cybersecurity in Digital Business: Building a Cyber Resilient Organization provides a clear guide for companies to understand cyber from a business perspective rather than a technical perspective, and to build resilience for their business. Written by a world-renowned expert in the field, the book is based on three years of research with the Fortune 1000 and cyber insurance industry carriers, reinsurers, and brokers. It acts as a roadmap to understand cybersecurity maturity, set goals to increase resiliency, create new roles to fill business gaps related to cybersecurity, and make cyber inclusive for everyone in the business. It is unique since it provides strategies and learnings that have shown to lower risk and demystify cyber for each person. With a clear structure covering the key areas of the Evolution of Cybersecurity, Cybersecurity Basics, Cybersecurity Tools, Cybersecurity Regulation, Cybersecurity Incident Response, Forensics and Audit, GDPR, Cybersecurity Insurance, Cybersecurity Risk Management, Cybersecurity Risk Management Strategy, and Vendor Risk Management Strategy, the book provides a guide for professionals as well as a key text for students studying this field. The book is essential reading for CEOs, Chief Information Security Officers, Data Protection Officers, Compliance Managers, and other cyber stakeholders, who are looking to get up to speed with the issues surrounding cybersecurity and how they can respond. It is also a strong textbook for postgraduate and executive education students in cybersecurity as it relates to business.
  4th party risk management: 2024 Culture & Conduct Risk in the Banking Sector Stephen Scott, 2024-06-11 Starling is pleased to offer the seventh edition in its annual Compendium series for 2024, a comprehensive report detailing the priorities and activities of bank regulators regarding firm culture and conduct risk management. This year's report features contributions from more than 30 senior banking industry executives, regulators and central bankers, international standard-setters, and academics. We also report on major developments, events, and analysis on culture & conduct risk management supervision across major global financial markets.
  4th party risk management: Principles of Supply Chain Management Richard E. Crandall, William R. Crandall, Charlie C. Chen, 2014-12-11 The second edition of this popular textbook presents a balanced overview of the principles of supply chain management. Going beyond the usual supply chain text, Principles of Supply Chain Management not only details the individual components of the supply chain, but also illustrates how the pieces must come together. To show the logic behind why su
  4th party risk management: Operational Risk Management in Financial Services Elena Pykhova, 2024-09-03 Technology failures, data loss, issues with providers of outsourced services, misconduct and mis-selling are just some of the top risks that the financial industry faces. Operational risk management is, simply, a commercial necessity. The management of operational risk has developed considerably since its early years. Continued regulatory focus and catastrophic industry events have led to operational risk becoming a crucial topic on any senior management team's agenda. This book is a practical guide for practitioners which focuses on how to establish effective solutions, avoid common pitfalls and apply best practice to their organizations. Filled with frameworks, examples and diagrams, this book offers clear advice on key practices including conducting risk assessments, assessing change initiatives and designing key risk indicators. This new edition of Operational Risk Management in Financial Services also features two new chapters reflecting on the future of operational risk management, from cyber risk to GenAI, and guides practitioners in incorporating ESG into their day-to-day strategies. This is the essential guide for professionals looking to derive value out of operational risk management, rather than applying a compliance 'tick box' approach.
  4th party risk management: California. Court of Appeal (4th Appellate District). Division 3. Records and Briefs California (State).,
  4th party risk management: Unveiling NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0 Jason Brown, 2024-10-31 Launch and enhance your cybersecurity program by adopting and implementing the NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0 Key Features Leverage the NIST Cybersecurity Framework to align your program with best practices Gain an in-depth understanding of the framework's functions, tiering, and controls Conduct assessments using the framework to evaluate your current posture and develop a strategic roadmap Purchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF eBook Book DescriptionDiscover what makes the NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) pivotal for both public and private institutions seeking robust cybersecurity solutions with this comprehensive guide to implementing the CSF, updated to cover the latest release, version 2.0. This book will get you acquainted with the framework’s history, fundamentals, and functions, including governance, protection, detection, response, and recovery. You’ll also explore risk management processes, policy development, and the implementation of standards and procedures. Through detailed case studies and success stories, you’ll find out about all of the practical applications of the framework in various organizations and be guided through key topics such as supply chain risk management, continuous monitoring, incident response, and recovery planning. You’ll see how the NIST framework enables you to identify and reduce cyber risk by locating it and developing project plans to either mitigate, accept, transfer, or reject the risk. By the end of this book, you’ll have developed the skills needed to strengthen your organization’s cybersecurity defenses by measuring its cybersecurity program, building a strategic roadmap, and aligning the business with best practices.What you will learn Understand the structure and core functions of NIST CSF 2.0 Evaluate implementation tiers and profiles for tailored cybersecurity strategies Apply enterprise risk management and cybersecurity supply chain risk management principles Master methods to assess and mitigate cybersecurity risks effectively within your organization Gain insights into developing comprehensive policies, standards, and procedures to support your cybersecurity initiatives Develop techniques for conducting thorough cybersecurity assessments Who this book is for This book is for beginners passionate about cybersecurity and eager to learn more about frameworks and governance. A basic understanding of cybersecurity concepts will be helpful to get the best out of the book.
  4th party risk management: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Economic Management and Green Development Chunhui Yuan, Xiaolong Li, John Kent, 2021-08-13 The proceedings shed light on selected topics including economic management, public administration, and green development. Featuring scholarly works from the 4th International Conference on Economic Management and Green Development (ICEMGD 2021), this volume of proceedings showcases the papers composed with regard to a diverse range of topics situated at the intersecting field of Economic Management, Public Administration and Green Development. Arising as the top concern of the global community, issues of green development impose challenges for the academia to bridge the interdisciplinary prowess in tackling the gap of knowledge within concerned fields. ICEMGD 2021 is an annual conference initiated by the year of 2017 under the goal of bringing together intellectuals from economics, business management, public administration, and otherwise related spheres for the share of research methods and theoretical breakthroughs. The aim of the proceeding volume is for the integration of social scientific research methods with research into alarming development issues. The ICEMGD 2021 seeks to promote joint initiatives among well-established fields like macro- and microeconomics, international economics, finance, agricultural economics, health economics, business management and marketing strategies, regional development studies, social governance, and sustainable development. Featuring interdisciplinary contributions, this book will be of interest to researchers, academics, professionals and policy makers in the field of economic management, public administration, and development studies.
  4th party risk management: Outsourcing Management for Supply Chain Operations and Logistics Service Folinas, Dimitris, 2012-08-31 Logistics and Supply Chain Management has been a vital part of every economy and every business entity. Both sciences have become prestigious research fields focusing on best practices, concepts, and methods. Outsourcing Management for Supply Chain Operations and Logistics Services is concentrated on the key players of the outsourcing paradigm; the organizations that provide logistics services, the Third Party Logistics (3PL’s), as well as their clients, presenting and promoting the lessons learned by their cooperation. Specifically, this publication presents studies which are relevant to practitioners, researchers, students, and clients of the application of the Outsourcing practice on the Logistics and Supply Chain Management services giving emphasis to 3PL’s.
  4th party risk management: 4th International Conference on Wireless, Intelligent and Distributed Environment for Communication Isaac Woungang, Sanjay Kumar Dhurandher, 2022-02-03 This book presents the proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Wireless Intelligent and Distributed Environment for Communication (WIDECOM 2021), which took place at University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, October 13-15, 2021. The book addresses issues related to new dependability paradigms, design, and performance of dependable network computing and mobile systems, as well as issues related to the security of these systems. The main tracks include infrastructure, architecture, algorithms, and protocols. The goal of the conference is to provide a forum for researchers, students, scientists and engineers working in academia and industry to share their experiences, new ideas and research results in the above-mentioned areas.
  4th party risk management: BDEDM 2023 Misra Anuranjan, Ke Yan, Wang Yan, 2023-06-13 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Big Data Economy and Digital Management (BDEDM 2023) supported by University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia, held on 6th–8th January 2023 in Changsha, China (virtual conference). The immediate purpose of this Conference was to bring together experienced as well as young scientists who are interested in working actively on various aspects of Big Data Economy and Digital Management. The keynote speeches addressed major theoretical issues, current and forthcoming observational data as well as upcoming ideas in both theoretical and observational sectors. Keeping in mind the “academic exchange first” approach, the lectures were arranged in such a way that the young researchers had ample scope to interact with the stalwarts who are internationally leading experts in their respective fields of research. The major topics covered in the Conference are: Big Data in Enterprise Performance Management, Enterprise Management Modernization, Intelligent Management System, Performance Evaluation and Modeling Applications, Enterprise Technology Innovation, etc.
  4th party risk management: The Power of Artificial Intelligence for the Next-Generation Oil and Gas Industry Pethuru Raj Chelliah, Venkatraman Jayasankar, Mats Agerstam, B. Sundaravadivazhagan, Robin Cyriac, 2023-12-04 The Power of Artificial Intelligence for the Next-Generation Oil and Gas Industry Comprehensive resource describing how operations, outputs, and offerings of the oil and gas industry can improve via advancements in AI The Power of Artificial Intelligence for the Next-Generation Oil and Gas Industry describes the proven and promising digital technologies and tools available to empower the oil and gas industry to be future-ready. It shows how the widely reported limitations of the oil and gas industry are being nullified through the application of breakthrough digital technologies and how the convergence of digital technologies helps create new possibilities and opportunities to take this industry to its next level. The text demonstrates how scores of proven digital technologies, especially in AI, are useful in elegantly fulfilling complicated requirements such as process optimization, automation and orchestration, real-time data analytics, productivity improvement, employee safety, predictive maintenance, yield prediction, and accurate asset management for the oil and gas industry. The text differentiates and delivers sophisticated use cases for the various stakeholders, providing easy-to-understand information to accurately utilize proven technologies towards achieving real and sustainable industry transformation. The Power of Artificial Intelligence for the Next-Generation Oil and Gas Industry includes information on: How various machine and deep learning (ML/DL) algorithms, the prime modules of AI, empower AI systems to deliver on their promises and potential Key use cases of computer vision (CV) and natural language processing (NLP) as they relate to the oil and gas industry Smart leverage of AI, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), cyber physical systems, and 5G communication Event-driven architecture (EDA), microservices architecture (MSA), blockchain for data and device security, and digital twins Clearly expounding how the power of AI and other allied technologies can be meticulously leveraged by the oil and gas industry, The Power of Artificial Intelligence for the Next-Generation Oil and Gas Industry is an essential resource for students, scholars, IT professionals, and business leaders in many different intersecting fields.
“20th century” vs. “20ᵗʰ century” - English Language & Usage ...
To some extent, it depends on the font you are using and how accessible its special features are. If you can do full typesetting, then you probably want to make the th part look different from the …

etymology - What comes after (Primary,unary),(secondary,binary ...
Jan 11, 2018 · 4th = quaternary; 5th = quinary; 6th = senary; 7th = septenary; 8th = octonary; 9th = nonary; 10th = denary; 12th = duodenary; 20th = vigenary. These come from the Latin roots. …

abbreviations - When were st, nd, rd, and th, first used - English ...
In English, Wikipedia says these started out as superscripts: 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, but during the 20 th century they migrated to the baseline: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th. So the practice started during …

which one is correct I will be on leave starting on October 4th till ...
Oct 1, 2019 · In my opinion "starting on" and "till" don't really go together so I wouldn't use option 1. The phrasing "on leave from X till Y" can be misinterpreted to mean that Y will be your first …

"Three quarters" vs. "three fourths" - English Language & Usage …
Feb 6, 2013 · To express a fraction of 3 out of 4, how and when would you use three quarters, and when would you use three fourths?

What can I call 2nd and 3rd place finishes in a competition?
Nov 28, 2021 · "Place getter" means achieving first, second or third place, though that is a relatively informal term. Depending on the context, it might be better to use the verb "placed"; …

What is the correct term to describe 'primary', 'secondary', etc
Nov 28, 2012 · Its use may refer to size, importance, chronology, etc. ... They are different from the cardinal numbers (one, two, three, etc.) referring to the quantity. Ordinal numbers are …

meaning - How should "midnight on..." be interpreted? - English ...
Dec 9, 2010 · By most definitions, the date changes at midnight. That is, at the precise stroke of 12:00:00. That time, along with 12:00:00 noon, are technically neither AM or PM because AM …

prepositions - "Scheduled on" vs "scheduled for" - English …
What is the difference between the following two expressions: My interview is scheduled on the 27th of June at 8:00 AM. My interview is scheduled for the 27th of June at 8:00 AM.

Meaning of "by" when used with dates - inclusive or exclusive
Aug 28, 2014 · If, in a contract fr example, the text reads: "X has to finish the work by MM-DD-YYYY", does the "by" include the date or exclude it? In other words, will the work delivered on …

“20th century” vs. “20ᵗʰ century” - English Language …
To some extent, it depends on the font you are using and how accessible its special features are. If you can do full typesetting, then you probably want to make the th part look different from …

etymology - What comes after (Primary,unary),(secondary,bi…
Jan 11, 2018 · 4th = quaternary; 5th = quinary; 6th = senary; 7th = septenary; 8th = octonary; 9th = nonary; 10th = denary; 12th = duodenary; 20th = vigenary. These come from the Latin …

abbreviations - When were st, nd, rd, and th, first used - Eng…
In English, Wikipedia says these started out as superscripts: 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, but during the 20 th century they migrated to the baseline: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th. So the practice started during …

which one is correct I will be on leave starting on October 4th …
Oct 1, 2019 · In my opinion "starting on" and "till" don't really go together so I wouldn't use option 1. The phrasing "on leave from X till Y" can be misinterpreted to mean that Y will be …

"Three quarters" vs. "three fourths" - English Language
Feb 6, 2013 · To express a fraction of 3 out of 4, how and when would you use three quarters, and when would you …