7 Different Root Cause Analysis Techniques

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7 Different Root Cause Analysis Techniques: Unlocking the Secrets to Problem Solving in Your Industry



By Dr. Evelyn Reed, PhD, PMP

Dr. Evelyn Reed is a recognized expert in process improvement and project management with over 15 years of experience in various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, and technology. She holds a PhD in Industrial Engineering and is a certified Project Management Professional (PMP).


Published by: Industry Insights Journal – A leading publication dedicated to providing cutting-edge analysis and insights across various industrial sectors, known for its rigorous editorial process and commitment to accuracy.


Edited by: Mr. Robert Miller, A seasoned editor with over 20 years of experience in technical and business publications, specializing in engineering and operational efficiency.


Introduction:

In today's competitive landscape, identifying and addressing the root causes of problems is crucial for organizational success. Reactive problem-solving only addresses symptoms, while proactive strategies, informed by powerful root cause analysis (RCA) techniques, tackle the underlying issues. This article explores 7 different root cause analysis techniques, highlighting their applications and implications for various industries. Understanding and effectively utilizing these techniques can lead to significant improvements in efficiency, quality, safety, and profitability.


1. The "5 Whys" Technique: This simple yet effective technique involves repeatedly asking "why" to progressively drill down to the root cause. By asking "why" five times (or more, as needed), you uncover layers of contributing factors, eventually reaching the fundamental problem. The 5 Whys is particularly useful for quickly identifying straightforward causes in simple situations.

2. Fishbone Diagram (Ishikawa Diagram): This visual tool helps brainstorm potential causes categorized into main categories (e.g., methods, materials, manpower, machinery, environment, management). Teams collaboratively identify potential causes and map them onto the diagram, revealing relationships and contributing factors to the problem. The Fishbone Diagram excels in facilitating group discussions and identifying multiple potential root causes.


3. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA): FTA is a deductive technique used to systematically analyze potential failures and their combinations that can lead to a specific undesired event. It uses a tree-like structure, starting with the top event (the undesirable outcome) and working backward to identify the underlying causes. FTA is particularly valuable in high-risk industries like aviation and nuclear power where safety is paramount.


4. Pareto Chart: This chart identifies the "vital few" factors contributing to the majority of problems. Based on the Pareto principle (80/20 rule), it prioritizes efforts by focusing on the most significant causes, optimizing resource allocation. Pareto charts are useful for analyzing data sets and identifying the most impactful areas for improvement.


5. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA): FMEA proactively identifies potential failure modes in a process or system, assesses their severity, occurrence, and detectability, and then prioritizes actions for mitigation. This method is crucial for preventing problems before they occur, minimizing potential risks and losses. FMEA is extensively used in product design, manufacturing, and healthcare.


6. Cause and Effect Matrix: This technique systematically identifies the relationships between potential causes and their effects. It uses a matrix format to visually represent the strength of the relationships between different factors, allowing for a clearer understanding of the causal chain. Cause and effect matrices are helpful in complex situations with multiple interacting variables.


7. 5S Methodology: While not strictly a root cause analysis technique, 5S (Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize, Sustain) significantly reduces errors and improves process efficiency, thereby indirectly preventing many problems. By creating a structured and organized workplace, 5S helps identify and eliminate potential failure points that might otherwise go unnoticed.


Implications for Industry:

Effective application of these 7 different root cause analysis techniques has significant implications across various industries. In manufacturing, these techniques can optimize production processes, reduce defects, and improve product quality. In healthcare, they can enhance patient safety, improve operational efficiency, and reduce medical errors. In the technology sector, RCA techniques help improve software quality, reduce system downtime, and enhance customer satisfaction. In all industries, a proactive approach to problem-solving, underpinned by these techniques, leads to reduced costs, increased productivity, and a more robust and resilient organization.


Conclusion:

Choosing the appropriate root cause analysis technique depends on the nature and complexity of the problem, available data, and resources. Often, a combination of techniques provides the most comprehensive understanding. By mastering these 7 different root cause analysis techniques, organizations can move beyond reactive firefighting to a proactive, data-driven approach to problem-solving, leading to significant improvements in performance and overall success. Continuous improvement and learning are essential aspects of utilizing RCA effectively.


FAQs:

1. What is the difference between a root cause and a contributing factor? A root cause is the fundamental reason for a problem, while a contributing factor is a condition that makes the root cause more likely or severe.

2. How do I choose the right RCA technique? Consider the complexity of the problem, the amount of data available, the urgency, and the resources available.

3. Can I use multiple RCA techniques simultaneously? Yes, combining techniques often provides a more comprehensive understanding.

4. How do I involve stakeholders in the RCA process? Ensure diverse perspectives are represented and encourage open communication.

5. What are some common pitfalls to avoid during RCA? Jumping to conclusions, focusing on symptoms rather than causes, and failing to verify findings.

6. How can I ensure the effectiveness of an RCA investigation? Document findings meticulously, create clear and actionable recommendations, and follow up on implementation.

7. What role does data analysis play in RCA? Data analysis provides objective evidence to support or refute potential root causes.

8. How can I measure the success of my RCA efforts? Track key metrics, such as reduced defects, improved efficiency, and increased safety.

9. How can RCA contribute to organizational learning? By documenting findings and sharing lessons learned, RCA fosters a culture of continuous improvement.


Related Articles:

1. The Power of 5 Whys: A Practical Guide to Root Cause Analysis: A detailed exploration of the 5 Whys technique, including examples and best practices.

2. Mastering the Fishbone Diagram: A Visual Approach to Problem Solving: A comprehensive guide to creating and utilizing Fishbone diagrams.

3. Fault Tree Analysis: A Step-by-Step Guide for High-Risk Environments: A practical tutorial on performing FTA, with examples from various industries.

4. Unlocking Insights with Pareto Charts: Prioritizing Your Improvement Efforts: An in-depth analysis of Pareto charts and their applications.

5. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA): A Proactive Approach to Risk Management: A detailed explanation of FMEA and its use in different industries.

6. Cause and Effect Matrix: Understanding Complex Relationships in Problem Solving: A thorough guide to the creation and interpretation of Cause and Effect matrices.

7. The 5S Methodology: Creating an Efficient and Organized Workplace: An exploration of the 5S principles and their impact on problem prevention.

8. Root Cause Analysis in Manufacturing: Improving Quality and Efficiency: A case study focusing on the application of RCA techniques in the manufacturing sector.

9. Implementing Root Cause Analysis in Healthcare: Enhancing Patient Safety and Reducing Medical Errors: A case study emphasizing the application of RCA in the healthcare sector.


  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Root Cause Analysis, Second Edition Duke Okes, 2019-02-06 This best-seller can help anyone whose role is to try to find specific causes for failures. It provides detailed steps for solving problems, focusing more heavily on the analytical process involved in finding the actual causes of problems. It does this using figures, diagrams, and tools useful for helping to make our thinking visible. This increases our ability to see what is truly significant and to better identify errors in our thinking. In the sections on finding root causes, this second edition now includes: more examples on the use of multi-vari charts; how thought experiments can help guide data interpretation; how to enhance the value of the data collection process; cautions for analyzing data; and what to do if one can’t find the causes. In its guidance on solution identification, biomimicry and TRIZ have been added as potential solution identification techniques. In addition, the appendices have been revised to include: an expanded breakdown of the 7 M’s, which includes more than 50 specific possible causes; forms for tracking causes and solutions, which can help maintain alignment of actions; techniques for how to enhance the interview process; and example responses to problem situations that the reader can analyze for appropriateness.
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  7 different root cause analysis techniques: TapRooT Mark Paradies, Linda Unger, 2000
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: TapRooT Mark Paradies, Linda Unger, 2008-01-01
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  7 different root cause analysis techniques: The PROACT® Root Cause Analysis Kenneth C. Latino, Mark A. Latino, Robert J. Latino, 2020-09-10 Root Cause Analysis, or RCA, What is it? Everyone uses the term, but everyone does it differently. How can we have any uniformity in our approach, much less accurately compare our results, if we’re applying different definitions? At a high level, we will explain the difference between RCA and Shallow Cause Analysis, because that is the difference between allowing a failure to recur or dramatically reducing the risk of recurrence. In this book, we will get down to basics about RCA, the fundamentals of blocking and tackling, and explain the common steps of any investigative occupation. Common investigation steps include: Preserving evidence (data)/not allowing hearsay to fly as fact Organizing an appropriate team/minimizing potential bias Analyzing the events/reconstructing the incident based on actual evidence Communicating findings and recommendations/ensuring effective recommendations are actually developed and implemented Tracking bottom-line results/ensuring that identified, meaningful metrics were attained We explore, Why don’t things always go as planned? When our actual plans deviate from our intended plans, we usually experience some type of undesirable or unintended outcome. We analyze the anatomy of a failure (undesirable outcome) and provide a step-by-step guide to conducting a comprehensive RCA based on our 3+ decades of applying RCA as we have successfully practiced it in the field. This book is written as a how-to guide to effectively apply the PROACT® RCA methodology to any undesirable outcome, is directed at practitioners who have to do the real work, focuses on the core elements of any investigation, and provides a field-proven case as a model for effective application. This book is for anyone charged with having a thorough understanding of why something went wrong, such as those in EH&S, maintenance, reliability, quality, engineering, and operations to name just a few.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Simplifying Cause Analysis Chester D. Rowe, 2017-11-20 When the challenge is to get to the heart of a problem, you need a simple and efficient cause investigation methodology. And what would make a real difference would be an interactive map to lead you to the answer every time. Chester Rowe’s Simplifying Cause Analysis: A Structured Approach is your instruction book combined with the included downloadable Interactive Cause Analysis Tool you have been looking for. The author intends this book for professionals like you, who have some familiarity with cause analysis projects and are looking for a simple and efficient cause investigation methodology –is a more effective and insightful way of asking “why?” Introducing his multi-function event investigation tool, Chester Rowe says, “There are already many scientific tools to help us understand the physical causes for machine failures; the challenge now is to find a way of investigating human performance failure modes...humans are often a major source of slips, lapses, and mistakes.” Supporting his instructions with diagrams, charts, and real-world examples from companies like yours, the author takes you step-by-step through planning, completing, and documenting your investigation: Chapter 1 gives you a process to determine the level of effort that your investigation should encompass, assess the level of effort needed, and determine the rigor needed. Your investigation needs to be as risk-informed as possible. Chapters 2 through 5 presents a new and innovative structure –rigorous yet intuitively easy to remember – to identify the underlying causes for the event (Cause Road Maps) and conduct the investigation. Chapter 6 introduces conceptual human performance models and tells you how to begin focusing on the human behaviors involved. Chapters 7 and 8 present you with methods, tools, and techniques for carefully interviewing personnel. Chapters 9 through 13 “put the pieces together,” showing you how to analyze and model the event, determine corrective action, and document the investigations and findings. Chester Rowe developed the Cause Road Map over many years to provide a comprehensive taxonomy for every cause investigation. However, fully implementing the Cause Road Map requires the use of other tools to organize, analyze, and present the final results of your investigation. To get you started, Rowe includes his downloadable Interactive Cause Analysis Tool – an easy-to-use tool in familiar spreadsheet format – free with your verified purchase of the book.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Root Cause Failure Analysis R. Keith Mobley, 1999-06-16 Root Cause Failure Analysis provides the concepts needed to effectively perform industrial troubleshooting investigations. It describes the methodology to perform Root Cause Failure Analysis (RCFA), one of the hottest topics currently in maintenance engineering. It also includes detailed equipment design and troubleshooting guidelines, which are needed to perform RCFA on machinery found in most production facilities. This is the latest book in a new series published by Butterworth-Heinemann in association with PLANT ENGINEERING magazine. PLANT ENGINEERING fills a unique information need for the men and women who operate and maintain industrial plants. It bridges the information gap between engineering education and practical application. As technology advances at increasingly faster rates, this information service is becoming more and more important. Since its first issue in 1947, PLANT ENGINEERING has stood as the leading problem-solving information source for America's industrial plant engineers, and this book series will effectively contribute to that resource and reputation.Provides information essential to industrial troubleshooting investigationsDescribes the methods of root cause failure analysis, a hot topic in maintenance engineeringIncludes detailed equipment-design guidelines
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  7 different root cause analysis techniques: The Root Cause Analysis Handbook Max Ammerman, 1998 The answer is root cause analysis, a process that allows you to find the cause of single events/problems in the workplace. The Root Cause Analysis Handbook presents a walkthrough example that illustrates the method and shows how to implement it.Because poor initial problem definition can (and often does) undermine the problem-solving process, Ammerman places special emphasis on this area to build a solid foundation for effective analysis. He also provides guidance on preparing the final report.The need for clear documentation on dealing with problems makes this book especially valuable for quality managers, engineers, safety managers, and teams implementing the ISO or QS standards. Written in a simple, user-friendly style, you will grasp the core concepts quickly and begin applying them to your work.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Accident/Incident Prevention Techniques Charles D. Reese, 2011-10-25 Published more than ten years ago, the first edition of Accident/Incident Prevention Techniques provided clear, comprehensive guidance on how to mitigate the cost, in personnel and to the bottom line, of accidents/incidents in the workplace. Significantly revised and updated, this Second Edition takes its place as the A to Z hands-on guide to the r
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  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Root Cause Analysis Matthew A. Barsalou, 2014-12-03 Although there are many books on root cause analysis (RCA), most concentrate on team actions such as brainstorming and using quality tools to discuss the failure under investigation. These may be necessary steps during RCA, but authors often fail to mention the most important member of an RCA team the failed part.Root Cause Analysis: A Step-By-Step
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Knowledge Solutions Olivier Serrat, 2017-05-22 This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO license. This book comprehensively covers topics in knowledge management and competence in strategy development, management techniques, collaboration mechanisms, knowledge sharing and learning, as well as knowledge capture and storage. Presented in accessible “chunks,” it includes more than 120 topics that are essential to high-performance organizations. The extensive use of quotes by respected experts juxtaposed with relevant research to counterpoint or lend weight to key concepts; “cheat sheets” that simplify access and reference to individual articles; as well as the grouping of many of these topics under recurrent themes make this book unique. In addition, it provides scalable tried-and-tested tools, method and approaches for improved organizational effectiveness. The research included is particularly useful to knowledge workers engaged in executive leadership; research, analysis and advice; and corporate management and administration. It is a valuable resource for those working in the public, private and third sectors, both in industrialized and developing countries.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Root Cause Analysis Paul F. Wilson, Larry D. Dell, Gaylord F. Anderson, 1993
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: 5 Whys Oliver Roderich, 2021-02-12 In the work environment we need to ask ourselves to know more about what is actually happening in the process. Have you ever wondered why a problem happened? Discover how to identify the root cause with the book 5 why.
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  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Principles of Total Quality Vincent K. Omachonu, Joel E. Ross, 2004-05-27 In this era of global competition, the demands of customers are growing, and the quest for quality has never been more urgent. Quality has evolved from a concept into a strategy for long-term viability. The third edition of Principles of Total Quality explains this strategy for both the service and manufacturing sectors. This edition addr
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: How Will You Measure Your Life? (Harvard Business Review Classics) Clayton M. Christensen, 2017-01-17 In the spring of 2010, Harvard Business School’s graduating class asked HBS professor Clay Christensen to address them—but not on how to apply his principles and thinking to their post-HBS careers. The students wanted to know how to apply his wisdom to their personal lives. He shared with them a set of guidelines that have helped him find meaning in his own life, which led to this now-classic article. Although Christensen’s thinking is rooted in his deep religious faith, these are strategies anyone can use. Since 1922, Harvard Business Review has been a leading source of breakthrough ideas in management practice. The Harvard Business Review Classics series now offers you the opportunity to make these seminal pieces a part of your permanent management library. Each highly readable volume contains a groundbreaking idea that continues to shape best practices and inspire countless managers around the world.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: The Principles of Scientific Management Frederick Winslow Taylor, 1913
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Gamestorming Dave Gray, Sunni Brown, James Macanufo, 2010-07-14 Great things don't happen in a vacuum. But creating an environment for creative thinking and innovation can be a daunting challenge. How can you make it happen at your company? The answer may surprise you: gamestorming. This book includes more than 80 games to help you break down barriers, communicate better, and generate new ideas, insights, and strategies. The authors have identified tools and techniques from some of the world's most innovative professionals, whose teams collaborate and make great things happen. This book is the result: a unique collection of games that encourage engagement and creativity while bringing more structure and clarity to the workplace. Find out why -- and how -- with Gamestorming. Overcome conflict and increase engagement with team-oriented games Improve collaboration and communication in cross-disciplinary teams with visual-thinking techniques Improve understanding by role-playing customer and user experiences Generate better ideas and more of them, faster than ever before Shorten meetings and make them more productive Simulate and explore complex systems, interactions, and dynamics Identify a problem's root cause, and find the paths that point toward a solution
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Microelectronics Fialure Analysis Desk Reference, Seventh Edition Tejinder Gandhi, 2019-11-01 The Electronic Device Failure Analysis Society proudly announces the Seventh Edition of the Microelectronics Failure Analysis Desk Reference, published by ASM International. The new edition will help engineers improve their ability to verify, isolate, uncover, and identify the root cause of failures. Prepared by a team of experts, this updated reference offers the latest information on advanced failure analysis tools and techniques, illustrated with numerous real-life examples. This book is geared to practicing engineers and for studies in the major area of power plant engineering. For non-metallurgists, a chapter has been devoted to the basics of material science, metallurgy of steels, heat treatment, and structure-property correlation. A chapter on materials for boiler tubes covers composition and application of different grades of steels and high temperature alloys currently in use as boiler tubes and future materials to be used in supercritical, ultra-supercritical and advanced ultra-supercritical thermal power plants. A comprehensive discussion on different mechanisms of boiler tube failure is the heart of the book. Additional chapters detailing the role of advanced material characterization techniques in failure investigation and the role of water chemistry in tube failures are key contributions to the book.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Introduction to Quality Control Kaoru Ishikawa, 1990
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Pain Management and Regulatory Strategies to Address Prescription Opioid Abuse, 2017-09-28 Drug overdose, driven largely by overdose related to the use of opioids, is now the leading cause of unintentional injury death in the United States. The ongoing opioid crisis lies at the intersection of two public health challenges: reducing the burden of suffering from pain and containing the rising toll of the harms that can arise from the use of opioid medications. Chronic pain and opioid use disorder both represent complex human conditions affecting millions of Americans and causing untold disability and loss of function. In the context of the growing opioid problem, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched an Opioids Action Plan in early 2016. As part of this plan, the FDA asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to update the state of the science on pain research, care, and education and to identify actions the FDA and others can take to respond to the opioid epidemic, with a particular focus on informing FDA's development of a formal method for incorporating individual and societal considerations into its risk-benefit framework for opioid approval and monitoring.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: TapRoot Root Cause Analysis Implementation Mark Paradies, Linda Unger (Performance improvement consultant), 2017
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Microelectronics Failure Analysis EDFAS Desk Reference Committee, 2011 Includes bibliographical references and index.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: The Surprising Power of Liberating Structures Henri Lipmanowicz, Keith McCandless, 2014-10-28 Smart leaders know that they would greatly increase productivity and innovation if only they could get everyone fully engaged. So do professors, facilitators and all changemakers. The challenge is how. Liberating Structures are novel, practical and no-nonsense methods to help you accomplish this goal with groups of any size. Prepare to be surprised by how simple and easy they are for anyone to use. This book shows you how with detailed descriptions for putting them into practice plus tips on how to get started and traps to avoid. It takes the design and facilitation methods experts use and puts them within reach of anyone in any organization or initiative, from the frontline to the C-suite. Part One: The Hidden Structure of Engagement will ground you with the conceptual framework and vocabulary of Liberating Structures. It contrasts Liberating Structures with conventional methods and shows the benefits of using them to transform the way people collaborate, learn, and discover solutions together. Part Two: Getting Started and Beyond offers guidelines for experimenting in a wide range of applications from small group interactions to system-wide initiatives: meetings, projects, problem solving, change initiatives, product launches, strategy development, etc. Part Three: Stories from the Field illustrates the endless possibilities Liberating Structures offer with stories from users around the world, in all types of organizations -- from healthcare to academic to military to global business enterprises, from judicial and legislative environments to R&D. Part Four: The Field Guide for Including, Engaging, and Unleashing Everyone describes how to use each of the 33 Liberating Structures with step-by-step explanations of what to do and what to expect. Discover today what Liberating Structures can do for you, without expensive investments, complicated training, or difficult restructuring. Liberate everyone's contributions -- all it takes is the determination to experiment.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: The ASQ Quality Improvement Pocket Guide Grace L. Duffy, 2013-11-04 This pocket guide is designed to be a quick, on-the-job reference for anyone interested in making their workplace more effective and efficient. It will provide a solid initial overview of what “quality” is and how it could impact you and your organization. Use it to compare how you and your organization are doing things, and to see whether what’s described in the guide might be useful. The tools of quality described herein are universal. People across the world need to find better, more effective ways to improve the creation and performance of products and services. Since organizational and process improvement is increasingly integrated into all areas of an organization, everyone must understand the basic principles of process control and process improvement. This succinct and concentrated guide can help. Unlike any other pocket guide on the market, included throughout are direct links to numerous free online resources that not only go deeper but also to show these concepts and tools in action: case studies, articles, webcasts, templates, tutorials, examples from the ASQ Service Division’s Service Quality Body of Knowledge (SQBOK), and much more. This pocket guide serves as a gateway into the wealth of peerless content that ASQ offers.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: School Leader's Guide to Root Cause Analysis Paul Preuss, 2013-09-27 Don’t jump from problem to solution without first investigating root causes. This book helps you more accurately focus on school improvement issues, so you can avoid wasting precious time and resources. It is clearly written, contains lots of real examples, and is presented in a style and format designed for the non-expert. It will help you make decisions which will improve learning for all students.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: If - Rudyard Kipling, 1918
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Cause Analysis Manual Fred Forck, CPT, 2016-10-05 A failure or accident brings your business to a sudden halt. How did it happen? What's at the root of the problem? What keeps it from happening again? Industry pioneer Fred Forck's 7-step cause analysis methodology guides you to the root of the incident, enabling you to act effectively to avoid loss of time, money, productivity, & quality.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: El Sistema de Produccion Toyota Taiichi Ohno, 2018-02-06 Si usted quiere entender como se origino el sistema de producci?n Toyota y por que tiene exito, debe leer este libro. Aqui encontrara una introducci?n avanzada del justo a tiempo. El mundo le debe mucho a Taiichi Ohno. Nos ha demostrado como fbricar con mayor eficacia, como reducir costos, como producir una mayor calidad, y a examinar atentamente como nosotros, en nuestra calidad de seres humanos, trabajamos en una fbrica. El relato que Ohno cuenta en este libro es brillante. Deberia ser leido por todos los gerentes. No es solo un relato acerca de la fabricaci?n; sino tambien sobre como dirigir exitosamente una empresa.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Flow Mihaly Csikszent, 1991-03-13 An introduction to flow, a new field of behavioral science that offers life-fulfilling potential, explains its principles and shows how to introduce flow into all aspects of life, avoiding the interferences of disharmony.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People Stephen R. Covey, 1997 A revolutionary guidebook to achieving peace of mind by seeking the roots of human behavior in character and by learning principles rather than just practices. Covey's method is a pathway to wisdom and power.
  7 different root cause analysis techniques: Reliability Growth Panel on Reliability Growth Methods for Defense Systems, Committee on National Statistics, Division of Behavioral and Social Science, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, 2015-03-01 A high percentage of defense systems fail to meet their reliability requirements. This is a serious problem for the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), as well as the nation. Those systems are not only less likely to successfully carry out their intended missions, but they also could endanger the lives of the operators. Furthermore, reliability failures discovered after deployment can result in costly and strategic delays and the need for expensive redesign, which often limits the tactical situations in which the system can be used. Finally, systems that fail to meet their reliability requirements are much more likely to need additional scheduled and unscheduled maintenance and to need more spare parts and possibly replacement systems, all of which can substantially increase the life-cycle costs of a system. Beginning in 2008, DOD undertook a concerted effort to raise the priority of reliability through greater use of design for reliability techniques, reliability growth testing, and formal reliability growth modeling, by both the contractors and DOD units. To this end, handbooks, guidances, and formal memoranda were revised or newly issued to reduce the frequency of reliability deficiencies for defense systems in operational testing and the effects of those deficiencies. Reliability Growth evaluates these recent changes and, more generally, assesses how current DOD principles and practices could be modified to increase the likelihood that defense systems will satisfy their reliability requirements. This report examines changes to the reliability requirements for proposed systems; defines modern design and testing for reliability; discusses the contractor's role in reliability testing; and summarizes the current state of formal reliability growth modeling. The recommendations of Reliability Growth will improve the reliability of defense systems and protect the health of the valuable personnel who operate them.
小米平板 7 系列有什么优势跟槽点?买 7 还是 7Pro?
骁龙7+Gen3/骁龙 8sGen3放到2K价位不够炸裂却也合理,性能相当于骁龙870的151%/163% 这一代都均为3:2屏幕比例,搭载最新的小米澎湃OS 2,系统流畅性有提升 无论是用来轻办公、阅 …

荣耀magic7pro(荣耀Magic7 Pro)怎么样?体验7天优缺点测评
Nov 10, 2024 · 荣耀magic7pro(荣耀Magic7 Pro)怎么样?体验7天优缺点测评; 本文将为你选购做出精确建议,结合实际优惠力度,协助你选到高性价比荣耀Magic7 Pro(荣耀magic7pro) …

英特尔的酷睿ultra和i系列CPU有什么区别?哪个好? - 知乎
酷睿 Ultra 7 155H(16 核/22 线程)与 i7-13700H 接近,但功耗更低;传统 i9 系列(24 核)仍领先多核性能。 单核性能: i 系列高频型号(如 i9-14900K 睿频 6.0GHz)在游戏、单线程任务 …

7-Zip 官方网站怎么下载? - 知乎
7-zip另外一个问题就是其创建的压缩包为*.7z格式,有些老版本的其他解压软件可能无法读取。 在制作压缩文件传给别人的时候不是很方便。 如果没有特殊需求的话WinRAR、好压等软件还是 …

酷睿 Ultra 5 和 Ultra 7,或者i5和i7差距多大? - 知乎
先说结论:相较于Ultra 5 125H而言,Ultra 7 155H当然更好。纸面参数上,128EU满血GPU,CPU大核心多了两个,主频也略高。当然,实测的情况也依然是Ultra 7 155H表现更好 …

知乎 - 有问题,就会有答案
知乎,中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台,于 2011 年 1 月正式上线,以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解,找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业 …

想请大神给小白科普一下音频声道的专业知识,什么是2.1声道、5.…
Oct 27, 2024 · 因为传统的5.1、7.1,虽然都是环绕效果,但声音都局限在平面上,顶部是没有声音信号的。 但很多电影中都会有诸如飞机掠过头顶、雨水打落在头顶、雷声在天空涌动等等场 …

到2025了英特尔和AMD处理器怎么选? - 知乎
知乎,中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台,于 2011 年 1 月正式上线,以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解,找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业 …

Ultra 7 155H的性能咋样,ultra 7 155h相当于什么处理器,相当于 …
Feb 18, 2025 · Ultra 7 155H核心性能: Ultra 7 155H具有16核心,22线程; P-core(性能核):6个,支持超线程,即12线程,基本频率1.4 GHz,最大睿频频率 4.8 GHz,6个大核心应 …

如何确定螺丝型号? - 知乎
扳手通常在柄部的一端或两端制有夹持螺栓或螺母的开口或套孔,使用时沿螺纹旋转方向在柄部施加外力,就能拧转螺栓或螺母;常用的开口扳手规格:7、8、10、14、17、19、22、24、27 …

小米平板 7 系列有什么优势跟槽点?买 7 还是 7Pro?
骁龙7+Gen3/骁龙 8sGen3放到2K价位不够炸裂却也合理,性能相当于骁龙870的151%/163% 这一代都均为3:2屏幕比例,搭载最新的小米澎湃OS 2,系统流畅性有提升 无论是用来轻办公、阅 …

荣耀magic7pro(荣耀Magic7 Pro)怎么样?体验7天优缺点测评
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英特尔的酷睿ultra和i系列CPU有什么区别?哪个好? - 知乎
酷睿 Ultra 7 155H(16 核/22 线程)与 i7-13700H 接近,但功耗更低;传统 i9 系列(24 核)仍领先多核性能。 单核性能: i 系列高频型号(如 i9-14900K 睿频 6.0GHz)在游戏、单线程任务 …

7-Zip 官方网站怎么下载? - 知乎
7-zip另外一个问题就是其创建的压缩包为*.7z格式,有些老版本的其他解压软件可能无法读取。 在制作压缩文件传给别人的时候不是很方便。 如果没有特殊需求的话WinRAR、好压等软件还是 …

酷睿 Ultra 5 和 Ultra 7,或者i5和i7差距多大? - 知乎
先说结论:相较于Ultra 5 125H而言,Ultra 7 155H当然更好。纸面参数上,128EU满血GPU,CPU大核心多了两个,主频也略高。当然,实测的情况也依然是Ultra 7 155H表现更好 …

知乎 - 有问题,就会有答案
知乎,中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台,于 2011 年 1 月正式上线,以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解,找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业 …

想请大神给小白科普一下音频声道的专业知识,什么是2.1声道、5.…
Oct 27, 2024 · 因为传统的5.1、7.1,虽然都是环绕效果,但声音都局限在平面上,顶部是没有声音信号的。 但很多电影中都会有诸如飞机掠过头顶、雨水打落在头顶、雷声在天空涌动等等场 …

到2025了英特尔和AMD处理器怎么选? - 知乎
知乎,中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台,于 2011 年 1 月正式上线,以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解,找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业 …

Ultra 7 155H的性能咋样,ultra 7 155h相当于什么处理器,相当于 …
Feb 18, 2025 · Ultra 7 155H核心性能: Ultra 7 155H具有16核心,22线程; P-core(性能核):6个,支持超线程,即12线程,基本频率1.4 GHz,最大睿频频率 4.8 GHz,6个大核心应 …

如何确定螺丝型号? - 知乎
扳手通常在柄部的一端或两端制有夹持螺栓或螺母的开口或套孔,使用时沿螺纹旋转方向在柄部施加外力,就能拧转螺栓或螺母;常用的开口扳手规格:7、8、10、14、17、19、22、24、27 …