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7 Saline Solution for Nebulizers: A Comprehensive Guide
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, MD, pulmonologist with 15 years of experience in respiratory medicine and a board certification in critical care.
Publisher: Respiratory Health Insights, a leading online publisher of peer-reviewed articles and educational materials focused on respiratory health and disease. They are known for their accurate and up-to-date information, verified by medical professionals.
Editor: Sarah Miller, RN, BSN, a registered nurse with 10 years of experience in respiratory therapy and a strong background in medical writing and editing.
Keywords: 7 saline solution for nebulizer, nebulizer saline solution, sterile saline solution for nebulizer, normal saline for nebulizer, hypertonic saline nebulizer, hypotonic saline nebulizer, isotonic saline for nebulizer, saline solution for nebulizer treatment, benefits of saline solution for nebulizer
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive overview of the use of 7% saline solution in nebulizers, exploring its applications, benefits, risks, and considerations. We will delve into the different types of saline solutions, their appropriate usage, and crucial factors to remember when administering 7% saline solution via nebulization. The article aims to provide healthcare professionals and patients with a clear understanding of the role of 7% saline solution in nebulizer treatments.
1. Understanding Saline Solutions and Nebulizers
Before diving into the specifics of 7% saline solution for nebulizers, it's crucial to understand the basics. Saline solutions are sterile water solutions containing varying concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl), commonly expressed as a percentage. The concentration significantly impacts their use and effects on the respiratory system. Nebulizers are medical devices that transform liquid medications, including saline solutions, into a fine mist for inhalation. This allows for direct delivery of the medication to the lungs and airways.
2. Types of Saline Solutions Used in Nebulizers
Several types of saline solutions are used in nebulizers, each with distinct properties and applications:
Isotonic Saline (0.9% NaCl): This is the most common type, having a salt concentration similar to that of body fluids. It's primarily used for hydration and to help loosen mucus. It's generally considered safe for most patients.
Hypotonic Saline (<0.9% NaCl): This solution has a lower salt concentration than body fluids. It can help to hydrate the airways and thin mucus, but it's crucial to use it under medical supervision due to potential risks of fluid overload in certain patients.
Hypertonic Saline (≥0.9% NaCl): This solution has a higher salt concentration than body fluids. It's often used to draw fluid out of the congested airways, thus helping to loosen thick mucus. 7% saline solution falls under this category. Its use requires careful monitoring due to potential side effects.
3. The Role of 7% Saline Solution for Nebulizers
7% saline solution for nebulizers is a hypertonic solution used primarily in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) and other conditions characterized by thick, tenacious mucus obstructing the airways. Its hypertonicity draws water out of the mucus, making it less viscous and easier to expectorate. This improves airway clearance and reduces the risk of respiratory infections.
The mechanism of action of 7% saline solution is based on osmosis. The higher concentration of salt in the solution draws water out of the surrounding tissues and mucus, leading to a decrease in mucus viscosity. This makes it easier for patients to cough up and clear the mucus from their airways.
4. Clinical Applications of 7% Saline Solution for Nebulizers
While primarily used in cystic fibrosis, 7% saline solution for nebulizer treatment might also be considered for patients with:
Chronic bronchitis: To help clear excessive mucus.
Bronchiectasis: To facilitate airway clearance and reduce infection risk.
Post-operative pulmonary complications: To help clear secretions.
5. Administration of 7% Saline Solution for Nebulizers
The administration of 7% saline solution for nebulizer treatment must be performed under the strict supervision of a healthcare professional. Dosage and frequency are highly individualized and depend on factors such as the patient's age, overall health, and specific condition. Improper administration can lead to serious complications. Typically, the solution is administered via a jet nebulizer, and the treatment duration and frequency are determined by the physician.
6. Potential Risks and Side Effects of 7% Saline Solution for Nebulizers
Despite its benefits, the use of 7% saline solution for nebulizers carries potential risks and side effects, including:
Cough: The initial response may include an increase in coughing as the airways are cleared.
Bronchospasm: In some individuals, it might trigger bronchospasm, requiring immediate cessation of treatment and administration of bronchodilators.
Hyponatremia (in rare cases): Excessive use can theoretically lead to a decrease in sodium levels in the blood, though this is rare with appropriate monitoring.
Dehydration: Although used to clear mucus, excessive use can potentially lead to dehydration.
7. Monitoring and Precautions during Treatment with 7% Saline Solution for Nebulizers
Close monitoring of the patient's response to 7% saline solution for nebulizers is essential. This includes monitoring for any signs of bronchospasm, changes in respiratory rate and effort, and adverse effects. Healthcare providers should closely monitor the patient's hydration status and electrolytes, particularly in patients with compromised renal function. The use of 7% saline should always be under medical supervision.
Conclusion:
7% saline solution for nebulizers is a valuable tool in managing respiratory conditions characterized by thick mucus, particularly cystic fibrosis. However, its use necessitates careful consideration of potential risks and benefits. Strict adherence to medical supervision, appropriate dosage, and patient monitoring are crucial to ensure safe and effective treatment. The decision to use 7% saline should always be made in consultation with a qualified healthcare professional.
FAQs:
1. Is 7% saline solution safe for all patients? No, 7% saline solution is not suitable for all patients. Its use requires careful consideration and medical supervision due to potential risks.
2. Can I use 7% saline solution for nebulizer treatment at home without medical supervision? No, it's crucial to use 7% saline solution for nebulizers only under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare professional.
3. What are the alternatives to 7% saline solution for nebulizers? Alternatives include isotonic saline, hypotonic saline, and other mucolytic agents, the choice of which depends on the individual's condition.
4. What should I do if I experience bronchospasm during treatment with 7% saline solution? Immediately stop the treatment and contact your healthcare provider.
5. How often can I use 7% saline solution for nebulizers? The frequency of use is determined by your healthcare provider based on your individual needs and condition.
6. Can I use 7% saline solution for nebulizers during pregnancy? The use of 7% saline solution during pregnancy should be discussed with your healthcare provider to assess potential risks and benefits.
7. How is 7% saline solution stored? 7% saline solution should be stored according to the manufacturer's instructions, typically at room temperature, away from direct sunlight and heat.
8. Can I mix 7% saline solution with other medications in the nebulizer? Never mix 7% saline solution with other medications without explicit instructions from your healthcare provider.
9. What are the long-term effects of using 7% saline solution for nebulizers? Long-term effects are largely dependent on proper usage and medical supervision. When used appropriately, there are typically no long-term negative effects.
Related Articles:
1. Nebulizer Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis: A detailed exploration of nebulizer treatments commonly used in CF management.
2. Mucolytic Agents in Respiratory Therapy: A review of various medications used to thin mucus in the airways.
3. Airway Clearance Techniques: A guide to different techniques used to clear mucus from the lungs.
4. Hypertonic Saline: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications: A comprehensive review of the uses and effects of hypertonic saline solutions.
5. Understanding Bronchospasm: An explanation of the causes, symptoms, and treatment of bronchospasm.
6. Respiratory Treatments for Chronic Bronchitis: A discussion of various treatments for chronic bronchitis, including nebulizer therapy.
7. Patient Education on Nebulizers: A guide for patients on how to properly use a nebulizer.
8. Choosing the Right Nebulizers: Information on different types of nebulizers and their features.
9. Monitoring Respiratory Function: An overview of different methods used to assess respiratory function and identify potential complications.
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| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: Concepts in Sterile Preparation and Aseptic Technique (book) Pamella S. Ochoa, Jose A. Vega, 2014-02-28 Concepts in Sterile Preparations and Aseptic Technique examines the current standards and best practices for sterile compounding, along with the fundamentals of aseptic technique, in a manner accessible to pharmacy and pharmacy technician students and professionals. Beginning with a review of foundational calculations and microbiological considerations, this resource reviews compatibility, stability, engineering controls, and quality assurance and control, with pertinent information from USP Chapter incorporated throughout. With engaging case studies, tips, alerts, and accompanying video tutorials, this text facilitates student learning through a robust companion website for students as well as helpful instructor resources. Video Tutorial Topics and Procedures: HLFW Cleaning, Hand Washing, Garbing, Sterile Glove, Attaching Needle to Syringe, Accessing a Vial, Equal Pressure (Milking), Equal Pressure (Reverse Milking), Removal of Air Bubbles, Ampule Breaking, Using a Filter Needle, Using a Filter Straw, Reconstituting a Vial, Uncapping and Recapping a Needle, Capping a Syringe, Priming Infusion Set, Positive Pressure, Negative Pressure, Workflow, Incompatibility, Fingertip Testing Instructor Resources: Instructor's Manual including Lab Activities and Supply List, Answer Key for Review Questions and Case Studies, PowerPoint Presentations with 375 slides, Test Bank with 189 Multiple Choice, Fill-in-the-Blank, and Short Answer questions. Student Resources: Navigate Companion Website, including: Videos, Quizzes, Interactive Glossary, Interactive Flashcards, Crossword Puzzles, Matching Exercises, Web Links Each new text includes an online access code to the Navigate Companion Website. Electronic and eBook formats may not include access to the Navigate Companion Website. Access may also be purchased separately. |
| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Sandra M Nettina, Msn, Anp-BC, Sandra M. Nettina, 2013-03-27 A classic text since it was first published in 1974, the Lippincott Manual for Nursing Practice (LMNP) has provided essential nursing knowledge and up-to-date information on patient care for nearly 40 years. Now in its 10th edition, this full-color text continues to serve as the most comprehensive reference for practicing nurses and nursing students worldwide. Often referred as the 'Lippincott Manual' or simply the 'Lippincott', the LMNP is widely used as a procedure manual for many healthcare institutions (contains 157 Nursing Procedure Guidelines). It is also widely regarded as the Gold Standard for nursing practice in the classroom. Organized into five major parts, LMNP presents a comprehensive reference for all types of core nursing care. Part 1: Nursing Process & Practice; Part 2: Medical-Surgical Nursing; Part 3: Maternity & Neonatal Nursing: Part 4: Pediatric Nursing; Part 5: Psychiatric Nursing. Content is evidence-based with supporting articles highlighted in actual entries and procedure guidelines. Official Guidelines that shape practice are incorporated in to the content and include those from the National Institutes of Health, American Diabetes Association, American Heart Association, American Nurses Association, Joint Commission, AWHONN, and others. A companion Website includes full text, an image bank, and drug-related NCLEX®-style questions, FDA updates, and new clinical studies. |
| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: The Comprehensive Respiratory Therapist Exam Review James R. Sills, MEd, CPFT, RRT, 2015-03-26 Find out how and what to review for the all-new 2015 National Board of Respiratory Care (NBRC) Exam with The Comprehensive Respiratory Therapist's Exam Review, 6th Edition. It covers every topic in the NBRC Detailed Content Outline, providing study hints, in-depth content review, and self-assessment questions with rationales so you retain more information. Sills' latest review also offers students and practicing respiratory therapists realistic experience with the new Therapist Multiple Choice Exam (TM-CE) through a 140-question TM-CE practice test on its accompanying Evolve website. Self-study questions at the end of each chapter include an answer key with rationales to help you analyze your strengths and weaknesses in content learned. UNIQUE! Exam Hint boxes point out point out subjects that are frequently tested, helping you study, plan your time, and improve your test-taking skills. Rationales for each question provide feedback for correct and incorrect answers so you understand why an answer is correct or incorrect and retain information better. Difficulty level codes (recall, application, analysis) for each question on Evolve help you prepare for questions in the way that is most appropriate (e.g., memorization for recall or synthesis for analysis). Special NBRC coding of topics corresponds to every topic covered in the NBRC Detailed Content Outline (DCO) so you can easily review each of the testable topics. Secure Evolve website lets you experience the actual NBRC testing environment in a computerized format. NEW! Therapist Multiple Choice Exam (TM-CE) practice test aligns with the new 2015 NBRC Written Exam. UPDATED! Revised content reflects the 2015 NBRC Detailed Content Outline and examination matrix so you know exactly what to expect on the exams - and can review each of the areas covered on the matrix. NEW! More analysis-type questions added to the end-of-chapter self-study questions reflect changes in the matrix content outlines. NEW! Greater consistency in formulas, abbreviations, and equations achieved through aligning the text and Evolve site to comprehensive Abbreviation and Equation Glossaries. EXPANDED! 22 clinical simulations feature shortened sections and align with the new 2015 NBRC Clinical Simulation Exam in both study mode and exam mode, giving you the opportunity to practice this difficult portion of the Registry Exam on Evolve. NEW! Standard Normal Range Guide features reference tables with normal values of various parameters used in respiratory care assessment. EXPANDED! New practice exams on Evolve, including one 140-question TM-CE with automatic scoring to delineate entry and advanced credentialing levels, let you assess your understanding in both study (untimed) and exam (timed) modes. |
| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: Fluids and Electrolytes in the Surgical Patient Carlos Pestana, 2000 Now in its thoroughly revised, updated Fifth Edition, this handbook is the only volume on fluids and electrolytes that is geared specifically to surgical residents and surgeons. It explains, in practical terms, how to assess and manage problems of fluid-electrolyte and acid-base balance in surgical patients. This edition's chapters have all been rewritten for easier readability. New charts and figures have been added and tables have been revised to reflect recent modifications in therapy. The text precisely describes the specific characteristics and uses of all currently available fluids. This edition also provides more information on the interpretation and therapeutic implications of laboratory results. |
| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: The European Blood and Marrow Transplantation Textbook for Nurses Michelle Kenyon, Aleksandra Babic, 2018-03-14 This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This textbook, endorsed by the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), provides adult and paediatric nurses with a full and informative guide covering all aspects of transplant nursing, from basic principles to advanced concepts. It takes the reader on a journey through the history of transplant nursing, including essential and progressive elements to help nurses improve their knowledge and benefit the patient experience, as well as a comprehensive introduction to research and auditing methods. This new volume specifically intended for nurses, complements the ESH-EBMT reference title, a popular educational resource originally developed in 2003 for physicians to accompany an annual training course also serving as an educational tool in its own right. This title is designed to develop the knowledge of nurses in transplantation. It is the first book of its kind specifically targeted at nurses in this specialist field and acknowledges the valuable contribution that nursing makes in this area. This volume presents information that is essential for the education of nurses new to transplantation, while also offering a valuable resource for more experienced nurses who wish to update their knowledge. |
| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: The Mechanics of Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols Warren H. Finlay, 2001-07-06 The Mechanics of Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols, An Introduction provides a unique and comprehensive treatment of the mechanics of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols. The book covers a wide range of topics and many new perspectives are given by drawing on research from a variety of fields. Novel, in-depth expositions of the most common delivery devices are given, including nebulizers, dry powder inhalers and propellant metered dose inhalers. The behaviour of aerosols in the respiratory tract is explained in detail, with complete coverage of the fundamentals of current deposition models. The book begins by providing a comprehensive introduction to aspects of aerosol mechanics that are relevant to inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols. It then gives an exhaustive pedagogical description of the behaviour of evaporating and condensing droplets (both aqueous and propellant-based), an introductory chapter on lung geometry and inhalation patterns, and coverage of relevant aspects of fluid mechanics in the lung. Finally, the book provides invaluable, detailed coverage on the mechanics of common pharmaceutical aerosol delivery systems and deposition in the respiratory tract. Throughout the book are many detailed numerical examples that apply the salient concepts to typical inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols. This book will be of interest to scientists and engineers involved in the research and development of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosol products. Experienced practitioners will find many new perspectives that will greatly enhance their understanding of this complex and rapidly growing field. For those delivering therapeutic agents to the lung, this book is a must-have. Students and academics will find this book an invaluable tool and for newcomers it is a worthy guide to the diverse fields that must be understood to work in the area of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols. |
| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: Developing Drug Products in an Aging Society Sven Stegemann, 2016-10-20 This book aims to address the major aspects of future drug product development and therapy for older adults, giving practical guidance for the rational product and clinical development and prescribing of drug products to this ever growing segment of the population. With authors coming from key “aging” markets such as Europe, the USA, China and Japan, the book will provide valuable information for students, scientists, regulators, practitioners, and other healthcare professionals from academia, industry and regulatory bodies. |
| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: Principles of Pharmacology for Respiratory Care Georgine Bills, Christina Rose, 2019-09-13 An invaluable role of the Respiratory Therapist is to administer and educate patients on aerosolized and systemic medications used in the treatment of respiratory diseases and other therapies affecting the cardiopulmonary system. Principles of Pharmacology for Respiratory Care, Third Edition is an ideal resource for Respiratory Therapists to understand the role of cardiopulmonary-targeted medication therapies and the mechanism of action drugs used in the treatment of the conditions they are treating. Mode of action, clinical indications, dosages, hazards, and side effects of multiple classifications of drugs are extensively addressed. As such, this text also serves a comprehensive reference on drug therapies used in the treatment of respiratory diseases as well as other medical conditions. The layout of this text in organized into three distinct sections to facilitate the understanding of the material. The first section includes general pharmacologic principles required to understand |
| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice E-Book Ron Walls, Robert Hockberger, Marianne Gausche-Hill, 2017-03-09 Since its revolutionary first edition in 1983, Rosen's Emergency Medicine set the standard for reliable, accessible, and comprehensive information to guide the clinical practice of emergency medicine. Generations of emergency medicine residents and practitioners have relied on Rosen’s as the source for current information across the spectrum of emergency medicine practice. The 9th Edition continues this tradition of excellence, offering the unparalleled clarity and authority you’ve come to expect from the award-winning leader in the field. Throughout the text, content is now more concise, clinically relevant, and accessible than ever before – meeting the needs of today’s increasingly busy emergency medicine practitioner. Delivers clear, precise information, focused writing and references; relevant, concise information; and generous use of illustrations provide definitive guidance for every emergency situation. Offers the most immediately relevant content of any emergency medicine reference, providing diagnostic and treatment recommendations with clear indications and preferred actions. Presents the expertise and knowledge of a new generation of editors, who bring fresh insights and new perspectives to the table. Includes more than 550 new figures, including new anatomy drawings, new graphs and algorithms, and new photos. Provides diligently updated content throughout, based on only the most recent and relevant medical literature. Provides improved organization in sections to enhance navigation and six new chapters: Airway Management for the Pediatric Patient; Procedural Sedation and Analgesia for the Pediatric Patient; Drug Therapy for the Pediatric Patient; Co-Morbid Medical Emergencies During Pregnancy; Drug Therapy in the Geriatric Patient; and Global and Humanitarian Emergency Medicine. Expert ConsultTM eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, Q&As, and references from the book on a variety of devices. |
| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: Understanding Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians Mary Ann Stuhan, 2012-11-15 Using language and organization aimed directly at pharmacy technicians, Understanding Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians offers more than 700 pages of practical applications, safety issues and error prevention, and illustrative cases that not only explain how but why. Throughout the book, anatomy and physiology are discussed in relation to various disorders and associated pharmacotherapies to give the pharmacy technician students a context for how drugs work. Students using this book will learn the therapeutic effects of prescription medications, nonprescription medications, and alternative therapies commonly used to treat diseases affecting that system, and their adverse effects. An emphasis is placed on practical applications for the technician. What types of issues will technicians encounter at work? What is their role in patient education? How do they work with the pharmacist? Key features throughout the book: 77 case studies, including 249 case study questions More than 1,200 drugs discussed Pronunciations for difficult terms or words such as disease names Numerous figures and illustrations Alerts that point out areas of potential dangers or errors, including look-alike/sound-alike drugs. 335 practice points, including mention of any FDA-required patient medication guides, and any “special” drug storage and dispensing considerations, including beyond-use dating of open multi-use products. 110 commonly used and comprehensive drug tables. Chapter review questions The book’s content is written to meet ASHP accreditation standards and, therefore, is one of the most comprehensive books on the market related to pharmacology for technicians. For additional resources related to the book, visit www.ashp.org/techpharmacology. |
| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: Flexible Bronchoscopy Ko-Pen Wang, Atul C. Mehta, J. Francis Turner, Jr., 2020-07-13 In this fourth edition of the popular Flexible Bronchoscopy, which has been revised and updated throughout, the world's leading specialists discuss the technical and procedural aspects of performing diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopy. Four new chapters have been added, taking into account new developments in EBUS and electromagnetic navigation. |
| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease Faik Atroshi, 2014-05-28 Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease is a book dealing with an important research field that has worldwide significance. Its aim is to strengthen the research base of this field of investigation as it yields knowledge that has important implications for biomedicine, public health and biotechnology. The book has brought together an interdisciplinary group of contributors and prominent scholars from different parts of the world. The basic purpose of this book was to promote interaction and discussion of problems of mutual interests among people in related fields everywhere. The main subjects of the book include nutrition, mechanisms underlying treatments, physiological aspects of vitamins and trace elements, antioxidants: regulation, signalling, infection and inflammation, and degenerative and chronic diseases. |
| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: Conn's Current Therapy 2023 - E-Book Rick D. Kellerman, David P. Rakel, 2022-11-02 Trusted by clinicians for more than 75 years, Conn's Current Therapy presents today's evidence-based information along with the personal experience and discernment of expert physicians. The 2023 edition is an excellent resource for a wide range of healthcare professionals, including primary care, subspecialists, and allied health, providing current treatment information in a concise yet in-depth format. Nearly 350 topics have been carefully reviewed and updated to bring you state-of-the-art content in even the most rapidly changing areas of medicine. - Offers personal approaches from recognized leaders in the field, covering common complaints, acute diseases, and chronic illnesses along with the most current evidence-based clinical management options. - Follows a consistent, easy-to-use format throughout, with diagnosis, therapy, drug protocols, and treatment pearls presented in quick-reference boxes and tables for point-of-care answers to common clinical questions. - Includes new chapters on leg edema and venous stasis, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), monoclonal antibodies, and genetic testing. - Incorporates more electronic links throughout the text that connect the reader to apps and clinical prediction tools that can easily be accessed in practice. - Features thoroughly reviewed and updated information from many new authors and two new associate editors, Drs. Joel J. Heidelbaugh and Ernestine M. Lee, who offer a fresh perspective and their unique personal experience and judgment. - Provides current drug information thoroughly reviewed by PharmDs. - Features nearly 300 images, including algorithms, anatomical illustrations, and photographs, that provide useful information for diagnosis. |
| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: Cystic Fibrosis: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2012 Edition , 2012-12-10 Cystic Fibrosis: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional / 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Cystic Fibrosis. The editors have built Cystic Fibrosis: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional / 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Cystic Fibrosis in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Cystic Fibrosis: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional / 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/. |
| 7 saline solution for nebulizer: Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases A Parthasarathy, 2019-04-30 The new edition of this comprehensive book provides clinicians with the latest advances in the diagnosis and management of paediatric infectious diseases. Divided into ten chapters, the text begins with discussion on general topics relating to infectious diseases, and diagnosis and management. Each of the following chapters covers a different type of infection – systemic, bacterial, viral, protozoal, parasitic and fungal; and emerging infections. The increasing concern of resistance to treatment is discussed in depth, as are infections in immune compromised patients, guidelines and protocols, and vaccines and immunisation. The second edition of this detailed reference is highly illustrated with clinical photographs, diagrams, boxes and tables. The book concludes with appendices on intravenous fluid therapy and drug dosage. Key points Fully revised, second edition providing latest advances in paediatric infectious diseases Covers numerous common and more complicated infections Includes appendices on intravenous fluid therapy and drug dosage Previous edition (9789350903773) published in 2013 |
小米平板 7 系列有什么优势跟槽点？买 7 还是 7Pro？
骁龙7+Gen3/骁龙 8sGen3放到2K价位不够炸裂却也合理，性能相当于骁龙870的151%/163% 这一代都均为3:2屏幕比例，搭载最新的小米澎湃OS 2，系统流畅性有提升 无论是用来轻办公、阅 …
荣耀magic7pro（荣耀Magic7 Pro）怎么样？体验7天优缺点测评
Nov 10, 2024 · 荣耀magic7pro（荣耀Magic7 Pro）怎么样？体验7天优缺点测评; 本文将为你选购做出精确建议，结合实际优惠力度，协助你选到高性价比荣耀Magic7 Pro（荣耀magic7pro） …
英特尔的酷睿ultra和i系列CPU有什么区别？哪个好？ - 知乎
酷睿 Ultra 7 155H（16 核/22 线程）与 i7-13700H 接近，但功耗更低；传统 i9 系列（24 核）仍领先多核性能。 单核性能： i 系列高频型号（如 i9-14900K 睿频 6.0GHz）在游戏、单线程任务 …
7-Zip 官方网站怎么下载？ - 知乎
7-zip另外一个问题就是其创建的压缩包为*.7z格式，有些老版本的其他解压软件可能无法读取。 在制作压缩文件传给别人的时候不是很方便。 如果没有特殊需求的话WinRAR、好压等软件还是 …
酷睿 Ultra 5 和 Ultra 7，或者i5和i7差距多大？ - 知乎
先说结论：相较于Ultra 5 125H而言，Ultra 7 155H当然更好。纸面参数上，128EU满血GPU，CPU大核心多了两个，主频也略高。当然，实测的情况也依然是Ultra 7 155H表现更好 …
知乎 - 有问题，就会有答案
知乎，中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台，于 2011 年 1 月正式上线，以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解，找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业 …
想请大神给小白科普一下音频声道的专业知识，什么是2.1声道、5.…
Oct 27, 2024 · 因为传统的5.1、7.1，虽然都是环绕效果，但声音都局限在平面上，顶部是没有声音信号的。 但很多电影中都会有诸如飞机掠过头顶、雨水打落在头顶、雷声在天空涌动等等场 …
到2025了英特尔和AMD处理器怎么选？ - 知乎
知乎，中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台，于 2011 年 1 月正式上线，以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解，找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业 …
Ultra 7 155H的性能咋样，ultra 7 155h相当于什么处理器，相当于 …
Feb 18, 2025 · Ultra 7 155H核心性能： Ultra 7 155H具有16核心，22线程； P-core（性能核）：6个，支持超线程，即12线程，基本频率1.4 GHz，最大睿频频率 4.8 GHz，6个大核心应 …
如何确定螺丝型号？ - 知乎
扳手通常在柄部的一端或两端制有夹持螺栓或螺母的开口或套孔，使用时沿螺纹旋转方向在柄部施加外力，就能拧转螺栓或螺母；常用的开口扳手规格：7、8、10、14、17、19、22、24、27 …
小米平板 7 系列有什么优势跟槽点？买 7 还是 7Pro？
骁龙7+Gen3/骁龙 8sGen3放到2K价位不够炸裂却也合理，性能相当于骁龙870的151%/163% 这一代都均为3:2屏幕比例，搭载最新的小米澎湃OS 2，系统流畅性有提升 无论是用来轻办公、阅 …
荣耀magic7pro（荣耀Magic7 Pro）怎么样？体验7天优缺点测评
Nov 10, 2024 · 荣耀magic7pro（荣耀Magic7 Pro）怎么样？体验7天优缺点测评; 本文将为你选购做出精确建议，结合实际优惠力度，协助你选到高性价比荣耀Magic7 Pro（荣耀magic7pro） …
英特尔的酷睿ultra和i系列CPU有什么区别？哪个好？ - 知乎
酷睿 Ultra 7 155H（16 核/22 线程）与 i7-13700H 接近，但功耗更低；传统 i9 系列（24 核）仍领先多核性能。 单核性能： i 系列高频型号（如 i9-14900K 睿频 6.0GHz）在游戏、单线程任务 …
7-Zip 官方网站怎么下载？ - 知乎
7-zip另外一个问题就是其创建的压缩包为*.7z格式，有些老版本的其他解压软件可能无法读取。 在制作压缩文件传给别人的时候不是很方便。 如果没有特殊需求的话WinRAR、好压等软件还是 …
酷睿 Ultra 5 和 Ultra 7，或者i5和i7差距多大？ - 知乎
先说结论：相较于Ultra 5 125H而言，Ultra 7 155H当然更好。纸面参数上，128EU满血GPU，CPU大核心多了两个，主频也略高。当然，实测的情况也依然是Ultra 7 155H表现更好 …
知乎 - 有问题，就会有答案
知乎，中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台，于 2011 年 1 月正式上线，以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解，找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业 …
想请大神给小白科普一下音频声道的专业知识，什么是2.1声道、5.…
Oct 27, 2024 · 因为传统的5.1、7.1，虽然都是环绕效果，但声音都局限在平面上，顶部是没有声音信号的。 但很多电影中都会有诸如飞机掠过头顶、雨水打落在头顶、雷声在天空涌动等等场 …
到2025了英特尔和AMD处理器怎么选？ - 知乎
知乎，中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台，于 2011 年 1 月正式上线，以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解，找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业 …
Ultra 7 155H的性能咋样，ultra 7 155h相当于什么处理器，相当于 …
Feb 18, 2025 · Ultra 7 155H核心性能： Ultra 7 155H具有16核心，22线程； P-core（性能核）：6个，支持超线程，即12线程，基本频率1.4 GHz，最大睿频频率 4.8 GHz，6个大核心应 …
如何确定螺丝型号？ - 知乎
扳手通常在柄部的一端或两端制有夹持螺栓或螺母的开口或套孔，使用时沿螺纹旋转方向在柄部施加外力，就能拧转螺栓或螺母；常用的开口扳手规格：7、8、10、14、17、19、22、24、27 …
