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# A Philip Randolph US History Definition: Labor Activist, Civil Rights Pioneer, and Architect of the Freedom Movement
Author: Dr. Manisha Sinha, Professor of History at the University of Connecticut. Dr. Sinha is a leading scholar of American history, specializing in the Reconstruction era, the Civil Rights Movement, and the history of labor. Her numerous books and articles, including The Counterrevolution of 1877: Railroads, Race, Class, and the Rise of Grotesque Politics, establish her expertise on the intersection of race, class, and political activism—crucial to understanding a Philip Randolph US history definition.
Keyword: A Philip Randolph US history definition is vital to understanding the complex tapestry of American labor and civil rights movements.
Introduction:
A Philip Randolph US history definition goes far beyond a simple biographical sketch. It necessitates an exploration of his profound impact on the American labor movement and the Civil Rights Movement, cementing his legacy as one of the most influential figures of the 20th century. This article will delve into various aspects of Randolph's life and work, examining his strategies, philosophies, and enduring contributions to shaping the landscape of American social justice. We will explore how a Philip Randolph US history definition must encompass his multifaceted roles as a labor organizer, civil rights leader, and visionary thinker whose influence resonates even today.
A Philip Randolph US History Definition: Early Life and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Randolph, born in 1889, emerged from a context of systemic racism and economic inequality. His early experiences profoundly shaped his commitment to social justice. A core component of a Philip Randolph US history definition involves recognizing his role in founding and leading the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), a predominantly Black labor union. This union's formation represented a significant milestone, challenging the entrenched racial segregation and discrimination within the Pullman Company, a powerful corporation controlling the sleeping car industry. Organizing this union was a Herculean task, faced with fierce opposition from both the company and the existing, largely white, American Federation of Labor (AFL). Randolph's relentless advocacy, combined with his strategic use of boycotts, strikes, and legal action, eventually forced the Pullman Company to recognize the BSCP, a landmark achievement in the struggle for Black labor rights. This success significantly contributes to a comprehensive Philip Randolph US history definition.
A Philip Randolph US History Definition: The March on Washington Movement and Beyond
A significant element within any a Philip Randolph US history definition is his pivotal role in the civil rights movement. He spearheaded the planned March on Washington Movement in 1941, demanding equal opportunities for Black Americans in defense industries during World War II. Facing President Roosevelt's administration directly, Randolph’s threat of a massive march on Washington—a powerful display of Black political organizing—led to Executive Order 8802, which prohibited discrimination in the defense industry. This executive order is a cornerstone of a Philip Randolph US history definition, highlighting his ability to leverage direct action to achieve significant policy changes. This event foreshadowed the later, more famous March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963, though Randolph was involved in the planning of that later event as well.
A Philip Randolph US History Definition: Nonviolent Direct Action and the Philosophy of Protest
While often associated with the nonviolent strategies of Martin Luther King Jr., Randolph’s approach to social change was more nuanced. A Philip Randolph US history definition must acknowledge his strategic use of both nonviolent and confrontational tactics depending on the circumstances. He believed in the power of mass mobilization and direct action to pressure the government and corporations into addressing racial and economic inequalities. However, he didn’t shy away from more militant strategies when necessary, understanding the need to adapt his approach to effectively challenge systemic oppression. This pragmatic approach, often overlooked in simpler definitions, contributes to a more nuanced understanding of his legacy.
A Philip Randolph US History Definition: The Legacy of a Visionary Leader
A Philip Randolph US history definition should also focus on his enduring impact on subsequent generations of activists and organizers. His emphasis on economic empowerment as a cornerstone of racial justice continues to inspire contemporary movements. His focus on the intersection of labor and civil rights laid the groundwork for future movements that recognized the interconnected nature of racial, economic, and social justice. His tactical brilliance, combining grassroots organizing with strategic lobbying, provided a model for effective social change that remains highly relevant today.
A Philip Randolph US History Definition: Beyond the Simple Narrative
It's crucial to avoid simplifying a Philip Randolph US history definition into a mere chronology of events. Instead, a comprehensive understanding necessitates analyzing the historical context in which he operated, acknowledging the complexities of his strategies, and appreciating the long-term consequences of his activism. His life and work represent a powerful example of the effectiveness of strategic organizing, the importance of coalition-building, and the enduring power of nonviolent and confrontational tactics in the pursuit of social justice.
Summary:
This article provides a comprehensive a Philip Randolph US history definition, exploring his significant contributions to both the American labor movement and the Civil Rights Movement. It emphasizes his strategic use of direct action, his leadership of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, his role in securing Executive Order 8802, and the lasting influence of his vision for social justice. The article highlights the complexities of his approach, combining both nonviolent and confrontational tactics, demonstrating a nuanced understanding that transcends simplistic narratives. It stresses the lasting relevance of his work and the ongoing importance of his legacy in contemporary social justice movements.
Publisher: Oxford University Press. Oxford University Press is a globally renowned academic publisher with a long history of publishing high-quality scholarly works in history and related fields. Their reputation for rigorous editorial standards makes them a highly credible source for a detailed study of a Philip Randolph US history definition.
Editor: Professor Nell Irvin Painter (Hypothetical - a leading scholar in American history would be appropriate here). Professor Painter's expertise in the Civil Rights era and her extensive publications would make her a highly qualified editor for such a work.
Conclusion:
A Philip Randolph US history definition requires a deep dive into the complexities of his life, work, and lasting influence. His unwavering commitment to social justice, his strategic brilliance in organizing, and his enduring legacy as a pivotal figure in the American Civil Rights Movement make him a critical subject of historical study. Understanding his contributions is not just an academic exercise but a crucial step in comprehending the historical trajectory of American social movements and the ongoing struggle for equality and justice.
FAQs:
1. What was the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters' significance? It was the first predominantly Black labor union to gain recognition, challenging racial segregation within the Pullman Company and setting a precedent for future Black labor organizing.
2. How did A. Philip Randolph influence the Civil Rights Movement? He leveraged direct action and mass mobilization to achieve significant policy changes, notably Executive Order 8802, and inspired future generations of activists.
3. What was Randolph’s approach to social change? He strategically employed both nonviolent and confrontational tactics, adapting his approach to effectively challenge systemic oppression.
4. What was the March on Washington Movement of 1941? It was a planned protest led by Randolph demanding equal opportunities for Black Americans in defense industries during World War II, resulting in Executive Order 8802.
5. What is the connection between Randolph's work and contemporary social justice movements? His focus on economic empowerment and the intersection of labor and civil rights continues to inspire contemporary movements for social and economic justice.
6. How did Randolph differ from other Civil Rights leaders? While sharing a common goal, Randolph emphasized the economic dimension of racial injustice more directly than some other leaders, making the link between racial equality and economic opportunity central to his activism.
7. What were some of the challenges Randolph faced in his activism? He faced fierce opposition from both the Pullman Company and the existing largely white labor unions, as well as systemic racism and political resistance.
8. What is the lasting legacy of A. Philip Randolph? His legacy encompasses pioneering labor organizing, significant contributions to the Civil Rights Movement, and the enduring influence of his strategies and principles on social justice activism.
9. Where can I find more information about A. Philip Randolph? Numerous biographies, scholarly articles, and archival materials are available to delve deeper into his life and work.
Related Articles:
1. "A. Philip Randolph and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters: A Study in Labor and Racial Politics": Explores the formation and struggles of the BSCP, detailing its impact on Black labor and the broader American labor movement.
2. "The March on Washington Movement: A Turning Point in the Civil Rights Struggle": Analyzes the 1941 march and its impact on securing equal opportunities for Black Americans in defense industries.
3. "A. Philip Randolph's Strategic Use of Nonviolent Direct Action": Examines the nuanced approach Randolph took in leveraging various tactics to achieve social change.
4. "The Intersection of Labor and Civil Rights in the Thought and Action of A. Philip Randolph": Investigates the intertwined nature of Randolph's labor activism and his contributions to the Civil Rights Movement.
5. "A. Philip Randolph and the Legacy of Black Labor Organizing": Focuses on his contributions to the broader landscape of Black labor history and his impact on future generations of organizers.
6. "Comparing the Strategies of A. Philip Randolph and Martin Luther King Jr.": Compares and contrasts their respective approaches to social change, highlighting similarities and differences.
7. "The Political Economy of A. Philip Randolph's Activism": Analyzes the economic and political factors that shaped his activism and the strategies he employed.
8. "A. Philip Randolph's Influence on the 1963 March on Washington": Explores his involvement in the planning and execution of the iconic 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
9. "Archival Resources on A. Philip Randolph: A Guide for Researchers": Provides a detailed guide to the various archival collections and resources available for scholars studying Randolph's life and work.
| a philip randolph us history definition: Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1919 |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Bayard Rustin and the Civil Rights Movement Daniel Levine, 2000 Best known as the man who organized the Great March on Washington in 1963, Bayard Rustin was a vital force in the civil rights movement from the 1940s through the 1980s. Rustins's activism embraced the wide range of crucial issues of his time: communism, international pacifism, and race relations. Rustin's long activist career began with his association with A. Phillip Randolph of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Then, as a member of A. J. Muste's Fellowship of Reconciliation, he participated in the Journey of Reconciliation (an early version of the Freedom Rides of 1961). He was a close associate of Martin Luther King in Montgomery and Atlanta and rose to prominence as organizer of the 1963 March on Washington. Rustin played a key role in applying nonviolent direct action to American race relations while rejecting the separatism of movements like Black Power in the 1960s, even at the risk of his being marginalized by the younger generation of civil rights activists. In his later years he tried to hold the civil rights coalition together and to fight for the economic changes he thought were necessary to decrease racism. Daniel Levine has written the first scholarly biography that examines Rustin's public as well as private persona in light of his struggles as a gay black man and as an activist who followed his own principles and convictions. The result is a rich portrait of a complex, indomitable advocate for justice in American society. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: For Jobs and Freedom Asa Philip Randolph, 2014 As the head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and a tireless advocate for civil rights, A. Philip Randolph (1889--1979) served as a bridge between African Americans and the labor movement. During a public career that spanned more than five decades, he was a leading voice in the struggle for black freedom and social justice, and his powerful words inspired others to join him. This volume documents Randolph's life and work through his own writings. The editors have combed through the files of libraries, manuscript collections, and newspapers, selecting more than seventy published and unpublished pieces that shed light on Randolph's most significant activities. The book is organized thematically around his major interests -- dismantling workplace inequality, expanding civil rights, confronting racial segregation, and building international coalitions. The editors provide a detailed biographical essay that helps to situate the speeches and writings collected in the book. In the absence of an autobiography, this volume offers the best available presentation of Randolph's ideas and arguments in his own words. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Collective Courage Jessica Gordon Nembhard, 2015-06-13 In Collective Courage, Jessica Gordon Nembhard chronicles African American cooperative business ownership and its place in the movements for Black civil rights and economic equality. Not since W. E. B. Du Bois’s 1907 Economic Co-operation Among Negro Americans has there been a full-length, nationwide study of African American cooperatives. Collective Courage extends that story into the twenty-first century. Many of the players are well known in the history of the African American experience: Du Bois, A. Philip Randolph and the Ladies' Auxiliary to the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Nannie Helen Burroughs, Fannie Lou Hamer, Ella Jo Baker, George Schuyler and the Young Negroes’ Co-operative League, the Nation of Islam, and the Black Panther Party. Adding the cooperative movement to Black history results in a retelling of the African American experience, with an increased understanding of African American collective economic agency and grassroots economic organizing. To tell the story, Gordon Nembhard uses a variety of newspapers, period magazines, and journals; co-ops’ articles of incorporation, minutes from annual meetings, newsletters, budgets, and income statements; and scholarly books, memoirs, and biographies. These sources reveal the achievements and challenges of Black co-ops, collective economic action, and social entrepreneurship. Gordon Nembhard finds that African Americans, as well as other people of color and low-income people, have benefitted greatly from cooperative ownership and democratic economic participation throughout the nation’s history. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Transnational Solidarity Helle Krunke, Hanne Petersen, Ian Manners, 2020-07-09 The book analyses the concept and conditions of transnational solidarity, its challenges and opportunities, drawing on diverse disciplines as Law, Political Science, Sociology, Philosophy, Psychology and History. In the contemporary world, we see two major opposing trends. The first involves nationalistic and populistic movements. Transnational solidarity has been under pressure for a decade because of, among others, global economic and migration crises, leading to populistic and authoritarian leadership in some European countries, the United States and Brazil. Countries withdraw from international commitments on climate, trade and refugees and the European Union struggles with Brexit. The second trend, partly a reaction to the first, is a strengthened transnational grass-root community – a cosmopolitan movement – which protests primarily against climate change. Based on interdisciplinary reflections on the concept of transnational solidarity, its challenges and opportunities are analysed, drawing on Europe as a focal case study for a broader, global perspective. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: A. Philip Randolph Andrew Edmund Kersten, 2007 Before the emergence of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., there were several key leaders who fought for civil rights in the United States. Among them was A. Philip Randolph, who perhaps best embodied the hopes, ideals, and aspirations of black Americans. In this concise and engaging new book, historian Andrew E. Kersten explores Randolph's influences and accomplishments as both a labor and civil rights leader. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Rivalry and Reform Sidney M. Milkis, Daniel J. Tichenor, 2019-01-25 Few relationships have proved more pivotal in changing the course of American politics than those between presidents and social movements. For all their differences, both presidents and social movements are driven by a desire to recast the political system, often pursuing rival agendas that set them on a collision course. Even when their interests converge, these two actors often compete to control the timing and conditions of political change. During rare historical moments, however, presidents and social movements forged partnerships that profoundly recast American politics. Rivalry and Reform explores the relationship between presidents and social movements throughout history and into the present day, revealing the patterns that emerge from the epic battles and uneasy partnerships that have profoundly shaped reform. Through a series of case studies, including Abraham Lincoln and abolitionism, Lyndon Johnson and the civil rights movement, and Ronald Reagan and the religious right, Sidney M. Milkis and Daniel J. Tichenor argue persuasively that major political change usually reflects neither a top-down nor bottom-up strategy but a crucial interplay between the two. Savvy leaders, the authors show, use social movements to support their policy goals. At the same time, the most successful social movements target the president as either a source of powerful support or the center of opposition. The book concludes with a consideration of Barack Obama’s approach to contemporary social movements such as Black Lives Matter, United We Dream, and Marriage Equality. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: It's Up to the Women Eleanor Roosevelt, 2017-04-11 Eleanor Roosevelt never wanted her husband to run for president. When he won, she . . . went on a national tour to crusade on behalf of women. She wrote a regular newspaper column. She became a champion of women's rights and of civil rights. And she decided to write a book. -- Jill Lepore, from the Introduction Women, whether subtly or vociferously, have always been a tremendous power in the destiny of the world, Eleanor Roosevelt wrote in It's Up to the Women, her book of advice to women of all ages on every aspect of life. Written at the height of the Great Depression, she called on women particularly to do their part -- cutting costs where needed, spending reasonably, and taking personal responsibility for keeping the economy going. Whether it's the recommendation that working women take time for themselves in order to fully enjoy time spent with their families, recipes for cheap but wholesome home-cooked meals, or America's obligation to women as they take a leading role in the new social order, many of the opinions expressed here are as fresh as if they were written today. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: The New Negro Alain Locke, 1925 |
| a philip randolph us history definition: This Nonviolent Stuff'll Get You Killed Charles E Cobb Jr., 2014-06-03 Visiting Martin Luther King Jr. at the peak of the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott, journalist William Worthy almost sat on a loaded pistol. Just for self defense, King assured him. It was not the only weapon King kept for such a purpose; one of his advisors remembered the reverend's Montgomery, Alabama home as an arsenal. Like King, many ostensibly nonviolent civil rights activists embraced their constitutional right to selfprotection -- yet this crucial dimension of the Afro-American freedom struggle has been long ignored by history. In This Nonviolent Stuff'll Get You Killed, civil rights scholar Charles E. Cobb Jr. describes the vital role that armed self-defense played in the survival and liberation of black communities in America during the Southern Freedom Movement of the 1960s. In the Deep South, blacks often safeguarded themselves and their loved ones from white supremacist violence by bearing -- and, when necessary, using -- firearms. In much the same way, Cobb shows, nonviolent civil rights workers received critical support from black gun owners in the regions where they worked. Whether patrolling their neighborhoods, garrisoning their homes, or firing back at attackers, these courageous men and women and the weapons they carried were crucial to the movement's success. Giving voice to the World War II veterans, rural activists, volunteer security guards, and self-defense groups who took up arms to defend their lives and liberties, This Nonviolent Stuff'll Get You Killed lays bare the paradoxical relationship between the nonviolent civil rights struggle and the Second Amendment. Drawing on his firsthand experiences in the civil rights movement and interviews with fellow participants, Cobb provides a controversial examination of the crucial place of firearms in the fight for American freedom. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Constraint of Race Linda Faye Williams, 2010-11-01 The winner of the 2004 W.E.B. DuBois Book Award, NCOBPS and the2004 Michael Harrington Award for an outstanding book that demonstrates how scholarship can be used in the struggle for a better world. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Blood Done Sign My Name Timothy B. Tyson, 2007-12-18 The “riveting”* true story of the fiery summer of 1970, which would forever transform the town of Oxford, North Carolina—a classic portrait of the fight for civil rights in the tradition of To Kill a Mockingbird *Chicago Tribune On May 11, 1970, Henry Marrow, a twenty-three-year-old black veteran, walked into a crossroads store owned by Robert Teel and came out running. Teel and two of his sons chased and beat Marrow, then killed him in public as he pleaded for his life. Like many small Southern towns, Oxford had barely been touched by the civil rights movement. But in the wake of the killing, young African Americans took to the streets. While lawyers battled in the courthouse, the Klan raged in the shadows and black Vietnam veterans torched the town’s tobacco warehouses. Tyson’s father, the pastor of Oxford’s all-white Methodist church, urged the town to come to terms with its bloody racial history. In the end, however, the Tyson family was forced to move away. Tim Tyson’s gripping narrative brings gritty blues truth and soaring gospel vision to a shocking episode of our history. FINALIST FOR THE NATIONAL BOOK CRITICS CIRCLE AWARD “If you want to read only one book to understand the uniquely American struggle for racial equality and the swirls of emotion around it, this is it.”—Milwaukee Journal Sentinel “Blood Done Sign My Name is a most important book and one of the most powerful meditations on race in America that I have ever read.”—Cleveland Plain Dealer “Pulses with vital paradox . . . It’s a detached dissertation, a damning dark-night-of-the-white-soul, and a ripping yarn, all united by Tyson’s powerful voice, a brainy, booming Bubba profundo.”—Entertainment Weekly “Engaging and frequently stunning.”—San Diego Union-Tribune |
| a philip randolph us history definition: The "S" Word John Nichols, 2011-03-21 Political reporter Nichols argues that socialism has a long, proud American history. This short, irreverent book gives Americans back a crucial part of their history and makes a forthright case for socialist ideas today. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: American Government 3e Glen Krutz, Sylvie Waskiewicz, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. American Government 3e aligns with the topics and objectives of many government courses. Faculty involved in the project have endeavored to make government workings, issues, debates, and impacts meaningful and memorable to students while maintaining the conceptual coverage and rigor inherent in the subject. With this objective in mind, the content of this textbook has been developed and arranged to provide a logical progression from the fundamental principles of institutional design at the founding, to avenues of political participation, to thorough coverage of the political structures that constitute American government. The book builds upon what students have already learned and emphasizes connections between topics as well as between theory and applications. The goal of each section is to enable students not just to recognize concepts, but to work with them in ways that will be useful in later courses, future careers, and as engaged citizens. In order to help students understand the ways that government, society, and individuals interconnect, the revision includes more examples and details regarding the lived experiences of diverse groups and communities within the United States. The authors and reviewers sought to strike a balance between confronting the negative and harmful elements of American government, history, and current events, while demonstrating progress in overcoming them. In doing so, the approach seeks to provide instructors with ample opportunities to open discussions, extend and update concepts, and drive deeper engagement. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: The Soul of Care Arthur Kleinman, 2019-09-17 A moving memoir and an extraordinary love story that shows how an expert physician became a family caregiver and learned why care is so central to all our lives and yet is at risk in today's world. When Dr. Arthur Kleinman, an eminent Harvard psychiatrist and social anthropologist, began caring for his wife, Joan, after she was diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's disease, he found just how far the act of caregiving extended beyond the boundaries of medicine. In The Soul of Care: The Moral Education of a Husband and a Doctor, Kleinman delivers a deeply humane and inspiring story of his life in medicine and his marriage to Joan, and he describes the practical, emotional and moral aspects of caretaking. He also writes about the problems our society faces as medical technology advances and the cost of health care soars but caring for patients no longer seems important. Caregiving is long, hard, unglamorous work--at moments joyous, more often tedious, sometimes agonizing, but it is always rich in meaning. In the face of our current political indifference and the challenge to the health care system, he emphasizes how we must ask uncomfortable questions of ourselves, and of our doctors. To give care, to be present for someone who needs us, and to feel and show kindness are deep emotional and moral experiences, enactments of our core values. The practice of caregiving teaches us what is most important in life, and reveals the very heart of what it is to be human. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: We Charge Genocide Civil Rights Congress (U.S.), 1951 |
| a philip randolph us history definition: The Mis-education of the Negro Carter Godwin Woodson, 1969 |
| a philip randolph us history definition: A. Philip Randolph Cynthia Taylor, 2006 Scholarship has portrayed A. Philip Randolph, an African American trade unionist as an atheist and anti-religious. Taylor places him within the context of American religious history and uncovers his complex relationship to African American religion. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: The Color Complex Kathy Russell, Kathy Russell-Cole, Midge Wilson, Ronald E. Hall, 1993 Presents a powerful argument backed by historical fact and anecdotal evidence, that color prejudice remains a devastating divide within black America. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Stride Toward Freedom Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., 2010-01-01 MLK’s classic account of the first successful large-scale act of nonviolent resistance in America: the Montgomery bus boycott. A young Dr. King wrote Stride Toward Freedom just 2 years after the successful completion of the boycott. In his memoir about the event, he tells the stories that informed his radical political thinking before, during, and after the boycott—from first witnessing economic injustice as a teenager and watching his parents experience discrimination to his decision to begin working with the NAACP. Throughout, he demonstrates how activism and leadership can come from any experience at any age. Comprehensive and intimate, Stride Toward Freedom emphasizes the collective nature of the movement and includes King’s experiences learning from other activists working on the boycott, including Mrs. Rosa Parks and Claudette Colvin. It traces the phenomenal journey of a community and shows how the 28-year-old Dr. King, with his conviction for equality and nonviolence, helped transform the nation and the world. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Hoosiers and the American Story Madison, James H., Sandweiss, Lee Ann, 2014-10 A supplemental textbook for middle and high school students, Hoosiers and the American Story provides intimate views of individuals and places in Indiana set within themes from American history. During the frontier days when Americans battled with and exiled native peoples from the East, Indiana was on the leading edge of America’s westward expansion. As waves of immigrants swept across the Appalachians and eastern waterways, Indiana became established as both a crossroads and as a vital part of Middle America. Indiana’s stories illuminate the history of American agriculture, wars, industrialization, ethnic conflicts, technological improvements, political battles, transportation networks, economic shifts, social welfare initiatives, and more. In so doing, they elucidate large national issues so that students can relate personally to the ideas and events that comprise American history. At the same time, the stories shed light on what it means to be a Hoosier, today and in the past. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: First to the Party Christopher Baylor, 2018 What determines the interests, ideologies, and alliances that make up political parties? In its entire history, the United States has had only a handful of party transformations. First to the Party concludes that groups like unions and churches, not voters or politicians, are the most consistent influences on party transformation. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: The Cambridge Guide to African American History Raymond Gavins, 2016-02-15 Intended for high school and college students, teachers, adult educational groups, and general readers, this book is of value to them primarily as a learning and reference tool. It also provides a critical perspective on the actions and legacies of ordinary and elite blacks and their non-black allies. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: The Purple Decades Tom Wolfe, 1982-10 This collection of Wolfe's essays, articles, and chapters from previous collections is filled with observations on U.S. popular culture in the 1960s and 1970s. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Inequality and American Democracy Lawrence R. Jacobs, Theda Skocpol, 2005-08-25 In the twentieth century, the United States ended some of its most flagrant inequalities. The rights revolution ended statutory prohibitions against women's suffrage and opened the doors of voting booths to African Americans. Yet a more insidious form of inequality has emerged since the 1970s—economic inequality—which appears to have stalled and, in some arenas, reversed progress toward realizing American ideals of democracy. In Inequality and American Democracy, editors Lawrence Jacobs and Theda Skocpol headline a distinguished group of political scientists in assessing whether rising economic inequality now threatens hard-won victories in the long struggle to achieve political equality in the United States. Inequality and American Democracy addresses disparities at all levels of the political and policy-making process. Kay Lehman Scholzman, Benjamin Page, Sidney Verba, and Morris Fiorina demonstrate that political participation is highly unequal and strongly related to social class. They show that while economic inequality and the decreasing reliance on volunteers in political campaigns serve to diminish their voice, middle class and working Americans lag behind the rich even in protest activity, long considered the political weapon of the disadvantaged. Larry Bartels, Hugh Heclo, Rodney Hero, and Lawrence Jacobs marshal evidence that the U.S. political system may be disproportionately responsive to the opinions of wealthy constituents and business. They argue that the rapid growth of interest groups and the increasingly strict party-line voting in Congress imperils efforts at enacting policies that are responsive to the preferences of broad publics and to their interests in legislation that extends economic and social opportunity. Jacob Hacker, Suzanne Mettler, and Dianne Pinderhughes demonstrate the feedbacks of government policy on political participation and inequality. In short supply today are inclusive public policies like the G.I. Bill, Social Security legislation, the War on Poverty, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that changed the American political climate, mobilized interest groups, and altered the prospect for initiatives to stem inequality in the last fifty years. Inequality and American Democracy tackles the complex relationships between economic, social, and political inequality with authoritative insight, showcases a new generation of critical studies of American democracy, and highlights an issue of growing concern for the future of our democratic society. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: A Patriot's History of the United States Larry Schweikart, Michael Patrick Allen, 2004-12-29 For the past three decades, many history professors have allowed their biases to distort the way America’s past is taught. These intellectuals have searched for instances of racism, sexism, and bigotry in our history while downplaying the greatness of America’s patriots and the achievements of “dead white men.” As a result, more emphasis is placed on Harriet Tubman than on George Washington; more about the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II than about D-Day or Iwo Jima; more on the dangers we faced from Joseph McCarthy than those we faced from Josef Stalin. A Patriot’s History of the United States corrects those doctrinaire biases. In this groundbreaking book, America’s discovery, founding, and development are reexamined with an appreciation for the elements of public virtue, personal liberty, and private property that make this nation uniquely successful. This book offers a long-overdue acknowledgment of America’s true and proud history. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement, Second Edition Barbara Ransby, 2024-10-08 One of the most important African American leaders of the twentieth century and perhaps the most influential woman in the civil rights movement, Ella Baker (1903–1986) was an activist whose remarkable career spanned fifty years and touched thousands of lives. A gifted grassroots organizer, Baker shunned the spotlight in favor of vital behind-the-scenes work that helped power the Black freedom struggle. Making her way in predominantly male circles while maintaining relationships with a vibrant group of women, students, and activists, Baker was a national officer and key figure in the NAACP, a founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and a prime mover in the creation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. In this definitive biography, Barbara Ransby chronicles Baker's long and rich career, revealing her complexity, radical democratic worldview, and enduring influence on group-centered, grassroots activism. Beyond documenting an extraordinary life, Ransby paints a vivid picture of the African American fight for justice and its intersections with other progressive struggles worldwide throughout the twentieth century. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: The American Commonwealth James Bryce, 1891 |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Walking with the Wind John Lewis, Michael D'Orso, 2015-02-10 Forty years ago, a teenaged boy stepped off a cotton farm in Alabama and into the epicenter of the struggle for civil rights in America, where he has remained to this day, committed still to the nonviolent ideals of his mentor Martin Luther King and the movement they both served. of photos. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: The Flint Water Crisis Michigan Civil Rights Commission, 2017-02-17 In January 2016, a series of states of emergency for the City of Flint were declared by the Mayor, the Governor and even the President. These declarations turned the attention of the state and nation to the Flint water crisis. As a result, the state, local and federal governments sprang into action. The National Guard was tasked to assist. FEMA1 sent representatives. Community organizations and non-profits from throughout the state, and even nationally, responded by volunteering, and sending bottled water. The Governor formed Mission Flint, which brought key members of the Administration together weekly, and the Legislature authorized a supplemental budget. Bottled water and water filters were distributed and residents were provided information in multiple languages. It was all hands on deck. From all accounts, the government was operating the way we would expect it to operate in response to an emergency. What then, was the problem? The timing. Preceding this flurry of state of emergency activity, Flint residents had been reporting heavily discolored and bad tasting water for well over a year. This report is triggered by the Flint Water Crisis, but in many ways is not just about Flint. This report seeks to outline a broader framework to explain why the crisis occurred and to propose a set of recommendations that minimizes and safeguards against similar crises in the future. Our report is not meant to assess blame, but to help ensure that such a crisis does not occur in the future and to address shortcomings that continue to persist over time. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: The Firebrand and the First Lady Patricia Bell-Scott, 2017-01-24 NATIONAL BOOK AWARD NOMINEE • The riveting history of how Pauli Murray—a brilliant writer-turned-activist—and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt forged an enduring friendship that helped to alter the course of race and racism in America. “A definitive biography of Murray, a trailblazing legal scholar and a tremendous influence on Mrs. Roosevelt.” —Essence In 1938, the twenty-eight-year-old Pauli Murray wrote a letter to the President and First Lady, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, protesting racial segregation in the South. Eleanor wrote back. So began a friendship that would last for a quarter of a century, as Pauli became a lawyer, principal strategist in the fight to protect Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and a co-founder of the National Organization of Women, and Eleanor became a diplomat and first chair of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Pentagon 9/11 Alfred Goldberg, 2007-09-05 The most comprehensive account to date of the 9/11 attack on the Pentagon and aftermath, this volume includes unprecedented details on the impact on the Pentagon building and personnel and the scope of the rescue, recovery, and caregiving effort. It features 32 pages of photographs and more than a dozen diagrams and illustrations not previously available. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict , 2008-09-05 The 2nd edition of Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict provides timely and useful information about antagonism and reconciliation in all contexts of public and personal life. Building on the highly-regarded 1st edition (1999), and publishing at a time of seemingly inexorably increasing conflict and violent behaviour the world over, the Encyclopedia is an essential reference for students and scholars working in the field of peace and conflict resolution studies, and for those seeking to explore alternatives to violence and share visions and strategies for social justice and social change. Covering topics as diverse as Arms Control, Peace Movements, Child Abuse, Folklore, Terrorism and Political Assassinations, the Encyclopedia comprehensively addresses an extensive information area in 225 multi-disciplinary, cross-referenced and authoritatively authored articles. In his Preface to the 1st edition, Editor-in-Chief Lester Kurtz wrote: The problem of violence poses such a monumental challenge at the end of the 20th century that it is surprising we have addressed it so inadequately. We have not made much progress in learning how to cooperate with one another more effectively or how to conduct our conflicts more peacefully. Instead, we have increased the lethality of our combat through revolutions in weapons technology and military training. The Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict is designed to help us to take stock of our knowledge concerning these crucial phenomena. Ten years on, the need for an authoritative and cross-disciplinary approach to the great issues of violence and peace seems greater than ever. More than 200 authoritative multidisciplinary articles in a 3-volume set Many brand-new articles alongside revised and updated content from the First Edition Article outline and glossary of key terms at the beginning of each article Entries arranged alphabetically for easy access Articles written by more than 200 eminent contributors from around the world |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History Eric Arnesen, 2007 Publisher Description |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Black Intellectuals William M. Banks, 1996 In this important book, significant because it highlights the diversity and richness of Afro-American intellectual life (New York Times Book Review), William Banks offers a centuries-deep analysis of black life in America, from the days of slavery and oppression to intellectuals of the modern age such as W.E.B. Du Bois, Alain Locke, Toni Morrison, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Photos. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Death Blow to Jim Crow Erik S. Gellman, 2012-02-01 During the Great Depression, black intellectuals, labor organizers, and artists formed the National Negro Congress (NNC) to demand a second emancipation in America. Over the next decade, the NNC and its offshoot, the Southern Negro Youth Congress, sought to coordinate and catalyze local antiracist activism into a national movement to undermine the Jim Crow system of racial and economic exploitation. In this pioneering study, Erik S. Gellman shows how the NNC agitated for the first-class citizenship of African Americans and all members of the working class, establishing civil rights as necessary for reinvigorating American democracy. Much more than just a precursor to the 1960s civil rights movement, this activism created the most militant interracial freedom movement since Reconstruction, one that sought to empower the American labor movement to make demands on industrialists, white supremacists, and the state as never before. By focusing on the complex alliances between unions, civic groups, and the Communist Party in five geographic regions, Gellman explains how the NNC and its allies developed and implemented creative grassroots strategies to weaken Jim Crow, if not deal it the death blow they sought. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: The Whiskey Rebellion William Hogeland, 2015-09-15 A gripping and sensational tale of violence, alcohol, and taxes, The Whiskey Rebellion uncovers the radical eighteenth-century people’s movement, long ignored by historians, that contributed decisively to the establishment of federal authority. In 1791, on the frontier of western Pennsylvania, local gangs of insurgents with blackened faces began to attack federal officials, beating and torturing the tax collectors who attempted to collect the first federal tax ever laid on an American product—whiskey. To the hard-bitten people of the depressed and violent West, the whiskey tax paralyzed their rural economies, putting money in the coffers of already wealthy creditors and industrialists. To Alexander Hamilton, the tax was the key to industrial growth. To President Washington, it was the catalyst for the first-ever deployment of a federal army, a military action that would suppress an insurgency against the American government. With an unsparing look at both Hamilton and Washington, journalist and historian William Hogeland offers a provocative, in-depth analysis of this forgotten revolution and suppression. Focusing on the battle between government and the early-American evangelical movement that advocated western secession, The Whiskey Rebellion is an intense and insightful examination of the roots of federal power and the most fundamental conflicts that ignited—and continue to smolder—in the United States. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Martin Luther King Jr., Homosexuality, and the Early Gay Rights Movement Michael G. Long, Desmond Tutu, 2012-11-28 Martin Luther King, Jr., was not an advocate of homosexual rights, nor was he an enemy; however both sides of the debate have used his words in their arguments, including his widow, in support of gay rights, and his daughter, in rejection. This fascinating situation poses the problem that Michael G. Long seeks to address and resolve. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: Letter from Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King, 2025-01-14 A beautiful commemorative edition of Dr. Martin Luther King's essay Letter from Birmingham Jail, part of Dr. King's archives published exclusively by HarperCollins. With an afterword by Reginald Dwayne Betts On April 16, 1923, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., responded to an open letter written and published by eight white clergyman admonishing the civil rights demonstrations happening in Birmingham, Alabama. Dr. King drafted his seminal response on scraps of paper smuggled into jail. King criticizes his detractors for caring more about order than justice, defends nonviolent protests, and argues for the moral responsibility to obey just laws while disobeying unjust ones. Letter from Birmingham Jail proclaims a message - confronting any injustice is an acceptable and righteous reason for civil disobedience. This beautifully designed edition presents Dr. King's speech in its entirety, paying tribute to this extraordinary leader and his immeasurable contribution, and inspiring a new generation of activists dedicated to carrying on the fight for justice and equality. |
| a philip randolph us history definition: American Military History Volume 1 Army Center of Military History, 2016-06-05 American Military History provides the United States Army-in particular, its young officers, NCOs, and cadets-with a comprehensive but brief account of its past. The Center of Military History first published this work in 1956 as a textbook for senior ROTC courses. Since then it has gone through a number of updates and revisions, but the primary intent has remained the same. Support for military history education has always been a principal mission of the Center, and this new edition of an invaluable history furthers that purpose. The history of an active organization tends to expand rapidly as the organization grows larger and more complex. The period since the Vietnam War, at which point the most recent edition ended, has been a significant one for the Army, a busy period of expanding roles and missions and of fundamental organizational changes. In particular, the explosion of missions and deployments since 11 September 2001 has necessitated the creation of additional, open-ended chapters in the story of the U.S. Army in action. This first volume covers the Army's history from its birth in 1775 to the eve of World War I. By 1917, the United States was already a world power. The Army had sent large expeditionary forces beyond the American hemisphere, and at the beginning of the new century Secretary of War Elihu Root had proposed changes and reforms that within a generation would shape the Army of the future. But world war-global war-was still to come. The second volume of this new edition will take up that story and extend it into the twenty-first century and the early years of the war on terrorism and includes an analysis of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq up to January 2009. |
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition - pearson.centrefranc…
Philip Randolph, a pivotal figure in 20th-century American history, is more than just a name; he represents a powerful blend of activism, labor organizing, and unwavering …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition - mousaahmad
u s history is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of most introductory courses the text provides a balanced approach to u s history considering the …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition
A Philip Randolph: A Defining Force in US History Philip Randolph, a pivotal figure in 20th-century American history, is more than just a name; he represents a powerful …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition - obiemaps.oberlin.e…
several key leaders who fought for civil rights in the United States. Among them was A. Philip Randolph, who perhaps best embodied the hopes, ideals, and aspirations of black …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition - x-plane.com
A Philip Randolph US history definition goes far beyond a simple biographical sketch. It necessitates an exploration of his profound impact on the American labor movement …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition
Philip Randolph, a pivotal figure in 20th-century American history, is more than just a name; he represents a powerful blend of activism, labor organizing, and unwavering dedication to civil rights.
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition - mousaahmad
u s history is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of most introductory courses the text provides a balanced approach to u s history considering the people events and ideas …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition
A Philip Randolph: A Defining Force in US History Philip Randolph, a pivotal figure in 20th-century American history, is more than just a name; he represents a powerful blend of activism, labor …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition
several key leaders who fought for civil rights in the United States. Among them was A. Philip Randolph, who perhaps best embodied the hopes, ideals, and aspirations of black Americans. In …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition - x-plane.com
A Philip Randolph US history definition goes far beyond a simple biographical sketch. It necessitates an exploration of his profound impact on the American labor movement and the Civil Rights …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition - lms.vie.edu.au
A Philip Randolph Us History De nition yp sinovision net A Philip Randolph US History 1865 to Present Fiveable A Philip Randolph was an in uential African American civil rights leader and labor …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition - dvp.context.org
A Philip Randolph: A Defining Force in US History Philip Randolph, a pivotal figure in 20th-century American history, is more than just a name; he represents a powerful blend of activism, labor …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition - www.chinaboundltd
3 A Philip Randolph Us History Definition a philip randolph s career as a trade unionist and civil rights activist shaped the course of black protest in the mid 20th century this book shows that …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition (book)
This article delves into the life and legacy of A. Philip Randolph, examining his impact on US history through a technical lens, highlighting his strategies, contributions, and enduring relevance.
A. Philip Randolph as a Charismatic Leader, 1925-1941
The historian August Meier has suggested that while A. Philip Randolph pioneered in mobilizing the black masses to protest for political and economic advancement, Martin Luther King, Jr. was the …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition
This article delves into the life and legacy of A. Philip Randolph, examining his impact on US history through a technical lens, highlighting his strategies, contributions, and enduring relevance.
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition - secure.weiss.co.nz
advocate for civil rights, A. Philip Randolph (1889--1979) served as a bridge between African Americans and the labor movement. During a public career that spanned more than five decades, …
A Philip Randolf Why should we march? - weisun.org
When the United States began to mobilize for the possibility of entering World War II, Randolph turned his attention to the growing number of unemployed African Americans, who he thought …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition - iot.trumeter.com
A Philip Randolph: A Defining Force in US History Philip Randolph, a pivotal figure in 20th-century American history, is more than just a name; he represents a powerful blend of activism, labor …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition - csis.elernova.edu.co
A Philip Randolph: A Defining Force in US History Philip Randolph, a pivotal figure in 20th-century American history, is more than just a name; he represents a powerful blend of activism, labor …
A Philip Randolph Us History Definition - app.pulsar.uba.ar
This article delves into the life and legacy of A. Philip Randolph, examining his impact on US history through a technical lens, highlighting his strategies, contributions, and enduring relevance.
