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Understanding Drug Dependence: A Physiological or Psychological Dependence on a Drug
Author: Dr. Anya Sharma, PhD, Professor of Psychopharmacology, University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Sharma has over 20 years of experience researching addiction, with a focus on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug and the development of effective treatment strategies.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, a leading academic publisher with extensive expertise in medical and psychological sciences.
Editor: Dr. David Miller, MD, FRCPsych, a renowned psychiatrist specializing in addiction medicine and the treatment of substance use disorders.
Abstract: This article explores the multifaceted nature of drug dependence, encompassing both physiological and psychological aspects of a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug. We will delve into the neurobiological mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, and various treatment approaches for this complex condition. We will also examine different methodologies used in researching and understanding a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug, highlighting the importance of a holistic approach that addresses both the physical and mental components of addiction.
1. Defining Drug Dependence: The Dual Nature of Addiction
A physiological or psychological dependence on a drug signifies a state characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. This dependence is not a monolithic entity; rather, it involves a complex interplay of physiological and psychological factors.
Physiological Dependence: This refers to the body's adaptation to the presence of a drug, leading to physical withdrawal symptoms upon cessation. The body becomes reliant on the drug to function normally. Tolerance, where increasing doses are needed to achieve the same effect, is a key characteristic. Physiological dependence often involves changes in neurotransmitter systems, receptor sensitivity, and gene expression.
Psychological Dependence: This involves a strong craving and compulsive urge to use the drug, driven by psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, or learned associations. Psychological dependence can manifest even without the presence of significant physical withdrawal symptoms. The individual experiences a sense of relief or reward from drug use, reinforcing the behavior. It is often rooted in underlying mental health issues or coping mechanisms.
The distinction between physiological and psychological dependence isn't always clear-cut. Many drugs induce both types of dependence, and they often interact and reinforce each other, leading to a severe form of a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug.
2. Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Drug Dependence
The brain's reward system plays a crucial role in the development of a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug. Drugs of abuse activate the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, triggering the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward. Repeated drug use leads to alterations in this pathway, making it increasingly difficult to experience pleasure from natural rewards, and heightening the craving for the drug.
Different drugs exert their effects through various mechanisms:
Opioids: Bind to opioid receptors, reducing pain and producing euphoria.
Stimulants: Increase dopamine and norepinephrine levels, leading to increased energy, alertness, and euphoria.
Depressants: Enhance GABA activity, reducing neuronal excitability and producing sedation and relaxation.
Cannabinoids: Interact with cannabinoid receptors, affecting mood, perception, and appetite.
3. Diagnosis and Assessment of Drug Dependence
Diagnosing a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug often relies on clinical interviews, self-report questionnaires, and toxicological screenings. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) provide diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, encompassing various levels of severity based on the number of criteria met.
Assessment tools, such as the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), help clinicians evaluate the extent of the individual's substance use problem and its impact on various life domains (e.g., medical, social, psychological). These tools are crucial in guiding treatment planning and monitoring progress.
4. Methodologies in Researching Drug Dependence
Research into a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug employs a range of methodologies:
Animal Models: Rodent studies allow researchers to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying addiction and test the efficacy of potential treatments without the ethical complexities of human studies.
Neuroimaging Techniques: fMRI and PET scans provide insights into brain activity during drug craving and use, revealing changes in brain structure and function associated with addiction.
Genetic Studies: Identify genetic variations that increase susceptibility to addiction, offering potential targets for personalized prevention and treatment strategies.
Clinical Trials: Test the efficacy and safety of various pharmacological and psychosocial interventions for treating drug dependence.
Epidemiological Studies: Examine the prevalence and patterns of drug use in populations, identifying risk factors and potential interventions at a public health level.
5. Treatment Approaches for Drug Dependence
Treatment for a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug typically involves a multifaceted approach:
Detoxification: Medically supervised withdrawal to manage physical withdrawal symptoms.
Pharmacological Interventions: Medications such as methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone (for opioid addiction), acamprosate, and nalmefene (for alcohol dependence), and varenicline (for nicotine dependence) can help manage cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
Psychosocial Therapies: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing, and contingency management are effective in modifying maladaptive thoughts and behaviors associated with drug use.
Support Groups: Organizations like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) provide peer support and a sense of community.
6. Prevention Strategies
Preventing a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug requires a multi-pronged approach encompassing education, policy changes, and community-based initiatives. Early intervention programs, targeting adolescents and young adults, are crucial in reducing initiation and preventing escalation to dependence. Public health campaigns can raise awareness about the risks of drug use and promote healthy coping mechanisms.
7. The Role of Comorbidity
Often, a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug co-occurs with other mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. Addressing these comorbid conditions is crucial for successful treatment. Integrated treatment approaches that address both substance use and mental health issues are increasingly recognized as essential.
Conclusion
A physiological or psychological dependence on a drug is a complex and multifaceted condition stemming from a combination of physiological and psychological factors. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms, employing comprehensive assessment tools, and utilizing evidence-based treatment approaches are vital for effectively addressing this significant public health challenge. A holistic approach, acknowledging the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors, is essential for achieving sustained recovery and improving the lives of individuals struggling with drug dependence.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between tolerance and dependence? Tolerance refers to needing increasingly higher doses of a drug to achieve the same effect, while dependence involves physiological or psychological symptoms upon cessation.
2. Can psychological dependence exist without physical dependence? Yes, psychological dependence can occur without physical withdrawal symptoms, driven solely by cravings and compulsive drug seeking.
3. What are the long-term effects of drug dependence? Long-term effects can include organ damage, mental health problems, social isolation, and increased risk of death.
4. Is drug dependence always a lifelong condition? While it can be a chronic condition, many individuals achieve sustained recovery through effective treatment and ongoing support.
5. What role does genetics play in drug dependence? Genetic factors can influence an individual's susceptibility to addiction, impacting their risk of developing dependence.
6. Are there effective treatments for drug dependence? Yes, various evidence-based treatments, including pharmacological interventions and psychosocial therapies, are highly effective in treating drug dependence.
7. How can I help someone who is struggling with drug dependence? Encourage them to seek professional help, offer emotional support, and avoid enabling behaviors.
8. What are some warning signs of drug dependence? Changes in behavior, mood, and social interactions, neglecting responsibilities, and experiencing withdrawal symptoms upon cessation.
9. Where can I find help for drug dependence? Contact your healthcare provider, a local addiction treatment center, or a helpline specializing in substance abuse.
Related Articles:
1. The Neurobiology of Addiction: This article provides a detailed exploration of the brain regions and neurotransmitter systems involved in the development and maintenance of addiction.
2. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Addiction: This piece details the principles and techniques of CBT in treating substance use disorders.
3. Motivational Interviewing in Addiction Treatment: This article examines the application of motivational interviewing to enhance patient engagement and facilitate behavior change.
4. Pharmacological Treatments for Opioid Dependence: This focuses specifically on the use of medications like methadone and buprenorphine in managing opioid addiction.
5. The Role of Family Therapy in Addiction Recovery: This explores the importance of family involvement in supporting an individual's recovery from drug dependence.
6. Addiction and Comorbid Mental Health Disorders: This article discusses the high prevalence of co-occurring mental health disorders in individuals with substance use disorders.
7. The Genetics of Addiction Susceptibility: This delves into the genetic factors that influence an individual's risk of developing a substance use disorder.
8. Preventing Drug Use in Adolescents: This article focuses on preventative measures to reduce the initiation of drug use among young people.
9. Long-Term Outcomes of Addiction Treatment: This explores the long-term success rates of various addiction treatment modalities and factors influencing sustained recovery.
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Guidelines for the Psychosocially Assisted Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid Dependence World Health Organization. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, 2009 These guidelines were produced by the World Health Organization (WHO), Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, in collaboration with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) a Guidelines Development Group of technical experts, and in consultation with the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) secretariat and other WHO departments. WHO also wishes to acknowledge the financial contribution of UNODC and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) to this project. - p. iv |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Pathways of Addiction Institute of Medicine, Committee on Opportunities in Drug Abuse Research, 1996-10-01 Drug abuse persists as one of the most costly and contentious problems on the nation's agenda. Pathways of Addiction meets the need for a clear and thoughtful national research agenda that will yield the greatest benefit from today's limited resources. The committee makes its recommendations within the public health framework and incorporates diverse fields of inquiry and a range of policy positions. It examines both the demand and supply aspects of drug abuse. Pathways of Addiction offers a fact-filled, highly readable examination of drug abuse issues in the United States, describing findings and outlining research needs in the areas of behavioral and neurobiological foundations of drug abuse. The book covers the epidemiology and etiology of drug abuse and discusses several of its most troubling health and social consequences, including HIV, violence, and harm to children. Pathways of Addiction looks at the efficacy of different prevention interventions and the many advances that have been made in treatment research in the past 20 years. The book also examines drug treatment in the criminal justice setting and the effectiveness of drug treatment under managed care. The committee advocates systematic study of the laws by which the nation attempts to control drug use and identifies the research questions most germane to public policy. Pathways of Addiction provides a strategic outline for wise investment of the nation's research resources in drug abuse. This comprehensive and accessible volume will have widespread relevanceâ€to policymakers, researchers, research administrators, foundation decisionmakers, healthcare professionals, faculty and students, and concerned individuals. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 1 Victor R Preedy, 2016-03-07 Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse, Volume One: Foundations of Understanding, Tobacco, Alcohol, Cannabinoids, Opioids and Emerging Addictions provides the latest research in an area that shows that the neuropathological features of one addiction are often applicable to those of others. The book also details how a further understanding of these commonalties can provide a platform for the study of specific addictions in greater depth, all in an effort to create new modes of understanding, causation, prevention, and treatment. The three volumes in this series address new research and challenges, offering comprehensive coverage on the adverse consequences of the most common drugs of abuse, with each volume serving to update the reader's knowledge on the broader field of addiction, while also deepening our understanding of specific addictive substances. Volume One addresses tobacco, alcohol, cannabinoids, and opioids, with each section providing data on the general, molecular/cellular, and structural/functional neurological aspects of a given substance, along with a focus on the adverse consequences of addictions. - Provides a modern approach on the pathology of substances of abuse, offering an evidence based ethos for understanding the neurology of addictions - Fills an existing gap in the literature by proving a one-stop-shopping synopsis of everything to do with the neuropathology of drugs of addiction and substance misuse - Includes a list of abbreviations, abstracts, applications to other addictions and substance misuse, mini-dictionary of terms, summary points, 6+ figures and tables, and full references in each chapter - Offers coverage of preclinical, clinical, and population studies, from the cell to whole organs, and the genome to whole body |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Addiction David Nutt, Liam Nestor, 2013-09-26 An essential reference for psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, trainees, and specialist nurses, as well as primary care physicians/GPs with a special interest in mental health conditions and other healthcare professionals. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Theory of Addiction Robert West, Jamie Brown, 2013-11-04 The word ‘addiction’ these days is used to refer to a chronic condition where there is an unhealthily powerful motivation to engage in a particular behaviour. This can be driven by many different factors – physiological, psychological, environmental and social. If we say that it is all about X, we miss V, W, Y and Z. So, some people think addicts are using drugs to escape from unhappy lives, feelings of anxiety and so on; many are. Some people think drugs become addictive because they alter the brain chemistry to create powerful urges; that is often true. Others think that drug taking is about seeking after pleasure; often it is. Some take the view that addiction is a choice – addicts weigh up the pros and cons of doing what they do and decide the former outweigh the latter. Yet others believe that addicts suffer from poor impulse control; that is often true… And so it goes on. When you look at the evidence, you see that all these positions capture important aspects of the problem – but they are not complete explanations. Neuroscience can help us delve more deeply into some of these explanations, while the behavioural and social sciences are better at exploring others. We need a model that puts all this together in a way that can help us decide what to do in different cases. Should we prescribe a drug, give the person some ‘tender loving care’, put them in prison or what? Theory of Addiction provides this synthesis. The first edition was well received: ‘Throughout the book the reader is exposed to a vast number of useful observations...The theoretical aims are timely, refreshing, ambitious and above all challenging. It opens up a new way of looking at addiction and has the potential to move the field of addiction a considerable leap forward. Thus we wholeheartedly would like to recommend the book for students as well as scholars. Read and learn!’ Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs ‘The book provides a comprehensive review of existing theories - over 30 in all - and this synthesis of theories constitutes an important contribution in and of itself... West is to be commended for his synthesis of addiction theories that span neurobiology, psychology and social science and for his insights into what remains unexplained.’ Addiction This new edition of Theory of Addiction builds on the first, including additional theories in the field, a more developed specification of PRIME theory and analysis of the expanding evidence base. With this important new information, Theory of Addiction will continue to be essential reading for all those working in addiction, from student to experienced practitioner – as urged above, Read and learn! |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General, 2010 This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Chronic Pain and Addiction Michael R. Clark, Glenn J. Treisman, 2011-01-01 The relationship between chronic pain and addiction Patients with chronic pain understandably seek relief from their distress and discomfort, but many medications that alleviate pain are potentially addictive, and most chronic pain conditions only have a temporary response to opiate analgesic drugs. This volume reviews the fundamental topics that underlie the complex relationships of this controversial domain. The authors review behavioral models and practical methods for understanding and treating chronic pain and addiction including methods to formulate patients with complex comorbidity and screen patients with chronic pain for addictive liability. Finally, the authors describe the current findings from clinical and basic science that illuminate the role of opiates, cannabinoids and ketamine in the treatment of chronic pain. Up to date and comprehensive, this book is relevant to all professionals engaged in the care of patients with chronic pain or addiction and all others interested in these contemporary issues, particularly non-clinicians seeking clarity in the controversy over the best approach to patients with chronic pain. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Substance and Non-substance Addiction Xiaochu Zhang, Jie Shi, Ran Tao, 2017-11-02 This book focuses on the similarities and differences between substance and non-substance addictions. It discusses in detail the mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of substance and non-substance addictions, and addresses selected prospects that will shape future studies on addiction. Addiction is a global problem that costs millions of lives tremendous damage year after year. There are mainly two types of addition: substance addiction (e.g., nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, heroin, stimulants, etc.) and non-substance addiction (e.g., gambling, computer gaming, Internet, etc.). Based on existing evidence, both types of addiction produce negative impacts on individuals’ physical, mental, social and financial well-being, and share certain common mechanisms, which involve a dysfunction of the neural reward system and specific gene transcription factors. However, there are also key differences between these two types of addiction. Covering these aspects systematically, the book will provide researchers and graduate students alike a better understanding of drug and behavioral addictions. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Drugs, Brains, and Behavior , 2007 |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: The Effects of Drug Abuse on the Human Nervous System Bertha Madras, Michael Kuhar, 2013-11-15 Drug use and abuse continues to thrive in contemporary society worldwide and the instance and damage caused by addiction increases along with availability. The Effects of Drug Abuse on the Human Nervous System presents objective, state-of-the-art information on the impact of drug abuse on the human nervous system, with each chapter offering a specific focus on nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA, sedative-hypnotics, and designer drugs. Other chapters provide a context for drug use, with overviews of use and consequences, epidemiology and risk factors, genetics of use and treatment success, and strategies to screen populations and provide appropriate interventions. The book offers meaningful, relevant and timely information for scientists, health-care professionals and treatment providers. - A comprehensive reference on the effects of drug addiction on the human nervous system - Focuses on core drug addiction issues from nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol, and other commonly abused drugs - Includes foundational science chapters on the biology of addiction - Details challenges in diagnosis and treatment options |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Psychological Treatment of Medical Patients Struggling with Harmful Substance Use Julie A. Schumacher, Daniel C. Williams, 2019-10-08 This book shows mental health providers how to assess and treat substance use in medical settings. Clinical health psychologists often encounter patients needing interventions for substance use, yet rarely do practitioners receive specialized training in this area. Psychological Treatment of Medical Patients With Harmful Substance Use is designed for mental health providers in medical settings who need the knowledge and skills to assess and treat conditions relevant to substance use. This book is especially useful for mental health providers who treat adult medical outpatients for whom substance use is not their primary presenting problem. The authors clarify the distinction between nonharmful and harmful substance use, describe the signs and symptoms of substance use disorders, epidemiology, current models denoting biological and socio-cultural causes, and contributing factors (with an emphasis on cardiac, cancer, women's health, and primary care settings). They offer best-practice assessment strategies, and psychological, self-help and pharmacological treatments. Chapters also describe assessment and intervention for conditions that are often comorbid with substance use, including depression, anxiety, and sleep dysregulation, as well as treatment for family members who are dealing with a loved one's harmful substance use, relapse prevention and continuing care. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Drugs and Drug Policy Clayton J. Mosher, Scott Akins, 2007 Drugs and Drug Policy: The Control of Consciousness Alteration provides a cross-national perspective on the regulation of drug use by examining and critiquing drug policies in the United States and abroad in terms of their scope, goals, and effectiveness. In this engaging text, authors Clayton J. Mosher and Scott Akins discuss the physiological, psychological, and behavioral effects of legal and illicit drugs; the patterns and correlates of use; and theories of the causes of drug use. Key Features: * Offers more coverage of drug policy issues than competitive books: This book addresses the number of significant developments over the last few decades that suggest the dynamics of drug use and policies to deal with drug use are at a critical juncture. The book also considers the issue of American exceptionalism with respect to drug policies through a detailed analysis of emerging drug polices in other Western nations. * Makes explicit comparisons between legal and illegal drugs: Due to their prevalence of use, this book devotes considerable attention to the use and regulation of legal drugs in society. The book illustrates that commonly prescribed medications are similar to drugs that are among the most feared and harshly punished in society and that drug-related problems do not necessarily result from particular drugs, but from how drugs are used. * Includes many pedagogical tools: With chapter opening photos and more photos throughout, this text presents material in a student- friendly fashion. Highlight boxes provide interesting examples for readers; encourage further emphasis on issues; and serve as important topics for in class writing exercises. In addition, Internet exercises and review questions reinforce key points made in the chapter and prompt classroom discussion. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Facing Addiction in America Office of the Surgeon General, U.s. Department of Health and Human Services, 2017-08-15 All across the United States, individuals, families, communities, and health care systems are struggling to cope with substance use, misuse, and substance use disorders. Substance misuse and substance use disorders have devastating effects, disrupt the future plans of too many young people, and all too often, end lives prematurely and tragically. Substance misuse is a major public health challenge and a priority for our nation to address. The effects of substance use are cumulative and costly for our society, placing burdens on workplaces, the health care system, families, states, and communities. The Report discusses opportunities to bring substance use disorder treatment and mainstream health care systems into alignment so that they can address a person's overall health, rather than a substance misuse or a physical health condition alone or in isolation. It also provides suggestions and recommendations for action that everyone-individuals, families, community leaders, law enforcement, health care professionals, policymakers, and researchers-can take to prevent substance misuse and reduce its consequences. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Addictive Substances and Neurological Disease Ronald Ross Watson, Sherma Zibadi, 2017-02-18 Addictive Substances and Neurological Disease: Alcohol, Tobacco, Caffeine, and Drugs of Abuse in Everyday Lifestyles is a complete guide to the manifold effects of addictive substances on the brain, providing readers with the latest developing research on how these substances are implicated in neurological development and dysfunction. Cannabis, cocaine, and other illicit drugs can have substantial negative effects on the structure and functioning of the brain. However, other common habituating and addictive substances often used as part of an individual's lifestyle, i.e., alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, painkillers can also compromise brain health and effect or accentuate neurological disease. This book provides broad coverage of the effects of addictive substances on the brain, beginning with an overview of how the substances lead to dysfunction before examining each substance in depth. It discusses the pathology of addiction, the structural damage resulting from abuse of various substances, and covers the neurobiological, neurodegenerative, behavioral, and cognitive implications of use across the lifespan, from prenatal exposure, to adolescence and old age. This book aids researchers seeking an understanding of the neurological changes that these substances induce, and is also extremely useful for those seeking potential treatments and therapies for individuals suffering from chronic abuse of these substances. - Integrates current research on the actions of addictive substances in neurological disease - Includes functional foods, such as caffeine beverages, that have habituating effects on the brain - Provides a synopsis of key ideas associated with the consequences of addictive and habituating lifestyle substances |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Theories on Drug Abuse National Institute on Drug Abuse. Division of Research, 1980 |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: A Guide To Treatments that Work Peter Nathan, Jack M. Gorman, 2002-01-18 A fully revised and updated edition of this unique and authoritative reference The award-winning A Guide to Treatments that Work , published in 1998, was the first book to assemble the numerous advances in both clinical psychology and psychiatry into one accessible volume. It immediately established itself as an indispensable reference for all mental health practitioners. Now in a fully updated edition,A Guide to Treatments that Work, Second Edition brings together, once again, a distinguished group of psychiatrists and clinical psychologists to take stock of which treatments and interventions actually work, which don't, and what still remains beyond the scope of our current knowledge. The new edition has been extensively revised to take account of recent drug developments and advances in psychotherapeutic interventions. Incorporating a wealth of new information, these eminent researchers and clinicians thoroughly review all available outcome data and clinical trials and provide detailed specification of methods and procedures to ensure effective treatment for each major DSM-IV disorder. As an interdisciplinary work that integrates information from both clinical psychology and psychiatry, this new edition will continue to serve as an essential volume for practitioners of every kind: psychiatrists, psychologists, clinical social workers, counselors, and mental health consultants. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Psychic Dependence Leonard Goldberg, F. Hoffmeister, 2012-05-08 |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Drug Abuse in Adolescence Denise De Micheli, André Luiz Monezi Andrade, Eroy Aparecida da Silva, Maria Lucia Oliveira de Souza Formigoni, 2015-07-03 Focusing on two central themes--the psychobiological evolution from youth to adult and the effects of drugs on the developing central nervous system--this important reference elucidates the mechanisms of chemical dependency in adolescents. Its multidisciplinary coverage analyzes addiction across major domains of human functioning against the backdrop of hormonal, cognitive, and other changes that accompany the transition to adulthood. Chapters discuss legal as well as illicit drugs, examine age-related social contexts, and present the latest findings on links between drug use and mental disorders. Throughout, the contributors make clear that education is more valuable to understanding--and preventing--substance abuse than are prohibition and zero-tolerance thinking. Included among the topics: Cognitive development, learning, and drug use. Neurobiology of the action of drugs of abuse. Findings in adolescents with substance dependence based on neuroimaging tests. Alcohol abuse in adolescents: relevance of animal models. Effects of chronic drug abuse on the chronobiology of sleep in adolescents. Neurological and cognitive disorders arising from the chronic use of drugs of abuse. The multiple lenses for understanding its subject and the sensitivity with which causal nuances are treated make Neuroscience of Drug Abuse in Adolescence an invaluable resource for clinical and child psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and addiction counselors. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Clinical Addiction Psychiatry David Brizer, Ricardo Castaneda, 2010-09-16 Clinical Addiction Psychiatry is an anthology of essays that represent the most current and authoritative information now available on addiction theory, practice and research, covering dozens of provocative, fascinating and essential subdomains of the field. Each chapter is authored by a recognized authority in the field and detailed attention is paid to environment, genetics, culture and spirituality as well as treatment and pharmacology. History, street culture, and medical science are brought together in masterful discussions that encompass the full spectrum of addictive disorders, emphasizing assessment and clinical management. This unique resource gathers complex medical and scientific data in a way which is accessible to both health care professionals and readers without medical or psychology backgrounds. Essential reading for addiction counselors and other mental health professionals, this book will also be of interest to patients and their families, and residents and physicians in all fields of medicine. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Applied Social Psychology Jamie A. Gruman, Frank W. Schneider, Larry M. Coutts, 2016-09-08 This student-friendly introduction to the field focuses on understanding social and practical problems and developing intervention strategies to address them. Offering a balance of theory, research, and application, the updated Third Edition includes the latest research, as well as new, detailed examples of qualitative research throughout. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Pathology, Toxicogenetics, and Criminalistics of Drug Abuse MD, FFFLM, Steven B. Karch, 2007-10-09 Beginning with a definition and explanation of scheduling of controlled substances, Pathology, Toxicogenetics, and Criminalistics of Drug Abuse covers investigative methods for all illegal drugs and several legitimate pharmaceuticals that are used illicitly, including steroids. It covers the latest techniques used to analyze drugs in the forensic laboratory including physical characteristics and chemical confirmatory tests. It discusses new theories and findings in toxicogenetics, details pathologic changes in the body due to drug use, and examines specific effects on the heart, lung, and central nervous system. More that 70 tables and figures illustrate and complement the text and the information is supported by extensive references |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Under the Influence James Robert Milam, Katherine Ketcham, 1983 Discusses the symptoms, stages, and treatment of alcoholism. Focuses on the disease as physiological, rather than psychological, condition. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs Michael A. Bozarth, 2012-12-06 Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs presents a synopsis of the preclinical procedures used to assess drug reinforcement. Researchers using one technique are provided with an overview of the other available methods, and clinicians who wish to evaluate drug abuse research reports can gain the necessary background from this volume. Although emphasis is placed on the methodological aspects of assessing drug reinforcement, some of the scientific conclusions derived from using these techniques are also presented. This edited collection offers a lasting framework for interpreting the results of current experimental findings. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Drug Dependence: Aspects of Ego Function Henry Krystal, Herbert A. Raskin, 1970 |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Theory and Practice of Addiction Counseling Pamela S. Lassiter, John R. Culbreth, 2017-02-17 Theory and Practice of Addiction Counseling by Pamela S. Lassiter and John R. Culbreth brings together contemporary theories of addiction and helps readers connect those theories to practice using a common multicultural case study. Theories covered include motivational interviewing, moral theory, developmental theory, cognitive behavioral theories, attachment theory, and sociological theory. Each chapter focuses on a single theory, describing its basic tenets, philosophical underpinnings, key concepts, and strengths and weaknesses. Each chapter also shows how practitioners using the theory would respond to a common case study, giving readers the opportunity to compare how the different theoretical approaches are applied to client situations. A final chapter discusses approaches to relapse prevention. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Biological Research on Addiction , 2013-05-17 Biological Research on Addiction examines the neurobiological mechanisms of drug use and drug addiction, describing how the brain responds to addictive substances as well as how it is affected by drugs of abuse. The book's four main sections examine behavioral and molecular biology; neuroscience; genetics; and neuroimaging and neuropharmacology as they relate to the addictive process. This volume is especially effective in presenting current knowledge on the key neurobiological and genetic elements in an individual's susceptibility to drug dependence, as well as the processes by which some individuals proceed from casual drug use to drug dependence. Biological Research on Addiction is one of three volumes comprising the 2,500-page series, Comprehensive Addictive Behaviors and Disorders. This series provides the most complete collection of current knowledge on addictive behaviors and disorders to date. In short, it is the definitive reference work on addictions. - Each article provides glossary, full references, suggested readings, and a list of web resources - Edited and authored by the leaders in the field around the globe – the broadest, most expert coverage available - Discusses the genetic basis of addiction - Covers basic science research from a variety of animal studies |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Homeostatic Control of Brain Function Detlev Boison, Susan Masino, 2016 Homeostatic Control of Brain Function offers a broad view of brain health and diverse perspectives for potential treatments, targeting key areas such as mitochondria, the immune system, epigenetic changes, and regulatory molecules such as ions, neuropeptides, and neuromodulators. Loss of homeostasis becomes expressed as a diverse array of neurological disorders. Each disorder has multiple comorbidities - with some crossing over several conditions - and often disease-specific treatments remain elusive. When current pharmacological therapies result in ineffective and inadequate outcomes, therapies to restore and maintain homeostatic functions can help improve brain health, no matter the diagnosis. Employing homeostatic therapies may lead to future cures or treatments that address multiple comorbidities. In an age where brain diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's are ever present, the incorporation of homeostatic techniques could successfully promote better overall brain health. Key Features include · A focus on the homeostatic controls that significantly depend on the way one lives, eats, and drinks. · Highlights from emerging research in non-pharmaceutical therapies including botanical medications, meditation, diet, and exercise. · Incorporation of homeostatic therapies into existing basic and clinical research paradigms. · Extensive scientific basic and clinical research ranging from molecules to disorders. · Emerging practical information for improving homeostasis. · Examples of homeostatic therapies in preventing and delaying dysfunction. Both editors, Detlev Boison and Susan Masino, bring their unique expertise in homeostatic research to the overall scope of this work. This book is accessible to all with an interest in brain health; scientist, clinician, student, and lay reader alike. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Addiction and Change, First Edition Carlo C. DiClemente, 2003-04-02 The stages-of-change model has become widely known as a framework for conceptualizing recovery. Less well known are the processes that drive movement through the stages or how the stages apply to becoming addicted. From Carlo C. DiClemente, codeveloper of the transtheoretical model, this book offers a panoramic view of the entire continuum of addictive behavior change. The author illuminates the common path that individuals travel as they establish and reinforce new patterns of behavior, whether they are developing an addiction or struggling to free themselves from one, and regardless of the specific addictive behavior. The book addresses crucial questions of why, when, and how to intervene to bolster recovery in those already addicted and reach out effectively to people at risk. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Smoking Cessation Keir Lewis, 2010 This book is a compact, evidence-based, readable book that offers a useful update on smoking cessation. It lists important historical landmarks in tobacco control and illustrates some of the current measures to limit tobacco use in different countries. It summarises the main pharmacokinetic and pathophysiological, effects of smoking / nicotine on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system, before describing the effects of the different pharmacotherapies currently available to help smokers stop. Further sections describe how important smoking and smoking cessation is to particular groups of patients, how they should be best approached and the benefits of smoking cessation specific to their illness. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Drugs, Addiction, and the Brain George F. Koob, Michael A. Arends, Michel Le Moal, 2014-07-12 Drugs, Addiction, and the Brain explores the molecular, cellular, and neurocircuitry systems in the brain that are responsible for drug addiction. Common neurobiological elements are emphasized that provide novel insights into how the brain mediates the acute rewarding effects of drugs of abuse and how it changes during the transition from initial drug use to compulsive drug use and addiction. The book provides a detailed overview of the pathophysiology of the disease. The information provided will be useful for neuroscientists in the field of addiction, drug abuse treatment providers, and undergraduate and postgraduate students who are interested in learning the diverse effects of drugs of abuse on the brain. - Full-color circuitry diagrams of brain regions implicated in each stage of the addiction cycle - Actual data figures from original sources illustrating key concepts and findings - Introduction to basic neuropharmacology terms and concepts - Introduction to numerous animal models used to study diverse aspects of drug use. - Thorough review of extant work on the neurobiology of addiction |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Darwinian Hedonism and the Epidemic of Unhealthy Behavior David M. Williams, 2019-03-21 Provides a new approach to psychological hedonism and applies it to the growing global epidemic of unhealthy behavior. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Psychodynamics of Drug Dependence National Institute on Drug Abuse. Division of Research, 1977 |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Pharmacology and Therapeutics Scott A. Waldman, Andre Terzic, 2009 Everything you need to know about all of today's drugs in a coherent, easy-to-use format - from the underlying science through innovation, translation, regulation, and clinical implementation. This multimedia resource fills a critical need for a more clinically focused, user-friendly pharmacology reference. Evidence-based therapeutic guidelines facilitate decision making; and coverage of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics, regenerative pharmacology, stem cell therapies, and the emerging field of individualized medicine keeps you at the forefront of the latest developments. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Addiction and Brain Damage Derek Richter, 1980-01-01 |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Psychological Treatment for Patients with Chronic Pain Beth Darnall, 2018-08 Chronic pain is the most common long-term health condition in the United States. For the nearly 100 million Americans who struggle with this burden, the substantial risks of prescription opioid treatment have left many searching for safer, more effective alternatives. While multidisciplinary pain treatment programs can help, they are few in number--and few mental health practitioners receive adequate training in pain treatment. This book provides a comprehensive overview of treating patients with chronic pain, using evidence-based therapies. Taking a multidisciplinary approach that includes cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and chronic pain self-management, Darnall shows mental health professionals how to utilize mindfulness interventions, hypnosis, and biofeedback, and also address comorbid problems such as depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Included are compelling case studies, and resources for clinical and patient training. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Trauma and Substance Abuse Paige Ouimette, Pamela J. Brown, 2003 Trauma and Substance Abuse explores the underrecognized connection between trauma, substance use, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Patients with trauma related distress such as PTSD often have comorbid substance use disorders (SUDs). This book presents cutting-edge research on how often the two disorders co-occur and why. Authors describe models of comorbidity and explore how specific PTSD and substance use symptoms are functionally related to each other. In addition, they suggest assessment approaches and practice guidelines to facilitate proper diagnosis and treatment. Particularly valuable are descriptions of several new treatment approaches that have been developed specifically for PTSD-SUD, including cognitive-behavioral and exposure therapy. This is the first book to evaluate and synthesize the two fields of PTSD and substance use disorder research and treatment. This volume is indispensable for researchers and clinicians seeking a full understanding of the etiology, assessment, and treatment of this challenging dual diagnosis. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Topics for Group Discussion Prof Shrikant Prasoon, 2017-09 There are no specific rules to prepare for a GD. And no one knows what the topic of GD is going to be. This book includes topics that are likely to be put by the Group Testing Officer before the candidates to gauge their personality and leadership qualities. It will be a good idea to keep yourself abreast with topics from: 1. Current Affairs - Current Affairs is something that you have to be thorough with. Understand the recent crises affecting the world, latest developmental initiatives, and important national & global events. 2. Historical topics- Have a fair knowledge about the history of India and the world. Having historical information will help you cite examples and make references whenever needed. 3. Sports, Arts & Literature - In these topics, try to have a decent idea about what is popular, who are the leaders in each area, the latest that has happened in these areas. 4. Data crunching - Do familiarize yourself with important data. Throwing in some data if required in your GD will definitely create an impression among the assessors. Speak with a measure of confidence on the given topic; and secure the nod of the evaluator. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Animal Models of Drug Addiction Mary C. Olmstead, 2010-12-10 Our understanding of addiction and how it is treated has advanced remarkably over the past decades, and much of the progress is related directly to animal research. This is true for both the behavioural aspects of drug use as well as the biological underpinnings of the disorder. In Animal Models of Drug Addiction, experts in the field provide an up-to-date review of complex behavioural paradigms that model different stages of this disorder and explain how each test is used to effectively replicate the progression of drug addiction. This detailed and practical book begins with the most common laboratory measures of addiction in animals, including intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), drug self-administration, place conditioning, and sensitization. Later chapters describe how these paradigms are used to model the progression of drug addiction, providing insight into the clinical symptomatology of addiction from acquisition of drug use through compulsive drug taking to withdrawal and relapse. Written for the popular Neuromethods series, the contributions offer both methodological detail and a theoretical perspective, appealing to readers familiar with preclinical research on drug addiction as well as those who are newcomers to the field. Cutting-edge and authoritative, Animal Models of Drug Addiction will serve as a basis for future vital research that links the bench to the bedside in the crucial treatment of drug addiction. |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: Psychological Drug Research Jorge Negreiros, 2006 |
| a physiological or psychological dependence on a drug: A Level Psychology Through Diagrams Grahame Hill, 2001 DT These highly successful revision guides have been brought right up-to-date for the new A Level specifications introduced in September 2000.DT Oxford Revision Guides are highly effective for both individual revision and classroom summary work. The unique visual format makes the key concepts and processes, and the links between them, easier to memorize.DT Students will save valuable revision time by using these notes instead of condensing their own.DT In fact, many students are choosing to buy their own copies so that they can colour code or highlight them as they might do with their own revision notes. |
PHYSIOLOGICAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of PHYSIOLOGICAL is of or relating to physiology. How to use physiological in a sentence.
PHYSIOLOGICAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
PHYSIOLOGICAL definition: 1. relating to the way in which the bodies of living things work: 2. relating to the way in which…. Learn more.
Physiology - Wikipedia
Physiology (/ ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi /; from Ancient Greek φύσις (phúsis) 'nature, origin' and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') [1] is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. [2][3] As a …
PHYSIOLOGICAL Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
consistent with the normal functioning of an organism. Examples have not been reviewed. They said the separate "physiological pathway" for this chronic type of pain meant it could now be a …
PHYSIOLOGICAL definition and meaning | Collins English …
2 meanings: 1. of or relating to physiology 2. of or relating to normal healthful functioning; not pathological.... Click for more definitions.
What is physiology? - The Physiological Society
Physiology is the science of life. It is the branch of biology that aims to understand the mechanisms of living things, from the basis of cell function at the ionic and molecular level to …
Physiological - definition of physiological by ... - The Free …
Define physiological. physiological synonyms, physiological pronunciation, physiological translation, English dictionary definition of physiological. also phys·i·o·log·ic adj. 1. Of or …
physiological adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and …
Definition of physiological adjective in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
What does Physiological mean? - Definitions.net
Physiological pertains to the normal functions and processes of living organisms or their bodily parts. It involves the physical and chemical phenomena that occur within organisms, such as …
Physiology | Definition & Bodily Function | Britannica
physiology, study of the functioning of living organisms, animal or plant, and of the functioning of their constituent tissues or cells. The word physiology was first used by the Greeks around 600 …
PHYSIOLOGICAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of PHYSIOLOGICAL is of or relating to physiology. How to use physiological in a sentence.
PHYSIOLOGICAL | English meaning - Cambridge Diction…
PHYSIOLOGICAL definition: 1. relating to the way in which the bodies of living things work: 2. relating to the way in …
Physiology - Wikipedia
Physiology (/ ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi /; from Ancient Greek φύσις (phúsis) 'nature, origin' and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') [1] is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. [2][3] …
PHYSIOLOGICAL Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
consistent with the normal functioning of an organism. Examples have not been reviewed. They said the …
PHYSIOLOGICAL definition and meaning | Collins Engli…
2 meanings: 1. of or relating to physiology 2. of or relating to normal healthful functioning; not …
