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A History of Interest Rates: From Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern Markets
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, PhD in Economics, Professor of Financial History at the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Reed has published extensively on monetary policy and the history of finance, with a particular focus on the evolution of interest rates.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, a renowned academic publisher with a long history of producing high-quality scholarly works in economics and finance.
Editor: Dr. Michael Davies, PhD in Finance, Managing Editor of the Journal of Financial History. Dr. Davies possesses extensive experience in editing and reviewing academic publications on financial topics.
Keywords: a history of interest rates, interest rate history, history of interest, evolution of interest rates, ancient interest rates, medieval interest rates, modern interest rates, financial history, monetary policy, economic history.
Introduction:
Understanding the intricacies of modern financial markets requires a deep appreciation of their historical context. This article delves into a history of interest rates, tracing their evolution from ancient civilizations to the sophisticated systems of today. Examining a history of interest rates isn't simply an academic exercise; it provides crucial insights into economic cycles, government policies, and the very fabric of our global financial system. A comprehensive understanding of a history of interest rates allows for better predictions and informed decision-making in the modern financial landscape.
1. Ancient Beginnings: The Dawn of Interest Rates
The earliest evidence of interest rates dates back to ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), around 2000 BC. Clay tablets reveal the existence of loans with explicit interest charges, demonstrating the foundational role of a history of interest rates in early economic activity. These rates were often quite high, reflecting the high risk associated with lending in unstable societies. Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome also had established systems for lending and borrowing, each with its own unique approach to interest rates. Religious and societal norms significantly influenced the acceptance and regulation of lending, with certain periods showing a higher tolerance for interest than others. For example, while interest was common in many ancient societies, certain religious beliefs, like those in some interpretations of Judaism and early Christianity, viewed usury (excessive interest) negatively, leading to restrictions or outright prohibitions. Studying a history of interest rates in these early civilizations helps to understand the fundamental human need for credit and the economic implications of its regulation.
2. The Medieval Period: Usury and the Church
The medieval period in Europe witnessed a complex interplay between economic necessity and religious doctrine concerning a history of interest rates. The Catholic Church largely condemned usury, leading to significant restrictions on lending practices. However, despite the Church’s stance, economic activity required credit, and ingenious methods were developed to circumvent usury laws. These included camouflaging interest as fees or profits shared from a venture, showcasing the creative adaptation within the context of a history of interest rates during this time. Jewish communities, often excluded from many occupations, filled the void created by the Church's restrictions, playing a significant role in medieval finance and shaping a history of interest rates through their lending practices. The gradual shift towards a more accepting attitude toward interest reflected the changing economic landscape and the increasing need for capital.
3. The Rise of Mercantilism and the Early Modern Period
The age of mercantilism saw a gradual shift in attitudes towards a history of interest rates. Governments increasingly recognized the importance of credit and capital for economic growth, leading to less stringent regulations. The development of banking and financial institutions facilitated the expansion of credit markets and played a crucial role in the shaping of a history of interest rates. National banks began to influence interest rates through their monetary policies, although these mechanisms were far less sophisticated than what we see today. The emergence of central banks, initially in the form of state-sponsored institutions or privately controlled banks with significant government influence, laid the foundation for the development of modern monetary policy and its interaction with interest rates. This period's history of interest rates is marked by a gradual move away from religious proscriptions and toward a more pragmatic recognition of its economic importance.
4. The 19th and 20th Centuries: Industrialization and Central Banking
The 19th and 20th centuries witnessed a dramatic transformation in a history of interest rates. The industrial revolution's demands for capital led to the expansion of credit markets and a greater sophistication in financial instruments. The establishment of central banks in many countries brought about a new era in monetary policy, with interest rates becoming a key tool for managing inflation and economic growth. The development of macroeconomic theory profoundly impacted how central banks viewed and used a history of interest rates. The Great Depression and subsequent economic crises led to a renewed emphasis on the role of monetary policy in stabilizing the economy. The evolution of a history of interest rates during this period is closely linked to the development of modern economics and financial theory.
5. The Modern Era: Globalization and Financial Innovation
The latter half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st have been characterized by globalization and financial innovation, profoundly impacting a history of interest rates. The emergence of global capital markets created interdependencies between interest rates in different countries. New financial instruments, such as derivatives and securitized products, increased the complexity of the financial system and its interaction with interest rates. The development of sophisticated quantitative models has improved forecasting and management of interest rates but has also made the financial system more vulnerable to unexpected shocks. Studying a history of interest rates in this context requires consideration of both the opportunities and risks of globalization and financial innovation.
Conclusion:
A history of interest rates is a complex and fascinating narrative that reflects the evolution of human economic activity, societal values, and technological advancements. From the clay tablets of ancient Mesopotamia to the sophisticated algorithms of modern financial markets, the story of interest rates demonstrates the enduring importance of credit and capital in driving economic growth and shaping global societies. Understanding this history is crucial for navigating the challenges and opportunities presented by the increasingly complex global financial landscape.
FAQs:
1. What is the difference between nominal and real interest rates? Nominal interest rates are the stated interest rates, while real interest rates adjust for inflation, providing a more accurate reflection of the true cost of borrowing or return on lending.
2. How do central banks influence interest rates? Central banks typically influence interest rates through open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount rate.
3. What are the factors that influence interest rates? Interest rates are influenced by a multitude of factors, including inflation, economic growth, government policies, and global market conditions.
4. What is the impact of interest rate changes on the economy? Changes in interest rates affect borrowing costs, investment decisions, consumer spending, and overall economic activity.
5. What are some historical examples of interest rate manipulation? Throughout a history of interest rates, governments have at times directly controlled or manipulated interest rates, often with significant economic consequences.
6. How have technological advancements impacted interest rates? The rise of technology has impacted the speed and efficiency of financial transactions, influenced the availability of credit, and changed the way interest rates are set and managed.
7. What is the future of interest rates? Predicting the future of interest rates is challenging, but factors like inflation, technological advancements, and geopolitical events will play crucial roles.
8. How do interest rates affect different sectors of the economy differently? Different sectors have varying levels of sensitivity to interest rate changes; for instance, sectors reliant on borrowing, such as housing, are usually more vulnerable.
9. What are the ethical considerations surrounding interest rates? The ethical implications of interest rates have been debated for centuries, involving questions of fairness, access to credit, and potential for exploitation.
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1. The Role of Interest Rates in Economic Cycles: This article will examine the relationship between interest rates and business cycles, exploring how monetary policy influences economic fluctuations.
2. The History of Central Banking and Interest Rate Policy: A detailed examination of the evolution of central banking institutions and their role in shaping interest rate policies across different countries and time periods.
3. The Impact of Interest Rates on Inflation: An in-depth study exploring the complex relationship between interest rates and inflation, including different schools of economic thought on the matter.
4. Interest Rates and the Housing Market: This article will focus on the significant influence interest rates exert on housing affordability, mortgage markets, and construction activity.
5. International Interest Rate Differentials and Capital Flows: An analysis of how differences in interest rates between countries impact international capital flows and exchange rates.
6. Interest Rate Derivatives and Risk Management: This article will delve into the use of interest rate derivatives for hedging against interest rate risk in financial markets.
7. The Great Depression and the Role of Interest Rates: An investigation into the role of interest rates in the events leading up to and during the Great Depression.
8. The Impact of Quantitative Easing on Interest Rates: An analysis of the unconventional monetary policy known as quantitative easing and its influence on interest rates in recent times.
9. Interest Rates and the Development of Financial Markets: This article will analyze how the development and sophistication of financial markets have been interwoven with the history of interest rates, influencing each other in a symbiotic way.
| a history of interest rates: A History of Interest Rates Sidney Homer, Richard Sylla, 2005-08-29 A History of Interest Rates presents a very readable account of interest rate trends and lending practices over four millennia of economic history. Despite the paucity of data prior to the Industrial Revolution, authors Homer and Sylla provide a highly detailed analysis of money markets and borrowing practices in major economies. Underlying the analysis is their assertion that the free market long-term rates of interest for any industrial nation, properly charted, provide a sort of fever chart of the economic and political health of that nation. Given the enormous volatility of rates in the 20th century, this implies we're living in age of political and economic excesses that are reflected in massive interest rate swings. Gain more insight into this assertion by ordering a copy of this book today. |
| a history of interest rates: A History of Interest Rates Sidney Homer, Richard Eugene Sylla, 1996 The late Sidney Homer published the First Edition of A History of Interest Rates in 1963 because he believed that a comprehensive history of this universal and basic economic and commercial price was necessary. Now in its Fourth Edition, A History of Interest Rates has become a classic in the fields of economics and finance. This one-of-a-kind guide presents a readable account of interest rate trends and lending practices spanning over four millennia of economic history. Filled with in-depth insights and illustrative charts and tables, this updated Fourth Edition provides a historical perspective of interest rate movements as well as a new chapter of contemporary material and added discussions of interest rate developments over the past ten years. A sampling of eras and areas covered include: Ancient Times: Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome Medieval Times and Renaissance Europe: Italy, Spain, Germany, France, and more Modern Europe and North America to 1900: England, France, and other European countries, as well as the United States Europe and North America since 1900: England, France, Germany, and Italy, as well as Canada and the United States Other countries and regions in the 1900s: Japan, Russia, China, and Latin America |
| a history of interest rates: A History of interest rates Sidney Homer, 1963 |
| a history of interest rates: The Price of Time Edward Chancellor, 2022-08-16 A comprehensive and profoundly relevant history of interest from one of the world’s leading financial writers, The Price of Time explains our current global financial position and how we got here In the beginning was the loan, and the loan carried interest. For at least five millennia people have been borrowing and lending at interest. The practice wasn’t always popular—in the ancient world, usury was generally viewed as exploitative, a potential path to debt bondage and slavery. Yet as capitalism became established from the late Middle Ages onwards, denunciations of interest were tempered because interest was a necessary reward for lenders to part with their capital. And interest performs many other vital functions: it encourages people to save; enables them to place a value on precious assets, such as houses and all manner of financial securities; and allows us to price risk. All economic and financial activities take place across time. Interest is often described as the “price of money,” but it is better called the “price of time:” time is scarce, time has value, interest is the time value of money. Over the first two decades of the twenty-first century, interest rates have sunk lower than ever before. Easy money after the global financial crisis in 2007/2008 has produced several ill effects, including the appearance of multiple asset price bubbles, a reduction in productivity growth, discouraging savings and exacerbating inequality, and forcing yield starved investors to take on excessive risk. The financial world now finds itself caught between a rock and a hard place, and Edward Chancellor is here to tell us why. In this enriching volume, Chancellor explores the history of interest and its essential function in determining how capital is allocated and priced. |
| a history of interest rates: A History of Interest Rates Sidney Homer, Richard Eugene Sylla, 1991 The purpose of this book is to seek out, record, and analyze the prevailing rates of interests themselves over a centuries-long period in many countries. |
| a history of interest rates: Beggar Thy Neighbor Charles R. Geisst, 2013-04-15 The practice of charging interest on loans has been controversial since it was first mentioned in early recorded history. Lending is a powerful economic tool, vital to the development of society but it can also lead to disaster if left unregulated. Prohibitions against excessive interest, or usury, have been found in almost all societies since antiquity. Whether loans were made in kind or in cash, creditors often were accused of beggar-thy-neighbor exploitation when their lending terms put borrowers at risk of ruin. While the concept of usury reflects transcendent notions of fairness, its definition has varied over time and place: Roman law distinguished between simple and compound interest, the medieval church banned interest altogether, and even Adam Smith favored a ceiling on interest. But in spite of these limits, the advantages and temptations of lending prompted financial innovations from margin investing and adjustable-rate mortgages to credit cards and microlending. In Beggar Thy Neighbor, financial historian Charles R. Geisst tracks the changing perceptions of usury and debt from the time of Cicero to the most recent financial crises. This comprehensive economic history looks at humanity's attempts to curb the abuse of debt while reaping the benefits of credit. Beggar Thy Neighbor examines the major debt revolutions of the past, demonstrating that extensive leverage and debt were behind most financial market crashes from the Renaissance to the present day. Geisst argues that usury prohibitions, as part of the natural law tradition in Western and Islamic societies, continue to play a key role in banking regulation despite modern advances in finance. From the Roman Empire to the recent Dodd-Frank financial reforms, usury ceilings still occupy a central place in notions of free markets and economic justice. |
| a history of interest rates: The Great Inflation Michael D. Bordo, Athanasios Orphanides, 2013-06-28 Controlling inflation is among the most important objectives of economic policy. By maintaining price stability, policy makers are able to reduce uncertainty, improve price-monitoring mechanisms, and facilitate more efficient planning and allocation of resources, thereby raising productivity. This volume focuses on understanding the causes of the Great Inflation of the 1970s and ’80s, which saw rising inflation in many nations, and which propelled interest rates across the developing world into the double digits. In the decades since, the immediate cause of the period’s rise in inflation has been the subject of considerable debate. Among the areas of contention are the role of monetary policy in driving inflation and the implications this had both for policy design and for evaluating the performance of those who set the policy. Here, contributors map monetary policy from the 1960s to the present, shedding light on the ways in which the lessons of the Great Inflation were absorbed and applied to today’s global and increasingly complex economic environment. |
| a history of interest rates: Interest Rate Markets Siddhartha Jha, 2011-02-11 How to build a framework for forecasting interest rate market movements With trillions of dollars worth of trades conducted every year in everything from U.S. Treasury bonds to mortgage-backed securities, the U.S. interest rate market is one of the largest fixed income markets in the world. Interest Rate Markets: A Practical Approach to Fixed Income details the typical quantitative tools used to analyze rates markets; the range of fixed income products on the cash side; interest rate movements; and, the derivatives side of the business. Emphasizes the importance of hedging and quantitatively managing risks inherent in interest rate trades Details the common trades which can be used by investors to take views on interest rates in an efficient manner, the methods used to accurately set up these trades, as well as common pitfalls and risks?providing examples from previous market stress events such as 2008 Includes exclusive access to the Interest Rate Markets Web site which includes commonly used calculations and trade construction methods Interest Rate Markets helps readers to understand the structural nature of the rates markets and to develop a framework for thinking about these markets intuitively, rather than focusing on mathematical models |
| a history of interest rates: Interest Rate Swaps and Other Derivatives Howard Corb, 2012-08-28 The first swap was executed over thirty years ago. Since then, the interest rate swaps and other derivative markets have grown and diversified in phenomenal directions. Derivatives are used today by a myriad of institutional investors for the purposes of risk management, expressing a view on the market, and pursuing market opportunities that are otherwise unavailable using more traditional financial instruments. In this volume, Howard Corb explores the concepts behind interest rate swaps and the many derivatives that evolved from them. Corb's book uniquely marries academic rigor and real-world trading experience in a compelling, readable style. While it is filled with sophisticated formulas and analysis, the volume is geared toward a wide range of readers searching for an in-depth understanding of these markets. It serves as both a textbook for students and a must-have reference book for practitioners. Corb helps readers develop an intuitive feel for these products and their use in the market, providing a detailed introduction to more complicated trades and structures. Through examples of financial structuring, readers will come away with an understanding of how derivatives products are created and how they can be deconstructed and analyzed effectively. |
| a history of interest rates: Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom Milton Friedman, Anna J. Schwartz, 2011-03-15 The special task of this book is to present a statistical and theoretical analysis of the relation between the quantity of money and other key economic magnitudes over periods longer than those dominated by cyclical fluctuations-hence the term trends in the title. This book is not restricted to the United States but includes comparable data for the United Kingdom. |
| a history of interest rates: Interest and Prices Michael Woodford, 2011-12-12 With the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, any pretense of a connection of the world's currencies to any real commodity has been abandoned. Yet since the 1980s, most central banks have abandoned money-growth targets as practical guidelines for monetary policy as well. How then can pure fiat currencies be managed so as to create confidence in the stability of national units of account? Interest and Prices seeks to provide theoretical foundations for a rule-based approach to monetary policy suitable for a world of instant communications and ever more efficient financial markets. In such a world, effective monetary policy requires that central banks construct a conscious and articulate account of what they are doing. Michael Woodford reexamines the foundations of monetary economics, and shows how interest-rate policy can be used to achieve an inflation target in the absence of either commodity backing or control of a monetary aggregate. The book further shows how the tools of modern macroeconomic theory can be used to design an optimal inflation-targeting regime--one that balances stabilization goals with the pursuit of price stability in a way that is grounded in an explicit welfare analysis, and that takes account of the New Classical critique of traditional policy evaluation exercises. It thus argues that rule-based policymaking need not mean adherence to a rigid framework unrelated to stabilization objectives for the sake of credibility, while at the same time showing the advantages of rule-based over purely discretionary policymaking. |
| a history of interest rates: Interest Rate Modeling Lixin Wu, 2009-05-14 Containing many results that are new or exist only in recent research articles, Interest Rate Modeling: Theory and Practice portrays the theory of interest rate modeling as a three-dimensional object of finance, mathematics, and computation. It introduces all models with financial-economical justifications, develops options along the martingale app |
| a history of interest rates: When Interest Rates Rise Nathan Welch, 2019-03-15 WHEN INTEREST RATES RISEPersonal Finance is completely different this time, when compared to the previous 34 years! The interest rate trend has changed and will have profound effects that are different from the conditioning that has occurred over decades. Will you choose to see it? This book details what to expect and how to reduce interest rate risk with bonds, mortgages, and outlines a prediction mechanism for equity markets. |
| a history of interest rates: Monetary Policy Rules John B. Taylor, 2007-12-01 This timely volume presents the latest thinking on the monetary policy rules and seeks to determine just what types of rules and policy guidelines function best. A unique cooperative research effort that allowed contributors to evaluate different policy rules using their own specific approaches, this collection presents their striking findings on the potential response of interest rates to an array of variables, including alterations in the rates of inflation, unemployment, and exchange. Monetary Policy Rules illustrates that simple policy rules are more robust and more efficient than complex rules with multiple variables. A state-of-the-art appraisal of the fundamental issues facing the Federal Reserve Board and other central banks, Monetary Policy Rules is essential reading for economic analysts and policymakers alike. |
| a history of interest rates: Money, Interest Rates, and Inflation Frederic S. Mishkin, 1993 Frederick Mishkin's work has been dedicated to understanding the relationship between money, interest rates and inflation. The 15 essays in this collection - unabashedly empirical and rigorous - include much of Professor Mishkin's most highly regarded work. Money, Interst Rates and Inflation offers a coherent and informative assessment of how monetary policy affects the economy. In addition, the essays in this collection illustrate how rational expectations econometrics can be used to answer basic questions in the monetary-macroeconomics and finance areas. |
| a history of interest rates: Manias, Panics, and Crashes Robert Z. Aliber, Charles P. Kindleberger, 2017-12-07 This seventh edition of an investment classic has been thoroughly revised and expanded following the latest crises to hit international markets. Renowned economist Robert Z. Aliber introduces the concept that global financial crises in recent years are not independent events, but symptomatic of an inherent instability in the international system. |
| a history of interest rates: International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards , 2004 |
| a history of interest rates: Interest and Prices Knut Wicksell, 1936 |
| a history of interest rates: Term Structure of Interest Rates Burton Gordon Malkiel, 2015-12-08 Can expectations alone explain the yield differentials among bonds of different maturities? To what extend do attitudes toward risk and transactions costs influence the behavior of bond investors? Is it possible for the Federal Reserve to twist the interest-rate structure in accordance with its policy objectives? These are among the questions treated. Originally published in 1966. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905. |
| a history of interest rates: Mathematics of Interest Rates and Finance Gary C. Guthrie, Larry D. Lemon, 2014-01-22 This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. For courses in Actuarial Mathematics, Introduction to Insurance, and Personal/Business Finance. This text presents the basic core of information needed to understand the impact of interest rates on the world of investments, real estate, corporate planning, insurance, and securities transactions. The authors presuppose a working knowledge of basic algebra, arithmetic, and percents for the core of the book: their goal is for students to understand well those few underlying principles that play out in nearly every finance and interest problem. There are several sections that utilize calculus and one chapter that requires statistics. Using time line diagrams as important tools in analyzing money and interest exercises, the text contains a great deal of practical financial applications of interest theory as well as its foundational definitions and theorems. It relies on the use of calculator and computer technology instead of tables; this approach frees students to understand challenging topics without wilting under labor-intensive details. |
| a history of interest rates: Narrative Economics Robert J. Shiller, 2020-09-01 From Nobel Prize–winning economist and New York Times bestselling author Robert Shiller, a groundbreaking account of how stories help drive economic events—and why financial panics can spread like epidemic viruses Stories people tell—about financial confidence or panic, housing booms, or Bitcoin—can go viral and powerfully affect economies, but such narratives have traditionally been ignored in economics and finance because they seem anecdotal and unscientific. In this groundbreaking book, Robert Shiller explains why we ignore these stories at our peril—and how we can begin to take them seriously. Using a rich array of examples and data, Shiller argues that studying popular stories that influence individual and collective economic behavior—what he calls narrative economics—may vastly improve our ability to predict, prepare for, and lessen the damage of financial crises and other major economic events. The result is nothing less than a new way to think about the economy, economic change, and economics. In a new preface, Shiller reflects on some of the challenges facing narrative economics, discusses the connection between disease epidemics and economic epidemics, and suggests why epidemiology may hold lessons for fighting economic contagions. |
| a history of interest rates: Devil Take the Hindmost Edward Chancellor, 2000-06-01 A lively, original, and challenging history of stock market speculation from the 17th century to present day. Is your investment in that new Internet stock a sign of stock market savvy or an act of peculiarly American speculative folly? How has the psychology of investing changed—and not changed—over the last five hundred years? In Devil Take the Hindmost, Edward Chancellor traces the origins of the speculative spirit back to ancient Rome and chronicles its revival in the modern world: from the tulip scandal of 1630s Holland, to “stockjobbing” in London's Exchange Alley, to the infamous South Sea Bubble of 1720, which prompted Sir Isaac Newton to comment, “I can calculate the motion of heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.” Here are brokers underwriting risks that included highway robbery and the “assurance of female chastity”; credit notes and lottery tickets circulating as money; wise and unwise investors from Alexander Pope and Benjamin Disraeli to Ivan Boesky and Hillary Rodham Clinton. From the Gilded Age to the Roaring Twenties, from the nineteenth century railway mania to the crash of 1929, from junk bonds and the Japanese bubble economy to the day-traders of the Information Era, Devil Take the Hindmost tells a fascinating story of human dreams and folly through the ages. |
| a history of interest rates: Interest and Inflation Free Money: Creating an Exchange Medium That Works for Everybody and Protects the Earth Margrit Kennedy , 1995 Publisher: Inbook; Rev Sub edition (March 1995)Language: EnglishISBN-10: 0964302500ISBN-13: 978-0964302501 |
| a history of interest rates: Interest Rate Modelling Jessica James, Nick Webber, 2000-06-08 Back Cover ( this section should include endorsements also) As interest rate markets continue to innovate and expand it is becoming increasingly important to remain up-to-date with the latest practical and theoretical developments. This book covers the latest developments in full, with descriptions and implementation techniques for all the major classes of interest rate models - both those actively used in practice as well as theoretical models still 'waiting in the wings'. Interest rate models, implementation methods and estimation issues are discussed at length by the authors as are important new developments such as kernel estimation techniques, economic based models, implied pricing methods and models on manifolds. Providing balanced coverage of both the practical use of models and the theory that underlies them, Interest Rate Modelling adopts an implementation orientation throughout making it an ideal resource for both practitioners and researchers. Back Flap Jessica James Jessica James is Head of Research for Bank One's Strategic Risk Management group, based in the UK. Jessica started life as a physicist at Manchester University and completed her D Phil in Theoretical Atomic and Nuclear Physics at Christ Church, Oxford, under Professor Sandars. After a year as a college lecturer at Trinity, Oxford, she began work at the First National Bank of Chicago, now Bank One, where she still works. She is well known as a speaker on the conference circuit, lecturing on a variety of topics such as VaR, capital allocation, credit derivatives and interest rate modelling, and has published articles on various aspects of financial modelling. Nick Webber Nick Webber is a lecturer in Finance at Warwick Business School. Prior to his academic career, Nick had extensive experience in the industrial and commercial world in operational research and computing. After obtaining a PhD in Theoretical Physics from Imperial College he began research into financial options. His main area of research centres on interest rate modelling and computational finance. He has taught practitioner and academic courses for many years, chiefly on options and interest rates. Front Flap Interest Rate Modelling provides a comprehensive resource on all the main aspects of valuing and hedging interest rate products. A series of introductory chapters reviews the theoretical background, pointing out the problems in using naïve valuation and implementation techniques. There follows a full analysis of interest rate models including major categories, such as Affine, HJM and Market models, and in addition, lesser well known types that include Consol, Random field and Jump-augmented Models. Implementation methods are discussed in depth including the latest developments in the use of finite difference, Lattice and Monte Carlo methods and their particular application to the valuation of interest rate derivatives. Containing previously unpublished material, Interest Rate Modelling is a key reference work both for practitioners developing and implementing models for real and for academics teaching and researching in the field. |
| a history of interest rates: The Day the Markets Roared Henry Kaufman, David B. Sicilia, 2021-04-06 Legendary economist Dr. Henry Kaufman shares a classic Wall Street story that has never been fully told: a firsthand account of the day in August 1982 that would define US economics for decades Dr. Henry Kaufman is the most famous economist Wall Street has ever seen, renowned well beyond the financial industry. He was the subject of New Yorker cartoons, had cameos in drama productions and two seminal literary works of the 1980s, was subject to death threats, and enjoyed the nickname Dr. Doom. His pinnacle of influence arrived on August 17, 1982. That single day turned out to be the beginning of the world that we now live in. At the time, after painful years of high interest rates and the inflation of the late 1960s and 1970s, consumers were paying 17 percent and higher to borrow money. But by the end of one summer day almost 40 years ago, the stock market had undergone its second-biggest rally since WWII, while bond prices soared and interest rates plunged. Dr. Kaufman himself had written a memo that sparked this tremendous boom-and it set the global markets on fire, marking the start of almost four decades of US economic growth. The Day the Markets Roared answers the questions: • Why did Dr. Kaufman break with his longstanding bearish views to make a momentous prediction that spurred blaring headlines everywhere from Brazil to Beijing? • How could a private individual exercise such profound influence over global financial markets? • How did we get to today's rock-bottom and even negative rates? And what is their continuing impact on the economy, our financial markets and our livelihoods? The Day the Markets Roared is a firsthand, minute-by-minute account of one remarkable day in financial and economic history, with a rich cast of characters, from Salomon's John Gutfreund to interest rate guru Sydney Homer, to Dr. Kaufman's longtime friend, Fed Chairman Paul Volcker. Dr. Kaufman reflects on the lessons of the historic August 1982 episode, harkening back to a more optimistic moment in American history, and offering inspiration for better times ahead. |
| a history of interest rates: Negative Interest Rates Luís Brandão Marques, Marco Casiraghi, Gaston Gelos, Güneş Kamber, Roland Meeks, 2021-03-03 This paper focuses on negative interest rate policies and covers a broad range of its effects, with a detailed discussion of findings in the academic literature and of broader country experiences. |
| a history of interest rates: General Theory Of Employment , Interest And Money John Maynard Keynes, 2016-04 John Maynard Keynes is the great British economist of the twentieth century whose hugely influential work The General Theory of Employment, Interest and * is undoubtedly the century's most important book on economics--strongly influencing economic theory and practice, particularly with regard to the role of government in stimulating and regulating a nation's economic life. Keynes's work has undergone significant revaluation in recent years, and Keynesian views which have been widely defended for so long are now perceived as at odds with Keynes's own thinking. Recent scholarship and research has demonstrated considerable rivalry and controversy concerning the proper interpretation of Keynes's works, such that recourse to the original text is all the more important. Although considered by a few critics that the sentence structures of the book are quite incomprehensible and almost unbearable to read, the book is an essential reading for all those who desire a basic education in economics. The key to understanding Keynes is the notion that at particular times in the business cycle, an economy can become over-productive (or under-consumptive) and thus, a vicious spiral is begun that results in massive layoffs and cuts in production as businesses attempt to equilibrate aggregate supply and demand. Thus, full employment is only one of many or multiple macro equilibria. If an economy reaches an underemployment equilibrium, something is necessary to boost or stimulate demand to produce full employment. This something could be business investment but because of the logic and individualist nature of investment decisions, it is unlikely to rapidly restore full employment. Keynes logically seizes upon the public budget and government expenditures as the quickest way to restore full employment. Borrowing the * to finance the deficit from private households and businesses is a quick, direct way to restore full employment while at the same time, redirecting or siphoning |
| a history of interest rates: A Brief History of Price J. Hartwick, 1993-09-20 This book is an attempt to explain to the layperson what contemporary economics is about. It starts on the assumption that most economics is just refined common sense and clearly explains the key ideas associated with each issue. All the main topics of academic economics are considered: the theory of individual choice, the labour market, the competition between firms, international trade, economic growth, the stock market, unemployment, and money. The general principles are sketched first without maths or diagrams, and then discussed in the context of topical problems such as the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, the lack of development in the third-world countries, the contrast between market forces and the protection of the environment, showing how economics is not necessarily a dry academic pursuit. |
| a history of interest rates: History of Financial Institutions Carmen Hofmann, Martin L. Müller, 2016-10-04 Globalization is not an external force but a result of concrete business decisions made by millions of entrepreneurs and managers across the world. As such, the modern corporation has completely altered the economic landscape; business and finance have shaped the international order of the modern world. History of Financial Institutions contributes to the analysis of how the modern corporation, business and finance have shaped and keep on shaping our world. In a collection of nine succinct essays, this volume looks at the role of finance in European history from the beginning of the 19th century to the period after the Second World War. Archivists and financial historians, who are also leading scholars of banking and financial history, investigate the ways in which the international post-war order developed. They draw on often hitherto unused archival sources from central banks and other institutions to reveal the unique histories of a variety of European countries and the paths that have led to the contemporary economic and financial system. The collection includes reflections on (monetary) stabilization, inflation, hyperinflation, globalization and public relations in banking and commerce. This book is essential reading for banking and finance executives, as well as policy makers with a historical interest. It will also be of importance to academics with a particular interest in economic history, financial or banking history, and European history. |
| a history of interest rates: The Making of a Market Juliette Levy, 2012-01-01 During the nineteenth century, Yucat&án moved effectively from its colonial past into modernity, transforming from a cattle-ranching and subsistence-farming economy to a booming export-oriented agricultural economy. Yucat&án and its economy grew in response to increasing demand from the United States for henequen, the local cordage fiber. This henequen boom has often been seen as another regional and historical example of overdependence on foreign markets and extortionary local elites. In The Making of a Market, Juliette Levy argues instead that local social and economic dynamics are the root of the region&’s development. She shows how credit markets contributed to the boom before banks (and bank crises) existed and how people borrowed before the creation of institutions designed specifically to lend. As the intermediaries in this lending process, notaries became unwitting catalysts of Yucat&án&’s capitalist transformation. By focusing attention on the notaries&’ role in structuring the mortgage market rather than on formal institutions such as banks, this study challenges the easy compartmentalization of local and global relationships and of economic and social relationships. |
| a history of interest rates: Principles Ray Dalio, 2018-08-07 #1 New York Times Bestseller “Significant...The book is both instructive and surprisingly moving.” —The New York Times Ray Dalio, one of the world’s most successful investors and entrepreneurs, shares the unconventional principles that he’s developed, refined, and used over the past forty years to create unique results in both life and business—and which any person or organization can adopt to help achieve their goals. In 1975, Ray Dalio founded an investment firm, Bridgewater Associates, out of his two-bedroom apartment in New York City. Forty years later, Bridgewater has made more money for its clients than any other hedge fund in history and grown into the fifth most important private company in the United States, according to Fortune magazine. Dalio himself has been named to Time magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Along the way, Dalio discovered a set of unique principles that have led to Bridgewater’s exceptionally effective culture, which he describes as “an idea meritocracy that strives to achieve meaningful work and meaningful relationships through radical transparency.” It is these principles, and not anything special about Dalio—who grew up an ordinary kid in a middle-class Long Island neighborhood—that he believes are the reason behind his success. In Principles, Dalio shares what he’s learned over the course of his remarkable career. He argues that life, management, economics, and investing can all be systemized into rules and understood like machines. The book’s hundreds of practical lessons, which are built around his cornerstones of “radical truth” and “radical transparency,” include Dalio laying out the most effective ways for individuals and organizations to make decisions, approach challenges, and build strong teams. He also describes the innovative tools the firm uses to bring an idea meritocracy to life, such as creating “baseball cards” for all employees that distill their strengths and weaknesses, and employing computerized decision-making systems to make believability-weighted decisions. While the book brims with novel ideas for organizations and institutions, Principles also offers a clear, straightforward approach to decision-making that Dalio believes anyone can apply, no matter what they’re seeking to achieve. Here, from a man who has been called both “the Steve Jobs of investing” and “the philosopher king of the financial universe” (CIO magazine), is a rare opportunity to gain proven advice unlike anything you’ll find in the conventional business press. |
| a history of interest rates: This Time Is Different Carmen M. Reinhart, Kenneth S. Rogoff, 2011-08-07 An empirical investigation of financial crises during the last 800 years. |
| a history of interest rates: The Lords of Easy Money Christopher Leonard, 2023-01-10 The New York Times bestseller from business journalist Christopher Leonard infiltrates one of America’s most mysterious institutions—the Federal Reserve—to show how its policies spearheaded by Chairman Jerome Powell over the past ten years have accelerated income inequality and put our country’s economic stability at risk. If you asked most people what forces led to today’s unprecedented income inequality and financial crashes, no one would say the Federal Reserve. For most of its history, the Fed has enjoyed the fawning adoration of the press. When the economy grew, it was credited to the Fed. When the economy imploded in 2008, the Fed got credit for rescuing us. But here, for the first time, is the inside story of how the Fed has reshaped the American economy for the worse. It all started on November 3, 2010, when the Fed began a radical intervention called quantitative easing. In just a few short years, the Fed more than quadrupled the money supply with one goal: to encourage banks and other investors to extend more risky debt. Leaders at the Fed knew that they were undertaking a bold experiment that would produce few real jobs, with long-term risks that were hard to measure. But the Fed proceeded anyway…and then found itself trapped. Once it printed all that money, there was no way to withdraw it from circulation. The Fed tried several times, only to see the market start to crash, at which point the Fed turned the money spigot back on. That’s what it did when COVID hit, printing 300 years’ worth of money in a few short months. Which brings us to now: Ten years on, the gap between the rich and poor has grown dramatically, inflation is raging, and the stock market is driven by boom, busts, and bailouts. Middle-class Americans seem stuck in a stage of permanent stagnation, with wage gains wiped out by high prices even as they remain buried under credit card debt, car loan debt, and student debt. Meanwhile, the “too big to fail” banks remain bigger and more powerful than ever while the richest Americans enjoy the gains of a hyper-charged financial system. The Lords of Easy Money “skillfully” (The Wall Street Journal) tells the “fascinating” (The New York Times) tale of how quantitative easing is imperiling the American economy through the story of the one man who tried to warn us. This is the first inside story of how we really got here—and why our economy rests on such unstable ground. |
| a history of interest rates: What Did Jesus Look Like? Joan E. Taylor, 2018-02-08 Jesus Christ is arguably the most famous man who ever lived. His image adorns countless churches, icons, and paintings. He is the subject of millions of statues, sculptures, devotional objects and works of art. Everyone can conjure an image of Jesus: usually as a handsome, white man with flowing locks and pristine linen robes. But what did Jesus really look like? Is our popular image of Jesus overly westernized and untrue to historical reality? This question continues to fascinate. Leading Christian Origins scholar Joan E. Taylor surveys the historical evidence, and the prevalent image of Jesus in art and culture, to suggest an entirely different vision of this most famous of men. He may even have had short hair. |
| a history of interest rates: Swiss Monetary History since the Early 19th Century Ernst Baltensperger, Peter Kugler, 2017-08-03 This book describes the remarkable path which led to the Swiss Franc becoming the strong international currency that it is today. Ernst Baltensperger and Peter Kugler use Swiss monetary history to provide valuable insights into a number of issues concerning the organization and development of monetary institutions and currency that shaped the structure of financial markets and affected the economic course of a country in important ways. They investigate a number of topics, including the functioning of a world without a central bank, the role of competition and monopoly in money and banking, the functioning of monetary unions, monetary policy of small open economies under fixed and flexible exchange rates, the stability of money demand and supply under different monetary regimes, and the monetary and macroeconomic effects of Swiss Banking and Finance. Swiss Monetary History since the Early 19th Century illustrates the value of monetary history for understanding financial markets and macroeconomics today. |
| a history of interest rates: Monetary Policy and the Housing Bubble Jane Dokko, 2009 |
| a history of interest rates: Inside the Yield Book Sidney Homer, Martin L. Leibowitz, 1972 |
| a history of interest rates: Long Term Interest Rates Daryl Watkins, 2015 The long-term interest rate is a central variable in the macroeconomy. It matters to borrowers looking to start a business or purchase a home; to lenders weighing the risks and rewards of extending credit; to savers preparing for college or retirement; and to policymakers gauging the state of the economy and financing government expenditure. The global financial crisis and the aggressive policy response pushed long-term interest rates in the United States and in many advanced economies to historically low levels. But today's low-rate environment is not just a cyclical story. Interest rates had been falling worldwide for nearly twenty years before the crisis. Despite the magnitude and persistence of the secular downtrend, the explanation for the decline is one of the most vexing questions faced by macroeconomists today. The future path of interest rates is even less clear. This book surveys the recent thinking on the many drivers of long-term interest rates in recent decades and going forward. In addition, this book provides a speech by Federal Reserve Board Governor Bernanke at the Sandridge Lecture which discusses the global saving glut and the U.S. current deficit. |
| a history of interest rates: Negative Interest Rates Jacques Ninet, 2020-11-26 This volume of Critical Studies on Corporate Responsibility, Governance and Sustainability titled Negative Interest Rates: The Black Hole of Financial Capitalism is the English translation of and already published french book about Financial Capitalism. It explores the themes and the consequences of Negative interest and capitalism. |
| a history of interest rates: The Federal Reserve System Purposes and Functions Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2002 Provides an in-depth overview of the Federal Reserve System, including information about monetary policy and the economy, the Federal Reserve in the international sphere, supervision and regulation, consumer and community affairs and services offered by Reserve Banks. Contains several appendixes, including a brief explanation of Federal Reserve regulations, a glossary of terms, and a list of additional publications. |
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