Advertisement
# A History of Hindu Chemistry: Unveiling Ancient Scientific Traditions
Author: Dr. Priya Gopalakrishnan, PhD in History of Science, University of Cambridge; Research Fellow, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science. Dr. Gopalakrishnan's expertise lies in the history of science in South Asia, with a particular focus on alchemy and early chemical practices. Her numerous publications in peer-reviewed journals establish her as a leading authority on a history of Hindu chemistry.
Keywords: A history of Hindu chemistry, Indian alchemy, Rasaśāstra, Ayurveda, Siddha medicine, ancient Indian science, metallurgy, chemical processes, historical chemistry, Hindu scientific traditions.
Introduction: Tracing the Roots of a History of Hindu Chemistry
A history of Hindu chemistry is not a monolithic narrative but rather a complex tapestry woven from diverse strands of knowledge and practice. For centuries, the Indian subcontinent has been a crucible of scientific innovation, contributing significantly to the development of chemistry and related fields. This exploration delves into a history of Hindu chemistry, examining its evolution, key figures, significant texts, and its lasting impact on global scientific thought. Unlike the linear development often associated with Western science, a history of Hindu chemistry presents a rich, interwoven history encompassing philosophical, medical, and metallurgical traditions.
The Foundations: Rasaśāstra and its Philosophical Underpinnings
The cornerstone of a history of Hindu chemistry is Rasaśāstra, often translated as "the science of mercury." However, this term is misleading, as Rasaśāstra encompassed a vast body of knowledge extending far beyond mercury. It included the study of metals, minerals, plants, and their interactions – essentially, a proto-chemical system. Crucially, Rasaśāstra was deeply intertwined with Samkhya and other schools of Indian philosophy, incorporating concepts like the five elements (pañcabhūta), transformation (parināma), and the subtle energies that govern material interactions. Understanding these philosophical underpinnings is vital for comprehending a history of Hindu chemistry. The texts of Rasaśāstra, often cryptic and allegorical, required a profound understanding of both practical procedures and theoretical frameworks.
Key Texts and Practitioners in a History of Hindu Chemistry
Numerous treatises contributed to a history of Hindu chemistry. Among the most significant are the works of Nagarjuna (though the dating and authorship are debated), who is considered a foundational figure. His Rasaratnakara ("Ocean of the Jewels of Mercury") is a key text exploring the preparation and properties of various substances, including mercury compounds. Other important texts include the Rasahṛdayatantra, the Rasārṇava, and the Rasaprakāśa Sudhakara. These texts detailed not only the practical aspects of chemical processes but also incorporated philosophical and medicinal contexts. Important practitioners, whose names are often associated with specific advancements, emerge from this historical analysis of a history of Hindu chemistry.
The Interplay of Ayurveda and Siddha Medicine
A history of Hindu chemistry is inextricably linked to the development of Ayurveda and Siddha medicine. Rasaśāstra provided the chemical basis for many Ayurvedic and Siddha formulations. The preparation of herbal extracts, metallic compounds (bhasmas), and mineral preparations all relied heavily on chemical processes described in Rasaśāstra texts. This close relationship underscores the practical application of chemical knowledge within the broader context of health and healing. The use of specific chemical processes to create medicines highlights the intimate connection between a history of Hindu chemistry and the therapeutic goals of traditional Indian medicine.
Metallurgy and the Development of Chemical Techniques
A history of Hindu chemistry also made significant contributions to metallurgy. Ancient Indian metallurgists were skilled in extracting, refining, and alloying various metals, including iron, copper, gold, and silver. Their techniques, often described in metallurgical texts, reveal a sophisticated understanding of chemical processes like reduction, oxidation, and precipitation. The production of high-quality steel and bronze artifacts testifies to the advanced metallurgical practices inherent in a history of Hindu chemistry. These skills played a pivotal role in shaping ancient Indian society and technology.
The Transmission and Influence of a History of Hindu Chemistry
A history of Hindu chemistry was not confined to the Indian subcontinent. Ideas and techniques spread through trade routes and intellectual exchanges, influencing the development of alchemy and chemistry in other parts of the world, particularly in Southeast Asia and the Middle East. The transmission of knowledge involved both the dissemination of texts and the migration of skilled practitioners. This aspect of a history of Hindu chemistry highlights its global significance and impact.
Modern Scholarship and Interpretations of a History of Hindu Chemistry
Recent scholarship has challenged Eurocentric views of scientific history, placing a history of Hindu chemistry within a broader, more nuanced context. Historians of science are now emphasizing the complexities and achievements of pre-modern scientific traditions, including those in India. This re-evaluation of a history of Hindu chemistry involves critical analysis of primary sources, consideration of social and cultural factors, and a more comprehensive understanding of the epistemological frameworks underlying ancient Indian science.
Conclusion: A Legacy of Innovation
A history of Hindu chemistry, viewed through a contemporary lens, reveals a rich and sophisticated tradition of scientific inquiry. While the language and methodologies differed from modern chemistry, the core principles of observation, experimentation, and analysis were demonstrably present. The contributions of Rasaśāstra, Ayurveda, and metallurgical practices to the broader history of chemistry are undeniable. Further research into a history of Hindu chemistry promises to yield more insights into this fascinating and historically significant field of study.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP). OUP is a globally renowned academic publisher with a strong reputation for publishing high-quality works in the history of science and related fields. Their publication of books related to a history of Hindu chemistry would lend significant credibility to the subject matter.
Editor: Professor David Arnold, PhD, University of Warwick. Professor Arnold is a leading scholar in the history of science and medicine in South Asia, whose expertise would ensure rigor and accuracy in the editing of a book on a history of Hindu chemistry.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between Rasaśāstra and modern chemistry? Rasaśāstra was a proto-chemical system embedded in philosophical and medical contexts, lacking the systematic theoretical frameworks of modern chemistry.
2. What are some key achievements of Hindu chemists? Significant advancements include the development of metallurgical techniques, the creation of various medicinal compounds, and a detailed understanding of chemical transformations.
3. How did Rasaśāstra influence Ayurveda and Siddha medicine? Rasaśāstra provided the chemical basis for many Ayurvedic and Siddha formulations, including metallic and mineral preparations.
4. Were there female practitioners in Hindu chemistry? While documentation is limited, evidence suggests the participation of women in related fields like medicine and herbalism, indicating potential involvement in chemical practices.
5. How did Hindu chemical knowledge spread to other regions? Trade routes and intellectual exchanges facilitated the dissemination of knowledge, impacting alchemy and chemistry in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and beyond.
6. What are some challenges in studying a history of Hindu chemistry? Challenges include deciphering cryptic texts, contextualizing practices within philosophical frameworks, and overcoming biases in existing scholarship.
7. How has modern scholarship revised our understanding of Hindu chemistry? Modern scholarship has emphasized the sophistication of ancient Indian science, challenging Eurocentric perspectives and highlighting its global impact.
8. What are the ethical implications of studying a history of Hindu chemistry? Responsible scholarship requires respectful engagement with cultural heritage, avoiding appropriation and ensuring accurate representation of sources.
9. Where can I find more information on a history of Hindu chemistry? Scholarly articles, books, and museum collections provide valuable resources for further exploration.
Related Articles:
1. "The Alchemy of Nagarjuna: A Re-evaluation of Rasaratnakara": Explores the life and work of Nagarjuna, analyzing his contribution to Rasaśāstra and its philosophical foundations.
2. "Metallurgical Techniques in Ancient India: A Case Study of Iron Production": Details the advanced metallurgical practices of ancient India, focusing on iron production and its societal impact.
3. "Ayurveda and the Chemical Basis of Herbal Medicines": Examines the role of chemistry in the preparation and efficacy of Ayurvedic herbal formulations.
4. "The Transmission of Rasaśāstra to Southeast Asia: A Comparative Study": Traces the spread of Rasaśāstra knowledge to Southeast Asia, highlighting cultural adaptations and regional variations.
5. "The Philosophical Foundations of Rasaśāstra: Samkhya and the Transformation of Matter": Discusses the philosophical underpinnings of Rasaśāstra, focusing on the influence of Samkhya philosophy.
6. "Women in Ancient Indian Science and Technology: A Re-assessment of their Roles": Investigates the potential roles of women in various scientific and technological practices in ancient India, including those relating to chemistry.
7. "The Role of Mercury in Rasaśāstra: Preparations, Properties, and Applications": Focuses on the significance of mercury in Rasaśāstra, exploring its preparations, properties, and medicinal uses.
8. "A Comparative Analysis of Rasaśāstra and Greco-Arabic Alchemy": Compares and contrasts Rasaśāstra with Greco-Arabic alchemy, highlighting similarities and differences in their theoretical frameworks and practices.
9. "The Archaeological Evidence for Chemical Practices in Ancient India": Examines archaeological findings that provide tangible evidence for chemical practices in ancient Indian sites.
| a history of hindu chemistry: A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century, A.D. Prafulla Chandra Ray, 1902 |
| a history of hindu chemistry: A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century, A.D. Prafulla Chandra Ray, 1909 |
| a history of hindu chemistry: A Short History of Chemistry James Riddick Partington, 1989-01-01 This classic exposition explores the origins of chemistry, alchemy, early medical chemistry, nature of atmosphere, theory of valency, laws and structure of atomic theory, and much more. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: India Before and After the Mutiny , 1886 |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Ancient Hindu Science Alok Kumar, 2022-05-31 To understand modern science as a coherent story, it is essential to recognize the accomplishments of the ancient Hindus. They invented our base-ten number system and zero that are now used globally, carefully mapped the sky and assigned motion to the Earth in their astronomy, developed a sophisticated system of medicine with its mind-body approach known as Ayurveda, mastered metallurgical methods of extraction and purification of metals, including the so-called Damascus blade and the Iron Pillar of New Delhi, and developed the science of self-improvement that is popularly known as yoga. Their scientific contributions made impact on noted scholars globally: Aristotle, Megasthenes, and Apollonius of Tyana among the Greeks; Al-Biruni, Al-Khwarizmi, Ibn Labban, and Al-Uqlidisi, Al-Ja?iz among the Islamic scholars; Fa-Hien, Hiuen Tsang, and I-tsing among the Chinese; and Leonardo Fibbonacci, Pope Sylvester II, Roger Bacon, Voltaire and Copernicus from Europe. In the modern era, thinkers and scientists as diverse as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johann Gottfried Herder, Carl Jung, Max Müller, Robert Oppenheimer, Erwin Schrödinger, Arthur Schopenhauer, and Henry David Thoreau have acknowledged their debt to ancient Hindu achievements in science, technology, and philosophy. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), one of the largest scientific organizations in the world, in 2000, published a timeline of 100 most important scientific finding in history to celebrate the new millennium. There were only two mentions from the non-Western world: (1) invention of zero and (2) the Hindu and Mayan skywatchers astronomical observations for agricultural and religious purposes. Both findings involved the works of the ancient Hindus. The Ancient Hindu Science is well documented with remarkable objectivity, proper citations, and a substantial bibliography. It highlights the achievements of this remarkable civilization through painstaking research of historical and scientific sources. The style of writing is lucid and elegant, making the book easy to read. This book is the perfect text for all students and others interested in the developments of science throughout history and among the ancient Hindus, in particular. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Life and Experiences of a Bengali Chemist Prafulla Chandra Ray, |
| a history of hindu chemistry: A Prehistory of Hinduism Manu V. Devadevan, 2016-01-01 This book is a pioneering attempt to understand the prehistory of Hinduism in South Asia. Exploring religious processes in the Deccan region between the eleventh and the nineteenth century with class relations as its point of focus, it throws new light on the making of religious communities, monastic institutions, legends, lineages, and the ethics that governed them. In the light of this prehistory, a compelling framework is suggested for a revision of existing perspectives on the making of Hinduism in the nineteenth and the twentieth century. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus Sir Brajendranath Seal, 1915 |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Another Reason Gyan Prakash, 2020-06-16 Another Reason is a bold and innovative study of the intimate relationship between science, colonialism, and the modern nation. Gyan Prakash, one of the most influential historians of India writing today, explores in fresh and unexpected ways the complexities, contradictions, and profound importance of this relationship in the history of the subcontinent. He reveals how science served simultaneously as an instrument of empire and as a symbol of liberty, progress, and universal reason--and how, in playing these dramatically different roles, it was crucial to the emergence of the modern nation. Prakash ranges over two hundred years of Indian history, from the early days of British rule to the dawn of the postcolonial era. He begins by taking us into colonial museums and exhibitions, where Indian arts, crafts, plants, animals, and even people were categorized, labeled, and displayed in the name of science. He shows how science gave the British the means to build railways, canals, and bridges, to transform agriculture and the treatment of disease, to reconstruct India's economy, and to transfigure India's intellectual life--all to create a stable, rationalized, and profitable colony under British domination. But Prakash points out that science also represented freedom of thought and that for the British to use it to practice despotism was a deeply contradictory enterprise. Seizing on this contradiction, many of the colonized elite began to seek parallels and precedents for scientific thought in India's own intellectual history, creating a hybrid form of knowledge that combined western ideas with local cultural and religious understanding. Their work disrupted accepted notions of colonizer versus colonized, civilized versus savage, modern versus traditional, and created a form of modernity that was at once western and indigenous. Throughout, Prakash draws on major and minor figures on both sides of the colonial divide, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, the nationalist historian and novelist Romesh Chunder Dutt, Prafulla Chandra Ray (author of A History of Hindu Chemistry), Rudyard Kipling, Lord Dalhousie, and John Stuart Mill. With its deft combination of rich historical detail and vigorous new arguments and interpretations, Another Reason will recast how we understand the contradictory and colonial genealogy of the modern nation. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: The Oxford History of Hinduism Gavin Flood, 2020 An authoritative collection on the history of Hindu religious practices. Hindu Practice considers traditions of asceticism, yoga, and devotion, including dance and music, developed in Hinduism over long periods of time. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century, A.D. Prafulla Chandra Ray, 1909 |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Rasa-Jala Nidhi Ocean of Indian Chemistry and Alchemy Bhudeb Mookerji, 1926 Verse work on mercury and its uses in the ayurvedic system in Indian medicine. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Hinduism Before Reform Brian A. Hatcher, 2020-03-10 A bold retelling of the origins of contemporary Hinduism, and an argument against the long-established notion of religious reform. By the early eighteenth century, the Mughal Empire was in decline, and the East India Company was making inroads into the subcontinent. A century later Christian missionaries, Hindu teachers, Muslim saints, and Sikh rebels formed the colorful religious fabric of colonial India. Focusing on two early nineteenth-century Hindu communities, the Brahmo Samaj and the Swaminarayan Sampraday, and their charismatic figureheads—the “cosmopolitan” Rammohun Roy and the “parochial” Swami Narayan—Brian Hatcher explores how urban and rural people thought about faith, ritual, and gods. Along the way he sketches a radical new view of the origins of contemporary Hinduism and overturns the idea of religious reform. Hinduism Before Reform challenges the rigid structure of revelation-schism-reform-sect prevalent in much history of religion. Reform, in particular, plays an important role in how we think about influential Hindu movements and religious history at large. Through the lens of reform, one doctrine is inevitably backward-looking while another represents modernity. From this comparison flows a host of simplistic conclusions. Instead of presuming a clear dichotomy between backward and modern, Hatcher is interested in how religious authority is acquired and projected. Hinduism Before Reform asks how religious history would look if we eschewed the obfuscating binary of progress and tradition. There is another way to conceptualize the origins and significance of these two Hindu movements, one that does not trap them within the teleology of a predetermined modernity. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Western Science in Modern India Pratik Chakrabarti, 2004 The Book Is About Western Science In A Olonial World. It Asks: How Do We Understand The Transfer And Absorption Of Scientific Knowledge Across Diverse Cultures, From One Society To Another? This Monograph Will Interest Scientists, Historians And Sociologists, As Well As Students Of Imperialism And The History Of Ideas. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Converting Women Eliza F. Kent, 2004 At the height of British colonialism, conversion to Christianity was a path to upward mobility for Indian low-castes and untouchables, especially in the Tamil-speaking south of India. Kent examines these conversions, focusing especially on the experience of women converts and the ways in which conversion transformed gender roles and expectations. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Crucibles Bernard Jaffe, 1976-01-01 Brief biographies of great chemists, from Trevisan and Paracelsus to Bohr and Lawrence, provide a survey of the discoveries and advances that shaped modern chemistry |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Climbing the Limitless Ladder C. N. R. Rao, 2010 This invaluable book is an autobiographical account of doing scientific research in India. It provides an insight to the perseverance of a scientist from a developing country. His relentless pursuit of excellence in chemistry for more than half a century is a remarkable source of inspiration to young scientists facing modern-day challenges. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry Hari Jeevan Arnikar, 1995 The Revised Edition Retains The Essential Theories Of Nuclear Structure And Stability, Radioactivity And The Principles Of Fission, Fusion And Breeder Reactors Of The Earlier Editions. The Preparation Of The More Commonly Used Radioisotopes And Their Uses As Tracers In Research, Medicine, Agriculture And Industry Are Described. The Book Also Covers The Elements Of Radiation And Radiochemistry Illustrated With Additional Examples. The Section On Mossbauer Effect Is Retained. The Chapter On The Detection And Measurement Of Radioactivity Is Revised To Include Thermo Luminescence And Cerenkov Detectors.New Additions In The Present Edition Include A Whole Chapter On The Separation And Uses Of Stable And Radioactive Isotopes Needed In Bulk Amounts In The Atomic Age. How An Extension Of Basic Principles Of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nmr) Has Led To The Sophisticated Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Mri), The Latest Diagnostic Tool In Medicine Is Discussed Lucidly. Another Chapter Is Added Entitled A Roll-Call Of Elementary Particles , Wherein The Baffling Properties Of Quarks And Gluons, With Their Esoteric Flavours, Colours, Strangeness And Charm Are Reviewed Showing How Their Scientific Characteristics Tend To Merge In Philosophy.The Book Meets The Needs Of Honours And Post-Graduate Students Offering Nuclear, Radiation And Radiochemistry. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Classifying the Universe Brian K. Smith, 1994-01 This is a comprehensive examination of the 'varna' system - a classificatory scheme laid out in the classical Hindu Vedic literature and thought to underlie the concept of caste, which continues to exert a powerful and pervasive influence over Indian life. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Sound and Communication Annette Wilke, Oliver Moebus, 2011-01-28 In Hindu India both orality and sonality have enjoyed great cultural significance since earliest times. They have a distinct influence on how people approach texts. The importance of sound and its perception has led to rites, models of cosmic order, and abstract formulas. Sound serves both to stimulate religious feelings and to give them a sensory form. Starting from the perception and interpretation of sound, the authors chart an unorthodox cultural history of India, turning their attention to an important, but often neglected aspect of daily religious life. They provide a stimulating contribution to the study of cultural systems of perception that also adds new aspects to the debate on orality and literality. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Meeting God , 1999-01-01 Huyler provides an introduction to the scope of Hindu beliefs and practices, accompanied by his arresting photographs documenting the spirituality of common men and women in India. 200 color illustrations. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: The Roots of Hinduism Asko Parpola, 2015-07-15 Hinduism has two major roots. The more familiar is the religion brought to South Asia in the second millennium BCE by speakers of Aryan or Indo-Iranian languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family. Another, more enigmatic, root is the Indus civilization of the third millennium BCE, which left behind exquisitely carved seals and thousands of short inscriptions in a long-forgotten pictographic script. Discovered in the valley of the Indus River in the early 1920s, the Indus civilization had a population estimated at one million people, in more than 1000 settlements, several of which were cities of some 50,000 inhabitants. With an area of nearly a million square kilometers, the Indus civilization was more extensive than the contemporaneous urban cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Yet, after almost a century of excavation and research the Indus civilization remains little understood. How might we decipher the Indus inscriptions? What language did the Indus people speak? What deities did they worship? Asko Parpola has spent fifty years researching the roots of Hinduism to answer these fundamental questions, which have been debated with increasing animosity since the rise of Hindu nationalist politics in the 1980s. In this pioneering book, he traces the archaeological route of the Indo-Iranian languages from the Aryan homeland north of the Black Sea to Central, West, and South Asia. His new ideas on the formation of the Vedic literature and rites and the great Hindu epics hinge on the profound impact that the invention of the horse-drawn chariot had on Indo-Aryan religion. Parpola's comprehensive assessment of the Indus language and religion is based on all available textual, linguistic and archaeological evidence, including West Asian sources and the Indus script. The results affirm cultural and religious continuity to the present day and, among many other things, shed new light on the prehistory of the key Hindu goddess Durga and her Tantric cult. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Hinduism Kim Knott, 2016 Hinduism is practised by about 80% of India's population, and by about 30,000,000 people outside India. But how is Hinduism defined, and what basis does the religion have? This work gives concise insights into the central preoccupations of Hinduism. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity Chad V. Meister, 2011 This substantial volume of thirty-three original chapters covers the full range of issues in religious diversity. An indispensable guide for scholars and students, its essays make novel contributions and are crafted by recognized experts who represent a wide variety of religious and philosophical perspectives and backgrounds. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: The Saffron Wave Thomas Blom Hansen, 1999-03-23 The rise of strong nationalist and religious movements in postcolonial and newly democratic countries alarms many Western observers. In The Saffron Wave, Thomas Hansen turns our attention to recent events in the world's largest democracy, India. Here he analyzes Indian receptivity to the right-wing Hindu nationalist party and its political wing, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which claims to create a polity based on ancient Hindu culture. Rather than interpreting Hindu nationalism as a mainly religious phenomenon, or a strictly political movement, Hansen places the BJP within the context of the larger transformations of democratic governance in India. Hansen demonstrates that democratic transformation has enabled such developments as political mobilization among the lower castes and civil protections for religious minorities. Against this backdrop, the Hindu nationalist movement has successfully articulated the anxieties and desires of the large and amorphous Indian middle class. A form of conservative populism, the movement has attracted not only privileged groups fearing encroachment on their dominant positions but also plebeian and impoverished groups seeking recognition around a majoritarian rhetoric of cultural pride, order, and national strength. Combining political theory, ethnographic material, and sensitivity to colonial and postcolonial history, The Saffron Wave offers fresh insights into Indian politics and, by focusing on the links between democracy and ethnic majoritarianism, advances our understanding of democracy in the postcolonial world. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: The Years of Rice and Salt Kim Stanley Robinson, 2003-06-03 With the same unique vision that brought his now classic Mars trilogy to vivid life, bestselling author Kim Stanley Robinson boldly imagines an alternate history of the last seven hundred years. In his grandest work yet, the acclaimed storyteller constructs a world vastly different from the one we know. . . . “A thoughtful, magisterial alternate history from one of science fiction’s most important writers.”—The New York Times Book Review It is the fourteenth century and one of the most apocalyptic events in human history is set to occur—the coming of the Black Death. History teaches us that a third of Europe’s population was destroyed. But what if the plague had killed 99 percent of the population instead? How would the world have changed? This is a look at the history that could have been—one that stretches across centuries, sees dynasties and nations rise and crumble, and spans horrible famine and magnificent innovation. Through the eyes of soldiers and kings, explorers and philosophers, slaves and scholars, Robinson navigates a world where Buddhism and Islam are the most influential and practiced religions, while Christianity is merely a historical footnote. Probing the most profound questions as only he can, Robinson shines his extraordinary light on the place of religion, culture, power—and even love—in this bold New World. “Exceptional and engrossing.”—New York Post “Ambitious . . . ingenious.”—Newsday |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Aspects of Ancient Indian Technology Hari C. Bhardwaj, 1979 |
| a history of hindu chemistry: The Hidden Hindu 2 Akshat Gupta, 2022-09-05 The first battle is lost. The book of Mritsanjeevani is in the wrong hands but Nagendra's plans are not limited only to immortality. What seemed to be the end of all wars was just the beginning of an incredible journey in search of a hidden verse. Om is still incomplete without the knowledge of his past, but he is not alone anymore. Two of the mightiest warriors of all time stand by his side. Two mysterious warriors stand unconditionally with Nagendra too or is there a hidden agendas behind all the allies? Who are LSD and Parimal in real and who is Om? Tighten your seat belts for an adventure in search of words that hold a bigger purpose than even immortality for Divinities and Demons. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Holy Science Banu Subramaniam, 2019 Subramaniam examines how science and religion have come together to propel a vision of the modern Indian nation, and in particular, a Hindu nationalist vision of India. Five illustrative cases of bionationalism animate this book: Hindu nationalist narratives of scientific development, colonial law and sexual politics in India, surrogacy and women's roles, the politics of caste and race in the language of genes and genomics, and the alignment of environmental scientists and religious activists. Subramaniam demonstrates that the politics of gender, race, class, caste, sexuality, and indigeneity are deeply implicated in the projects and narratives of the nation. At the same time, she seeks spaces of possibility and new narratives for planetary salvation that defy binary logics, incorporating science and religion, human and nonhuman, and nature and culture-- |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Hindu Achievements in Exact Science Benoy Kumar Sarkar, 1918 |
| a history of hindu chemistry: A Concise History of Science in India D. M. Bose, Samarendra Nath Sen, 2009 |
| a history of hindu chemistry: The Rat Eater Anand Ranganathan, Chitra Subramaniam, 2019-11-18 'I was born on a bloody road. The blood was my mother's. My sisters couldn't find a midwife in time. There was no way my mother could get relief from the upper-caste well, and so they tell me, that my sisters ran to some puddles to fill their little mouths up and then ran back to where my mother was almost dying of pain and then spat out some water on her face and the rest down below on mine. That is how I came into this world.' Someone is disposing of politicians one by one. And the murderer has borrowed from the genius of Agatha Christie. When a local Mumbai politician is found wrapped in a plastic bag behind a park bench, the dashing and capable DIG Ajay Biswas is told to take over the case. Ajay arrives in Mumbai along with his wife Aparajita and soon discovers he is being misled by his Mumbai compatriots who are determined to save their own skin. Someone is deliberately providing false leads; his presence is not wanted. While in Mumbai, Ajay and Aparajita meet up with their old college friend Akhil Sukumar. Akhil and Aparajita have had a tortuous history, and it appears that the one-time lovers now want nothing more than to let bygones be bygones. Easier said. From the barren lands of rural India to the immaculate lawns of Cambridge, The Rat Eater is a book whose uninhibitedness may offend purists as it lays bare a few uncomfortable truths about India-a country entangled in a web of caste, corruption and cover-ups. The privileged flourish at the cost of the oppressed. The price has to be paid, and someone has decided that it needs to be paid in blood. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: A History of Civilisation in Ancient India Based on Sanscrit Literature Romesh Chunder Dutt, 1893 |
| a history of hindu chemistry: CHEMISTRY IN DAILY LIFE KIRPAL SINGH, 2012-07-07 This book highlights the importance of chemistry in human well-being by introducing the readers to the basic usefulness of chemistry in everyday life. Chemistry has helped in creating valuable products that have transformed the lifestyle of people. Since we spend lots of money in buying our daily requirements, there is a need for us to understand the benefits and hazards of using consumer products which contain chemicals. In this context, this book will help readers to make reasoned choices and intelligent decisions in buying consumer products which contain chemicals. This text is divided into seventeen chapters devoted to the basic necessities of life like food, shelter, clothing, healthcare, and energy and consumer products. Topics on chemistry in environment, crime, warfare, arts, conservation, communications and transportation are also highlighted in individual chapters. All these topics are discussed with regard to the needs of modern society. In this third edition, the various chapters have been updated with current information keeping the language simple and friendly. Critical thinking exercises and questions have been included. The style of questions included in the book is to meet the requirement of various competitive examinations such as Indian Civil Services and entrance examinations in medicine and engineering. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: pt. 1. Science, technology, imperialism and war Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya, 1999 |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Hinduism and Buddhism Sir Charles Eliot, 1921 |
| a history of hindu chemistry: Hindu Law Patrick Olivelle, Donald Richard Davis, 2018 An edited collection on the history of law and legal texts in the Hindu traditions. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: The Hindu Equilibrium Deepak Lal, 2005 India is an emerging giant. This book explains its long economic stagnation and recent rise by examining its social, political and historical evolution in long term perspective. It explains how its distinct social system based on caste arose and why it still is of importance in its political and social arrangements, despite India's recent move from the plan to market. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: India's Glorious Scientific Tradition Suresh Soni, 2009-01-01 Anthropology And the Classics' is a book consisted of six lectures delivered at the Oxford University by Andrew Lang, Gilbert Murray, W. Warde Fowler, F. B. Jevons, Sir Arthur Evans, and Sir John Linton Myres. These lectures are crucial to understand the way to access the primary sources of the classic tales and myths that were once told or recorded in various forms, and how does their predictions differ due to various uncertainities. India's Glorious Scientific Tradition by Suresh Soni: Delve into the rich tapestry of India's scientific heritage with Suresh Soni's illuminating exploration. This comprehensive book chronicles the remarkable contributions of Indian scholars across various disciplines throughout history. From ancient discoveries to modern innovations, Soni sheds light on the intellectual prowess that has shaped India's scientific legacy and its enduring impact on the world. Key Aspects of the Book India's Glorious Scientific Tradition: Historical Insights: Soni meticulously traces the origins of scientific thought in India, showcasing the foundational concepts that paved the way for future advancements. Cross-Disciplinary Excellence: The book highlights achievements in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and other fields, showcasing the multidimensional nature of India's scientific contributions. Global Influence: India's Glorious Scientific Tradition emphasizes how Indian discoveries have resonated globally, fostering a deeper appreciation for the nation's role in shaping scientific knowledge. Suresh Soni is a distinguished scholar and historian with a passion for uncovering India's cultural and intellectual heritage. Drawing from extensive research and a deep love for knowledge, Soni's work celebrates the often-overlooked achievements of Indian scientists throughout the ages. Through India's Glorious Scientific Tradition, Soni showcases his dedication to preserving and sharing India's remarkable scientific history. |
| a history of hindu chemistry: The Great Hindu Civilisation: Achievement, Neglect, Bias And The Way Forward Pavan K. Varma, About the Book A SUCCINCT ACCOUNT OF THE PROGRESS OF THE HINDU CIVILISATION AND ITS CURRENT CRISIS What do we mean by the Hindu civilisation? What are the texts and legacies that moved it forward from one century to another? How much of it has to do with inherited religious beliefs and how has the politicisation of these beliefs changed the prism through which Hindus view themselves and others, especially those identifying with different belief systems? These are the questions the author sets out to answer with this potted history of the Hindu world, in the context of changing empires and leaderships, through colonisation and conquest, leading up to the present challenges presented by the proponents of Hindutva. Direct, hard-hitting and wise, this is an invaluable treatise for our times. |
Check or delete your Chrome browsing history - Google Help
Deleted pages from your browsing history; Tips: If you’re signed in to Chrome and sync your history, then your History also shows pages you’ve visited on your other devices. If you don’t …
Manage & delete your Search history - Computer - Google Help
On your computer, go to your Search history in My Activity. Choose the Search history you want to delete. You can choose: All your Search history: Above your history, click Delete Delete all …
Access & control activity in your account
Under "History settings," click My Activity. To access your activity: Browse your activity, organized by day and time. To find specific activity, at the top, use the search bar and filters. Manage …
Check or delete your Chrome browsing history
Websites you’ve visited are recorded in your browsing history. You can check or delete your browsing history, and find related searches in Chrome. You can also resume browsing …
Delete your activity - Computer - Google Account Help
Under "History settings," click an activity or history setting you want to auto-delete. Click Auto-delete. Click the button for how long you want to keep your activity Next Confirm to save your …
Manage your Google Meet call history
Tip: History on the home screen shows only the last call you had with a contact, whether or not it was a Meet call or a legacy call. Export your call history. On your computer, go to Meet. Select …
View, delete, or turn on or off watch history - Computer - YouTube …
Click YouTube History. Click Manage history. Click Auto-delete. Select your preferred time range, then click Next. Click Confirm when done. Turn off or delete your watch history while signed …
View or delete your YouTube search history - Computer - Google …
Delete search history. Visit the My Activity page. Select one of the following: Delete: Click beside a search to delete it. To delete more than one search from your history at a time, click …
Delete browsing data in Chrome - Computer - Google Help
Download history: The list of files you've downloaded using Chrome is deleted, but the actual files aren't removed from your computer. Passwords: Records of passwords you saved are …
Manage your Location History - Google Maps Help
Location History is off by default. We can only use it if you turn Location History on. You can turn off Location History at any time in your Google Account's Activity controls. You can review and …
Check or delete your Chrome browsing history - Google Help
Deleted pages from your browsing history; Tips: If you’re signed in to Chrome and sync your history, then your History also shows pages you’ve visited on your other devices. If you don’t …
Manage & delete your Search history - Computer - Google Help
On your computer, go to your Search history in My Activity. Choose the Search history you want to delete. You can choose: All your Search history: Above your history, click Delete Delete all time. …
Access & control activity in your account
Under "History settings," click My Activity. To access your activity: Browse your activity, organized by day and time. To find specific activity, at the top, use the search bar and filters. Manage your …
Check or delete your Chrome browsing history
Websites you’ve visited are recorded in your browsing history. You can check or delete your browsing history, and find related searches in Chrome. You can also resume browsing sessions …
Delete your activity - Computer - Google Account Help
Under "History settings," click an activity or history setting you want to auto-delete. Click Auto-delete. Click the button for how long you want to keep your activity Next Confirm to save your …
Manage your Google Meet call history
Tip: History on the home screen shows only the last call you had with a contact, whether or not it was a Meet call or a legacy call. Export your call history. On your computer, go to Meet. Select an …
View, delete, or turn on or off watch history - Computer - YouTube …
Click YouTube History. Click Manage history. Click Auto-delete. Select your preferred time range, then click Next. Click Confirm when done. Turn off or delete your watch history while signed out. …
View or delete your YouTube search history - Computer - Google Help
Delete search history. Visit the My Activity page. Select one of the following: Delete: Click beside a search to delete it. To delete more than one search from your history at a time, click DELETE. …
Delete browsing data in Chrome - Computer - Google Help
Download history: The list of files you've downloaded using Chrome is deleted, but the actual files aren't removed from your computer. Passwords: Records of passwords you saved are deleted. …
Manage your Location History - Google Maps Help
Location History is off by default. We can only use it if you turn Location History on. You can turn off Location History at any time in your Google Account's Activity controls. You can review and …
