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A Command Economic System Is Characterized By: Centralized Control and Planned Production
Author: Dr. Anya Sharma, PhD in Economics, Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Sharma specializes in comparative economic systems and has published extensively on the topic of centrally planned economies.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, a leading academic publisher known for its rigorous peer-review process and high-quality publications in the social sciences.
Editor: Mr. David Chen, Senior Editor at Oxford University Press, with over 15 years of experience in editing economics and political science texts.
Keywords: command economy, centrally planned economy, economic system, government control, resource allocation, production quotas, price controls, five-year plan, market economy, socialism, communism, economic planning
Summary: This article comprehensively explores the defining characteristics of a command economic system. It details how these systems differ from market economies, analyzing the mechanisms of central planning, resource allocation, and price determination. The article examines the historical examples of command economies, including the Soviet Union and China, highlighting both their successes and significant failures. It also discusses the social and political implications of such systems, considering factors like individual liberty, innovation, and efficiency. Finally, the article explores the ongoing relevance of understanding command economies in the context of contemporary global economics.
1. Introduction: Understanding the Defining Features of a Command Economic System
A command economic system is characterized by centralized control over the means of production and distribution of goods and services. Unlike market economies, where prices are determined by supply and demand, a command economic system is characterized by government-set prices and production quotas. The state, rather than individual actors, makes the key economic decisions. This system is often associated with socialist and communist ideologies, though it's crucial to understand that not all socialist or communist states have employed purely command economies. Variations exist, with some incorporating elements of market mechanisms alongside centralized planning.
2. Central Planning: The Core of a Command Economy
The hallmark of a command economic system is characterized by its reliance on central planning. A central planning agency, often a government ministry, determines what goods and services will be produced, in what quantities, and at what prices. This planning often takes the form of five-year plans, outlining ambitious targets for economic growth and development. These plans aim to allocate resources – land, labor, and capital – efficiently to achieve the state's objectives, which may include industrial expansion, agricultural modernization, or military buildup.
3. Resource Allocation and Production Quotas in a Command Economy
In a market economy, resource allocation is driven by consumer demand and profit incentives. However, a command economic system is characterized by a different mechanism. The central planning agency dictates resource allocation, often assigning specific production quotas to factories and farms. These quotas are based on the planned production targets outlined in the five-year plans. Businesses are expected to meet these quotas, regardless of market demand. This often leads to inefficiencies, as resources may be allocated to produce goods that are not in high demand, while neglecting those that are.
4. Price Controls and the Distortion of Markets
A command economic system is characterized by extensive price controls. The government sets prices for goods and services, often keeping them artificially low to make them accessible to the population. However, this can lead to shortages, as the artificially low prices fail to incentivize sufficient production. Conversely, if prices are set too high, it can lead to surpluses, as demand falls below the supply. The inability to accurately reflect the balance of supply and demand through market-determined prices is a major weakness of command economies.
5. Lack of Consumer Choice and Innovation
In a market economy, consumer sovereignty reigns supreme. Businesses respond to consumer preferences, producing goods and services that people want to buy. However, a command economic system is characterized by limited consumer choice. The state determines what goods are produced, and consumers have little say in the matter. This often results in a shortage of desirable goods and a surplus of undesirable ones. Furthermore, the lack of competition and profit motives stifle innovation. Businesses have little incentive to develop new products or improve existing ones, as their primary focus is on meeting production quotas set by the state.
6. Historical Examples: The Soviet Union and China
The Soviet Union under Stalin and Maoist China serve as prominent examples of command economies. While both achieved significant industrialization in their early years, they also faced significant challenges. The Soviet Union's centrally planned economy, while successful in industrializing a largely agrarian society, ultimately suffered from inefficiencies, shortages, and a lack of responsiveness to consumer needs. Similarly, China's Great Leap Forward, a period of radical economic planning, led to widespread famine and economic devastation. Both cases demonstrate the inherent risks and limitations of comprehensive central planning.
7. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Command Economic System
While proponents of command economies argue they can achieve rapid industrialization and equal distribution of resources, a command economic system is characterized by several disadvantages that often outweigh the perceived benefits. The lack of price signals, the suppression of innovation, and the inherent inefficiencies of central planning frequently lead to shortages, surpluses, and economic stagnation. Furthermore, command economies often stifle individual initiative and limit economic freedom, leading to social and political unrest. The benefits, often touted as rapid industrialization or equitable resource distribution, are often achieved at a steep cost to individual liberty and overall economic efficiency.
8. The Relevance of Studying Command Economies Today
Even though purely command economies are less common today, understanding their characteristics remains crucial. Many countries incorporate elements of central planning in their mixed economies, particularly in sectors like healthcare, education, and defense. Studying the successes and failures of past command economies provides valuable insights into the complexities of economic planning, resource allocation, and the role of government in the economy. Moreover, understanding the limitations of central planning helps us appreciate the importance of market mechanisms in promoting efficiency, innovation, and economic growth.
9. Conclusion: The Enduring Lessons of Centrally Planned Economies
In conclusion, a command economic system is characterized by a high degree of centralized control, detailed economic planning, and government-set prices and production quotas. While such systems can achieve specific goals, historical evidence suggests they are prone to inefficiency, lack of innovation, and limitations on individual freedom. Studying these systems offers invaluable lessons for contemporary economic policy and highlights the crucial role of market forces in a thriving and dynamic economy.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between a command economy and a market economy? A command economy is characterized by central planning and government control, while a market economy is driven by supply and demand and individual actors.
2. Are there any examples of successful command economies? While no economy has been purely successful as a command economy long-term, some command economies have achieved rapid industrialization in specific periods (e.g., the early Soviet Union), although this often came at a high social and economic cost.
3. What are the main drawbacks of a command economic system? Drawbacks include inefficiencies due to lack of price signals, suppressed innovation, shortages of goods, and limitations on individual freedom.
4. Can a command economy adapt to changing circumstances? Command economies struggle to adapt quickly to changing circumstances because of their rigid planning structures and lack of flexibility.
5. What is the role of the government in a command economy? The government plays a dominant role, controlling production, distribution, and pricing.
6. How does a command economy deal with competition? Competition is largely absent or severely limited in a command economy.
7. What are the social implications of a command economy? Social implications often include a lack of consumer choice, limited personal freedoms, and potential for social unrest.
8. Are there any modern examples of aspects of a command economy? Some aspects of command economies can be seen in certain sectors of mixed economies, such as government regulation and subsidies.
9. What is the relationship between command economies and political systems? Command economies are often associated with authoritarian political systems, though this is not always the case.
Related Articles:
1. The Soviet Economic Model: A Case Study in Central Planning: An in-depth analysis of the Soviet Union's economic system, including its successes, failures, and long-term consequences.
2. China's Economic Transformation: From Command to Market: An examination of China's transition from a centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented system.
3. The Inefficiencies of Central Planning: A Comparative Analysis: A comparison of the inefficiencies of centrally planned economies with the efficiency of market-based systems.
4. The Role of Price Signals in Resource Allocation: An exploration of how prices communicate information in a market economy and the consequences of their absence in command economies.
5. Innovation and Economic Growth: The Importance of Market Competition: A discussion on how competition and market forces stimulate innovation and economic growth.
6. Consumer Sovereignty and Economic Welfare: An examination of the importance of consumer preferences in determining what goods and services are produced in a market economy.
7. The Impact of Price Controls on Market Equilibrium: An analysis of how price controls distort market equilibrium and create shortages or surpluses.
8. The Great Leap Forward: A Case Study in Economic Disaster: A detailed analysis of the disastrous consequences of Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward policy in China.
9. Comparative Economic Systems: A Framework for Understanding Different Models: A broad overview of different economic systems, including market economies, command economies, and mixed economies.
| a command economic system is characterized by: An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Adam Smith, 1822 |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Problems of the Planned Economy John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, Peter Newman, 1990-07-23 This is an excerpt from the 4-volume dictionary of economics, a reference book which aims to define the subject of economics today. 1300 subject entries in the complete work cover the broad themes of economic theory. This extract concentrates on problems encountered in a planned economy. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe Ivan T. Berend, 2006-04-20 A major history of economic regimes and economic performance throughout the twentieth century. Ivan T. Berend looks at the historic development of the twentieth-century European economy, examining both its failures and its successes in responding to the challenges of this crisis-ridden and troubled but highly successful age. The book surveys the European economy's chronological development, the main factors of economic growth, and the various economic regimes that were invented and introduced in Europe during the twentieth century. Professor Berend shows how the vast disparity between the European regions that had characterized earlier periods gradually began to disappear during the course of the twentieth century as more and more countries reached a more or less similar level of economic development. This accessible book will be required reading for students in European economic history, economics, and modern European history. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Varieties of Capitalism Peter A. Hall, David W. Soskice, 2001 Applying the new economics of organisation and relational theories of the firm to the problem of understanding cross-national variation in the political economy, this volume elaborates a new understanding of the institutional differences that characterise the 'varieties of capitalism' worldwide. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Markets and Power Eric A. Schutz, 2001-03-28 In what ways do the actions and economic behavior of today's multinational corporations resemble the functioning and processes of the old command economics of the Soviet Union? By ignoring questions about power relations in markets, mainstream neoclassically-oriented economists conclude that there are no significant power structures operating in market systems to control allocation and distribution. This book argues to the contrary that there are fundamental and systemic power structures - monopoly, access to information or finance, employer power, etc. - at work in market economies, which affects their ability to achieve real competition in much the same way as state-controlled, command economies hinder business activities. Thus, for example, the biggest firms at the hubs of financial networks wield a kind of shaping power upon large numbers of relatively autonomous firms, not only upon those that belong to the networks but also on the many firms outside them that are also affected. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Economic Security: Neglected Dimension of National Security ? National Defense University (U S ), National Defense University (U.S.), Institute for National Strategic Studies (U S, Sheila R. Ronis, 2011-12-27 On August 24-25, 2010, the National Defense University held a conference titled “Economic Security: Neglected Dimension of National Security?” to explore the economic element of national power. This special collection of selected papers from the conference represents the view of several keynote speakers and participants in six panel discussions. It explores the complexity surrounding this subject and examines the major elements that, interacting as a system, define the economic component of national security. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Model Rules of Professional Conduct American Bar Association. House of Delegates, Center for Professional Responsibility (American Bar Association), 2007 The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: The Economic Consequences of the Peace John Maynard Keynes, 1920 John Maynard Keynes, then a rising young economist, participated in the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 as chief representative of the British Treasury and advisor to Prime Minister David Lloyd George. He resigned after desperately trying and failing to reduce the huge demands for reparations being made on Germany. The Economic Consequences of the Peace is Keynes' brilliant and prophetic analysis of the effects that the peace treaty would have both on Germany and, even more fatefully, the world. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: The Economic System Eleanor Doyle, 2005-05-06 The Economic System provides an accessible account of introductory economics theory that allows students more fully to appreciate the main features and complexity of the Economic System by integrating microeconomic and macroeconomic principles on a topic-by-topic basis. The purpose of the approach is to allow the student to understand the economy as a system of complex and inter-related features incorporating: consumers, producers, markets and governments based on an understanding of the roles of prices and markets and exchange. This structure provides a context whereby students understand that to analyse issues from an economic perspective often requires the use of both micro- and macroeconomic tools and an appreciation of the interrelationships that exist between them. An explicit aim in the book is to clarify how models and concepts in economics are useful as tools that support rigorous, methodical and logical analysis and not simply useful to solve mathematical puzzles by providing one correct answer. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Command Of The Air General Giulio Douhet, 2014-08-15 In the pantheon of air power spokesmen, Giulio Douhet holds center stage. His writings, more often cited than perhaps actually read, appear as excerpts and aphorisms in the writings of numerous other air power spokesmen, advocates-and critics. Though a highly controversial figure, the very controversy that surrounds him offers to us a testimonial of the value and depth of his work, and the need for airmen today to become familiar with his thought. The progressive development of air power to the point where, today, it is more correct to refer to aerospace power has not outdated the notions of Douhet in the slightest In fact, in many ways, the kinds of technological capabilities that we enjoy as a global air power provider attest to the breadth of his vision. Douhet, together with Hugh “Boom” Trenchard of Great Britain and William “Billy” Mitchell of the United States, is justly recognized as one of the three great spokesmen of the early air power era. This reprint is offered in the spirit of continuing the dialogue that Douhet himself so perceptively began with the first edition of this book, published in 1921. Readers may well find much that they disagree with in this book, but also much that is of enduring value. The vital necessity of Douhet’s central vision-that command of the air is all important in modern warfare-has been proven throughout the history of wars in this century, from the fighting over the Somme to the air war over Kuwait and Iraq. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Analyzing Oppression Ann E. Cudd, 2006 Analyzing Oppression presents a new, integrated theory of social oppression, which tackles the fundamental question that no theory of oppression has satisfactorily answered: if there is no natural hierarchy among humans, why are some cases of oppression so persistent? Cudd argues that the explanation lies in the coercive co-opting of the oppressed to join in their own oppression. This answer sets the stage for analysis throughout the book, as it explores the questions of how and why the oppressed join in their oppression. Cudd argues that oppression is an institutionally structured harm perpetrated on social groups by other groups using direct and indirect material, economic, and psychological force. Among the most important and insidious of the indirect forces is an economic force that operates through oppressed persons' own rational choices. This force constitutes the central feature of analysis, and the book argues that this force is especially insidious because it conceals the fact of oppression from the oppressed and from others who would be sympathetic to their plight. The oppressed come to believe that they suffer personal failings and this belief appears to absolve society from responsibility. While on Cudd's view oppression is grounded in material exploitation and physical deprivation, it cannot be long sustained without corresponding psychological forces. Cudd examines the direct and indirect psychological forces that generate and sustain oppression. She discusses strategies that groups have used to resist oppression and argues that all persons have a moral responsibility to resist in some way. In the concluding chapter Cudd proposes a concept of freedom that would be possible for humans in a world that is actively opposing oppression, arguing that freedom for each individual is only possible when we achieve freedom for all others. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Economics and the Public Purpose John Kenneth Galbraith, 1973 Criticism of the present economic system of the USA and proposals for comprehensive economic policy reform - covers the general economic theory of advanced economic development, consumption, and the concept of the household, the market system in relation to the service sector and the self employed, economic planning, price policy, inflation, income distribution, fiscal policy, the environment, technological change, the role of women, etc. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Economic Freedom and Interventionism Ludwig Von Mises, 2007 Economic Freedom and Interventionism is both a primer of the fundamental thought of Ludwig von Mises and an anthology of the writings of perhaps the best-known exponent of what is now known as the Austrian School of economics. This volume contains forty-seven articles edited by Mises scholar Bettina Bien Greaves. Among them are Mises's expositions of the role of government, his discussion of inequality of wealth, inflation, socialism, welfare, and economic education, as well as his exploration of the deeper significance of economics as it affects seemingly noneconomic relations between human beings. These papers are valuable reading for students of economic freedom and the science of human action. Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973) was the leading spokesman of the Austrian School of economics throughout most of the twentieth century. Bettina Bien Greaves is a former resident scholar and trustee of the Foundation for Economic Education and was a senior staff member at FEE from 1951 to 1999. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Oxford Bibliographies , |
| a command economic system is characterized by: The End of the Free Market Ian Bremmer, 2010-05-13 Understanding the rise of state capitalism and its threat to global free markets The End of the Free Market details the growing phenomenon of state capitalism, a system in which governments drive local economies through ownership of market-dominant companies and large pools of excess capital, using them for political gain. This trend threatens America's competitive edge and the conduct of free markets everywhere. An expert on the intersection of economics and politics, Ian Bremmer has followed the rise of state-owned firms in China, Russia, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Iran, Venezuela, and elsewhere. He demonstrates the growing challenge that state capitalism will pose for the entire global economy. Among the questions addressed: Are we on the brink of a new kind of Cold War, one that pits competing economic systems in a battle for dominance? Can free market countries compete with state capitalist powerhouses over relations with countries that have elements of both systems-like India, Brazil, and Mexico? Does state capitalism have staying power? This guide to the next big global economic trend includes useful insights for investors, business leaders, policymakers, and anyone who wants to understand important emerging changes in international politics and the global economy. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: How China Became Capitalist R. Coase, N. Wang, 2016-04-30 How China Became Capitalist details the extraordinary, and often unanticipated, journey that China has taken over the past thirty five years in transforming itself from a closed agrarian socialist economy to an indomitable economic force in the international arena. The authors revitalise the debate around the rise of the Chinese economy through the use of primary sources, persuasively arguing that the reforms implemented by the Chinese leaders did not represent a concerted attempt to create a capitalist economy, and that it was 'marginal revolutions' that introduced the market and entrepreneurship back to China. Lessons from the West were guided by the traditional Chinese principle of 'seeking truth from facts'. By turning to capitalism, China re-embraced her own cultural roots. How China Became Capitalist challenges received wisdom about the future of the Chinese economy, warning that while China has enormous potential for further growth, the future is clouded by the government's monopoly of ideas and power. Coase and Wang argue that the development of a market for ideas which has a long and revered tradition in China would be integral in bringing about the Chinese dream of social harmony. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Introduction to Business Lawrence J. Gitman, Carl McDaniel, Amit Shah, Monique Reece, Linda Koffel, Bethann Talsma, James C. Hyatt, 2024-09-16 Introduction to Business covers the scope and sequence of most introductory business courses. The book provides detailed explanations in the context of core themes such as customer satisfaction, ethics, entrepreneurship, global business, and managing change. Introduction to Business includes hundreds of current business examples from a range of industries and geographic locations, which feature a variety of individuals. The outcome is a balanced approach to the theory and application of business concepts, with attention to the knowledge and skills necessary for student success in this course and beyond. This is an adaptation of Introduction to Business by OpenStax. You can access the textbook as pdf for free at openstax.org. Minor editorial changes were made to ensure a better ebook reading experience. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Harmonies of Political Economy Frédéric Bastiat, 2017 Keine Angaben |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Global Trends 2040 National Intelligence Council, 2021-03 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic marks the most significant, singular global disruption since World War II, with health, economic, political, and security implications that will ripple for years to come. -Global Trends 2040 (2021) Global Trends 2040-A More Contested World (2021), released by the US National Intelligence Council, is the latest report in its series of reports starting in 1997 about megatrends and the world's future. This report, strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, paints a bleak picture of the future and describes a contested, fragmented and turbulent world. It specifically discusses the four main trends that will shape tomorrow's world: - Demographics-by 2040, 1.4 billion people will be added mostly in Africa and South Asia. - Economics-increased government debt and concentrated economic power will escalate problems for the poor and middleclass. - Climate-a hotter world will increase water, food, and health insecurity. - Technology-the emergence of new technologies could both solve and cause problems for human life. Students of trends, policymakers, entrepreneurs, academics, journalists and anyone eager for a glimpse into the next decades, will find this report, with colored graphs, essential reading. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Forecasting: principles and practice Rob J Hyndman, George Athanasopoulos, 2018-05-08 Forecasting is required in many situations. Stocking an inventory may require forecasts of demand months in advance. Telecommunication routing requires traffic forecasts a few minutes ahead. Whatever the circumstances or time horizons involved, forecasting is an important aid in effective and efficient planning. This textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to forecasting methods and presents enough information about each method for readers to use them sensibly. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Geopolitics of the Knowledge-Based Economy Sami Moisio, 2018-02-19 We live in the era of the knowledge-based economy, and this has major implications for the ways in which states, cities and even supranational political units are spatially planned, governed and developed. In this book, Sami Moisio delves deeply into the links between the knowledge-based economy and geopolitics, examining a wide range of themes, including city geopolitics and the university as a geopolitical site. Overall, this work shows that knowledge-based economization can be understood as a geopolitical process that produces territories of wealth, security, power and belonging. This book will prove enlightening to students, researchers and policymakers in the fields of human geography, urban studies, spatial planning, political science and international relations. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: The Federalist Papers Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, 2018-08-20 Classic Books Library presents this brand new edition of “The Federalist Papers”, a collection of separate essays and articles compiled in 1788 by Alexander Hamilton. Following the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776, the governing doctrines and policies of the States lacked cohesion. “The Federalist”, as it was previously known, was constructed by American statesman Alexander Hamilton, and was intended to catalyse the ratification of the United States Constitution. Hamilton recruited fellow statesmen James Madison Jr., and John Jay to write papers for the compendium, and the three are known as some of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Alexander Hamilton (c. 1755–1804) was an American lawyer, journalist and highly influential government official. He also served as a Senior Officer in the Army between 1799-1800 and founded the Federalist Party, the system that governed the nation’s finances. His contributions to the Constitution and leadership made a significant and lasting impact on the early development of the nation of the United States. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Making Of An Economic Superpower, The: Unlocking China's Secret Of Rapid Industrialization Yi Wen, 2016-05-13 The rise of China is no doubt one of the most important events in world economic history since the Industrial Revolution. Mainstream economics, especially the institutional theory of economic development based on a dichotomy of extractive vs. inclusive political institutions, is highly inadequate in explaining China's rise. This book argues that only a radical reinterpretation of the history of the Industrial Revolution and the rise of the West (as incorrectly portrayed by the institutional theory) can fully explain China's growth miracle and why the determined rise of China is unstoppable despite its current 'backward' financial system and political institutions. Conversely, China's spectacular and rapid transformation from an impoverished agrarian society to a formidable industrial superpower sheds considerable light on the fundamental shortcomings of the institutional theory and mainstream 'blackboard' economic models, and provides more-accurate reevaluations of historical episodes such as Africa's enduring poverty trap despite radical political and economic reforms, Latin America's lost decades and frequent debt crises, 19th century Europe's great escape from the Malthusian trap, and the Industrial Revolution itself. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: The Market System Charles E. Lindblom, 2008-10-01 Just what is the market system? This clear and accessible book answers this question, then explains how it works and what it can and cannot do. Lindblom, writing in nontechnical language for a wide general audience, offers an evenhanded view of the market system and its prospects for the future. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: MITI and the Japanese Miracle Chalmers Johnson, 1982-06 The focus of this book is on the Japanese economic bureaucracy, particularly on the famous Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), as the leading state actor in the economy. Although MITI was not the only important agent affecting the economy, nor was the state as a whole always predominant, I do not want to be overly modest about the importance of this subject. The particular speed, form, and consequences of Japanese economic growth are not intelligible without reference to the contributions of MITI. Collaboration between the state and big business has long been acknowledged as the defining characteristic of the Japanese economic system, but for too long the state's role in this collaboration has been either condemned as overweening or dismissed as merely supportive, without anyone's ever analyzing the matter. The history of MITI is central to the economic and political history of modern Japan. Equally important, however, the methods and achievements of the Japanese economic bureaucracy are central to the continuing debate between advocates of the communist-type command economies and advocates of the Western-type mixed market economies. The fully bureaucratized command economies misallocate resources and stifle initiative; in order to function at all, they must lock up their populations behind iron curtains or other more or less impermeable barriers. The mixed market economies struggle to find ways to intrude politically determined priorities into their market systems without catching a bad case of the English disease or being frustrated by the American-type legal sprawl. The Japanese, of course, do not have all the answers. But given the fact that virtually all solutions to any of the critical problems of the late twentieth century--energy supply, environmental protection, technological innovation, and so forth--involve an expansion of official bureaucracy, the particular Japanese priorities and procedures are instructive. At the very least they should forewarn a foreign observer that the Japanese achievements were not won without a price being paid. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: The Science of Effective Mentorship in STEMM National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Policy and Global Affairs, Board on Higher Education and Workforce, Committee on Effective Mentoring in STEMM, 2020-01-24 Mentorship is a catalyst capable of unleashing one's potential for discovery, curiosity, and participation in STEMM and subsequently improving the training environment in which that STEMM potential is fostered. Mentoring relationships provide developmental spaces in which students' STEMM skills are honed and pathways into STEMM fields can be discovered. Because mentorship can be so influential in shaping the future STEMM workforce, its occurrence should not be left to chance or idiosyncratic implementation. There is a gap between what we know about effective mentoring and how it is practiced in higher education. The Science of Effective Mentorship in STEMM studies mentoring programs and practices at the undergraduate and graduate levels. It explores the importance of mentorship, the science of mentoring relationships, mentorship of underrepresented students in STEMM, mentorship structures and behaviors, and institutional cultures that support mentorship. This report and its complementary interactive guide present insights on effective programs and practices that can be adopted and adapted by institutions, departments, and individual faculty members. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Economics Holt McDougal, Sally Meek, John S. Morton, Mark C. Schug, 2011 The Student Edition ensures student comprehension by providing features that improve reading and writing skills. Chapters open with Concept Review (activate prior knowledge), Key Concept (set the chapter focus), and Why the Concept Matters (relevance). Pre-reading support in each section provides clearly stated objectives, key terms with page citations as to where they are defined, and note-taking graphic organizer. Math Handbook in the reference section teaches mathematical skills related to economics. Economics Skillbuilders provide chapter-specific skill applications, such as evaluating sources and synthesizing economic data. The Economics Skillbuilder Handbook teaches skills for understanding economics and using sources. - Publisher. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Managerial Economics and Business Strategy Michael Baye, 2002-06 Blends tools from intermediate microeconomics, game theory, and industrial organization for a managerial economics text. This fourth edition offers a balanced coverage of traditional and modern topics. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Violence and Social Orders Douglass Cecil North, John Joseph Wallis, Barry R. Weingast, 2009-02-26 This book integrates the problem of violence into a larger framework, showing how economic and political behavior are closely linked. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Governing the Commons Elinor Ostrom, 2015-09-23 Tackles one of the most enduring and contentious issues of positive political economy: common pool resource management. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, 2011-05-01 The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, published by the U.S. Government and the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in early 2011, is the official government report on the United States financial collapse and the review of major financial institutions that bankrupted and failed, or would have without help from the government. The commission and the report were implemented after Congress passed an act in 2009 to review and prevent fraudulent activity. The report details, among other things, the periods before, during, and after the crisis, what led up to it, and analyses of subprime mortgage lending, credit expansion and banking policies, the collapse of companies like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the federal bailouts of Lehman and AIG. It also discusses the aftermath of the fallout and our current state. This report should be of interest to anyone concerned about the financial situation in the U.S. and around the world.THE FINANCIAL CRISIS INQUIRY COMMISSION is an independent, bi-partisan, government-appointed panel of 10 people that was created to examine the causes, domestic and global, of the current financial and economic crisis in the United States. It was established as part of the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009. The commission consisted of private citizens with expertise in economics and finance, banking, housing, market regulation, and consumer protection. They examined and reported on the collapse of major financial institutions that failed or would have failed if not for exceptional assistance from the government.News Dissector DANNY SCHECHTER is a journalist, blogger and filmmaker. He has been reporting on economic crises since the 1980's when he was with ABC News. His film In Debt We Trust warned of the economic meltdown in 2006. He has since written three books on the subject including Plunder: Investigating Our Economic Calamity (Cosimo Books, 2008), and The Crime Of Our Time: Why Wall Street Is Not Too Big to Jail (Disinfo Books, 2011), a companion to his latest film Plunder The Crime Of Our Time. He can be reached online at www.newsdissector.com. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: The World Factbook 2003 United States. Central Intelligence Agency, 2003 By intelligence officials for intelligent people |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Transition and Beyond S. Estrin, G. Kolodko, M. Uvalic, 2007-08-10 This book covers a wide variety of aspects of transition in Central and Southeast Europe and the CIS, including the socialist legacy, privatization and growth, skills, and banking reforms. It also covers the evolution of the global economy beyond transition, looking at complexity, risk management, the optimal transition path, and globalization. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: American Government 3e Glen Krutz, Sylvie Waskiewicz, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. American Government 3e aligns with the topics and objectives of many government courses. Faculty involved in the project have endeavored to make government workings, issues, debates, and impacts meaningful and memorable to students while maintaining the conceptual coverage and rigor inherent in the subject. With this objective in mind, the content of this textbook has been developed and arranged to provide a logical progression from the fundamental principles of institutional design at the founding, to avenues of political participation, to thorough coverage of the political structures that constitute American government. The book builds upon what students have already learned and emphasizes connections between topics as well as between theory and applications. The goal of each section is to enable students not just to recognize concepts, but to work with them in ways that will be useful in later courses, future careers, and as engaged citizens. In order to help students understand the ways that government, society, and individuals interconnect, the revision includes more examples and details regarding the lived experiences of diverse groups and communities within the United States. The authors and reviewers sought to strike a balance between confronting the negative and harmful elements of American government, history, and current events, while demonstrating progress in overcoming them. In doing so, the approach seeks to provide instructors with ample opportunities to open discussions, extend and update concepts, and drive deeper engagement. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy Anders Åslund, 2009-03-01 One of Europe's old nations steeped in history, Ukraine is today an undisputed independent state. It is a democracy and has transformed into a market economy with predominant private ownership. Ukraine's postcommunist transition has been one of the most protracted and socially costly, but it has taken the country to a desirable destination. Åslund's vivid account of Ukraine's journey begins with a brief background, where he discusses the implications of Ukraine's history, the awakening of society because of Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, the early democratization, and the impact of the ill-fated Soviet economic reforms. He then turns to the reign of President Leonid Kravchuk from 1991 to 1994, the only salient achievement of which was nation-building, while the economy collapsed in the midst of hyperinflation. The first two years of Leonid Kuchma's presidency, from 1994 to 1996, were characterized by substantial achievements, notably financial stabilization and mass privatization. The period 1996–99 was a miserable period of policy stagnation, rent seeking, and continued economic decline. In 2000 hope returned to Ukraine. Viktor Yushchenko became prime minister and launched vigorous reforms to cleanse the economy from corruption, and economic growth returned. The ensuing period, 2001–04, amounted to a competitive oligarchy. It was quite pluralist, although repression increased. Economic growth was high. The year 2004 witnessed the most joyful period in Ukraine, the Orange Revolution, which represented Ukraine's democratic breakthrough, with Yushchenko as its hero. The postrevolution period, however, has been characterized by great domestic political instability; a renewed, explicit Russian threat to Ukraine's sovereignty; and a severe financial crisis. The answers to these challenges lie in how soon the European Union fully recognizes Ukraine's long-expressed identity as a European state, how swiftly Ukraine improves its malfunctioning constitutional order, and how promptly it addresses corruption. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Modern Economic Systems and their Transformation J. Porket, 1998-07-13 Societies, whether traditional or modern, experience tension between spontaneity (individual freedom) and control (regulation). Consequently, economies as a subsystem of society experience it too. More specifically, they experience a tension between economic individualism and economic collectivism, which in modern economies revolves around the role of the state in the economy. Since the collapse of communism, this tension has manifested itself not as a tension between market capitalism and command socialism but as a tension between the free market and the interventionist variants of market capitalism. Although currently economic and political liberalization is in evidence worldwide, not only in post-communist societies, its outcome remains uncertain . Liberal democracy in the sense of democratic politics and free-market economics has not triumphed hitherto, and also its future is far from assured. The end of history is not in sight. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Universal Economics Armen Albert Alchian, William Richard Allen, 2018 Universal Economics is a new work that bears a strong resemblance to its two predecessors, University Economics (1964, 1967, 1972) and Exchange and Production (1969, 1977, 1983). Collaborating again, Professors Alchian and Allen have written a fresh presentation of the analytical tools employed in the economic way of thinking. More than any other principles textbook, Universal Economics develops the critical importance of property rights to the existence and success of market economies. The authors explain the interconnection between goods prices and productive-asset prices and how market-determined interest rates bring about the allocation of resources toward the satisfaction of consumption demands versus saving/investment priorities. They show how the crucial role of prices in a market economy cannot be well understood without a firm grasp of the role of money in a modern world. The Alchian and Allen application of information and search-cost analysis to the subject of money, price determination, and inflation is unique in the teaching of economic principles. No one has ever done price theory better than Alchian -- that is, no one has ever excelled Alchians ability to explain the reason, role, and nuances of prices, of competition, and of property rights. And only a precious few -- I can count them on my fingers -- have a claim for being considered to have done price theory as well as he did it. -- Donald Boudreaux, George Mason University. Armen A. Alchian (19142013), one of the twentieth centurys great teachers of economic science, taught at UCLA from 1958 to 1984. Founder of the UCLA tradition in economics, he has become recognized as one of the most influential voices in the areas of market structure, property rights, and the theory of the firm. William R. Allen taught at Washington University prior to joining the UCLA faculty in 1952. Along with research primarily in international economics and the history of economic theory, he has concentrated on teaching economics. Universal Economics is his third textbook collaboration with Armen Alchian. Jerry L. Jordan wrote his doctoral dissertation under the direction of Armen Alchian. He was Dean of the School of Management at the University of New Mexico, a member of President Reagans Council of Economic Advisors and of the U.S. Gold Commission, Director of Research of the Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis, and President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. |
| a command economic system is characterized by: CliffsNotes Praxis II: Social Studies Content Knowledge (0081), 2nd Edition Shana Pate, 2012-02-28 An updated edition of the bestselling test prep guide Subject review chapters 2 full-length practice tests |
| a command economic system is characterized by: Principles of Economics 2e Steven A. Greenlaw, David Shapiro, Timoth Taylor, 2017-10-11 |
| a command economic system is characterized by: The Cambridge History of Communism Norman Naimark, Silvio Pons, Sophie Quinn-Judge, 2017-09-21 The second volume of The Cambridge History of Communism explores the rise of Communist states and movements after World War II. Leading experts analyze archival sources from formerly Communist states to re-examine the limits to Moscow's control of its satellites; the de-Stalinization of 1956; Communist reform movements; the rise and fall of the Sino-Soviet alliance; the growth of Communism in Asia, Africa and Latin America; and the effects of the Sino-Soviet split on world Communism. Chapters explore the cultures of Communism in the United States, Western Europe and China, and the conflicts engendered by nationalism and the continued need for support from Moscow. With the danger of a new Cold War developing between former and current Communist states and the West, this account of the roots, development and dissolution of the socialist bloc is essential reading. |
73 Keyboard Shortcuts in Windows - Microsoft Community
Oct 1, 2024 · You can use these keyboard shortcuts inside the Windows Command Prompt. Ctrl + C or Ctrl + Insert: Copy selected text to the clipboard. Ctrl + V or Shift + Insert: Paste copied …
sfc /scannow and DISM.exe /Online /Cleanup-image /Restorehealth.
Aug 26, 2018 · Hi, PatM.YV. these are the commands, you have to enter line by line. Open Start, type: CMD Right click CMD
How to check your Laptop Battery Health/Remaining Capacity in …
Mar 31, 2025 · Type CMD and right click the Command Prompt (CMD) app, Select run as administrator, Click YES when the UAC pop up appears. When the CMD program opens, type …
How to reset Windows from command prompt - Microsoft …
Jan 12, 2018 · On the third start Windows will boot into the Recovery Environment and from there you can access System Repair, Safe Mode, Command Prompt . . . etc. Ggo to Troubleshoot - …
DISM RestoreHealth stuck at 62.3% [Info / Resolved]
Feb 24, 2025 · How can you see that? There is one useful command that tails the log file of the DISM command. Start PowerShell as an admin and enter the following command. Get-Content …
HOW TO GET INTO THE BITLOCKER RECOVERY SCREEN
Dec 19, 2024 · Open Command Prompt as Administrator: Press Win + S, type cmd, right-click, and select Run as Administrator. Type the following command and press Enter: manage-bde …
What does this error message mean? "Class not registered" in ...
Apr 9, 2025 · The same message is displaying for me on start-up. I've run the command but it's made no difference. Is this related to the M365 licencing issue that has been going on for the …
Reset Network Adapters using CMD - Microsoft Community
Feb 6, 2018 · Open PowerShell or Command Prompt and run as administrator, type the following commands by pressing enter at the end of each command line: netsh winsock reset netsh int ip …
How do I display c:\Program Files (x86) - Microsoft Community
May 14, 2020 · While in the command prompt type "cd\", then enter. From there type "cd\program" then hit the tab button until you see "c:\program files (x86)", then hit enter. Sorry to say so but …
How do I run the Malicious Software Removal Tool?
May 1, 2018 · Hi Nick. I'm Greg, an installation specialist and 8 year Windows MVP, here to help you. It runs a scan when first downloaded from Windows Update.
73 Keyboard Shortcuts in Windows - Microsoft Community
Oct 1, 2024 · You can use these keyboard shortcuts inside the Windows Command Prompt. Ctrl + C or Ctrl + Insert: Copy selected text to the clipboard. Ctrl + V or Shift + Insert: Paste copied text …
sfc /scannow and DISM.exe /Online /Cleanup-image /Restorehealth.
Aug 26, 2018 · Hi, PatM.YV. these are the commands, you have to enter line by line. Open Start, type: CMD Right click CMD
How to check your Laptop Battery Health/Remaining Capacity in …
Mar 31, 2025 · Type CMD and right click the Command Prompt (CMD) app, Select run as administrator, Click YES when the UAC pop up appears. When the CMD program opens, type …
How to reset Windows from command prompt - Microsoft Community
Jan 12, 2018 · On the third start Windows will boot into the Recovery Environment and from there you can access System Repair, Safe Mode, Command Prompt . . . etc. Ggo to Troubleshoot - …
DISM RestoreHealth stuck at 62.3% [Info / Resolved]
Feb 24, 2025 · How can you see that? There is one useful command that tails the log file of the DISM command. Start PowerShell as an admin and enter the following command. Get-Content …
HOW TO GET INTO THE BITLOCKER RECOVERY SCREEN
Dec 19, 2024 · Open Command Prompt as Administrator: Press Win + S, type cmd, right-click, and select Run as Administrator. Type the following command and press Enter: manage-bde …
What does this error message mean? "Class not registered" in ...
Apr 9, 2025 · The same message is displaying for me on start-up. I've run the command but it's made no difference. Is this related to the M365 licencing issue that has been going on for the …
Reset Network Adapters using CMD - Microsoft Community
Feb 6, 2018 · Open PowerShell or Command Prompt and run as administrator, type the following commands by pressing enter at the end of each command line: netsh winsock reset netsh int ip …
How do I display c:\Program Files (x86) - Microsoft Community
May 14, 2020 · While in the command prompt type "cd\", then enter. From there type "cd\program" then hit the tab button until you see "c:\program files (x86)", then hit enter. Sorry to say so but …
How do I run the Malicious Software Removal Tool?
May 1, 2018 · Hi Nick. I'm Greg, an installation specialist and 8 year Windows MVP, here to help you. It runs a scan when first downloaded from Windows Update.
