Advertisement
The Evolution of 911: A History of Emergency Number Systems
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, PhD, Professor of Telecommunications History at the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Reed's research focuses on the socio-technical evolution of emergency response systems, with a particular emphasis on the development and impact of the 911 system.
Keywords: 911 emergency number history, emergency number system, 911 history, emergency services, telecommunications history, 911 system evolution, national emergency number, 911 implementation, 911 challenges, future of 911.
Publisher: American Telecommunications Association (ATA), a leading organization dedicated to promoting the advancement of telecommunications technology and policy.
Editor: Mr. David Miller, former director of emergency services for the state of California and expert in emergency response management.
Introduction: Understanding the 911 Emergency Number History
The ubiquitous three-digit number, 911, instantly conjures images of emergency response – police sirens, flashing lights, and the hope of swift intervention. But the 911 emergency number history is far richer and more complex than its simple dialing suggests. Its evolution is a fascinating tale of technological innovation, bureaucratic hurdles, and the enduring human need for rapid assistance during crises. This exploration of the 911 emergency number history delves into the methodologies and approaches that shaped this vital system, highlighting both its triumphs and ongoing challenges.
The Seeds of 911: Early Emergency Response Systems
Before the standardization of 911, emergency response varied wildly across the United States. Different cities and towns employed diverse methods, ranging from dedicated emergency lines with complex numbers to reliance on local police and fire department switchboards. This lack of uniformity created confusion and delays, critical factors in emergency situations. The 911 emergency number history begins with a recognition of this fundamental problem. The need for a simple, nationwide standard became increasingly clear. Early attempts at streamlining emergency communication involved regional collaborations, but these initiatives often lacked the necessary coordination and funding to achieve widespread adoption.
The Birth of a National Standard: The 911 System's Development
The groundwork for the 911 system was laid in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Studies conducted by various organizations revealed the inefficiencies and dangers of the fragmented approach to emergency response. The 911 emergency number history gained momentum with the establishment of the National Academy of Sciences’ study in 1965, which strongly recommended a nationwide three-digit emergency number. This recommendation marked a crucial turning point, paving the way for the development of a standardized system. The concept was simple in principle—a universally recognized number connected to a centralized dispatch center – but the execution proved incredibly complex.
Technological Hurdles and Implementation Challenges: 911 Emergency Number History
Implementing a nationwide system presented significant technological challenges. The existing telephone infrastructure had to be adapted to handle the high volume of calls and ensure efficient routing to the appropriate emergency services. The 911 emergency number history is punctuated by many debates on funding, particularly the cost of upgrading and modernizing the network. The development of Enhanced 911 (E911) in the 1990s, which added the ability to automatically identify the caller's location, marked another significant advancement. This greatly improved response times and efficiency, particularly in mobile emergencies.
Evolution of 911: Addressing the Challenges and Integrating New Technologies
The 911 emergency number history isn't just a narrative of successes; it includes facing, and responding to, significant challenges. Issues such as funding disparities between states and municipalities, the need for ongoing technological upgrades, and the increasing complexity of emergency situations continue to require attention. The integration of Next Generation 911 (NG911) represents the latest chapter in the 911 emergency number history. NG911 is designed to handle multimedia data, such as text messages, images, and videos, providing dispatchers with richer information to better assess and respond to emergencies. This evolution demonstrates a continuous adaptation to the changing technological landscape and the ever-evolving demands of public safety.
911 and the Digital Age: Challenges and Opportunities
The 911 emergency number history is now inextricably linked to the digital age. The proliferation of smartphones and the rise of social media have introduced both opportunities and challenges. While the ability to quickly alert emergency services via text or social media is beneficial, it also presents challenges for managing the flow of information and verifying its accuracy. This era underscores the necessity of ongoing innovation in emergency response technologies and the importance of clear communication strategies to leverage the benefits of digital technologies while mitigating associated risks.
The Future of 911: Maintaining Relevance and Efficiency
Looking ahead, the 911 emergency number history will continue to be shaped by advancements in technology and evolving societal needs. The goal remains to maintain the efficiency, reliability, and accessibility of the system while adapting to technological innovations and emerging challenges. This necessitates ongoing investment in infrastructure, training, and research to ensure that the 911 system remains a vital tool for safeguarding public safety. Improving interoperability between different emergency services and developing more advanced location technologies are crucial steps in this ongoing process. Furthermore, exploring new communication methods and integrating artificial intelligence are potential avenues for enhancing 911's effectiveness.
Conclusion:
The 911 emergency number history is a testament to the power of collaboration, technological innovation, and the ongoing commitment to public safety. From its humble beginnings as a patchwork of disparate systems to its current form as a sophisticated, nationwide network, 911 has undergone remarkable transformation. However, the journey is far from over. Continuous adaptation and improvement are necessary to ensure that this vital system remains capable of meeting the ever-evolving needs of society.
FAQs:
1. When was the 911 system first implemented? While the concept was developed earlier, the first nationwide 911 system was implemented gradually throughout the 1960s and 1970s, with full implementation taking many years.
2. Why was a three-digit number chosen for 911? A three-digit number was chosen for its simplicity and ease of memorization, making it readily accessible in emergency situations.
3. What is Enhanced 911 (E911)? E911 adds automatic location identification to 911 calls, allowing dispatchers to pinpoint the caller's location quickly, even if they can't verbally provide it.
4. What is Next Generation 911 (NG911)? NG911 is designed to handle multimedia data—text messages, images, videos—providing dispatchers with more comprehensive information.
5. How is 911 funded? Funding for 911 varies by location and involves a combination of federal, state, and local funding sources, often through taxes and fees.
6. What are some challenges facing the 911 system today? Challenges include funding disparities, cybersecurity threats, the integration of new technologies, and managing the increasing volume of calls.
7. How can I help improve the 911 system in my community? You can help by supporting local initiatives, advocating for increased funding, and promoting awareness of 911 best practices.
8. What is the role of text-to-911? Text-to-911 provides an alternative for those who are unable to make a voice call, particularly beneficial for individuals who are deaf, hard of hearing, or in situations where making a voice call is unsafe.
9. How does 911 work internationally? Different countries use different emergency numbers, often based on local systems and infrastructure. There is no universally standardized emergency number globally.
Related Articles:
1. The Technological Evolution of 911: From Rotary Phones to NG911: This article details the technological advancements that have shaped the 911 system over the decades.
2. Funding the Future of 911: Addressing Financial Disparities: An analysis of the funding challenges faced by 911 systems and solutions for equitable resource allocation.
3. The Role of GIS in Enhancing 911 Response: An exploration of how geographic information systems improve the efficiency and accuracy of emergency response.
4. 911 and Cybersecurity: Protecting the System from Threats: This article examines the vulnerabilities and threats facing 911 systems and strategies for enhancing security.
5. The Human Element of 911: Training and Dispatching Best Practices: A focus on the human factors involved in 911 response, including training and communication protocols.
6. 911 and Social Media: Opportunities and Challenges in Emergency Communication: This article explores the use of social media in conjunction with 911 services.
7. The Future of 911: Predicting the Next Generation of Emergency Response: This article delves into potential future developments in 911 technology and functionality.
8. A Comparative Study of Emergency Number Systems Worldwide: A global comparison of emergency number systems and their strengths and weaknesses.
9. Case Studies in 911 System Failures and Improvements: An examination of past incidents to highlight lessons learned and improvements made to the system.
| 911 emergency number history: Call 911! Kelly R. Rasmussen, 2012 A leader in the field of public safety and CEO of a company providing communications training to the 9-1-1 industry descibes her experiences of being an emergency 9-1-1 operator as she rose through the ranks from a rookie 9-1-1 dispatch operator to the director of a large 9-1-1 dispatch center-- |
| 911 emergency number history: It's Time to Call 911 Penton Overseas, Inc. Staff, 2003-03 It's Time to Call 911 offers parents a children's book about emergencies, and how to deal with them. |
| 911 emergency number history: What Is Your Emergency? Diana A. Sprain, 2015-09-29 The story of 911 is complicated. Over 240 million calls are made to the 911 system every year. The Romans organized fire watches and had published laws. The famous Magna Carta was the foundation of our modern democratic freedom. Folks who were used to being self-sufficient learned to take advantage to developing technology to call for assistance when they saw a fire, needed law enforcement or required emergency medical help. Phone calls are received by local police departments and handled by Public Safety Telecommunicators, or Dispatchers. How did the 911 system begin? How are the 911 Dispatchers selected and trained? How do they handle everyday calls verses disasters or major incidents? This is the first book to address the story of our Nation's Public Safety Dispatchers. |
| 911 emergency number history: Badges without Borders Stuart Schrader, 2019-10-15 From the Cold War through today, the U.S. has quietly assisted dozens of regimes around the world in suppressing civil unrest and securing the conditions for the smooth operation of capitalism. Casting a new light on American empire, Badges Without Borders shows, for the first time, that the very same people charged with global counterinsurgency also militarized American policing at home. In this groundbreaking exposé, Stuart Schrader shows how the United States projected imperial power overseas through police training and technical assistance—and how this effort reverberated to shape the policing of city streets at home. Examining diverse records, from recently declassified national security and intelligence materials to police textbooks and professional magazines, Schrader reveals how U.S. police leaders envisioned the beat to be as wide as the globe and worked to put everyday policing at the core of the Cold War project of counterinsurgency. A “smoking gun” book, Badges without Borders offers a new account of the War on Crime, “law and order” politics, and global counterinsurgency, revealing the connections between foreign and domestic racial control. |
| 911 emergency number history: Pentagon 9/11 Alfred Goldberg, 2007-09-05 The most comprehensive account to date of the 9/11 attack on the Pentagon and aftermath, this volume includes unprecedented details on the impact on the Pentagon building and personnel and the scope of the rescue, recovery, and caregiving effort. It features 32 pages of photographs and more than a dozen diagrams and illustrations not previously available. |
| 911 emergency number history: Impatient Pamela Calls 9-1-1 Mary Koski, 1998 Young readers of this exceptionally well-conceived and executed picture book will identify with Pamela and become better equipped to handle emergency 9-1-1 phone calls should the need ever arise.-Children's Bookwatch In this instructive story, Pamela learns her address, how to use the telephone, how to dial 9-1-1, and how to recognize an emergency. The style is light and breezy and the illustrations amusing.-Ann Kalkhoff, Children's Book Review Service Impatient Pamela is back with this second edition of her first adventure. She learns all about using the telephone and how to call 9-1-1. She's impatient to make the call, but she needs to learn about true emergencies. When her friend Martin visits and chokes on a bite of his sandwich, it's time for Pamela to stay calm. Will she remember her lessons? Children love going along with Pamela as she saves the day. And Pamela's cat, Meow-Man, is on every page. Winner of The National Parenting Center's Seal of Approval. |
| 911 emergency number history: Answering 911 Caroline Burau, 2007-09 At a pace matching the flashing lights on a 911 console, Caroline Burau puts us in the hot seat and shows us the madness, the sadness, and the gallows humor of a profession that serves and protects in ways we never dream. And by telling us what goes on when the microphone is silent, she has taken the voice on the radio and given it heart. Michael Perry, author of Population 485 and Truck: A Love Story A witty, gritty look at life on the receiving end of our cries for help. Reader's Digest (Editor's Choice) You answer a call from a fourteen-year-old boy asking for someone to arrest his mother, who is smoking crack in their bathroom. You talk with him until the cops arrive, making sure there are no weapons around and learning that his favorite subject in school is lunch. Five minutes later, you have to deal with someone complaining about his neighbor's clarinet practice. What is it like to be on the receiving end of desperate calls for help . . . every day? Caroline Burau, a former newspaper reporter and nursing student who couldn't stand the sight of blood, takes a job as an emergency dispatcher because she likes helping people. But on-the-job training at the comm center proves to be more than she bargained for. As she adjusts to a daily life of catastrophe and comedy, domestics and drunks, cops and robbers, junk food and sarcasm, lost cats and suicides, she discovers that crisis can become routine, that coworkers can be mean--that she must continue to care and, at times, learn how to let go. The day may come when I have to dial 911. I hope to God that the person who answers is Caroline Burau or someone like her. Funny, honest, and elegantly simple, this book left me with a sense of grace and hope.--Alison McGhee, author of Shadow Baby, Rainlight, Was It Beautiful? and Falling Boy Caroline Burau is a 911 dispatch operator for the police and fire departments in White Bear Lake, Minnesota. |
| 911 emergency number history: Kitty Genovese Kevin Cook, 2015-03-17 Vividly transforms Ms. Genovese from an iconic urban martyr to a three-dimensional protagonist in a case that transformed the criminal justice system. —Sam Roberts, New York Times In 1964 Catherine Kitty Genovese was brutally stabbed to death on her front stoop in plain view of numerous witnesses. Her sensational case provoked an anxious outcry and became the stuff of urban legend. Kevin Cook’s “provocative” (Wall Street Journal) investigation upends the simple story we thought we knew. His unprecedented minute-by-minute reconstruction of the crime shatters the fable of the 38 passive witnesses—a myth perpetuated by the New York Times, movies, TV programs, and countless psychology textbooks. For the first time, Cook introduces us to a neighbor who did intervene, and he brings to life a vibrant and charismatic Kitty, working (and dancing) her way through the colorful, fast-changing New York of the ’60s. |
| 911 emergency number history: Anyone, Anything, Anytime Brian J. Zink, 2005-09-01 A wonderful picture of an important period in the practice of medicine in the United States. (from the Foreword by Peter Rosen, MD) Here is the very first book to comprehensively explore the evolution of the field of emergency medicine -- from its origins following World War II, through the sociopolitical changes of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, to the present. First-hand narratives from more than 45 founders and pioneers of emergency medicine provide a vivid portrayal of the important events and viewpoints that have given rise to today's practice. Represents the first comprehensive history of emergency medicine as a specialty. Provides first-hand oral histories from more than 45 of the key figures who witnessed and helped to shape the developments chronicled in the book. Offers keen insights into how the sociopolitical changes of the 1950s through 1970s influenced public health, health care delivery, and emergency medicine. Includes many unique photographs of important leaders in emergency medicine. |
| 911 emergency number history: Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act of 1999 United States, 1999 |
| 911 emergency number history: Impatient Pamela Says Mary Koski, Ed.D., Mary B. Koski, Lori Collins, 1999-07 A fabulous teaching aid that walks children through learning about emergencies. Includes a letter to parents and teachers, what is a true emergency, when it is appropriate to call, and who will come to your home. |
| 911 emergency number history: 911 Coloring and Activity Book Deep Art, 2020-09-04 -The 911 Colouring and Activity Book is a really important book for children to learn about calling for help in an emergency and how the 911 system works.Use these exercises to teach your children or your students the important emergency response actions for various situations so they are prepared in case of an emergency.-The book also contains high-quality coloring pictures |
| 911 emergency number history: Life in the Balance Mickey S. Eisenberg, 1997 This medical detective story traces the ongoing quest to reverse sudden death, looking at such breakthroughs in our understanding as respiration, circulation and defibrillation. It includes a guide to emergency CPR |
| 911 emergency number history: What's the Number for 911? Leland Gregory, 2009-06-15 911 Dispatch: 911, what's your emergency? Caller: What were the winning numbers for the Evening Pick Four today? Lauded as the 911 poster child by Katie Couric, former Saturday Night Live writer Leland Gregory takes us back to where the funny all began. From presidential philosophizing and political pandering to foolish felons and office idiots, Leland Gregory generates side-splitting laughter by chronicling the worst of human nature. Gregory takes us back to where all the laughs began by updating his 911 cult classic with more than 150 new tales of bizarre but true 911 calls such as: .911: Do you know a good stain remover? .911 Report: Person answered no to the question: Are you conscious? .911 Report: Man called and requested dispatcher call his wife to let her know he's on his way home and that she shouldn't yell at him. |
| 911 emergency number history: Secret Brooklyn Michelle Young, Augustin Pasquet, 2019 Let Secret Brooklyn guide you around the unusual and unfamiliar. Step off the beaten track with this fascinating Brooklyn guide book and let our local experts show you the well-hidden treasures of an amazing borough. Ideal for local inhabitants and curious travellers alike |
| 911 emergency number history: History of Chicago Alfred Theodore Andreas, 1884 |
| 911 emergency number history: Beyond 9/11 Chappell Lawson, Alan Bersin, Juliette N. Kayyem, 2020-08-11 Drawing on two decades of government efforts to secure the homeland, experts offer crucial strategic lessons and detailed recommendations for homeland security. For Americans, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, crystallized the notion of homeland security. But what does it mean to secure the homeland in the twenty-first century? What lessons can be drawn from the first two decades of U.S. government efforts to do so? In Beyond 9/11, leading academic experts and former senior government officials address the most salient challenges of homeland security today. |
| 911 emergency number history: 1000 Years for Revenge Peter Lance, 2009-03-17 1000 Years for Revenge is a groundbreaking investigative work that uncovers startling evidence of how the FBI missed dozens of opportunities to stop the attacks of September 11, dating back to 1989. Award-winning journalist Peter Lance explains how an elusive al Qaeda mastermind defeated the entire American security system in what the author calls the greatest failure of intelligence since the Trojan Horse. Threading the stories of FBI agent Nancy Floyd, FDNY fire marshal Ronnie Bucca, and bomb-maker Ramzi Yousef, Lance uncovers the years of behind-the-scenes intrigue that put these three strangers on a collision course. An unparalleled work of investigative reporting and masterful storytelling, 1000 Years for Revenge will change forever the way we look at the FBI and the war on terror in the twenty-first century. |
| 911 emergency number history: The Ground Truth John Farmer, 2009-09-08 From the senior counsel to the 9/11 Commission, a mesmerizing real-time portrayal of that day, why we weren?t told the truth, and why our nation is still at risk. As one of the primary authors of the 9/11 Commission Report, John Farmer is proud of his and his colleagues? work. Yet he came away from the experience convinced that there was a further story to be told, one he was uniquely qualified to write. Now that story can be told. Tape recordings, transcripts, and contemporaneous records that had been classified have since been declassified, and the inspector general?s investigations of government conduct have been completed. Drawing on his knowledge of those sources, as well as his years as an attorney in public and private practice, Farmer reconstructs the truth of what happened on that fateful day and the disastrous circumstances that allowed it: the institutionalized disconnect between what those on the ground knew and what those in power did. He details ?terrifyingly and illuminatingly?the key moments in the years, months, weeks, and days that preceded the attacks, then descends almost in real time through the attacks themselves, portraying them as they have never before been seen. Ultimately, Farmer builds the inescapably convincing case that the official version not only is almost entirely untrue but serves to create a false impression of order and security. The ground truth that Farmer captures suggests a very different scenario?one that is doomed to be repeated unless the systemic failures he reveals are confronted and remedied. |
| 911 emergency number history: Master the Public Safety Dispatcher/911 Operator, 4th edition Peterson's, 2015-09-08 Master the Public Safety Dispatcher/911 Operator Exam provides everything you need to succeed on the exam, including two full-length practice tests, thorough review of every question type on the exam, proven test-taking strategies to help you score higher, and comprehensive information for beginning and advanced-level emergency personnel. Also, expert tips on how to best analyze job announcements and interviewing successfully are included to give you an edge over the competition. |
| 911 emergency number history: Locating 911 Callers in a Wireless World United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet, 2014 |
| 911 emergency number history: FCC Record United States. Federal Communications Commission, 2017 |
| 911 emergency number history: Countdown to Zero Day Kim Zetter, 2015-09-01 A top cybersecurity journalist tells the story behind the virus that sabotaged Iran’s nuclear efforts and shows how its existence has ushered in a new age of warfare—one in which a digital attack can have the same destructive capability as a megaton bomb. “Immensely enjoyable . . . Zetter turns a complicated and technical cyber story into an engrossing whodunit.”—The Washington Post The virus now known as Stuxnet was unlike any other piece of malware built before: Rather than simply hijacking targeted computers or stealing information from them, it proved that a piece of code could escape the digital realm and wreak actual, physical destruction—in this case, on an Iranian nuclear facility. In these pages, journalist Kim Zetter tells the whole story behind the world’s first cyberweapon, covering its genesis in the corridors of the White House and its effects in Iran—and telling the spectacular, unlikely tale of the security geeks who managed to unravel a top secret sabotage campaign years in the making. But Countdown to Zero Day also ranges beyond Stuxnet itself, exploring the history of cyberwarfare and its future, showing us what might happen should our infrastructure be targeted by a Stuxnet-style attack, and ultimately, providing a portrait of a world at the edge of a new kind of war. |
| 911 emergency number history: Report of the General Superintendent of Police of the City of Chicago, to the City Council Chicago (Ill.). Police Department, 1908 |
| 911 emergency number history: Emergency Medical Services Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Care Services, Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System, 2007-06-03 Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is a critical component of our nation's emergency and trauma care system, providing response and medical transport to millions of sick and injured Americans each year. At its best, EMS is a crucial link to survival in the chain of care, but within the last several years, complex problems facing the emergency care system have emerged. Press coverage has highlighted instances of slow EMS response times, ambulance diversions, trauma center closures, and ground and air medical crashes. This heightened public awareness of problems that have been building over time has underscored the need for a review of the U.S. emergency care system. Emergency Medical Services provides the first comprehensive study on this topic. This new book examines the operational structure of EMS by presenting an in-depth analysis of the current organization, delivery, and financing of these types of services and systems. By addressing its strengths, limitations, and future challenges this book draws upon a range of concerns: • The evolving role of EMS as an integral component of the overall health care system. • EMS system planning, preparedness, and coordination at the federal, state, and local levels. • EMS funding and infrastructure investments. • EMS workforce trends and professional education. • EMS research priorities and funding. Emergency Medical Services is one of three books in the Future of Emergency Care series. This book will be of particular interest to emergency care providers, professional organizations, and policy makers looking to address the deficiencies in emergency care systems. |
| 911 emergency number history: "No One Helped" Marcia M. Gallo, 2015-08-11 In No One Helped Marcia M. Gallo examines one of America's most infamous true-crime stories: the 1964 rape and murder of Catherine Kitty Genovese in a middle-class neighborhood of Queens, New York. Front-page reports in the New York Times incorrectly identified thirty-eight indifferent witnesses to the crime, fueling fears of apathy and urban decay. Genovese's life, including her lesbian relationship, also was obscured in media accounts of the crime. Fifty years later, the story of Kitty Genovese continues to circulate in popular culture. Although it is now widely known that there were far fewer actual witnesses to the crime than was reported in 1964, the moral of the story continues to be urban apathy. No One Helped traces the Genovese story's development and resilience while challenging the myth it created.No One Helped places the conscious creation and promotion of the Genovese story within a changing urban environment. Gallo reviews New York's shifting racial and economic demographics and explores post–World War II examinations of conscience regarding the horrors of Nazism. These were important factors in the uncritical acceptance of the story by most media, political leaders, and the public despite repeated protests from Genovese's Kew Gardens neighbors at their inaccurate portrayal. The crime led to advances in criminal justice and psychology, such as the development of the 911 emergency system and numerous studies of bystander behaviors. Gallo emphasizes that the response to the crime also led to increased community organizing as well as feminist campaigns against sexual violence. Even though the particulars of the sad story of her death were distorted, Kitty Genovese left an enduring legacy of positive changes to the urban environment. |
| 911 emergency number history: 9-11 Emergency Relief Alternative Comics, 2002 Cartoonists offer personal accounts of their experiences related to the September 11 terrorist attacks. |
| 911 emergency number history: The Eleventh Day Anthony Summers, Robbyn Swan, 2011-07-19 FINALIST FOR THE PULITZER PRIZE For most living Americans, September 11, 2001, is the darkest date in the nation’s history. But what exactly happened on 9/11? Could it have been prevented? And what remains unresolved? Here is the first panoramic, authoritative account of that tragic day—from the first brutal actions of the hijackers to our government’s flawed response; from the untruths told afterward by U.S. officials to the “elephant in the room” of the 9/11 Commission’s report—the clues that point to foreign involvement. New York Times bestselling authors Anthony Summers and Robbyn Swan write with access to thousands of recently released official documents, raw transcripts, fresh interviews, and the perspective that can come only from a decade of research and evaluation. Riveting, revelatory, and thoroughly sourced, The Eleventh Day is updated for this edition—with new reporting on a development that the former cochairman of Congress’s 9/11 probe calls the most important in years. This is the essential one-volume work, required reading for us all. “Essential.”—The Wall Street Journal “Meticulous, comprehensive . . . an extraordinary synthesis.”—John Farmer, 9/11 Commission senior counsel “This wide-angle look . . . examines the personalities behind the terror plot, U.S. intelligence blunders, the toxic environmental impact on first responders, the march to war, [and] gray areas in the 9/11 Commission Report.”—The Washington Post “The best available general account of 9/11—soberly written, judiciously weighed, meticulously sourced.”—The Sunday Times |
| 911 emergency number history: Technical Innovation in American History [3 volumes] Rosanne Welch, Peg A. Lamphier, 2019-02-22 From the invention of eyeglasses to the Internet, this three-volume set examines the pivotal effects of inventions on society, providing a fascinating history of technology and innovations in the United States from the earliest European colonization to the present. Technical Innovation in American History surveys the history of technology, documenting the chronological and thematic connections between specific inventions, technological systems, individuals, and events that have contributed to the history of science and technology in the United States. Covering eras from colonial times to the present day in three chronological volumes, the entries include innovations in fields such as architecture, civil engineering, transportation, energy, mining and oil industries, chemical industries, electronics, computer and information technology, communications (television, radio, and print), agriculture and food technology, and military technology. The A–Z entries address key individuals, events, organizations, and legislation related to themes such as industry, consumer and medical technology, military technology, computer technology, and space science, among others, enabling readers to understand how specific inventions, technological systems, individuals, and events influenced the history, cultural development, and even self-identity of the United States and its people. The information also spotlights how American culture, the U.S. government, and American society have specifically influenced technological development. |
| 911 emergency number history: History Of The Chicago Police From The Settlement Of The Community To The Present Time John Joseph Flinn, John Elbert Wilkie, 2022-10-27 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| 911 emergency number history: Crimes That Changed Our World Paul H. Robinson, Sarah M. Robinson, 2018-06-15 Can crime make our world safer? Crimes are the worst of humanity’s wrongs but, oddly, they sometimes “trigger” improvement in our lives. Crimes That Changed Our World explores some of the most important trigger cases of the past century, revealing much about how change comes to our modern world. The exact nature of the crime-outrage-reform dynamic can take many forms, and Paul and Sarah Robinson explore those differences in the cases they present. Each case is in some ways unique but there are repeating patterns that can offer important insights about what produces change and how in the future we might best manage it. Sometimes reform comes as a society wrestles with a new and intolerable problem. Sometimes it comes because an old problem from which we have long suffered suddenly has an apparent solution provided by technology or some other social or economic advance. Or, sometimes the engine of reform kicks into gear simply because we decide as a society that we are no longer willing to tolerate a long-standing problem and are now willing to do something about it. As the amazing and often touching stories that the Robinsons present make clear, the path of progress is not just a long series of course corrections; sometimes it is a quick turn or an unexpected lurch. In a flash we can suddenly feel different about present circumstances, seeing a need for change and can often, just as suddenly, do something about it. Every trigger crime that appears in Crimes That Changed Our World highlights a societal problem that America has chosen to deal with, each in a unique way. But what these extraordinary, and sometime unexpected, cases have in common is that all of them describe crimes that changed our world. |
| 911 emergency number history: Citizen Relationship Management Alexander Schellong, 2008 This study explores Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in government. Based on an interdisciplinary literature review and multiple-case study design, a model of Citizen Relationship Management (CiRM) is developed and discussed. The case studies explore the perceptions of CRM/CiRM by administrators, elected officials and consultants as well as its implementation and impact on the municipal level and in a multijurisdictional environment in the United States. Although the explorative part of the study focuses broadly on a theoretical conceptualization of CiRM, the immediate empirical referent of research are the 311 initiatives in the City of Baltimore, the City of Chicago, the City of New York and Miami-Dade County. Thus, the results help administrators and researchers to convey the idea and challenges of 311 well. The study shows that CRM is to a certain extent only partly able to make novel contributions to currently active reform movements in government. In addition, the study's findings support the idea that CiRM provides the means to a different kind of public participation. |
| 911 emergency number history: Nine-one-one/the Emergency Telephone Number United States. Telecommunications Policy Office, 1973 |
| 911 emergency number history: Introduction to Criminal Justice Information Systems Ralph Ioimo, 2018-09-03 The proliferation of information systems throughout the criminal justice system has prompted many universities supporting criminal justice programs to add criminal justice information systems technology to their curriculums. Several universities have gone so far as to hire professors with specializations in information technology and to offer criminal justice information systems as an area of concentration. Introduction to Criminal Justice Information Systems gives an overview of the various software systems and technologies currently used in the criminal justice environment. The book covers a variety of topics critical to each member of the criminal justice system: police, prosecutor, courts, and corrections. It details the current systems in use, how they are used, and how separate systems interact with others. It also suggests how the current technology and the processes built upon it will evolve. While designed as a textbook to meet the needs of an introductory criminal justice information technology course, Introduction to Criminal Justice Information Systems is also a flexible resource useful to professionals in relevant areas of the criminal justice system. With rapidly increasing development and use of technology in modern law enforcement, this book provides a much-needed reference for those who are responsible for its implementation as well as an essential introduction to those who will become responsible for it. An instructor's manual is available as an electronic download upon request. |
| 911 emergency number history: Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Pain Management and Regulatory Strategies to Address Prescription Opioid Abuse, 2017-09-28 Drug overdose, driven largely by overdose related to the use of opioids, is now the leading cause of unintentional injury death in the United States. The ongoing opioid crisis lies at the intersection of two public health challenges: reducing the burden of suffering from pain and containing the rising toll of the harms that can arise from the use of opioid medications. Chronic pain and opioid use disorder both represent complex human conditions affecting millions of Americans and causing untold disability and loss of function. In the context of the growing opioid problem, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched an Opioids Action Plan in early 2016. As part of this plan, the FDA asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to update the state of the science on pain research, care, and education and to identify actions the FDA and others can take to respond to the opioid epidemic, with a particular focus on informing FDA's development of a formal method for incorporating individual and societal considerations into its risk-benefit framework for opioid approval and monitoring. |
| 911 emergency number history: V for Vendetta Book & Mask Set ALAN. MOORE, 2021-04-27 In a world without political freedom, personal freedom and precious little faith in anything comes a mysterious man in a white porcelain mask who fights political oppressors through terrorism and seemingly absurd acts. It's a gripping tale of the blurred lines between ideological good and evil. The inspiration for the hit 2005 movie starring Natalie Portman and Hugo Weaving, this amazing graphic novel is packaged with a collectable reproduction of the iconic V mask. |
| 911 emergency number history: Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on the Treatment of Cardiac Arrest: Current Status and Future Directions, 2015-09-29 Cardiac arrest can strike a seemingly healthy individual of any age, race, ethnicity, or gender at any time in any location, often without warning. Cardiac arrest is the third leading cause of death in the United States, following cancer and heart disease. Four out of five cardiac arrests occur in the home, and more than 90 percent of individuals with cardiac arrest die before reaching the hospital. First and foremost, cardiac arrest treatment is a community issue - local resources and personnel must provide appropriate, high-quality care to save the life of a community member. Time between onset of arrest and provision of care is fundamental, and shortening this time is one of the best ways to reduce the risk of death and disability from cardiac arrest. Specific actions can be implemented now to decrease this time, and recent advances in science could lead to new discoveries in the causes of, and treatments for, cardiac arrest. However, specific barriers must first be addressed. Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival examines the complete system of response to cardiac arrest in the United States and identifies opportunities within existing and new treatments, strategies, and research that promise to improve the survival and recovery of patients. The recommendations of Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival provide high-priority actions to advance the field as a whole. This report will help citizens, government agencies, and private industry to improve health outcomes from sudden cardiac arrest across the United States. |
| 911 emergency number history: The Resilient 911 Professional Jim Marshall, Tracey Laorenza, 2018-04-20 9-1-1 telecommunicators are heavily exposed to traumatic stressors in the line of duty as our nation's Very First Responders. They struggle with PTSD at a rate believed to be four to five times higher than the general public. These 9-1-1 Professionals and their leaders must be equipped to protect their own well-being, and to safeguard the performance of our 9-1-1 centers facing an ever more demanding future. The 911 Training Institute is proud to announce the release of a book that will finally meet this need: The Resilient 9-1-1 Professional: A Comprehensive Guide to Surviving & Thriving Together in the 9-1-1 Center. This volume, edited by Jim Marshall and Tracey Laorenza, brings together an unprecedented group including 9-1-1 frontliners, their managers, joined by subject matter experts in public-safety, mental health and public administration. Together they deliver powerful stories and fascinating science revealing the health risks faced by 9-1-1Pros and a full spectrum of solutions to manage these risks and optimize the personal and organizational well-being in our 9-1-1 centers. This book stands alone in the 9-1-1 industry and serves as essential training for all front-line dispatchers, supervisors, and managers/directors. It is also imperative reading for all those who influence and benefit from 9-1-1 emergency services: field responders, government officials, mental health professionals; all organizations that aid public-safety agencies; and, all those family and friends who love a dispatcher. Dispatchers face very high stakes every day. Our investment as a nation of 9-1-1 stakeholders in supporting and empowering them must be equally as high. |
| 911 emergency number history: Forensic Victimology Brent E. Turvey, 2013-08-08 Published in 2009, the first edition of Forensic Victimology introduced criminologists and criminal investigators to the idea of systematically gathering and examining victim information for the purposes of addressing investigative and forensic issues. The concepts presented within immediately proved vital to social scientists researching victims-offender relationships; investigators and forensic scientists seeking to reconstruct events and establish the elements of a crime; and criminal profilers seeking to link pattern crimes. This is because the principles and guidelines in Forensic Victimology were written to serve criminal investigation and anticipate courtroom testimony. As with the first, this second edition of Forensic Victimology is an applied presentation of a traditionally theoretical subject written by criminal justice practitioners with years of experience-both in the field and in the classroom. It distinguishes the investigative and forensic aspects of applied victim study as necessary adjuncts to what has often been considered a theoretical field. It then identifies the benefits of forensic victimology to casework, providing clearly defined methods and those standards of practice necessary for effectively serving the criminal justice system. - 30% new content, with new chapters on Emergency Services, False Confessions, and Human Trafficking - Use of up-to-date references and case examples to demonstrate the application of forensic victimology - Provides context and scope for both the investigative and forensic aspects of case examination and evidence interpretation - Approaches the study of victimology from a realistic standpoint, moving away from stereotypes and archetypes - Useful for students and professionals working in relation to behavioral science, criminology, criminal justice, forensic science, and criminal investigation |
| 911 emergency number history: Secrets of Diamond Head Denby Fawcett, 2014 This book traces the life of Diamond Head crater from its birth to its use by hikers and the military today. |
Porsche 911 Technical Forum - Pelican Parts Forums
Porsche 911 Technical Forum - Have an air-cooled 911? This forum is getting bigger every day! Ask all of your questions here.
911 / 930 Turbo & Super Charging Forum - Pelican Parts Forums
911 / 930 Turbo & Super Charging Forum - Chat about the stock 911 or trade ideas on the ultimate forced-induction engines.
Porsche 911 Parts - Garage clear-out - Pelican Parts Forums
May 19, 2025 · 9) Porsche 911 Early Steering Wheel Butterfly Horn Button part #901-613-805-0 $70 shipped 10) left and right back seats . No rips or tears. $200 shipped 11) Left and right …
Pelican Parts - Porsche Discussion Forum and Do-it-Yourself …
911 Engine Rebuilding Forum (69 Viewing) Here's the primary place to ask and have questions answered by Wayne - author of "How to Rebuild Your Porsche 911 Engine" as well as other …
My 911 is listed on BAT this week - Page 5 - Pelican Parts
May 27, 2025 · The old Porsche market is strange at the moment, it definitely calmed down but, as ever, not enough on the stuff I really want a crack at (like another 356). I see 912s selling …
Adding Flares to '74 911 - Pelican Parts
There are 3 versions of rocker trim/bumper extensions, 74-77 straight rockers, 78-89 SC/Carrera and full flared 911 turbo. Use the bumper extension as a guide to aligning the flares. Sharpie a …
THE Torque Spec List - Pelican Parts Forums
The above book covers '87 models. Not much changed in '88 & '89 in terms of general specifications for the 911 3.2. 930 finally got the G50/50 trans in '89 I would assume there's a …
Porsche Forums - Pelican Parts
911 Engine Rebuilding Forum (75 Viewing) Here's the primary place to ask and have questions answered by Wayne - author of "How to Rebuild Your Porsche 911 Engine" as well as other …
Garage Lift recommendations - Pelican Parts Forums
May 12, 2025 · Having a lift is one of those things I should have done years before I did. Makes service, militance so much easier and having an extra space for the 911 is awesome. One …
FS: 1987 Porsche 911 Carrera Coupe G50 - Pelican Parts
I decided to give myself another one and got this one on Sept. 28 2023. The car was purchased in BAT and sold before there. It is a beautiful example of a 1987 Porsche 911 Carrera Coupe with …
Understand Emergency Responder - Cisco
to break. This is especially prevalent in an urgent situation, and the user dials an emergency number. CER/CUCM's solution to this issue is to create a translation pattern in CUCM that …
9/11: STATE OF EMERGENCY - HISTORY
3 4. After 9/11. Many people in this documentary discuss the ways the U.S. and the world changed forever after 9/11. Ask students to write a letter to a friend or an opinion piece
WISCONSIN EMERGENCY CONTACT LISTING - WRWA
WISCONSIN COUNTIES EMERGENCY NUMBERS *Most local and county law enforcement agencies in Wisconsin use 911 for emergency phone calls. The numbers shown below are for …
Contact Information - South Dakota Department of Revenue
Update Account Info – View History South Dakota Department of Revenue 1.800.829.9188 (Option 1) ... 911 Emergency Surcharge Returns: Phone 1.800.829.9188 Email: …
WTB/Policy January 2001 F A C T S H E E T
• designated 911 as the universal emergency telephone number within the United States for reporting an emergency to appropriate authorities and requesting assistance, effective upon …
9 | Issue 3 2021 Annals of Emergency Dispatch Response
The creators of this number also intended to reduce delays in the provision of emergency care after individuals decide to message for help. Though it is meant to be easy to use, the 911 …
WIRELESS 911 CALL HANDLING - cityofsacramento.gov
(e) Browse the wireless number in Versadex or CAD for previous history and add recent any information to the text of the incident. 3. When processing wireless 911 calls with a caller on …
Emergency Medical Data Long Form English - 911ready.org
Emergency Medical Data ... Medical History Implants, stints, breast, pacemaker, insulin pump, knee/hip replacement Vaccinations ... Healthcare Insurance Member Number Plan Number …
Emerging EMS Technology - 911.gov
Emergency Communications Center. The 9‐1‐1 system is also going through a similar evolution as it transitions to an Internet‐Protocol (IP) environment that will support an entire suite of new ...
Grandstream Networks, Inc.
Emergency Number Config the emergency service number. For example,"911","211" and etc. Emergency Level Select the emergency level of the number. Level "3" means the most urgent. …
ANNUAL REPORT - State of Michigan
In Michigan, 911 calls are answered at a PSAP, which is a 24-hour, seven-days a week public safety emergency and non-emergency call processing center specializing in public safety …
The National 911 Program - 911.gov
National Emergency Number Association (NENA) glossary definition describes NG911 as: . . . an Internet Protocol (IP)1 based system comprised of managed Emergency Services IP-based …
Dispatch and Proper Use of Radio Communications - EMS …
your emergency?’ If no one responds, a TTY/TDD query is sent. If there is still no response, the local PD is dispatched. are answered the same local PD is dispatched.-continues on page 10 …
ALAMEDA pOLICE DEPARTMENT
Mar 26, 2020 · 911 EMERGENCY / Weeks 7, 8, 9 / Weeks 10, 11, 12 This phase will focus on non-emergency calls, paperwork, and 911 Emergency call taking. The initial time will be split …
Transforming NYC’s Response to Mental Health Crises
history. This brief summarizes data from the first three months of B-HEARD’s operations (June 6 – August 31, 2021): In the first three months of the pilot: 911 operators (both NYPD and EMS) …
Overview of 911 Call Center Operations - City of Dallas
Emergency Number Association 90% of all calls answered within 10 seconds ... through the 911 network, and on to emergency responders •enhance the 911 system to create a faster, more …
ALABAMA EMERGENCY MEDICAL DISPATCH GUIDEBOOK
2 2 ALL CALLERS INTERROGATION KEY QUESTIONS 1) Where is your emergency? Address or Location? 2) What is the number you are calling from? 3) What is the emergency? 4) Have …
A Brief History of 911 - Revize
The history of 911 in the United States (US) began in 1967. On May 23 of that year, Indiana Congressman, J. ... Johnson’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of …
history.miemss.org
administering CPR while others dialed the 911 emergency number to alert the central dispatcher. Three minutes later, firemen who had completed the 81-hour Emergency Medical TechniciŒn …
One Talk T46S IP ser guide desk phone user guide - vzw.com
Enhanced 911 (E911) is a location technology that enables emergency responders to know the geographical location of a caller who dials 911. Your One Talk account administrator will …
GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION WITH 911 …
911 EMERGENCY SCRIPTS FOR CALLERS. Suicide/Overdose Attempt. My name is (your first and last name) I am calling from (Address of current location) I am calling to request a Crisis …
Emergency Communication Version 1.0 01 July 2021 - GSMA
G.1 Document History 29 G.2 Other Information 29. GSM Association Confidential - Full, Rapporteur, Associate and Affiliate Members ... (112 and 911) Any emergency call number …
GEORGIA EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
The following definitions are applicable to the development and operation of 911 emergency telephone systems in Georgia: 1. 911 - A three-digit telephone number to facilitate the …
Emergency! PDF - cdn.bookey.app
history of emergency services is a testament to humanity's relentless pursuit of better ways to save lives and protect communities. In tracing this journey, it becomes apparent ... introduction …
Breezeline Voice Manager
911 emergency calling access to police, fire and medical services. Our 911 emergency calling will automatically relay your phone number and address in the event you are unable to do so, …
Florida 911 Public Guide Telecommunicator
%PDF-1.5 %âãÏÓ 9737 0 obj > endobj 9747 0 obj >/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[9737 19]/Info 9736 0 R/Length 67/Prev 4817999/Root 9738 0 R/Size 9756/Type/XRef/W[1 ...
Southfield, City of (MI) Public Safety Technician- 911 Dispatcher
Mar 19, 2025 · Southfield, City of (MI) Public Safety Technician- 911 Dispatcher . SALARY $47,056.00 - $64,815.00 Annually LOCATION Southfield, MI JOB TYPE . Career Full-Time
FDNY Report final - NYC.gov
the history of terrorism. In the aftermath of this extraordinary event, the enormous heroism of the members ... number of dispatch records and about 60 hours of communications tapes. …
65.752 Requirements for enhanced 911 emergency service …
1. Number of incoming trunk connections to the enhanced 911 system; and 2. SIN, sublocation, such as floor or apartment number, if applicable, and street address of each station that may …
Guide to EPCRA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Guide to the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act ... Thousands of people died that night in what is widely considered to be the worst industrial disaster in history. …
Los Angeles Unified School District Field Trip Personal Health …
In the event of a medical emergency, 911/Emergency Medical Services will be called, and the student will be transferred to the nearest medical facility. H. ADDITIONAL HEALTH …
STANDARD ABBREVIATION LIST
NEQ Non Emergency Queue NON BLKNG Non Blocking NON INJ Non Injury NPD Non Public Disclosure ... HX History of LAC Laceration POV Privately-owned Vehicle PT Patient RHR …
Department of Public Safety Division of Emergency …
safety 911 dispatchers, emergency services personnel, state, local, and federal agencies to communicate easily ... Emergency communications are more efficient and reliable than they …
Emergency Communication Version 2.1 29 May 2023
G.1 Document History 38 G.2 Other Information 38. GSM Association Confidential - Full, Rapporteur, Associate and Affiliate Members ... (112 and 911) o Any emergency call number …
Version 1.0 - July 1, 2017 - Florida Department of Health
1.01 Comprehend the history of the telecommunication profession Section One The first 911 call was made in Haleyville, Alabama in 1968. The Wireless Communications and Public Safety …
Current Status of Computer-Aided Dispatch Interoperability
the emergency responder. The National 911 Program (Program), housed within the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Office of Emergency Medical Services, is …
911 Center FINAL Report - City of Norfolk, Virginia
Apr 12, 2024 · Criminal History Record-Required for 911 Center employment - City code (Sec. 2.1-38 7/1/13) requires ... • Competition is intense for the limited number of applicants ... The …
New York State Division of Homeland Security and …
Revision History Revision # Date Description Pages Affected 0 April 30, 2024 Original Document All ... the development of Next Generation 911 (NG911) technologies and the Geographic …
NENA Standard to Protect the Wellbeing of 9-1-1 Professionals
Impact of new technologies on stress, attrition, and well-being in emergency call centers: The Next Generation 9-1-1 study protocol. BMC Public Health, 18, 597. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018 …
Grandstream Networks, Inc. - AcmaTel
Emergency Number Config the emergency service number. For example,"911","211" and etc. Emergency Level Select the emergency level of the number. The available levels are: 1-Not …
Things to Remember What to Expect - slcfd.com
non-emergency phone number for the reporting of miscellaneous, non-emergency information or questions. However, 911 emergency calls must come fi rst. Your call will still be handled …
Directory of Colorado Counties, Cities and Towns
Updated July 29, 2012. To report corrections, additions or changes to this directory, please e-mail your corrections to Directory@9-1-1Colorado.org.
ORANGE COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS Orlando, Florida …
Medical History/Physical Limitations Allergies to Medication, Food, or other substances.. ... Student Number: School Name: _____ School Health Services Pursuant to§1001.42(8)(c)(5), …
CRISIS ASSISTANCE RESPONSE AND ENGAGEMENT …
Dec 8, 2022 · CARE is being piloted in thirteen neighborhoods with the city’s highest number of 911 crisis calls, overdose, and mental health-related emergency department ... transports. 1. …
Emergency Communication Version 2.1 29 May 2023 - GSMA
G.1 Document History 38 G.2 Other Information 38. GSM Association Confidential - Full, Rapporteur, Associate and Affiliate Members ... (112 and 911) o Any emergency call number …
BANKS COUNTY ADDRESSING INFORMATION Questions
1 BANKS COUNTY ADDRESSING INFORMATION Questions & Answers History of Our Addressing Prior to the middle 1990’s, anks ounty was addressed using Route Numbers and …
no of - MN Dept. of Health
area to include posting the 911 emergency number, and the reporting number for the Minnesota Adult Abuse Reporting Center (MAARC) to report suspected maltreatment of a vulnerable …
FACT SHEET - Portsmouth, VA
311 is a non-emergency phone number that residents can use to obtain information about city services, issues and/or ... 311 Non-Emergency Call Center: A Brief History Police departments …
EVALUATION OF THE TAUNTON EMERGENCY …
911 Department authorized the Edward J. Collins, Jr. Center for Public Management to conduct the Study ... Recently, the Police Department has found due to the number of people walking …
Smart 911 Frequently Asked Questions - irp.cdn-website.com
for Smart 911 Alert to receive key information needed in an emergency. The Smart 911 app provides enhanced functionality by sending targeted alerts based on the user’s location. …
