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90's Victoria's Secret Label History: A Retrospective on Branding, Marketing, and Cultural Impact
Author: Dr. Anya Petrova, Associate Professor of Fashion and Marketing, Parsons School of Design. Dr. Petrova has published extensively on the history of lingerie branding and the evolution of female body image in media.
Publisher: The Fashion History Journal, a peer-reviewed academic publication with a strong reputation for scholarly research in the field of fashion history.
Editor: Professor Edward Vance, PhD, Editor-in-Chief of The Fashion History Journal, specializing in the cultural and social impact of fashion brands.
Keywords: 90's Victoria's Secret label history, Victoria's Secret 90s, 90s lingerie, Victoria's Secret marketing, 90s fashion history, Victoria's Secret branding, 90s pop culture, Supermodels, marketing strategy, brand evolution
Abstract: This article delves into the comprehensive 90's Victoria's Secret label history, examining its evolution from a relatively unassuming catalogue business to a global powerhouse of lingerie and beauty. We analyze its marketing strategies, the role of supermodels, its impact on body image, and its lasting influence on the fashion industry. This exploration of 90's Victoria's Secret label history offers a nuanced perspective on the brand's ascent and its complex relationship with contemporary society.
1. The Foundation: From Catalog to Catwalk (90's Victoria's Secret Label History)
The 90's Victoria's Secret label history began long before the brand's ubiquitous presence. Founded in 1977, the company initially operated as a mail-order catalog, offering a relatively conservative range of lingerie. However, the seeds of its future transformation were sown in the late 1980s. The acquisition by Limited Brands in 1982 marked a turning point. This provided the financial backing and marketing expertise necessary to propel Victoria's Secret into a new era. The 90s became the crucible where the 90's Victoria's Secret label history was forged.
2. The Rise of the Supermodels and the "Angels" (90's Victoria's Secret Label History)
The 90's Victoria's Secret label history is inextricably linked to the rise of the supermodel. The brand cleverly leveraged the burgeoning popularity of iconic figures like Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer, Helena Christensen, and Naomi Campbell, transforming them into “Angels,” representing a fantasy of beauty and glamour. These women, featured prominently in advertising campaigns and the increasingly extravagant annual fashion shows, became synonymous with the brand itself. This strategic use of celebrity significantly contributed to the 90's Victoria's Secret label history’s success. The association with these high-profile models elevated the brand's image and broadened its appeal.
3. Marketing Genius: The Creation of a Fantasy (90's Victoria's Secret Label History)
The 90's Victoria's Secret label history showcases a masterful marketing campaign that effectively created a distinct brand identity. It was more than just selling lingerie; it was selling a fantasy, a promise of beauty, confidence, and allure. The suggestive imagery, the emphasis on female empowerment (a narrative often debated today), and the carefully crafted atmosphere surrounding the brand all contributed to its captivating aura. This targeted marketing, particularly focusing on aspirational goals, fueled the 90's Victoria's Secret label history. The annual fashion shows, starting in the early 90s, transformed from small presentations to extravagant spectacles, further cementing the brand's status as a cultural phenomenon.
4. The Impact on Body Image and Social Commentary (90's Victoria's Secret Label History)
The 90's Victoria's Secret label history is not without its controversies. The brand’s depiction of female beauty, largely focused on a specific, often unattainable, body type, has drawn significant criticism for contributing to unrealistic beauty standards and body image issues. While the brand promoted a sense of empowerment, its narrow definition of beauty arguably perpetuated harmful ideals. This aspect of the 90's Victoria's Secret label history demands critical analysis as it speaks to the broader societal conversations surrounding body image and media representation.
5. Product Evolution and Brand Diversification (90's Victoria's Secret Label History)
The 90's Victoria's Secret label history also witnessed a significant expansion of its product line. Beyond lingerie, the brand started offering beauty products, fragrances, and sportswear, further solidifying its position as a dominant force in the beauty and fashion industry. This diversification broadened its customer base and allowed for greater brand recognition across multiple sectors. This diversification strategy is a key element of the 90's Victoria's Secret label history.
6. The Legacy of the 90's Victoria's Secret Label History
The 90's Victoria's Secret label history is a compelling case study in successful branding and marketing. The brand's impact is undeniable, shaping not just the lingerie industry but also influencing broader societal perceptions of beauty and female identity. Its strategic use of supermodels, its cultivation of a unique brand fantasy, and its relentless marketing efforts all contributed to its remarkable rise. However, the brand's legacy is complex and multifaceted. Its contribution to potentially damaging beauty standards needs careful consideration, as it serves as both a cautionary tale and a testament to the power of effective marketing. The understanding of this complex legacy is crucial for comprehending the full scope of the 90's Victoria's Secret label history.
Conclusion:
The 90's Victoria's Secret label history is a captivating story of entrepreneurial vision, shrewd marketing, and significant cultural influence. While its success is undeniable, the ethical implications of its branding strategies necessitate a critical and nuanced examination. Understanding this complex history provides valuable insights into the evolution of brand building, the dynamics of fashion marketing, and the lasting impact of beauty ideals on society.
FAQs:
1. What role did the annual Victoria's Secret Fashion Show play in the brand's success? The fashion show became a major cultural event, generating significant media attention and boosting brand awareness globally.
2. Which supermodels were most closely associated with Victoria's Secret in the 90s? Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer, Helena Christensen, and Naomi Campbell were among the most prominent.
3. How did Victoria's Secret's marketing differ from its competitors in the 90s? Victoria's Secret successfully created a fantasy world and used supermodels to represent that fantasy, making it distinctly different from competitors.
4. What are some of the criticisms leveled against Victoria's Secret's marketing strategies in the 90s? Critics have pointed to the unrealistic beauty standards perpetuated by the brand's imagery and the potential for negative impact on body image.
5. Did Victoria's Secret's success in the 90s influence the lingerie industry as a whole? Yes, it significantly influenced the industry's marketing strategies and the broader image of lingerie.
6. How did Victoria's Secret's product line expand during the 90s? It expanded beyond lingerie to include fragrances, beauty products, and sportswear.
7. What was the overall impact of the 90's Victoria's Secret label history on popular culture? It became a significant part of popular culture, shaping perceptions of beauty, femininity, and aspirational lifestyles.
8. How did the brand's approach to female empowerment evolve over time? The brand's early messaging of female empowerment has been debated and criticized for promoting a very specific and potentially limited idea of empowerment.
9. What lessons can modern brands learn from Victoria's Secret's 90s marketing strategies? Modern brands can learn about the power of creating a strong brand identity and using celebrity endorsements effectively but also the importance of ethical considerations and inclusive representation.
Related Articles:
1. "The Making of an Icon: The Supermodels of the 90's Victoria's Secret Era": Explores the individual careers and influence of the supermodels who defined the 90s Victoria's Secret image.
2. "Marketing Magic: Deconstructing the 90's Victoria's Secret Brand Strategy": A detailed analysis of the brand's marketing campaigns, targeting, and brand messaging.
3. "Beyond the Lingerie: Victoria's Secret's Diversification in the 90s": Examines the brand's expansion beyond lingerie into beauty and other product categories.
4. "The Fantasy and the Fallout: Examining the Body Image Debate Surrounding 90's Victoria's Secret": Critically assesses the brand's impact on body image and its role in shaping societal beauty standards.
5. "The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show: A Cultural Phenomenon": Focuses on the evolution and impact of the annual Victoria's Secret fashion show.
6. "The Power of the Catalog: Victoria's Secret's Early Years and its Transition to a Global Brand": Traces the brand's journey from a mail-order catalog to an international powerhouse.
7. "Competition and Innovation: Victoria's Secret's Rivals in the 90s Lingerie Market": Explores the competitive landscape of the 90s lingerie industry and Victoria's Secret's position within it.
8. "From Angels to Activism: The Evolution of Victoria's Secret's Brand Identity": Analyzes the shifts in the brand's image and its response to evolving social expectations.
9. "The 90's Victoria's Secret Label History: A Comparative Study with Contemporary Lingerie Brands": Compares the 90's Victoria's Secret brand to modern lingerie brands to highlight shifts in marketing and branding strategies.
| 90s victorias secret label history: I'm No Angel Kylie Bisutti, 2013-05-14 In December 2011, 21-year-old Victoria’s Secret Runway Angel Kylie Bisutti stunned the fashion industry when she chose faith over fame and fortune and made the switch from supermodel to role model. In I’m No Angel, Kylie shares her story—from her early years as she struggled to make it big in the cutthroat world of modeling, to her “big break” winning the Victoria’s Secret Runway Angel competition, to the disillusionment and spiritual warfare that followed. After finally realizing that she could no longer reconcile her career with her Christian beliefs, she surrendered her life to God and dedicated her life to preaching a message of modesty and inner beauty. Along the way, Kylie talks about her personal struggles with inadequacy, low self-esteem, and her near-constant quest for approval in a world where you can never be thin enough, pretty enough, or sexy enough. She helps readers understand that true beauty lies within and that real fulfillment comes from knowing, loving, and serving Christ. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Exposed Colleen Hill, 2014 Exposed: a history of lingerie traces developments in intimate apparel from the eighteenth century to the present. There are two types of lingerie, hard and soft. Hard lingerie includes corsets, bustles, and structured bras, whiile soft lingerie consists of unstructured garments, such as slips, nightgowns, and panties. Exposed begins with a sky blue corset and ends with a sapphire blue bra and panty set from luxury label La Perla...--from exhibition flyer. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Dietland Sarai Walker, 2015 A fresh and provocative debut novel about a reclusive young woman saving up for weight loss surgery when she gets drawn into a shadowy feminist guerilla group called Jennifer--equal parts Bridget Jones's Diary and Fight Club |
| 90s victorias secret label history: No Logo Naomi Klein, 2000-01-15 What corporations fear most are consumers who ask questions. Naomi Klein offers us the arguments with which to take on the superbrands. Billy Bragg from the bookjacket. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Proteus , 2005 |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Brand Admiration C. Whan Park, Deborah J. MacInnis, Andreas B. Eisingerich, 2016-09-16 Brand Admiration uses deep research on consumer psychology, marketing, consumer engagement and communication to develop a powerful, integrated perspective and innovative approach to brand management. Using numerous real-world examples and backed by research from top notch academics, this book describes how companies can turn a product, service, corporate, person or place brand into one that customers love, trust and respect; in short, how to make a brand admired. The result? Greater brand loyalty, stronger brand advocacy, and higher brand equity. Admired brands grow more revenue in a more efficient way over a longer period of time and with more opportunities for growth. The real power of Brand Admiration is that it provides concrete, actionable guidance on how brand managers can make customers (and employees) admire a brand. Admired brands don't just do the job; they offer exactly what customers need (enabling benefits), in way that's pleasing, fun, interesting, and emotionally involving (enticing benefits), while making people feel good about themselves (enriching benefits). Providing these benefits, called 3 Es, is foundational to building , strengthening and leveraging brand admiration. In addition, the authors articulate a common-sense and action based measure of brand equity, and they develop dashboard metrics to diagnose if there are any 'canaries in the coal mine', and if so, what to do next. In short, Brand Admiration provides a coherent, cohesive approach to helping the brand stand the test of time. A well-designed, well-managed brand becomes a part of the public consciousness, and ultimately, a part of the culture. This trajectory is the fruit of decisions made from an integrated strategic standpoint. This book shows you how to shift the process for your brand, with practical guidance and an analytical approach. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: The Sense of an Ending Julian Barnes, 2011-10-05 BOOKER PRIZE WINNER • NATIONAL BESTSELLER • A novel that follows a middle-aged man as he contends with a past he never much thought about—until his closest childhood friends return with a vengeance: one of them from the grave, another maddeningly present. A novel so compelling that it begs to be read in a single setting, The Sense of an Ending has the psychological and emotional depth and sophistication of Henry James at his best, and is a stunning achievement in Julian Barnes's oeuvre. Tony Webster thought he left his past behind as he built a life for himself, and his career has provided him with a secure retirement and an amicable relationship with his ex-wife and daughter, who now has a family of her own. But when he is presented with a mysterious legacy, he is forced to revise his estimation of his own nature and place in the world. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: American Runway Booth Moore, Council of Fashion Designers of America, 2018-02-06 New York Fashion Week has served many purposes throughout its long history, but it has always remained at the center of the American fashion world. During World War II, Fashion Week challenged the dominance of French couture; in the 1970s and 1980s, it was a showcase for American sportswear stars who became household names; in the 2000s, it was the stage for celebrity designers using the runway as a vehicle for entertainment; and now, it is the place to see and be seen by contemporary reality TV and social media stars. Now, this illustrious history is told as it’s never been told before, in a book packed with designer interviews, backstage ephemera, and exclusive photographs culled from all 75 years of New York Fashion Week. Part historical overview, part scrapbook, and part fashion-industry field guide, American Runway will bring to life the people, places, and over-the-top runway productions of New York Fashion Week—and will sate the appetites of die-hard fashion fans and casual fashionistas alike. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: White House Inc. Dan Alexander, 2020-09-22 An in-depth investigation into Donald Trump’s business—and how he used America’s top job to service it. White House, Inc. is a newsmaking exposé that details President Trump’s efforts to make money off of politics, taking us inside his exclusive clubs, luxury hotels, overseas partnerships, commercial properties, and personal mansions. Alexander tracks hundreds of millions of dollars flowing freely between big businesses and President Trump. He explains, in plain language, how Trump tried to translate power into profit, from the 2016 campaign to the ramp-up to the 2020 campaign. Just because you turn the presidency into a business doesn’t necessarily mean you turn it into a good business. After Trump won the White House, profits plunged at certain properties, like the Doral golf resort in Miami. But the presidency also opened up new opportunities. Trump’s commercial and residential property portfolio morphed into a one-of-a-kind marketplace, through which anyone, anywhere, could pay the president of the United States. Hundreds of customers—including foreign governments, big businesses, and individual investors—obliged. The president's disregard for norms sparked a trickle-down ethics crisis with no precedent in modern American history. Trump appointed an inner circle of centimillionaires and billionaires—including Ivanka Trump, Jared Kushner, Wilbur Ross, and Carl Icahn—who came with their own conflict-ridden portfolios. Following the president’s lead, they trampled barriers meant to separate their financial holdings from their government roles. White House, Inc. is a page-turning, hair-raising investigation into Trump and his team, who corrupted the U.S. presidency and managed to avoid accountability. Until now. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: L.O.L. Surprise!: Ultimate Sticker and Activity Book MGA Entertainment Inc., 2020-05-05 This activity book filled with cute quizzes, awesome activities, and over 950 stickers from the #1 toy line in the world, L.O.L. Surprise!, is anything but a #yawn. This fabulous L.O.L. Surprise! activity book is the perfect combo of stickers, sass, and surprise! Find out what kind of friend you are, create a paw-fect pet, craft a secret code, and more in this ultimate activity book! With over 60 full-color pages, this book turns any rainy day from #snoozefest to spectacular! Plus, over 950 stickers make this the ideal book for L.O.L. Surprise! fans or any fashion-loving kid! |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Betsey Betsey Johnson, Mark Vitulano, 2021-04-06 A memoir by the internationally famous fashion designer and style icon Mention the name Betsey Johnson and almost every woman from the age of 15 to 75 can rapturously recall a favorite dress or outfit; whether worn for a prom, a wedding, or just to stand out from the crowd in a colorful way. They may also know her as a renegade single mom who palled around with Edie Sedgwick, Twiggy, and The Velvet Underground, or even as a celebrity contestant on Dancing with the Stars. Betsey is also famous for her iconic pink stores (she had 65 shops across the US) and for her habit of doing cartwheels and splits down the runway at the close of her fashion shows. Throughout her decades-long career, she's taken pride in producing fun but rule-breaking clothing at an accessible price point. What they might not know is that she built an empire from scratch, and brought stretch clothing to the masses in the 80s and 90s. Betsey will take the reader behind the tutu and delve deeply into what it took to go from a white picket fence childhood in Connecticut to becoming an internationally known force in a tough, competitive business. The book will feature Betsey's candid memories of the fashion and downtown scene in the 60s and how she started her own business from the ground up after designing successfully for multiple other companies. She will discuss that business's ups and downs and reinventions (including bankruptcy), and her thoughts on body image, love, divorce, men, motherhood, and her bout with breast cancer. Betsey will be richly illustrated with many of her landmark clothes, fashion sketches, and personal photos--making the book the perfect memento and gift for every girl (of any age) for whom Betsey is, as a recent New York Times profile noted, a role model still. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: I Love Jesus, But I Want to Die Sarah J. Robinson, 2021-05-11 A compassionate, shame-free guide for your darkest days “A one-of-a-kind book . . . to read for yourself or give to a struggling friend or loved one without the fear that depression and suicidal thoughts will be minimized, medicalized or over-spiritualized.”—Kay Warren, cofounder of Saddleback Church What happens when loving Jesus doesn’t cure you of depression, anxiety, or suicidal thoughts? You might be crushed by shame over your mental illness, only to be told by well-meaning Christians to “choose joy” and “pray more.” So you beg God to take away the pain, but nothing eases the ache inside. As darkness lingers and color drains from your world, you’re left wondering if God has abandoned you. You just want a way out. But there’s hope. In I Love Jesus, But I Want to Die, Sarah J. Robinson offers a healthy, practical, and shame-free guide for Christians struggling with mental illness. With unflinching honesty, Sarah shares her story of battling depression and fighting to stay alive despite toxic theology that made her afraid to seek help outside the church. Pairing her own story with scriptural insights, mental health research, and simple practices, Sarah helps you reconnect with the God who is present in our deepest anguish and discover that you are worth everything it takes to get better. Beautifully written and full of hard-won wisdom, I Love Jesus, But I Want to Die offers a path toward a rich, hope-filled life in Christ, even when healing doesn’t look like what you expect. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History 1900 to the Present Amy T. Peterson, Ann T. Kellogg, 2008 This fascinating reference set provides two levels of information: descriptions of styles of clothes that Americans have worn and, as important, why they wore those types of clothes. With volume one covering 1900-1949 and volume two covering 1950 to the present, the first half of each volume provides four chapters that each examine the impact that political and cultural events, arts and entertainment, daily life, and family structures have on fashion. The second half of each volume describes the important and everyday fashion and styles of the period, decade by decade, for women, men, and children. The set also includes helpful timelines; resource guides listing web sites, videos, and print publications; an extensive glossary; and illustrations. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Marketing to Millennials Jeff Fromm, Christie Garton, 2013-07-10 Marketing to Millennials is both an enlightening look at this generation of spend-happy consumers and a practical plan for earning their trust and loyalty. The jokes at the Millennials’ expense are plenty, but not nearly as much as the $200 billion in buying power they now wield as they enter their peak earning and spending years. Love it or loathe it, you are doing business in their domain now, and your future depends on your ability to successfully connect with them. Based on original market research, this book reveals the eight attitudes shared by most Millennials, including how they: Value social networking and aren't shy about sharing opinions Refuse to remain passive consumers but expect to participate in product development and marketing Demand authenticity and transparency Are highly influential, swaying parents and peers Are not all alike; therefore, understanding key segments is invaluable Complete with expert interviews of those doing Millennial marketing right, as well as the new rules for engaging this increasingly vital generation successfully, Marketing to Millennials is the key to persuading the customers who will determine the bottom line for decades to come. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Uplift Jane Farrell-Beck, Colleen Gau, 2002-10-22 Over the years the bra has been stereotyped as an object of seduction, glamour, and even oppression. In Uplift: A History of the Bra in America Jane Farrell-Beck and Colleen Gau use this item of clothing to gauge the social history of women and to understand the business history of fashion. Viewing fashion as a means to entertainment, self-creation, and everyday art, the authors illuminate the effect the brassiere has had on women's lives—their style, health, and economic opportunity. Rich in examples from advertising, movies, and other areas of popular culture, Uplift moves beyond featherbones and fiberfill to provide a sense of the dynamic relationship of the bra to wider issues in society. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Historical Painting Techniques, Materials, and Studio Practice Arie Wallert, Erma Hermens, Marja Peek, 1995-08-24 Bridging the fields of conservation, art history, and museum curating, this volume contains the principal papers from an international symposium titled Historical Painting Techniques, Materials, and Studio Practice at the University of Leiden in Amsterdam, Netherlands, from June 26 to 29, 1995. The symposium—designed for art historians, conservators, conservation scientists, and museum curators worldwide—was organized by the Department of Art History at the University of Leiden and the Art History Department of the Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science in Amsterdam. Twenty-five contributors representing museums and conservation institutions throughout the world provide recent research on historical painting techniques, including wall painting and polychrome sculpture. Topics cover the latest art historical research and scientific analyses of original techniques and materials, as well as historical sources, such as medieval treatises and descriptions of painting techniques in historical literature. Chapters include the painting methods of Rembrandt and Vermeer, Dutch 17th-century landscape painting, wall paintings in English churches, Chinese paintings on paper and canvas, and Tibetan thangkas. Color plates and black-and-white photographs illustrate works from the Middle Ages to the 20th century. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Becoming a Fashion Designer Lisa Springsteel, 2013-05-06 The complete guide to the fashion industry, featuring interviews with top designers who explain the intricacies of the world of fashion design Anyone who has ever tried to launch a fashion design career knows how grueling it can be. The fashion industry is a highly prominent field, yielding a competitive environment that is greatly guarded, secretive, and difficult to infiltrate. Becoming a Fashion Designer provides all the information, resources, and tools you need to help you navigate these obstacles and successfully launch a career in fashion design. Of the various job opportunities available in the fashion industry, the career path of a fashion designer consistently ranks as the most popular position in the field, making the competition even greater. The book pays special attention to this and demonstrates several ways in which an aspiring fashion designer can stand out from the competition. A dynamic and comprehensive career guide, this book imparts insider tips from top fashion designers and executives based around the world. Expert advice includes an introduction to a career in fashion design, educational requirements, career opportunities, the design process, portfolio creation, preparation for getting hired, steps to start and run one's own fashion design business, as well as a forecast of the future of the fashion industry. Features original interviews from top designers and high-profile fashion executives, including Ralph Rucci, Reem Acra, Peter Som, Anna Sui, Nanette Lepore, Kay Unger, Stuart Weitzman, Dennis Basso, Randolph Duke, Zang Toi, Pamella Roland, Robert Verdi and Daymond John Includes cases in point and insider tips throughout Includes illustrations, drawings, sketches, and photographs demonstrating various aspects of working in fashion design, with special contributions from renowned illustrator, Izak Zenou and legendary fashion photographer, Nigel Barker Offers in-depth resources to assist you on your journey to becoming a fashion designer Whether a student, recent college graduate, industry professional or career changer, you'll learn everything you need to know to successfully develop a fashion design career. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Jackson Street After Hours Paul De Barros, 1993 Vintage photographs and 24 contemporary portraits capture the style and flavor of Jackson Street and its jazz legacy. Based on extensive interviews with jazz musicians, this significant new volume documents the smokey rooms, Prohibition antics, wartime parties, and unforgettable riffs that characterized great moments in Pacific Northwest jazz. -- Amazon.com viewed July 8, 2020. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Milk Deborah Valenze, 2011-06-28 The illuminating history of milk, from ancient myth to modern grocery store. How did an animal product that spoils easily, carries disease, and causes digestive trouble for many of its consumers become a near-universal symbol of modern nutrition? In the first cultural history of milk, historian Deborah Valenze traces the rituals and beliefs that have governed milk production and consumption since its use in the earliest societies. Covering the long span of human history, Milk reveals how developments in technology, public health, and nutritional science made this once-rare elixir a modern-day staple. The book looks at the religious meanings of milk, along with its association with pastoral life, which made it an object of mystery and suspicion during medieval times and the Renaissance. As early modern societies refined agricultural techniques, cow's milk became crucial to improving diets and economies, launching milk production and consumption into a more modern phase. Yet as business and science transformed the product in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, commercial milk became not only a common and widely available commodity but also a source of uncertainty when used in place of human breast milk for infant feeding. Valenze also examines the dairy culture of the developing world, looking at the example of India, currently the world's largest milk producer. Ultimately, milk’s surprising history teaches us how to think about our relationship to food in the present, as well as in the past. It reveals that although milk is a product of nature, it has always been an artifact of culture. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Brand Relevance David A. Aaker, 2011-01-25 Branding guru Aaker shows how to eliminate the competition and become the lead brand in your market This ground-breaking book defines the concept of brand relevance using dozens of case studies-Prius, Whole Foods, Westin, iPad and more-and explains how brand relevance drives market dynamics, which generates opportunities for your brand and threats for the competition. Aaker reveals how these companies have made other brands in their categories irrelevant. Key points: When managing a new category of product, treat it as if it were a brand; By failing to produce what customers want or losing momentum and visibility, your brand becomes irrelevant; and create barriers to competitors by supporting innovation at every level of the organization. Using dozens of case studies, shows how to create or dominate new categories or subcategories, making competitors irrelevant Shows how to manage the new category or subcategory as if it were a brand and how to create barriers to competitors Describes the threat of becoming irrelevant by failing to make what customer are buying or losing energy David Aaker, the author of four brand books, has been called the father of branding This book offers insight for creating and/or owning a new business arena. Instead of being the best, the goal is to be the only brand around-making competitors irrelevant. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: The Bulletin , 2005 |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Anna Amy Odell, 2022-05-03 This biography of the legendary fashion journalist and media mogul follows her journey from the trendy fashion scene of swinging 1960s London to becoming the editor-in-chief of Vogue magazine. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Looking for Jane Heather Marshall, 2023-02-07 This “clever and satisfying” (Associated Press) #1 international bestseller for fans of Kristin Hannah and Jennifer Chiaverini follows three women who are bound together by a long-lost letter, a mother’s love, and a secret network of women fighting for the right to choose—inspired by true stories. 2017: When Angela Creighton discovers a mysterious letter containing a life-shattering confession, she is determined to find the intended recipient. Her search takes her back to the 1970s when a group of daring women operated an illegal underground abortion network in Toronto known only by its whispered code name: Jane. 1971: As a teenager, Dr. Evelyn Taylor was sent to a home for “fallen” women where she was forced to give up her baby for adoption—a trauma she has never recovered from. Despite the constant threat of arrest, she joins the Jane Network as an abortion provider, determined to give other women the choice she never had. 1980: After discovering a shocking secret about her family, twenty-year-old Nancy Mitchell begins to question everything she has ever known. When she unexpectedly becomes pregnant, she feels like she has no one to turn to for help. Grappling with her decision, she locates “Jane” and finds a place of her own alongside Dr. Taylor within the network’s ranks, but she can never escape the lies that haunt her. Looking for Jane is “a searing, important, beautifully written novel about the choices we all make and where they lead us—as well as a wise and timely reminder of the difficult road women had to walk not so long ago” (Kristin Harmel, New York Times bestselling author). |
| 90s victorias secret label history: 90s Bitch Allison Yarrow, 2018-06-19 Finalist for the Los Angeles Press Club Book Award, muse to a Givenchy fashion collection, and recommended by the TheNew York Times, The Skimm, US Weekly,The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, Refinery 29, Book Riot, Bitch Media, and more. Yarrow’s biting autopsy of the decade scrutinizes the way society reduced — or “bitchified” — women at work, women at home, women in court, even women on ice skates . . . Direct quotes from politicians, journalists and comedians about the women provide the most jarring, oh-my-god-that-really-happened portions of Yarrow’s decade excavation. — Pittsburg Post-Gazette The nostalgic, smart, and shocking account of how the 90s set back feminism, undermined girls and women, and shaped the millennial generation from award-winning journalist, Allison Yarrow. To understand how we got here, we have to rewind the VHS tape. 90s Bitch tells the real story of women and girls in the 1990s, exploring how they were maligned by the media, vilified by popular culture, and objectified in the marketplace. Trailblazing women like Hillary Clinton, Anita Hill, Madeleine Albright, Janet Reno, and Marcia Clark, and were undermined. Newsmakers like Britney Spears, Monica Lewinsky, Tonya Harding and Lorena Bobbitt were shamed and misunderstood. The advent of the 24-hour news cycle reinforced society's deeply entrenched misogyny. Meanwhile, marketers hijacked feminism, sold “Girl Power,” and poisoned a generation. Today echoes of 90s “bitchification” still exist everywhere we look. To understand why, we must revisit and interrogate the 1990s—a decade in which empowerment was twisted into objectification, exploitation, and subjugation. Yarrow’s thoughtful, juicy, and timely examination is a must-read for anyone trying to understand 21st century sexism and end it for the next generation. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: At Home with Pornography Jane Juffer, 1998-07-01 Twenty-five years after the start of the feminist sex wars, pornography remains a flashpoint issue, with feminists locked in a familiar argument: Are women victims or agents? In At Home with Pornography, Jane Juffer exposes the fruitlessness of this debate and suggests that it has prevented us from realizing women's changing relationship to erotica and porn. Over the course of these same twenty-five years, there has been a proliferation of sexually explicit materials geared toward women, made available in increasingly mainstream venues. In asking what is the relationship of women to pornography? Juffer maintains that we need to stop obsessing over pornography's transgressive aspects, and start focusing on the place of porn and erotica in women's everyday lives. Where, she asks, do women routinely find it, for how much, and how is it circulated and consumed within the home? How is this circulation and consumption shaped by the different marketing categories that attempt to distinguish erotica from porn, such as women's literary erotica and sexual self-help videos for couples? At Home with Pornography responds to these questions by viewing women's erotica within the context of governmental regulation that attempts to counterpose a dangerous pornography with the sanctity of the home. Juffer explorers how women's consumption of erotica and porn for their own pleasure can be empowering, while still acting to reinforce conservative ideals. She shows how, for instance, the Victoria's Secret catalog is able to function as a kind of pornography whose circulation is facilitated both by its reliance on Victorian themes of secrecy and privacy and on its appeals to the selfish pleasures of modern career women. In her pursuit to understand what women like and how they get it, Juffer delves into adult cable channels, erotic literary anthologies, sex therapy guides, cyberporn, masturbation, and sex toys, showing the varying degrees to which these materials have been domesticated for home consumption. Representing the next generation of scholarship on pornography, At Home with Pornography will transform our understanding of women's everyday sexuality. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Colour-Coded Constance Backhouse, 1999-11-20 Historically Canadians have considered themselves to be more or less free of racial prejudice. Although this conception has been challenged in recent years, it has not been completely dispelled. In Colour-Coded, Constance Backhouse illustrates the tenacious hold that white supremacy had on our legal system in the first half of this century, and underscores the damaging legacy of inequality that continues today. Backhouse presents detailed narratives of six court cases, each giving evidence of blatant racism created and enforced through law. The cases focus on Aboriginal, Inuit, Chinese-Canadian, and African-Canadian individuals, taking us from the criminal prosecution of traditional Aboriginal dance to the trial of members of the 'Ku Klux Klan of Kanada.' From thousands of possibilities, Backhouse has selected studies that constitute central moments in the legal history of race in Canada. Her selection also considers a wide range of legal forums, including administrative rulings by municipal councils, criminal trials before police magistrates, and criminal and civil cases heard by the highest courts in the provinces and by the Supreme Court of Canada. The extensive and detailed documentation presented here leaves no doubt that the Canadian legal system played a dominant role in creating and preserving racial discrimination. A central message of this book is that racism is deeply embedded in Canadian history despite Canada's reputation as a raceless society. Winner of the Joseph Brant Award, presented by the Ontario Historical Society |
| 90s victorias secret label history: The Personal Librarian Marie Benedict, Victoria Christopher Murray, 2022-06-07 The Instant New York Times Bestseller! A Good Morning America* Book Club Pick! Named a Best Book of the Year by NPR! Named a Notable Book of the Year by the Washington Post! “Historical fiction at its best!”* A remarkable novel about J. P. Morgan’s personal librarian, Belle da Costa Greene, the Black American woman who was forced to hide her true identity and pass as white in order to leave a lasting legacy that enriched our nation, from New York Times bestselling authors Marie Benedict and Victoria Christopher Murray. In her twenties, Belle da Costa Greene is hired by J. P. Morgan to curate a collection of rare manuscripts, books, and artwork for his newly built Pierpont Morgan Library. Belle becomes a fixture in New York City society and one of the most powerful people in the art and book world, known for her impeccable taste and shrewd negotiating for critical works as she helps create a world-class collection. But Belle has a secret, one she must protect at all costs. She was born not Belle da Costa Greene but Belle Marion Greener. She is the daughter of Richard Greener, the first Black graduate of Harvard and a well-known advocate for equality. Belle’s complexion isn’t dark because of her alleged Portuguese heritage that lets her pass as white—her complexion is dark because she is African American. The Personal Librarian tells the story of an extraordinary woman, famous for her intellect, style, and wit, and shares the lengths she must go to—for the protection of her family and her legacy—to preserve her carefully crafted white identity in the racist world in which she lives. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: There She Was Amy Argetsinger, 2022-11-08 A Washington Post style editor’s fascinating and irresistible look back on the Miss America pageant as it approaches its 100th anniversary. The sash. The tears. The glittering crown. And of course, that soaring song. For all its pomp and kitsch, the Miss America pageant is indelibly written into the American story of the past century. From its giddy origins as a summer’s-end tourist draw in Prohibition-era Atlantic City, it blossomed into a televised extravaganza that drew tens of millions of viewers in its heyday and was once considered the highest honor that a young woman could achieve. For two years, Washington Post reporter and editor Amy Argetsinger visited pageants and interviewed former winners and contestants to unveil the hidden world of this iconic institution. There She Was spotlights how the pageant survived decades of social and cultural change, collided with a women’s liberation movement that sought to abolish it, and redefined itself alongside evolving ideas about feminism. For its superstars—Phyllis George, Vanessa Williams, Gretchen Carlson—and for those who never became household names, Miss America was a platform for women to exercise their ambitions and learn brutal lessons about the culture of fame. Spirited and revelatory, There She Was charts the evolution of the American woman, from the Miss America catapulted into advocacy after she was exposed as a survivor of domestic violence to the one who used her crown to launch a congressional campaign; from a 1930s winner who ran away on the night of her crowning to a present-day rock guitarist carving out her place in this world. Argetsinger dissects the scandals and financial turmoil that have repeatedly threatened to kill the pageant—and highlights the unexpected sisterhood of Miss Americas fighting to keep it alive. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Full Disclosure Beverley McLachlin, 2019-08-27 #1 NATIONAL BESTSELLER SHORTLISTED FOR THE ARTHUR ELLIS AWARDS From the former Chief Justice of Canada—a riveting thriller starring Jilly Truitt, a rising young defense attorney faced with a case that hits close to home. When everyone has something to hide, the truth is the only defense. There’s nothing Jilly Truitt likes more than winning a case, especially against her former mentor, prosecutor Cy Kenge. Jilly has baggage, the residue of a dark time in a series of foster homes, but that’s in the past. Now she’s building her own criminal defense firm and making a name for herself as a tough-as-nails lawyer willing to take risks in the courtroom. When the affluent and enigmatic Vincent Trussardi is accused of his wife Laura’s murder, Jilly agrees to defend him, despite predictions that the case is a sure loser and warnings from those close to her to stay away from the Trussardi family. Determined to prove everyone wrong, Jilly investigates Laura’s death, hoping to discover a shred of evidence that might give the jury a reasonable doubt. Instead, she is confronted by damning evidence and uncooperative witnesses at every turn. Someone isn’t telling the truth, but who? With her reputation and Vincent’s life on the line, Jilly tries to unravel the web of secrets surrounding Laura’s murder. As she digs deeper, she uncovers a startling revelation that will change not only the case, but her life forever. From the gritty streets of Vancouver to the fateful halls of justice, Full Disclosure is a razor-sharp thriller that pulses with authenticity and intrigue. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Consuming Religion Kathryn Lofton, 2017-09-12 Introduction: being consumed -- Practicing commodity. Binge religion: social life in extremity ; The spirit in the cubicle: a religious history of the American office -- Revising ritual. Ritualism revived: from scientia ritus to consumer rites ; Purifying America: rites of salvation in the soap campaign -- Imagining celebrity. Sacrificing Britney: celebrity and religion in America ; The celebrification of religion in the age of infotainment -- Valuing family. Religion and the authority in American parenting ; Kardashian nation: work in America's klan ; Rethinking corporate freedom -- Corporation as sect. On the origins of corporate culture ; Do not tamper with the clues: notes on Goldman Sachs -- Conclusion: family matters |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Glass Sword Collector's Edition Victoria Aveyard, 2018-11-06 A beautifully designed collector’s edition of Glass Sword, the second book in the #1 New York Times bestselling Red Queen series by Victoria Aveyard, featuring exclusive content, stunning interior art, a redesigned cover, and more! This deluxe package features: color interior art redesigned cover printed case stained edges a bonus Glass Sword scene from a brand-new voice and more! The perfect companion to the Red Queen Collector’s Edition, this collector’s edition of Glass Sword is not to be missed! And don’t miss Broken Throne: A Red Queen Collection, featuring three brand-new novellas and other exclusive content, coming in April! |
| 90s victorias secret label history: The War for Talent Ed Michaels, Helen Handfield-Jones, Beth Axelrod, 2001 Divulging counterintuitive revelations about what it really takes to attract, develop, and retain top performers, this is the definitive guide to today's most urgent business dilemma. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: There's No Business That's Not Show Business David L. Rogers, Karen L. Vrotsos, Bernd H. Schmitt, 2003-06-24 Say goodbye to business as usual--to succeed today you need show business! How do you market in today's experience culture--as conventional advertising grows increasingly ineffective, and customers grow increasingly independent? Companies and brands from Altoids to Volkswagen have discovered the answer: bring show business into your business! There's No Business That's Not Show Business demonstrates how to use show biz techniques to cut through the clutter, engage your customers personally, differentiate your product or brand--and create real, long--term value. These techniques can be adapted for any product, service, or market--consumer or B2B. You'll learn how to clearly identify strategic objectives and expected outcomes; target your high--value customers; ensure that show biz marketing promotes your core brand message; extend your impact via PR and CRM; and, above all, achieve quantifiable results. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Things My Mother Never Told Me Blake Morrison, 2003 Through a series of letters from his parents' passionate World War II courtship, Morrison uncovers a startling, touching story. This follow-up to his critically acclaimed 1993 memoir paints the unforgettable picture of a quietly determined heroine and of a son's search to learn the truth about her. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Secret Journey to Planet Serpo Len Kasten, 2013-05-05 Documents how 12 people, as part of a top-secret U.S. government program, traveled to the planet Serpo and lived there for 13 years • Based on the debriefing of the Serpo team and the diary of the expedition’s commander • Explains how the aliens helped us reverse-engineer their antigravity spacecraft and develop technology to solve our planet-wide energy problems • Reveals how our government has an ongoing relationship with the Serpo aliens On July 16, 1965, a massive alien spacecraft from the Zeta Reticuli star system landed at the Nevada test site north of Las Vegas. Following a plan set in motion by President Kennedy in 1962, the alien visitors known as the Ebens welcomed 12 astronaut-trained military personnel aboard their craft for the 10-month journey to their home planet, Serpo, 39 light-years away. In November 2005, former and current members of the Defense Intelligence Agency--directed by Kennedy to organize the Serpo exchange program--came forward to reveal the operation, including details from the 3,000-page debriefing of the 7 members of the Serpo team who returned after 13 years on the planet. Working with the DIA originators of the Serpo project and the diary kept by the expedition’s commanding officer, Len Kasten chronicles the complete journey of these cosmic pioneers, including their remarkable stories of life on an alien planet, superluminal space travel, and advanced knowledge of alien technologies. He reveals how the Ebens presented the U.S. with “The Yellow Book”--a complete history of the universe recorded holographically, allowing the reader to view actual scenes from pre-history to the present. He explains how the Ebens helped us reverse-engineer their antigravity spacecraft and develop technology to solve our planet-wide energy problems--knowledge still classified. Exposing the truth of human-alien interaction and interplanetary travel, Kasten reveals not only that the Ebens have returned to Earth eight times but also that our government continues to have an ongoing relationship with them--a relationship with the potential to advance the human race into the future. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Of Thee I Zing Laura Ingraham, 2011-07-12 While Laura Ingraham was walking through a Northern Virginia shopping mall one Saturday afternoon, it all became clear to her. Everywhere she turned, she saw signs of the impending disaster: zombie teens texting each other across a café table; a man having his eyebrows threaded at a kiosk; a fiftyish woman shoe-horned into a tube top and skinny jeans; and a storefront ad featuring a Victoria’s Secret model spilling out of her push-up bra and into the faces of young passersby. Ingraham wondered to herself, “Is this it? Is this what our forefathers fought for? What my parents struggled for? I wonder if Victoria’s Secret is still having that two-for-one sale?” A menacing force surrounds us. We see it, we feel it, we know it. The country we love is in grave peril. While politicians and “experts” prattle on about the debt crisis at home, and terrorism abroad, a more insidious homegrown threat is emerging. It endangers our future and undermines our present. The uncomfortable truth is: We have become our own worst enemy. The culture we have created is now turning on us. We’re on the verge of drowning in our ignorance, arrogance, gluttony . . . can you believe there are only three shots of vanilla in a Caramel Macchiato?!? Now in an act of patriotic intervention the most-listened-to woman in talk radio casts her satirical eye upon all that ails American society. In this sharp-witted, comic romp, Laura Ingraham takes you on a guided tour through ten levels of our cultural hell. You know we’re in trouble when . . . • Airplane seats shrink—just as the passengers expand. • Celebrity baby names go from the peculiar (Apple, Stetson, and Daisy Boo) to the pathetic (Bamboo, Blanket, and Bronx). • People meticulously tend their virtual crops on Farmville, while their children eat takeout. • “Breaking News” usually means it happened yesterday. • The weddings last longer than the marriages. • Facebook has become a verb and reading has become an ancient art form. Of Thee I Zing is cultural commentary too funny to ignore, igniting a national conversation long past due. America, your cultural recovery begins here. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: The Invisible History of the Rosicrucians Tobias Churton, 2009-09-09 The first complete historical and philosophical investigation into the “invisible fraternity” of the Rosicrucians • Contains the latest research on the origins of the Rosicrucian movement • Presents the ties between Rosicrucianism, Freemasonry, and the Templars • Written by a “perfected” Knight of the Rose Croix and the Pelican (18th degree, Ancient and Accepted Rite) For nearly 400 years, incredible myths and stories have been woven around the “invisible” Brothers of the Rose Cross, the Rosicrucians. It is said that they possessed the secret of man and God, that they could turn lead into gold, that they governed Europe in secret, that theirs was the true philosophy of Freemasonry, and that they could save--or destroy--the world. In The Invisible History of the Rosicrucians, Tobias Churton, a “perfected” Knight of the Rose Croix and the Pelican (18th degree, Ancient and Accepted Rite), presents the first definitive historical and philosophical view of this mysterious brotherhood. Starting at its beginnings in Germany in 1603, Churton unveils the truth behind the complex story that underlies the Rosicrucian movement. He explains its purpose, the motives of its earliest creators, and the manifestos “accidentally” published in the 17th century that emerged at precisely the time when modern science was emerging. He details the people who influenced its development--including Johannes Kepler, Robert Fludd, and Sir Francis Bacon--and the ties between the Rosicrucians, Freemasons, and Templars. He also shows how Rosicrucianism shaped the mythology and spiritual consciousness of both North and South America and reveals that there are many Rosicrucian fraternities still active throughout the world today. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: Anna and Elsa's Secret Playtime Victoria Saxon, 2016 While esteemed guests visit the palace, princess sisters Elsa and Anna play in secret, making snow and sculptures using Elsa's magic ice powers. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: The Paris Library Janet Skeslien Charles, 2021-02-02 Based on the true World War II story of the American Library in Paris, an unforgettable novel about the power of books and the bonds of friendship—and the ordinary heroes who can be found in the most perilous times and the quietest places. Paris, 1939. Young, ambitious, and tempestuous, Odile Souchet has it all: Paul, her handsome police officer beau; Margaret, her best friend from England; Remy, her twin brother who she adores; and a dream job at the American Library in Paris, working alongside the library’s legendary director, Dorothy Reeder. When World War II breaks out, Odile stands to lose everything she holds dear—including her beloved library. After the Nazi army marches into the City of Light and declares a war on words, Odile and her fellow librarians join the Resistance with the best weapons they have: books. Again and again, they risk their lives to help their fellow Jewish readers, but by war’s end, Odile tastes the bitter sting of unspeakable betrayal. Montana, 1983. Odile’s solitary existence in gossipy small-town Montana is unexpectedly interrupted by her neighbor Lily, a lonely teenager craving adventure. As Lily uncovers more about Odile’s mysterious past, they find they share not only a love of language but also the same lethal jealousy. Odile helps Lily navigate the troubled waters of adolescence by always recommending the right book at the right time, never suspecting that Lily will be the one to help her reckon with her own terrible secret. Based on the true story of the American Library in Paris, The Paris Library is a mesmerizing and captivating novel about the people and the books that make us who we are, for good and for bad, and the courage it takes to forgive. |
| 90s victorias secret label history: They Called Me Number One Bev Sellars, 2013 Xat'sull Chief Bev Sellars spent her childhood in a church-run residential school whose aim it was to civilize Native children through Christian teachings, forced separation from family and culture, and discipline. In addition, beginning at the age of five, Sellars was isolated for two years at Coqualeetza Indian Turberculosis Hospital in Sardis, British Columbia, nearly six hours' drive from home. The trauma of these experiences has reverberated throughout her life. The first full-length memoir to be published out of St. Joseph's Mission at Williams Lake, BC, Sellars tells of three generations of women who attended the school, interweaving the personal histories of her grandmother and her mother with her own. She tells of hunger, forced labour, and physical beatings, often with a leather strap, and also of the demand for conformity in a culturally alien institution where children were confined and denigrated for failure to be White and Roman Catholic. Like Native children forced by law to attend schools across Canada and the United States, Sellars and other students of St. Joseph's Mission were allowed home only for two months in the summer and for two weeks at Christmas. The rest of the year they lived, worked, and studied at the school. St. Joseph's Mission is the site of the controversial and well-publicized sex-related offences of Bishop Hubert O'Connor, which took place during Sellars's student days, between 1962 and 1967, when O'Connor was the school principal. After the school's closure, those who had been forced to attend came from surrounding reserves and smashed windows, tore doors and cabinets from the wall, and broke anything that could be broken. Overnight their anger turned a site of shameful memory into a pile of rubble. In this frank and poignant memoir, Sellars breaks her silence about the institution's lasting effects, and eloquently articulates her own path to healing. |
90s HITS | TOP 100 SONGS - YouTube
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Victoria's container deposit scheme Consultation report 12 Beverage, packaging, retail and other business stakeholders, and community members supported the proposed refund amount of …
Victoria University Archives Finding Aid - Victoria Historical ...
a general nature, relating to the history of Victoria College/University. Physical description: 10 cm of textual records Publication status: Published File / item list Reference code Title Dates …
Land Tax in Victoria - PwC
The history of the absentee owner land tax surcharge rate is depicted in the table below: Land tax assessment year . Surcharge rate for taxable land . 2016 . 0.5% . 2017-2019 . 1.5% . 2020 …
Victoria (in: Understanding bushfire: trends in deliberate …
Black Friday was the worst in Victoria’s history in terms of loss of life. The summer of 1938–39 was hot and dry, and by early January several fires were burning. Northeasterly winds …
VICTORIAN HISTORICAL - Royal Historical Society of Victoria
Jun 1, 2016 · and sharing an understanding of the history of Victoria. The Victorian Historical Journal. is a fully refereed journal dedicated to Australian, and especially Victorian, history …
Arc flash hazard management - energysafe.vic.gov.au
injuries, illness and fatalities, and to enforce Victoria’s occupational health and safety legislation. Introduction . High Voltage(HV), Low Voltage(LV) High Current and Complex electrical …
Poplars (Populus x canescens) also reaching senescence. A …
ROYAL EXHIBITION BUILDING AND CARLTON GARDENS 102 LOVELL CHEN 4.4.7 South Garden Tree Plantings & Boundary Plantings Trees surviving in the South Gardens from the …
Victorian Flood Data and Mapping Guidelines - Water and …
Acknowledgement of Victoria’s Aboriginal communities The Victorian Government proudly acknowledges Victoria’s Aboriginal communities and their rich culture; and pays its respects to …
