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A Hypothesis in an Economic Model Is: A Comprehensive Guide
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Vance has over 20 years of experience in econometric modeling and has published extensively on macroeconomic forecasting and behavioral economics.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, a leading academic publisher specializing in economics, finance, and social sciences.
Editor: Dr. David Miller, Senior Editor, Oxford University Press, with 15 years of experience in editing and publishing academic works in economics.
Summary: This guide provides a comprehensive understanding of what constitutes a hypothesis in an economic model. It explores the formulation, testing, and interpretation of hypotheses, highlighting best practices and common pitfalls. The guide also emphasizes the importance of clearly defining variables, specifying assumptions, and considering potential limitations.
Keywords: a hypothesis in an economic model is, economic modeling, hypothesis testing, econometrics, model building, economic theory, causal inference, research methodology, empirical analysis.
What is a Hypothesis in an Economic Model?
A hypothesis in an economic model is a testable statement that proposes a relationship between two or more economic variables. It's a crucial component of any economic model, providing a framework for investigation and prediction. Unlike a casual observation or a general statement, a hypothesis must be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). A hypothesis in an economic model is not simply a guess; it is a carefully constructed proposition derived from economic theory or observed patterns, offering a potential explanation for economic phenomena. For example, "an increase in the minimum wage will lead to a decrease in employment among low-skilled workers" is a hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests a specific relationship between the minimum wage (independent variable) and employment (dependent variable).
Formulating a Testable Hypothesis
Formulating a robust hypothesis is the foundation of successful economic modeling. It requires a deep understanding of relevant economic theories, existing literature, and the data available for analysis. The process typically involves:
1. Identifying the Research Question: Clearly define the specific economic phenomenon you want to investigate. What relationship are you trying to explain?
2. Reviewing Existing Literature: Thoroughly research existing studies to identify relevant theories and empirical findings that may inform your hypothesis.
3. Developing a Testable Statement: Translate your research question into a clear, concise, and testable statement that specifies the relationship between the variables. Ensure your variables are clearly defined and measurable.
4. Specifying Assumptions: State the assumptions underlying your hypothesis. These assumptions are simplifications of reality that are necessary to make the model tractable. Clearly stating your assumptions allows for a better understanding of the limitations of your model.
Testing a Hypothesis in an Economic Model
Testing a hypothesis involves using econometric techniques to analyze data and determine whether the evidence supports or refutes the hypothesis. This generally involves:
1. Data Collection: Gather relevant data that accurately measures the variables in your hypothesis.
2. Model Specification: Develop an econometric model that incorporates the variables and relationships specified in your hypothesis. This model should account for potential confounding factors.
3. Estimation and Inference: Estimate the parameters of your model using appropriate econometric techniques. Perform statistical tests to determine the significance of the estimated relationships.
4. Interpretation: Interpret the results of your statistical tests in the context of your hypothesis and the assumptions of your model. Do the results support your hypothesis? What are the limitations of your findings?
Common Pitfalls in Hypothesis Formulation and Testing
Several common pitfalls can lead to flawed conclusions:
1. Vague or Untestable Hypotheses: Hypotheses must be specific and measurable to be testable. Avoid vague or overly broad statements.
2. Ignoring Confounding Variables: Failing to account for other factors that may influence the relationship between your variables can lead to spurious correlations.
3. Data limitations: Using inappropriate or insufficient data can lead to inaccurate or misleading conclusions.
4. Misinterpreting Statistical Significance: Statistical significance does not necessarily imply economic significance. Always consider the magnitude and practical implications of your findings.
5. Oversimplification: While simplifying assumptions are necessary, overly simplistic models may fail to capture the complexity of economic phenomena.
Best Practices for Hypothesis Development and Testing
To enhance the robustness and reliability of your economic modeling, adhere to these best practices:
1. Clearly Define Variables: Ensure your variables are precisely defined and measurable.
2. Specify Assumptions Explicitly: Clearly state all assumptions made in your model.
3. Use Appropriate Econometric Techniques: Select econometric techniques appropriate for your data and research question.
4. Conduct Sensitivity Analysis: Test the robustness of your results by varying your assumptions and model specifications.
5. Consider Limitations: Acknowledge the limitations of your model and data, and discuss potential sources of bias.
Conclusion
A hypothesis in an economic model is a cornerstone of empirical economic research. By carefully formulating testable hypotheses, employing rigorous econometric techniques, and critically evaluating results, economists can advance our understanding of complex economic phenomena. This guide has outlined the key steps involved, highlighting best practices and common pitfalls to help researchers conduct impactful and reliable economic analysis.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory in economics? A hypothesis is a specific, testable statement, while a theory is a broader, more general explanation of an economic phenomenon, often supported by multiple hypotheses.
2. Can a hypothesis be rejected but still be useful? Yes, a rejected hypothesis can still contribute to our understanding by indicating which relationships are unlikely to hold and prompting further research.
3. How do I choose the right econometric technique for testing my hypothesis? The choice depends on the nature of your data (cross-sectional, time series, panel data), the type of variables (continuous, discrete), and the nature of the relationship you hypothesize.
4. What is the role of causality in hypothesis testing? Establishing causality is crucial. Simply observing a correlation doesn't prove causation. Econometric techniques try to isolate causal effects while controlling for other variables.
5. How do I deal with omitted variable bias? Careful model specification, including relevant control variables, and using techniques like instrumental variables can help mitigate omitted variable bias.
6. What is the significance of p-values in hypothesis testing? P-values indicate the probability of observing the results if the null hypothesis were true. Low p-values suggest evidence against the null hypothesis.
7. How can I improve the reliability of my economic model? Robustness checks, sensitivity analysis, and careful consideration of potential biases are crucial to improving reliability.
8. What are some examples of economic hypotheses that have been widely tested? The effect of minimum wage on employment, the impact of monetary policy on inflation, and the relationship between education and income are classic examples.
9. How do I present my hypothesis and results effectively? Clear and concise language, well-constructed graphs and tables, and a transparent discussion of methods and limitations are essential for effective presentation.
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1. "Econometric Methods for Testing Economic Hypotheses": This article provides a detailed overview of various econometric techniques used to test hypotheses in economics.
2. "Causal Inference in Economic Modeling": This article focuses on methods for establishing causal relationships between economic variables.
3. "The Role of Assumptions in Economic Models": This article discusses the importance of clearly stating and evaluating assumptions in economic modeling.
4. "Avoiding Common Pitfalls in Econometric Analysis": This article identifies and explains common errors in econometric analysis and provides guidance on how to avoid them.
5. "Data Analysis Techniques for Economic Research": This article examines various data analysis techniques relevant to testing economic hypotheses.
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7. "Building Robust Economic Models": This article focuses on strategies for creating economic models that are resistant to changes in assumptions and data.
8. "The Importance of Hypothesis Testing in Policy Evaluation": This article explores the application of hypothesis testing to evaluate the effectiveness of economic policies.
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| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Economic Ideas You Should Forget Bruno S. Frey, David Iselin, 2017-03-08 Reporting on cutting-edge advances in economics, this book presents a selection of commentaries that reveal the weaknesses of several core economics concepts. Economics is a vigorous and progressive science, which does not lose its force when particular parts of its theory are empirically invalidated; instead, they contribute to the accumulation of knowledge. By discussing problematic theoretical assumptions and drawing on the latest empirical research, the authors question specific hypotheses and reject major economic ideas from the “Coase Theorem” to “Say’s Law” and “Bayesianism.” Many of these ideas remain prominent among politicians, economists and the general public. Yet, in the light of the financial crisis, they have lost both their relevance and supporting empirical evidence. This fascinating and thought-provoking collection of 71 short essays written by respected economists and social scientists from all over the world will appeal to anyone interested in scientific progress and the further development of economics. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin , 1994 |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: The World in the Model Mary S. Morgan, 2012-09-17 During the last two centuries, the way economic science is done has changed radically: it has become a social science based on mathematical models in place of words. This book describes and analyses that change - both historically and philosophically - using a series of case studies to illuminate the nature and the implications of these changes. It is not a technical book; it is written for the intelligent person who wants to understand how economics works from the inside out. This book will be of interest to economists and science studies scholars (historians, sociologists and philosophers of science). But it also aims at a wider readership in the public intellectual sphere, building on the current interest in all things economic and on the recent failure of the so-called economic model, which has shaped our beliefs and the world we live in. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Economic Models of Tropical Deforestation: A Review David Kaimowitz, Arild Angelsen, 1998-01-01 Types of economic deforestation models. Household and firm-level models. Regional-level models. National and macro-level models. Priority areas for future research. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Economical Writing, Third Edition Deirdre Nansen McCloskey, 2019-05-17 Write clearly about any subject: “Writers should check out Economical Writing, and editors should recommend it. Your future readers will be thankful.” —Journal of Scholarly Publishing Economics is not a field known for good writing. Charts, yes. Sparkling prose, no. Except, that is, when it comes to Deirdre Nansen McCloskey. Her conversational and witty yet always clear style is a hallmark of her classic works of economic history, enlivening the dismal science and engaging readers well beyond the discipline. And now she’s here to share the secrets of how it’s done, no matter what your field. Economical Writing is itself economical: a collection of thirty-five pithy rules for making your writing clear, concise, and effective. Proceeding from big-picture ideas to concrete strategies for improvement at the level of the paragraph, sentence, or word, McCloskey shows us that good writing, after all, is not just a matter of taste—it’s a product of adept intuition and a rigorous revision process. Debunking stale rules, warning us that “footnotes are nests for pedants,” and offering an arsenal of readily applicable tools and methods, she shows writers of all levels of experience how to rethink the way they approach their work, and gives them the knowledge to turn mediocre prose into magic. At once efficient and digestible, hilarious and provocative, Economical Writing lives up to its promise. With McCloskey as our guide, we discover how any piece of writing—on economics or any other subject—can be a pleasure to read. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: The Microeconomics of Complex Economies Wolfram Elsner, Torsten Heinrich, Henning Schwardt, 2014-04-15 The Microeconomics of Complex Economies uses game theory, modeling approaches, formal techniques, and computer simulations to teach useful, accessible approaches to real modern economies. It covers topics of information and innovation, including national and regional systems of innovation; clustered and networked firms; and open-source/open-innovation production and use. Its final chapter on policy perspectives and decisions confirms the value of the toolset. Written so chapters can be used independently, the book includes an introduction to computer simulation and pedagogical supplements. Its formal, accessible treatment of complexity goes beyond the scopes of neoclassical and mainstream economics. The highly interdependent economy of the 21st century demands a reconsideration of economic theories. - Describes the usefulness of complex heterodox economics - Emphasizes divergences and convergences with neoclassical economic theories and perspectives - Fits easily into courses on intermediate microeconomics, industrial organization, and games through self-contained chapters |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Philosophy of Economics Uskali Mäki, 2012-06-12 Part of the Handbook of the Philosophy of Science Series edited by: Dov M. Gabbay King's College, London, UK; Paul Thagard University of Waterloo, Canada; and John Woods University of British Columbia, Canada. Philosophy of Economics investigates the foundational concepts and methods of economics, the social science that analyzes the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. This groundbreaking collection, the most thorough treatment of the philosophy of economics ever published, brings together philosophers, scientists and historians to map out the central topics in the field. The articles are divided into two groups. Chapters in the first group deal with various philosophical issues characteristic of economics in general, including realism and Lakatos, explanation and testing, modeling and mathematics, political ideology and feminist epistemology. Chapters in the second group discuss particular methods, theories and branches of economics, including forecasting and measurement, econometrics and experimentation, rational choice and agency issues, game theory and social choice, behavioral economics and public choice, geographical economics and evolutionary economics, and finally the economics of scientific knowledge. This volume serves as a detailed introduction for those new to the field as well as a rich source of new insights and potential research agendas for those already engaged with the philosophy of economics. Provides a bridge between philosophy and current scientific findings Encourages multi-disciplinary dialogue Covers theory and applications |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics Richard H. Thaler, 2015-05-11 Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics Get ready to change the way you think about economics. Nobel laureate Richard H. Thaler has spent his career studying the radical notion that the central agents in the economy are humans—predictable, error-prone individuals. Misbehaving is his arresting, frequently hilarious account of the struggle to bring an academic discipline back down to earth—and change the way we think about economics, ourselves, and our world. Traditional economics assumes rational actors. Early in his research, Thaler realized these Spock-like automatons were nothing like real people. Whether buying a clock radio, selling basketball tickets, or applying for a mortgage, we all succumb to biases and make decisions that deviate from the standards of rationality assumed by economists. In other words, we misbehave. More importantly, our misbehavior has serious consequences. Dismissed at first by economists as an amusing sideshow, the study of human miscalculations and their effects on markets now drives efforts to make better decisions in our lives, our businesses, and our governments. Coupling recent discoveries in human psychology with a practical understanding of incentives and market behavior, Thaler enlightens readers about how to make smarter decisions in an increasingly mystifying world. He reveals how behavioral economic analysis opens up new ways to look at everything from household finance to assigning faculty offices in a new building, to TV game shows, the NFL draft, and businesses like Uber. Laced with antic stories of Thaler’s spirited battles with the bastions of traditional economic thinking, Misbehaving is a singular look into profound human foibles. When economics meets psychology, the implications for individuals, managers, and policy makers are both profound and entertaining. Shortlisted for the Financial Times & McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: How to Write about Economics and Public Policy Katerina Petchko, 2018-07-12 How to Write about Economics and Public Policy is designed to guide graduate students through conducting, and writing about, research on a wide range of topics in public policy and economics. This guidance is based upon the actual writing practices of professional researchers in these fields and it will appeal to practitioners and students in disciplinary areas such as international economics, macroeconomics, development economics, public finance, policy studies, policy analysis, and public administration. Supported by real examples from professional and student writers, the book helps students understand what is expected of writers in their field and guides them through choosing a topic for research to writing each section of the paper. This book would be equally effective as a classroom text or a self-study resource. - Teaches students how to write about qualitative and quantitative research in public policy and economics in a way that is suitable for academic consumption and that can drive public policy debates - Uses the genre-based approach to writing to teach discipline-appropriate ways of framing problems, designing studies, and writing and structuring content - Includes authentic examples written by students and international researchers from various sub-disciplines of economics and public policy - Contains strategies and suggestions for textual analysis of research samples to give students an opportunity to practice key points explained in the book - Is based on a comprehensive analysis of a research corpus containing 400+ research articles in various areas of public policy and economics |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Connected Healthcare for the Citizen Robert Picard, 2018-11-23 Value of Connected Things for Healthcare is based on feedback from members of the LLSA Forum, patients, healthcare professionals, Living Labs, industrialists, researchers and institutional actors confronted with the design, development, implementation and use of these types of tools that penetrate health and communicate data. The term connected object refers to devices that continuously collect data through these objects, providing the state of health of people wherever they are and whatever they do. These objects allow clinical researchers to study new phenomena that have hitherto escaped observations in institutions. However, the mobilization of these technologies in this context poses technical questions because the requirements of a remote, continuous operation are high. What is termed connected health emphasizes the human dimension of the subject, i.e., citizens, patients, health professionals, territorial communities, professional networks, institutions and associations. The questions of who benefits and ethical considerations are paramount to this discussion. - Brings awareness of the complexity of connected objects - Presents examples that highlight the use of connected codes - Describes new devices and related services - Identifies the challenges associated with solving these problems |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Handbook of Computable General Equilibrium Modeling Peter B. Dixon, Dale Jorgenson, 2013-11-14 In this collection of 17 articles, top scholars synthesize and analyze scholarship on this widely used tool of policy analysis, setting forth its accomplishments, difficulties, and means of implementation. Though CGE modeling does not play a prominent role in top US graduate schools, it is employed universally in the development of economic policy. This collection is particularly important because it presents a history of modeling applications and examines competing points of view. - Presents coherent summaries of CGE theories that inform major model types - Covers the construction of CGE databases, model solving, and computer-assisted interpretation of results - Shows how CGE modeling has made a contribution to economic policy |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Economic Growth, second edition Robert J. Barro, Xavier I. Sala-I-Martin, 2003-10-10 The long-awaited second edition of an important textbook on economic growth—a major revision incorporating the most recent work on the subject. This graduate level text on economic growth surveys neoclassical and more recent growth theories, stressing their empirical implications and the relation of theory to data and evidence. The authors have undertaken a major revision for the long-awaited second edition of this widely used text, the first modern textbook devoted to growth theory. The book has been expanded in many areas and incorporates the latest research. After an introductory discussion of economic growth, the book examines neoclassical growth theories, from Solow-Swan in the 1950s and Cass-Koopmans in the 1960s to more recent refinements; this is followed by a discussion of extensions to the model, with expanded treatment in this edition of heterogenity of households. The book then turns to endogenous growth theory, discussing, among other topics, models of endogenous technological progress (with an expanded discussion in this edition of the role of outside competition in the growth process), technological diffusion, and an endogenous determination of labor supply and population. The authors then explain the essentials of growth accounting and apply this framework to endogenous growth models. The final chapters cover empirical analysis of regions and empirical evidence on economic growth for a broad panel of countries from 1960 to 2000. The updated treatment of cross-country growth regressions for this edition uses the new Summers-Heston data set on world income distribution compiled through 2000. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Essential Economics Matthew Bishop, 2004-05-01 |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Essentials of Economics Glenn Hubbard, Anne Garnett, Phil Lewis, 2012-10-17 Real examples. Real companies. Real business decisions. Covering the core economics principles and providing engaging, relevant examples within just nineteen Chapters, Hubbard Essentials of Economics is the perfect teaching and learning resource for a one semester unit. The authors present economics as a dynamic, relevant discipline for Australasian students. The key questions students of first year economics ask themselves are: `Why am I here?” and “Will I ever use this?’ Hubbard Essentials of Economics answers these questions by demonstrating that real businesses use economics to make real decisions every day. Each chapter of the text opens with a case study featuring a real business or real business situation, refers to the study throughout the Chapter, and concludes with An Inside Look—a news article format which illustrates how a key principle covered in the Chapter relates to real business situations or was used by a real company to make a real business decision. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Learning from SARS Institute of Medicine, Board on Global Health, Forum on Microbial Threats, 2004-04-26 The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in late 2002 and 2003 challenged the global public health community to confront a novel epidemic that spread rapidly from its origins in southern China until it had reached more than 25 other countries within a matter of months. In addition to the number of patients infected with the SARS virus, the disease had profound economic and political repercussions in many of the affected regions. Recent reports of isolated new SARS cases and a fear that the disease could reemerge and spread have put public health officials on high alert for any indications of possible new outbreaks. This report examines the response to SARS by public health systems in individual countries, the biology of the SARS coronavirus and related coronaviruses in animals, the economic and political fallout of the SARS epidemic, quarantine law and other public health measures that apply to combating infectious diseases, and the role of international organizations and scientific cooperation in halting the spread of SARS. The report provides an illuminating survey of findings from the epidemic, along with an assessment of what might be needed in order to contain any future outbreaks of SARS or other emerging infections. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Energy from Waste Paul Breeze, 2017-10-27 Energy from Waste is a concise, up-to-date and accessible guide on how to create power from both urban and industrial waste. The book explores the types of waste that, instead of going to landfill, can be converted to energy, also discussing the most up-to-date technologies for doing so. The book contains a strong emphasis on the related environmental impacts and economic factors involved in the various methods of generating electricity, making this a valuable and insightful read for those involved in the management and conversion of waste, including energy engineers, managers and technicians. - Explores both urban and industrial waste, its composition and how it is collected, enabling readers to better understand which power generation technologies can be used to convert it into power - Discusses the most up-to-date technologies, along with the impacts they have on the environment, including solid residue, chemicals and dust from the flue-gas treatment (and the flue gas itself) - Evaluates the economic impact of converting energy from waste and implementing and managing waste plants |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: How the Economy Works Roger E. A. Farmer, 2010-04-08 Of all the economic bubbles that have been pricked, the editors of The Economist recently observed, few have burst more spectacularly than the reputation of economics itself. Indeed, the financial crisis that crested in 2008 destroyed the credibility of the economic thinking that had guided policymakers for a generation. But what will take its place? In How the Economy Works, one of our leading economists provides a jargon-free exploration of the current crisis, offering a powerful argument for how economics must change to get us out of it. Roger E. A. Farmer traces the swings between classical and Keynesian economics since the early twentieth century, gracefully explaining the elements of both theories. During the Great Depression, Keynes challenged the longstanding idea that an economy was a self-correcting mechanism; but his school gave way to a resurgence of classical economics in the 1970s-a rise that ended with the current crisis. Rather than simply allowing the pendulum to swing back, Farmer writes, we must synthesize the two. From classical economics, he takes the idea that a sound theory must explain how individuals behave-how our collective choices shape the economy. From Keynesian economics, he adopts the principle that markets do not always work well, that capitalism needs some guidance. The goal, he writes, is to correct the excesses of a free-market economy without stifling entrepreneurship and instituting central planning. Recent events have shown that we cannot afford to treat economics as an ivory-tower abstraction. It has a direct impact on our lives by guiding regulators and policymakers as they make decisions with far-reaching practical consequences. Written in clear, accessible language, How the Economy Works makes an argument that no one should ignore. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: How Novelty and Narratives Drive the Stock Market Nicholas Mangee, 2021-10-14 'Animal spirits' is a term that describes the instincts and emotions driving human behaviour in economic settings. In recent years, this concept has been discussed in relation to the emerging field of narrative economics. When unscheduled events hit the stock market, from corporate scandals and technological breakthroughs to recessions and pandemics, relationships driving returns change in unforeseeable ways. To deal with uncertainty, investors engage in narratives which simplify the complexity of real-time, non-routine change. This book assesses the novelty-narrative hypothesis for the U.S. stock market by conducting a comprehensive investigation of unscheduled events using big data textual analysis of financial news. This important contribution to the field of narrative economics finds that major macro events and associated narratives spill over into the churning stream of corporate novelty and sub-narratives, spawning different forms of unforeseeable stock market instability. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Introduction to Estimating Economic Models Atsushi Maki, 2010-12-14 The book's comprehensive coverage on the application of econometric methods to empirical analysis of economic issues is impressive. It uncovers the missing link between textbooks on economic theory and econometrics and highlights the powerful connection between economic theory and empirical analysis perfectly through examples on rigorous experimental design. The use of data sets for estimation derived with the Monte Carlo method helps facilitate the understanding of the role of hypothesis testing applied to economic models. Topics covered in the book are: consumer behavior, producer behavior, market equilibrium, macroeconomic models, qualitative-response models, panel data analysis and time-series analysis. Key econometric models are introduced, specified, estimated and evaluated. The treatment on methods of estimation in econometrics and the discipline of hypothesis testing makes it a must-have for graduate students of economics and econometrics and aids their understanding on how to estimate economic models and evaluate the results in terms of policy implications. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: The Rhetoric of Economics Deirdre N. McCloskey, 1998-05-15 A classic in its field, this pathbreaking book humanized the scientific rhetoric of economics to reveal its literary soul. Economics needs to admit that it, like other sciences, works with metaphors and stories. Its most mathematical and statistical moments are properly dominated by comparison and narration, that is to say, human persuasion. The book was McCloskey's opening move in the development of a humanomics, and unification of the sciences and the humanities on the field of ordinary business life. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Microeconomics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anne M. Garnett, Philip Lewis, Anthony Patrick O'Brien, 2014-09-01 Microeconomics is the most engaging introductory economics resource available to students today. Using real businesses examples to show how managers use economics to make real decisions every day, the subject is made relevant and meaningful. Each chapter of the text opens with a case study featuring a real business or real business situation, refers to the study throughout the chapter, and concludes with An Inside Look—a news article format which illustrates how a key principle covered in the chapter relates to real business situations or was used by a real company to make a real business decision. Solved problems in every chapter motivate learners to confidently connect with the theory to solve economic problems and analyse current economic events. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Models in Microeconomic Theory Martin J. Osborne, Ariel Rubinstein, 2023-06-26 Models in Microeconomic Theory covers basic models in current microeconomic theory. Part I (Chapters 1-7) presents models of an economic agent, discussing abstract models of preferences, choice, and decision making under uncertainty, before turning to models of the consumer, the producer, and monopoly. Part II (Chapters 8-14) introduces the concept of equilibrium, beginning, unconventionally, with the models of the jungle and an economy with indivisible goods, and continuing with models of an exchange economy, equilibrium with rational expectations, and an economy with asymmetric information. Part III (Chapters 15-16) provides an introduction to game theory, covering strategic and extensive games and the concepts of Nash equilibrium and subgame perfect equilibrium. Part IV (Chapters 17-20) gives a taste of the topics of mechanism design, matching, the axiomatic analysis of economic systems, and social choice. The book focuses on the concepts of model and equilibrium. It states models and results precisely, and provides proofs for all results. It uses only elementary mathematics (with almost no calculus), although many of the proofs involve sustained logical arguments. It includes about 150 exercises. With its formal but accessible style, this textbook is designed for undergraduate students of microeconomics at intermediate and advanced levels. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Risk, Uncertainty and Profit Frank H. Knight, 2006-11-01 A timeless classic of economic theory that remains fascinating and pertinent today, this is Frank Knight's famous explanation of why perfect competition cannot eliminate profits, the important differences between risk and uncertainty, and the vital role of the entrepreneur in profitmaking. Based on Knight's PhD dissertation, this 1921 work, balancing theory with fact to come to stunning insights, is a distinct pleasure to read. FRANK H. KNIGHT (1885-1972) is considered by some the greatest American scholar of economics of the 20th century. An economics professor at the University of Chicago from 1927 until 1955, he was one of the founders of the Chicago school of economics, which influenced Milton Friedman and George Stigler. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change Richard R. Nelson, 1985-10-15 This book contains the most sustained and serious attack on mainstream, neoclassical economics in more than forty years. Nelson and Winter focus their critique on the basic question of how firms and industries change overtime. They marshal significant objections to the fundamental neoclassical assumptions of profit maximization and market equilibrium, which they find ineffective in the analysis of technological innovation and the dynamics of competition among firms. To replace these assumptions, they borrow from biology the concept of natural selection to construct a precise and detailed evolutionary theory of business behavior. They grant that films are motivated by profit and engage in search for ways of improving profits, but they do not consider them to be profit maximizing. Likewise, they emphasize the tendency for the more profitable firms to drive the less profitable ones out of business, but they do not focus their analysis on hypothetical states of industry equilibrium. The results of their new paradigm and analytical framework are impressive. Not only have they been able to develop more coherent and powerful models of competitive firm dynamics under conditions of growth and technological change, but their approach is compatible with findings in psychology and other social sciences. Finally, their work has important implications for welfare economics and for government policy toward industry. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: The Theory of the Firm Daniel F. Spulber, 2009-04-13 The Theory of the Firm presents an innovative general analysis of the economics of the firm. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Macroeconomics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anne M. Garnett, Philip Lewis, Anthony Patrick O'Brien, 2014-09-01 Macroeconomics is the most engaging introductory economics resource available to students today. Using real businesses examples to show how managers use economics to make real decisions every day, the subject is made relevant and meaningful. Each chapter of the text opens with a case study featuring a real business or real business situation, refers to the study throughout the chapter, and concludes with An Inside Look—a news article format which illustrates how a key principle covered in the chapter relates to real business situations or was used by a real company to make a real business decision. Solved problems in every chapter motivate learners to confidently connect with the theory to solve economic problems and analyse current economic events. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: The Theory of Competitive Price George Joseph Stigler, 1946 |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: A Guide for the Young Economist William Thomson, 2001 In clear, concise language--a model for what he advocates--William Thomson shows how to make written and oral presentations both inviting and efficient. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Essays in Positive Economics Milton Friedman, 1953 This paper is concerned primarily with certain methodological problems that arise in constructing the distinct positive science that John Neville Keynes called for, in particular, the problem how to decide whether a suggested hypothesis or theory should be tentatively accepted as part of the body of systematized knowledge concerning what is. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Probability and Statistics for Economists Bruce Hansen, 2022-06-28 A comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to the mathematics that all economics students need to know Probability theory is the quantitative language used to handle uncertainty and is the foundation of modern statistics. Probability and Statistics for Economists provides graduate and PhD students with an essential introduction to mathematical probability and statistical theory, which are the basis of the methods used in econometrics. This incisive textbook teaches fundamental concepts, emphasizes modern, real-world applications, and gives students an intuitive understanding of the mathematics that every economist needs to know. Covers probability and statistics with mathematical rigor while emphasizing intuitive explanations that are accessible to economics students of all backgrounds Discusses random variables, parametric and multivariate distributions, sampling, the law of large numbers, central limit theory, maximum likelihood estimation, numerical optimization, hypothesis testing, and more Features hundreds of exercises that enable students to learn by doing Includes an in-depth appendix summarizing important mathematical results as well as a wealth of real-world examples Can serve as a core textbook for a first-semester PhD course in econometrics and as a companion book to Bruce E. Hansen’s Econometrics Also an invaluable reference for researchers and practitioners |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Cost and Choice James M. Buchanan, 1978 As he usually does, Professor Buchanan has produced an interesting and provocative piece of work. [Cost and Choice] starts off as an essay in the history of cost theory; the central ideas of the book are traced to Davenport and Knight in the United States, and to a series of distinguished writers associated at various times with the London School of Economics. The author emerges from this discussion with what can be described as the ultimate in subjectivist cost doctrines. . . . Economists should learn the lessons offered to us in this little book—and learn them well. It can save them from serious errors.—William J. Baumol, Journal of Economic Literature |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Economic Model Fouad Sabry, 2024-03-27 What is Economic Model An economic model is a theoretical construct representing economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and/or quantitative relationships between them. The economic model is a simplified, often mathematical, framework designed to illustrate complex processes. Frequently, economic models posit structural parameters. A model may have various exogenous variables, and those variables may change to create various responses by economic variables. Methodological uses of models include investigation, theorizing, and fitting theories to the world. How you will benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Economic model Chapter 2: Econometrics Chapter 3: Macroeconomics Chapter 4: Mathematical model Chapter 5: Neoclassical economics Chapter 6: Rational expectations Chapter 7: Index of economics articles Chapter 8: Lucas critique Chapter 9: Macroeconomic model Chapter 10: Bellman equation Chapter 11: Econometric model Chapter 12: Lars Peter Hansen Chapter 13: Applied economics Chapter 14: Economics education Chapter 15: Qualitative economics Chapter 16: Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium Chapter 17: Mathematical economics Chapter 18: Real business-cycle theory Chapter 19: Mathematical finance Chapter 20: Criticisms of econometrics Chapter 21: Causal inference (II) Answering the public top questions about economic model. (III) Real world examples for the usage of economic model in many fields. Who this book is for Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of Economic Model. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: General Theory Of Employment , Interest And Money John Maynard Keynes, 2016-04 John Maynard Keynes is the great British economist of the twentieth century whose hugely influential work The General Theory of Employment, Interest and * is undoubtedly the century's most important book on economics--strongly influencing economic theory and practice, particularly with regard to the role of government in stimulating and regulating a nation's economic life. Keynes's work has undergone significant revaluation in recent years, and Keynesian views which have been widely defended for so long are now perceived as at odds with Keynes's own thinking. Recent scholarship and research has demonstrated considerable rivalry and controversy concerning the proper interpretation of Keynes's works, such that recourse to the original text is all the more important. Although considered by a few critics that the sentence structures of the book are quite incomprehensible and almost unbearable to read, the book is an essential reading for all those who desire a basic education in economics. The key to understanding Keynes is the notion that at particular times in the business cycle, an economy can become over-productive (or under-consumptive) and thus, a vicious spiral is begun that results in massive layoffs and cuts in production as businesses attempt to equilibrate aggregate supply and demand. Thus, full employment is only one of many or multiple macro equilibria. If an economy reaches an underemployment equilibrium, something is necessary to boost or stimulate demand to produce full employment. This something could be business investment but because of the logic and individualist nature of investment decisions, it is unlikely to rapidly restore full employment. Keynes logically seizes upon the public budget and government expenditures as the quickest way to restore full employment. Borrowing the * to finance the deficit from private households and businesses is a quick, direct way to restore full employment while at the same time, redirecting or siphoning |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Chicago Price Theory Sonia Jaffe, Robert Minton, Casey B. Mulligan, Kevin M. Murphy, 2019-09-10 An authoritative textbook based on the legendary economics course taught at the University of Chicago Price theory is a powerful analytical toolkit for measuring, explaining, and predicting human behavior in the marketplace. This incisive textbook provides an essential introduction to the subject, offering a diverse array of practical methods that empower students to learn by doing. Based on Economics 301, the legendary PhD course taught at the University of Chicago, the book emphasizes the importance of applying price theory in order to master its concepts. Chicago Price Theory features immersive chapter-length examples such as addictive goods, urban-property pricing, the consequences of prohibition, the value of a statistical life, and occupational choice. It looks at human behavior in the aggregate of an industry, region, or demographic group, but also provides models of individuals when they offer insights about the aggregate. The book explains the surprising answers that price theory can provide to practical questions about taxation, education, the housing market, government subsidies, and much more. Emphasizes the application of price theory, enabling students to learn by doing Features chapter-length examples such as addictive goods, urban-property pricing, the consequences of prohibition, and the value of a statistical life Supported by video lectures taught by Kevin M. Murphy and Gary Becker The video course enables students to learn the theory at home and practice the applications in the classroom |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Doughnut Economics Kate Raworth, 2018-03-08 Economics is the mother tongue of public policy. It dominates our decision-making for the future, guides multi-billion-dollar investments, and shapes our responses to climate change, inequality, and other environmental and social challenges that define our times. Pity then, or more like disaster, that its fundamental ideas are centuries out of date yet are still taught in college courses worldwide and still used to address critical issues in government and business alike. That’s why it is time, says renegade economist Kate Raworth, to revise our economic thinking for the 21st century. In Doughnut Economics, she sets out seven key ways to fundamentally reframe our understanding of what economics is and does. Along the way, she points out how we can break our addiction to growth; redesign money, finance, and business to be in service to people; and create economies that are regenerative and distributive by design. Named after the now-iconic “doughnut” image that Raworth first drew to depict a sweet spot of human prosperity (an image that appealed to the Occupy Movement, the United Nations, eco-activists, and business leaders alike), Doughnut Economics offers a radically new compass for guiding global development, government policy, and corporate strategy, and sets new standards for what economic success looks like. Raworth handpicks the best emergent ideas—from ecological, behavioral, feminist, and institutional economics to complexity thinking and Earth-systems science—to address this question: How can we turn economies that need to grow, whether or not they make us thrive, into economies that make us thrive, whether or not they grow? Simple, playful, and eloquent, Doughnut Economics offers game-changing analysis and inspiration for a new generation of economic thinkers. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Poverty in the Philippines Asian Development Bank, 2009-12-01 Against the backdrop of the global financial crisis and rising food, fuel, and commodity prices, addressing poverty and inequality in the Philippines remains a challenge. The proportion of households living below the official poverty line has declined slowly and unevenly in the past four decades, and poverty reduction has been much slower than in neighboring countries such as the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Economic growth has gone through boom and bust cycles, and recent episodes of moderate economic expansion have had limited impact on the poor. Great inequality across income brackets, regions, and sectors, as well as unmanaged population growth, are considered some of the key factors constraining poverty reduction efforts. This publication analyzes the causes of poverty and recommends ways to accelerate poverty reduction and achieve more inclusive growth. it also provides an overview of current government responses, strategies, and achievements in the fight against poverty and identifies and prioritizes future needs and interventions. The analysis is based on current literature and the latest available data, including the 2006 Family Income and Expenditure Survey. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: The Linear Model and Hypothesis George Seber, 2015-10-08 This book provides a concise and integrated overview of hypothesis testing in four important subject areas, namely linear and nonlinear models, multivariate analysis, and large sample theory. The approach used is a geometrical one based on the concept of projections and their associated idempotent matrices, thus largely avoiding the need to involvematrix ranks. It is shown that all the hypotheses encountered are either linear or asymptotically linear, and that all the underlying models used are either exactly or asymptotically linear normal models. This equivalence can be used, for example, to extend the concept of orthogonality to other models in the analysis of variance, and to show that the asymptotic equivalence of the likelihood ratio, Wald, and Score (Lagrange Multiplier) hypothesis tests generally applies. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Introductory Econometrics Humberto Barreto, Frank Howland, 2006 This highly accessible and innovative text with supporting web site uses Excel (R) to teach the core concepts of econometrics without advanced mathematics. It enables students to use Monte Carlo simulations in order to understand the data generating process and sampling distribution. Intelligent repetition of concrete examples effectively conveys the properties of the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator and the nature of heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. Coverage includes omitted variables, binary response models, basic time series, and simultaneous equations. The authors teach students how to construct their own real-world data sets drawn from the internet, which they can analyze with Excel (R) or with other econometric software. The accompanying web site with text support can be found at www.wabash.edu/econometrics. |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Encyclopedia of Health Economics , 2014-02-21 The Encyclopedia of Health Economics offers students, researchers and policymakers objective and detailed empirical analysis and clear reviews of current theories and polices. It helps practitioners such as health care managers and planners by providing accessible overviews into the broad field of health economics, including the economics of designing health service finance and delivery and the economics of public and population health. This encyclopedia provides an organized overview of this diverse field, providing one trusted source for up-to-date research and analysis of this highly charged and fast-moving subject area. Features research-driven articles that are objective, better-crafted, and more detailed than is currently available in journals and handbooks Combines insights and scholarship across the breadth of health economics, where theory and empirical work increasingly come from non-economists Provides overviews of key policies, theories and programs in easy-to-understand language |
| a hypothesis in an economic model is: Applied Econometrics with R Christian Kleiber, Achim Zeileis, 2008-12-10 R is a language and environment for data analysis and graphics. It may be considered an implementation of S, an award-winning language initially - veloped at Bell Laboratories since the late 1970s. The R project was initiated by Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, in the early 1990s, and has been developed by an international team since mid-1997. Historically, econometricians have favored other computing environments, some of which have fallen by the wayside, and also a variety of packages with canned routines. We believe that R has great potential in econometrics, both for research and for teaching. There are at least three reasons for this: (1) R is mostly platform independent and runs on Microsoft Windows, the Mac family of operating systems, and various ?avors of Unix/Linux, and also on some more exotic platforms. (2) R is free software that can be downloaded and installed at no cost from a family of mirror sites around the globe, the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN); hence students can easily install it on their own machines. (3) R is open-source software, so that the full source code is available and can be inspected to understand what it really does, learn from it, and modify and extend it. We also like to think that platform independence and the open-source philosophy make R an ideal environment for reproducible econometric research. |
HYPOTHESIS Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
A hypothesis is an assumption, an idea that is proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true. In the scientific method, the hypothesis is constructed before …
Hypothesis - Wikipedia
The hypothesis of Andreas Cellarius, showing the planetary motions in eccentric and epicyclical orbits. A hypothesis (pl.: hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. A scientific …
What is a Hypothesis - Types, Examples and Writing Guide
Mar 26, 2024 · A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction or statement that suggests an expected relationship between variables in a study. It acts as a starting point, guiding …
How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples - Scribbr
May 6, 2022 · A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through …
Hypothesis: Definition, Examples, and Types - Verywell Mind
Apr 17, 2024 · A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Explore examples and learn how to format your research hypothesis.
Hypothesis | Definition, Meaning and Examples - GeeksforGeeks
Sep 4, 2024 · Hypothesis is a suggested idea or an educated guess or a proposed explanation made based on limited evidence, serving as a starting point for further study. They are meant …
HYPOTHESIS | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
HYPOTHESIS definition: 1. an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved…. Learn more.
What Is a Hypothesis? The Scientific Method - ThoughtCo
In the study of logic, a hypothesis is an if-then proposition, typically written in the form, "If X, then Y." In common usage, a hypothesis is simply a proposed explanation or prediction, which may …
75 Hypothesis Examples (With Explanations) | Writing Beginner
A hypothesis is essentially an educated guess or a proposed explanation that you can test through research, experimentation, or observation. It’s not just a random statement—it’s based …
Scientific hypothesis | Definition, Formulation, & Example
May 30, 2025 · scientific hypothesis, an idea that proposes a tentative explanation about a phenomenon or a narrow set of phenomena observed in the natural world. The two primary …
HYPOTHESIS Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
A hypothesis is an assumption, an idea that is proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true. In the scientific method, the hypothesis is constructed before …
Hypothesis - Wikipedia
The hypothesis of Andreas Cellarius, showing the planetary motions in eccentric and epicyclical orbits. A hypothesis (pl.: hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. A scientific …
What is a Hypothesis - Types, Examples and Writing Guide
Mar 26, 2024 · A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction or statement that suggests an expected relationship between variables in a study. It acts as a starting point, guiding …
How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples - Scribbr
May 6, 2022 · A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific …
Hypothesis: Definition, Examples, and Types - Verywell Mind
Apr 17, 2024 · A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Explore examples and learn how to format your research hypothesis.
Hypothesis | Definition, Meaning and Examples - GeeksforGeeks
Sep 4, 2024 · Hypothesis is a suggested idea or an educated guess or a proposed explanation made based on limited evidence, serving as a starting point for further study. They are meant to …
HYPOTHESIS | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
HYPOTHESIS definition: 1. an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved…. Learn more.
What Is a Hypothesis? The Scientific Method - ThoughtCo
In the study of logic, a hypothesis is an if-then proposition, typically written in the form, "If X, then Y." In common usage, a hypothesis is simply a proposed explanation or prediction, which may or …
75 Hypothesis Examples (With Explanations) | Writing Beginner
A hypothesis is essentially an educated guess or a proposed explanation that you can test through research, experimentation, or observation. It’s not just a random statement—it’s based on …
Scientific hypothesis | Definition, Formulation, & Example
May 30, 2025 · scientific hypothesis, an idea that proposes a tentative explanation about a phenomenon or a narrow set of phenomena observed in the natural world. The two primary …
