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8 Perspectives of Psychology: A Critical Analysis of Their Impact on Current Trends
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD, Professor of Clinical Psychology, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Vance has over 20 years of experience in research and teaching, specializing in the integration of various psychological perspectives in therapeutic practice.
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Journals. The APA is a globally recognized and highly credible publisher of peer-reviewed psychological research and literature.
Editor: Dr. David Miller, PhD, Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Integrative Psychology. Dr. Miller has extensive experience in editing scholarly works within the field of psychology and a strong background in the integration of multiple theoretical perspectives.
Keywords: 8 perspectives of psychology, psychological perspectives, schools of thought in psychology, behavioral psychology, psychodynamic psychology, humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology, biological psychology, evolutionary psychology, sociocultural psychology, contemporary psychology, therapeutic approaches.
Introduction: Understanding the Landscape of the 8 Perspectives of Psychology
Psychology, as a field, is incredibly diverse. While unified by the common goal of understanding human behavior and mental processes, it’s characterized by a multitude of approaches and interpretations. This article will critically analyze the impact of eight major perspectives – psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, biological, evolutionary, sociocultural, and biopsychosocial – on current trends in psychology and their applications. Understanding these 8 perspectives of psychology is crucial for comprehending the richness and complexity of the human experience.
1. Psychodynamic Perspective: A Legacy of Influence
Originating with Sigmund Freud, the psychodynamic perspective emphasizes the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and internal conflicts in shaping personality and behavior. While some aspects of Freud's theories have been challenged, the emphasis on unconscious processes and the impact of early relationships remains influential. Contemporary psychodynamic approaches, like attachment theory and object relations theory, have integrated modern research methods and focus on interpersonal dynamics, making them relevant to current therapeutic practices.
2. Behavioral Perspective: Observable Actions and Learning
The behavioral perspective, pioneered by figures like John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, focuses on observable behaviors and their environmental determinants. It emphasizes learning through classical and operant conditioning, emphasizing the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior. Behavioral principles are extensively applied in various settings, including clinical psychology (e.g., exposure therapy for anxiety disorders), education (e.g., behavior modification in classrooms), and organizational psychology (e.g., performance management). The limitations of this approach lie in its relative neglect of internal mental processes and individual differences.
3. Humanistic Perspective: Self-Actualization and Personal Growth
In contrast to the deterministic views of psychodynamic and behavioral perspectives, the humanistic perspective emphasizes individual potential, self-actualization, and personal growth. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are key figures in this approach, highlighting the importance of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and self-acceptance. Humanistic principles are central to many therapeutic techniques, including person-centered therapy, emphasizing the client's inherent capacity for self-healing. However, critics argue that humanistic concepts are difficult to operationalize scientifically.
4. Cognitive Perspective: The Mind as an Information Processor
The cognitive perspective focuses on mental processes such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. This approach views the mind as an information processor, drawing parallels to computers. Cognitive psychology has significantly influenced the treatment of mental disorders, with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) becoming a prominent and widely effective therapeutic approach. The cognitive perspective's strength lies in its empirical rigor and its ability to explain complex mental phenomena, but it might underemphasize the role of emotions and unconscious processes.
5. Biological Perspective: The Brain and Body’s Influence
The biological perspective explores the physiological bases of behavior and mental processes, focusing on the nervous system, endocrine system, genetics, and neurochemistry. Advances in neuroscience have provided significant insights into the biological underpinnings of various psychological phenomena, including mental illness. This perspective is crucial for understanding the etiology and treatment of many disorders, leading to the development of psychopharmacology and neurosurgical interventions.
6. Evolutionary Perspective: Adaptation and Survival
The evolutionary perspective applies principles of natural selection to explain human behavior and mental processes. It emphasizes the adaptive functions of behaviors and traits that have evolved over time to enhance survival and reproduction. This perspective provides a unique framework for understanding various aspects of human psychology, from mate selection to aggression. However, it can be challenging to test evolutionary hypotheses empirically.
7. Sociocultural Perspective: The Impact of Society and Culture
The sociocultural perspective highlights the influence of social and cultural factors on behavior and mental processes. This approach emphasizes the importance of social norms, cultural values, and group dynamics in shaping individual experiences. It addresses the impact of social inequalities, prejudice, and discrimination on mental health and well-being. The sociocultural perspective offers a valuable lens for understanding cross-cultural differences in behavior and for promoting social justice in mental health care.
8. Biopsychosocial Perspective: An Integrated Approach
The biopsychosocial perspective represents an integrative approach, acknowledging the interconnectedness of biological, psychological, and social factors in influencing behavior and mental health. It recognizes that individual experiences are shaped by a complex interplay of genetic predispositions, psychological factors, and social and cultural contexts. This approach is particularly valuable in understanding the etiology and treatment of mental disorders, emphasizing a holistic understanding of human beings. The 8 perspectives of psychology are not mutually exclusive; rather, this integrative perspective seeks to combine their strengths.
Conclusion
The 8 perspectives of psychology provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the complexity of human behavior and mental processes. While each perspective offers unique insights, their strengths and limitations highlight the need for an integrative approach that acknowledges the interplay of biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors. As the field of psychology continues to evolve, an understanding of these diverse perspectives remains crucial for advancing research, developing effective interventions, and promoting well-being. The impact of these 8 perspectives of psychology on current trends in research, therapy, and societal understanding is undeniable, emphasizing the continued need for interdisciplinary collaboration and integrative approaches.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between the psychodynamic and behavioral perspectives? The psychodynamic perspective focuses on unconscious processes and internal conflicts, while the behavioral perspective emphasizes observable behaviors and environmental influences.
2. How does the cognitive perspective contribute to therapy? The cognitive perspective underpins cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which focuses on identifying and modifying maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
3. What is the significance of the biopsychosocial perspective? The biopsychosocial perspective integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to provide a holistic understanding of human behavior and mental health.
4. How does the evolutionary perspective explain human behavior? The evolutionary perspective explains behavior in terms of its adaptive functions for survival and reproduction.
5. What are the limitations of the humanistic perspective? Critics argue that humanistic concepts are difficult to operationalize scientifically and lack empirical support.
6. How does the sociocultural perspective influence mental health? The sociocultural perspective highlights the impact of social and cultural factors on mental health, including social inequalities and cultural values.
7. How are the 8 perspectives of psychology interconnected? The 8 perspectives are not mutually exclusive; they offer complementary insights that can be integrated to gain a more comprehensive understanding of human behavior.
8. Which perspective is most important for understanding mental illness? No single perspective is sufficient; a biopsychosocial approach, integrating insights from various perspectives, is most effective for understanding and treating mental illness.
9. What are some examples of how the 8 perspectives of psychology are applied in real-world settings? Applications include clinical settings (CBT, psychodynamic therapy), education (behavior modification), organizational psychology (performance management), and forensic psychology (criminal profiling).
Related Articles:
1. The Unconscious Mind: Exploring the Depths of Psychodynamic Theory: A deep dive into Freud's theories and their modern interpretations.
2. Behavioral Modification Techniques: Practical Applications and Ethical Considerations: An examination of the methods and ethical implications of behavioral therapy.
3. Humanistic Psychology and Self-Actualization: A Journey Towards Personal Growth: An exploration of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Roger's person-centered therapy.
4. Cognitive Biases and Their Impact on Decision-Making: An analysis of cognitive distortions and their influence on choices.
5. Neuroscience and Mental Health: Unraveling the Brain-Behavior Connection: A look at the neurological underpinnings of various mental disorders.
6. Evolutionary Psychology and Mate Selection: Understanding Human Attraction: An examination of evolutionary principles and their role in romantic relationships.
7. Culture and Mental Health: Navigating Cross-Cultural Differences: A discussion of cultural variations in mental health symptoms and treatments.
8. The Biopsychosocial Model: An Integrative Approach to Understanding Health and Illness: A detailed exploration of the biopsychosocial model and its application in healthcare.
9. Integrating the 8 Perspectives of Psychology in Clinical Practice: A discussion of how clinicians integrate different theoretical perspectives for effective therapeutic interventions.
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Introduction to Psychology Jennifer Walinga, Charles Stangor, This book is designed to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The focus on behaviour and empiricism has produced a text that is better organized, has fewer chapters, and is somewhat shorter than many of the leading books. The beginning of each section includes learning objectives; throughout the body of each section are key terms in bold followed by their definitions in italics; key takeaways, and exercises and critical thinking activities end each section. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Judgment and Decision Making David Hardman, 2009-02-09 Judgment and Decision Making is a refreshingly accessible text that explores the wide variety of ways people make judgments. An accessible examination of the wide variety of ways people make judgments Features up-to-date theoretical coverage, including perspectives from evolutionary psychology and neuroscience Covers dynamic decision making, everyday decision making, individual differences, group decision making, and the nature of mind and brain in relation to judgment and decision making Illustrates key concepts with boxed case studies and cartoons |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Psychological Perspectives on Praise Eddie Brummelman, 2020-07-20 Praise is perhaps the most widely used technique to influence others. When used appropriately, praise can motivate people, make them feel better, and improve their social relationships. Often, however, praise fails to work as intended and may even cause harm. Psychological Perspectives on Praise reviews and integrates psychological theory and research to provide an overarching perspective on praise. With contributions from leading scholars in the field, this book amalgamates diverse theoretical and empirical perspectives on praise. The book starts with providing an overview of prominent theories that seek to explain the effects of praise, including self-enhancement theory, self-verification theory, attribution theory, and self-determination theory. It then discusses several lines of empirical research on how praise impacts competence and motivation, self-perceptions (e.g., self-esteem and narcissism), and social relationships. It does so in a range of contexts, including children’s learning at school, employees’ commitment at work, and people’s behavior within romantic relationships. The book concludes by showing how praise can be understood in its developmental and cultural context. Revealing that praise is a message rich in information about ourselves and our social environments, this book will be of interest to social, organizational, personality, developmental, and educational psychologists; students in psychology and related disciplines; and practitioners including teachers, managers, and counselors who use praise in their daily practice. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Psychological Perspectives on Radicalization Allard R. Feddes, Lars Nickolson, Liesbeth Mann, Bertjan Doosje, 2020-05-26 This innovative book examines radicalization from new psychological perspectives by examining the different typologies of radicalizing individuals, what makes individuals resilient against radicalization, and events that can trigger individuals to radicalize or to deradicalize. What is radicalization? Which psychological processes or events in a person's life play a role in radicalization? What determines whether a personal is resilient against radicalization, and is deradicalization something that we can achieve? This book goes beyond previous publications on this topic by identifying concrete key events in the process of radicalization, providing a useful theoretical framework that summarizes the current state-of-the-art research on radicalization and deradicalization. A model is presented in which a distinction is made between different levels of radicalization and deradicalization, with key underlying psychological needs discussed: the need for identity, justice, significance, and sensation. The authors also describe what makes people resilient against messages from the outside world when they belong to an extremist group and discuss observable events which may trigger a person to radicalize (further) or to deradicalize. Including real-world examples and clear guidelines for interventions aimed at prevention of radicalization and stimulation of deradicalization, this is essential reading for policy makers, researchers, practitioners, and students interested in this crucial societal issue. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Perspectives On Psychology Michael W. Eysenck, 2013-10-23 This is a title in the modular Principles in Psychology Series, designed for A-level and other introductory courses, aiming to provide students embarking on psychology courses with the necessary background and context. One aspect of this is to consider contemporary psychology in the light of its historical development. Another aspect is to examine some of the major controversies which have dominated psychology over the centuries. Yet another aspect is to consider some of the major areas of psychology eg social, developmental, cognitive in terms of what they have to offer in the quest for an understanding of human behaviour.; The book also addresses key issues which need to be considered as psychology matures into a fully fledged experimental and scientific discipline. For example, how much do laboratory experiments tell us about how people behave in the real world? And how far is it ethically permissable for psychologists to go in their pursuit of knowledge? |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Psychological Perspectives on Justice Barbara A. Mellers, Jonathan Baron, 1993-09-24 Justice, equity, and fairness are central concerns of everyday life. We frequently assess the fairness of individual acts, social programs, and institutional policies. This book explores how distributions of costs and benefits determine our intuitions about fairness. Some chapters examine the extent to which individual behavior deviates from normative theories of justice. This comparison requires an answer to the question of how fair distributions of resources or burdens should be made. Competing theories, such as utilitarianism and economic efficiency, are discussed. Other chapters investigate various rules and heuristics that people use to make fair distributions, the motivation for people to conform to rules of fairness even when they conflict with self-interest, differences between liberals and conservatives in their views about justice, rules that societies actually use to distribute or allocate critical or scarce resources, and implications for public policy. This mixture of theoretical and applied perspectives provides a balanced look at the psychological underpinnings of justice. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Human Sexuality Craig A. Hill, 2008 Human Sexuality: Personality and Social Psychological Perspectives presents the topics typically covered in human sexuality courses, rooting the presentation in a strong psychological perspective. Author Craig Hill focuses on personality and social psychological theory to provide students with a conceptual understanding of the psychological factors involved in sexuality, and he encourages students to build upon that foundation by challenging them to think critically about the material in various ways. He also emphasizes the scientific investigation of sexuality, offering a solid review of the research literature.--Publisher's description. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: 13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do Amy Morin, 2014-12-23 Kick bad mental habits and toughen yourself up.—Inc. Master your mental strength—revolutionary new strategies that work for everyone from homemakers to soldiers and teachers to CEOs. Everyone knows that regular exercise and weight training lead to physical strength. But how do we strengthen ourselves mentally for the truly tough times? And what should we do when we face these challenges? Or as psychotherapist Amy Morin asks, what should we avoid when we encounter adversity? Through her years counseling others and her own experiences navigating personal loss, Morin realized it is often the habits we cannot break that are holding us back from true success and happiness. Indulging in self-pity, agonizing over things beyond our control, obsessing over past events, resenting the achievements of others, or expecting immediate positive results holds us back. This list of things mentally strong people don't do resonated so much with readers that when it was picked up by Forbes.com it received ten million views. Now, for the first time, Morin expands upon the thirteen things from her viral post and shares her tried-and-true practices for increasing mental strength. Morin writes with searing honesty, incorporating anecdotes from her work as a college psychology instructor and psychotherapist as well as personal stories about how she bolstered her own mental strength when tragedy threatened to consume her. Increasing your mental strength can change your entire attitude. It takes practice and hard work, but with Morin's specific tips, exercises, and troubleshooting advice, it is possible to not only fortify your mental muscle but also drastically improve the quality of your life. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Psychology (Loose Leaf) Don H. Hockenbury, Sandra E. Hockenbury, 2008-12-06 More than any other psychology textbook, Don and Sandra Hockenbury’s Psychology relates the science of psychology to the lives of the wide range of students taking the introductory course. Now Psychology returns in a remarkable new edition that shows just how well-attuned the Hockenburys are to the needs of today’s students and instructors. Psychology began with a basic idea: combine scientific authority with a narrative that engages students and relates to their lives. From decades of experience teaching, the Hockenburys created a book filled with cutting-edge science and real-life stories that draw students of all kinds into the course. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Perspectives on Psychology and Social Development National Academy of Psychology (India). Congress, 1999 Papers presented at the 7th and 8th Congress organized by the National Academy of Psychology, India, held at Bhopal and Bhubaneswar, in 1996 and 1997 respectively. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Experiences Linda Garnets, Douglas C. Kimmel, 2003 This book provides an overview of current thought about the psychological issues affecting lesbians, bisexuals, and gay men. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Faith and Health Thomas G. Plante, Allen C. Sherman, 2001-08-02 This volume reviews and integrates the growing body of contemporary psychological research on the links between religious faith and health outcomes. It presents up-to-date findings from empirical studies of populations ranging from healthy individuals to those with specific clinical problems, including cancer, HIV/AIDS, and psychological disorders. Drawing on multiple perspectives in psychology, the book examines such critical questions as the impact of religious practices on health behaviors and health risks; the role played by faith in adaptation to illness or disability; and possible influences on physiological functioning and mortality. Chapters reflect the close collaboration of the editors and contributing authors, who discuss commonalities and differences in their work, debate key methodological concerns, and outline a cohesive agenda for future research. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: The Oxford Handbook of Hope Matthew W. Gallagher, Shane J. Lopez, 2018 Hope has long been a topic of interest for psychologists, philosophers, educators, and physicians. In the past few decades, researchers from various disciplines and from around the world have studied how hope relates to superior academic performance, improved outcomes in the workplace, and improved psychological and physical health in individuals of all ages. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and the late Shane J. Lopez, The Oxford Handbook of Hope provides readers with a thorough and comprehensive update on the past 25 years of hope research while simultaneously providing an outline of what leading hope researchers believe the future of this line of research to be. In this extraordinary volume, Gallagher, Lopez, and their expert team of contributors discuss such topics as how best to define hope, how hope is distinguished from related philosophical and psychological constructs, what the current best practices are for measuring and quantifying hope, interventions and strategies for promoting hope across a variety of settings, the impact it has on physical and mental health, and the ways in which hope promotes positive functioning. Throughout its pages, these experts review what is currently known about hope and identify the topics and questions that will help guide the next decade of research ahead. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Thinking David Hardman, Laura Macchi, 2004-01-09 The first international handbook to bring the areas of reasoning,judgment and decision making together, now in paperback format. The book brings three of the important topics of thinkingtogether - reasoning, judgment and decision making â?? anddiscusses key issues in each area. The studies described range fromthose that are purely laboratory based to those that involveexperts making real world judgments, in areas such as medical andlegal decision making and political and economic forecasting. * International collection of original chapters by leadingresearchers in the field * Several chapters contain important new theoreticalperspectives * Paperback version is more affordable for individualresearchers |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Human Autonomy in Cross-Cultural Context Valery I. Chirkov, Richard Ryan, Kennon M. Sheldon, 2010-12-02 This volume presents the reader with a stimulating tapestry of essays exploring the nature of personal autonomy, self-determination, and agency, and their role in human optimal functioning at multiple levels of analysis from personal to societal and cross-cultural. The starting point for these explorations is self-determination theory, an integrated theory of human motivation and healthy development which has been under development for more than three decades (Deci & Ryan, 2000). As the contributions will make clear, psychological autonomy is a concept that forms the bridge between the dependence of human behavior on biological and socio-cultural determinants on the one side, and people’s ability to be free, reflective, and transforming agents who can challenge these dependencies, on the other. The authors within this volume share a vision that human autonomy is a fundamental pre-condition for both individuals and groups to thrive, and that without understanding the nature and mechanisms of autonomous agency vital social and human problems cannot be satisfactory addressed. This multidisciplinary team of researchers will collectively explore the nature of personal autonomy, considering its developmental origins, its expression within relationships, its importance within groups and organizational functioning, and its role in promoting to the democratic and economic development of societies. The book is aimed toward developmental, social, personality, and cross-cultural psychologists, towards researchers and practitioners’ in the areas of education, health and medicine, social work and, economics, and also towards all interested in creating a more sustainable and just world society through promoting individual freedom and agency. This volume will provide a theoretical and conceptual account of the nature and psychological mechanisms of personal motivational autonomy and human agency; rich multidisciplinary empirical evidence supporting the claims and propositions about the nature of human autonomy and capacities for self-regulation; explanations of how and why different psychological and socio-cultural conditions may play a role in promoting or undermining people’s autonomous motivation and well-being, discussions of how the promotion of human autonomy can positively influence environmental protection, democracy promotion and economic prosperity. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Psychological Perspectives on Chicanx and Latinx Families Yvette Gisele Flores, Mónica Torreiro-Casal, 2020-12-08 Grounded in theory, Psychological Perspectives for the Chicanx and Latinx Family explores key issues affecting the psychology and well-being of Chicanx and Latinx families, the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States. The book analyzes Latinx families through diverse theoretical models. It underscores gender and sexuality as important components of Latinx self-identity and provides readers with an overview of major issues affecting Latinx families today. The text reviews theories that explain how migration and its legacy impact family patterns, as well as how various social, political, and cultural factors influence gender roles, parenting styles, and power structures within families across generations. The second edition features expanded coverage on family theory, transnational and trans-border families, queer family development, internal diversity, colorism, race of mixed individuals, and divorced and blended families. Psychological Perspectives for the Chicano and Latino Family is ideal for courses in Chicanx studies, Latinx studies, and women and gender studies. It can also be used in any course addressing diverse family structures in the United States. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Situated Cognition David Kirshner, James A. Whitson, 2021-12-16 This book is a result of a symposium at a recent annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association that explored foundational issues relative to situated cognition theory. Its chapters contribute to discourse about repositioning situated cognition theory within the broader supporting disciplines and to resolving the problematics addressed within the book. There is a cumulative vision to the book -- its theme is that the notion of the individual in situated cognition theory needs to be fundamentally reformulated. No theoretical reconfiguration of the social world or of social practices can overcome an individual cast in the dualist tradition. This reformulation probes the physiological, psychoanalytic, and semiotic constitution of persons. Chapters authors cover a wide range of topics including: * transfer of training -- arguing that traditional cognitive psychology has found precious little evidence of people's ability to apply knowledge gained in one context to the problems encountered in another; * ecosocial systems -- a new object of inquiry for situated cognition theory in which the primary units of analysis are not things or people, but processes and practices; * how linkages between discursive practices are manifested as semiotic chaining of signifiers for individuals engaged in everyday activities at home or at school; * how the ability to function in ways that are consistent with logic emerges not through reflective abstraction on actions, but through an enhanced sense of agency as more responsible roles are adopted in daily life practices; * the mutual constitution of social and individual knowledge -- familiar terms and concepts normally available through linguistic labels are cultural models, to be distinguished from the variegated and hidden mid-level meanings that reflect their situated uses in social activity; * the material (neurological) substrate through which cultural models and mid-level meanings emerge; and * how learning environments can be structured to take advantage of the perceptual underpinnings of cognition. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Princeton Review AP Psychology Premium Prep, 2022 The Princeton Review, 2021-08-03 Make sure you’re studying with the most up-to-date prep materials! Look for the newest edition of this title, The Princeton Review AP Psychology Premium Prep, 2023 (ISBN: 9780593450871, on-sale August 2022). Publisher's Note: Products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality or authenticity, and may not include access to online tests or materials included with the original product. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Time and Decision George Loewenstein, Daniel Read, Roy F. Baumeister, 2003-02-27 How do people decide whether to sacrifice now for a future reward or to enjoy themselves in the present? Do the future gains of putting money in a pension fund outweigh going to Hawaii for New Year's Eve? Why does a person's self-discipline one day often give way to impulsive behavior the next? Time and Decision takes up these questions with a comprehensive collection of new research on intertemporal choice, examining how people face the problem of deciding over time. Economists approach intertemporal choice by means of a model in which people discount the value of future events at a constant rate. A vacation two years from now is worth less to most people than a vacation next week. Psychologists, on the other hand, have focused on the cognitive and emotional underpinnings of intertemporal choice. Time and Decision draws from both disciplinary approaches to provide a comprehensive picture of the various layers of choice involved. Shane Frederick, George Loewenstein, and Ted O'Donoghue introduce the volume with an overview of the research on time discounting and focus on how people actually discount the future compared to the standard economic model. Alex Kacelnik discusses the crucial role that the ability to delay gratification must have played in evolution. Walter Mischel and colleagues review classic research showing that four year olds who are able to delay gratification subsequently grow up to perform better in college than their counterparts who chose instant gratification. The book also delves into the neurobiology of patience, examining the brain structures involved in the ability to withstand an impulse. Turning to the issue of self-control, Klaus Wertenbroch examines the relationship between consumption and available resources, showing, for example, how a high credit limit can lead people to overspend. Ted O'Donoghue and Matthew Rabin show how people's awareness of their self-control problems affects their decision-making. The final section of the book examines intertemporal choice with regard to health, drug addiction, dieting, marketing, savings, and public policy. All of us make important decisions every day-many of which profoundly affect the quality of our lives. Time and Decision provides a fascinating look at the complex factors involved in how and why we make our choices, so many of them short-sighted, and helps us understand more precisely this crucial human frailty. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behavior Lance Workman, Will Reader, Jerome H. Barkow, 2020-03-19 The transformative wave of Darwinian insight continues to expand throughout the human sciences. While still centered on evolution-focused fields such as evolutionary psychology, ethology, and human behavioral ecology, this insight has also influenced cognitive science, neuroscience, feminist discourse, sociocultural anthropology, media studies, and clinical psychology. This handbook's goal is to amplify the wave by bringing together world-leading experts to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of evolution-oriented and influenced fields. While evolutionary psychology remains at the core of the collection, it also covers the history, current standing, debates, and future directions of the panoply of fields entering the Darwinian fold. As such, The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behavior is a valuable reference not just for evolutionary psychologists but also for scholars and students from many fields who wish to see how the evolutionary perspective is relevant to their own work. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: The Psychology of Religion and Place Victor Counted, Fraser Watts, 2019-11-01 This book examines the role of religious and spiritual experiences in people’s understanding of their environment. The contributors consider how understandings and experiences of religious and place connections are motivated by the need to seek and maintain contact with perceptual objects, so as to form meaningful relationship experiences. The volume is one of the first scholarly attempts to discuss the psychological links between place and religious experiences.The chapters within provide insights for understanding how people’s experiences with geographical places and the sacred serve as agencies for meaning-making, pro-social behaviour, and psychological adjustment in everyday life. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: The Sense of Injustice Robert G. Folger, 2012-12-06 The importance of justice cannot be overstated. As one author has put it, A better understanding of how justice concerns develop and function in people's lives should enable us to plan more effectively for institutional and other social change to deal with the problems that confront humankind (S. C. Lerner, 1981, p. 466). The volume in which that statement appeared-an earlier one in this same series-was devoted to exploring the impact that dwindling resources and an increasing rate of change have had upon people's concern for justice. In contrast, the present volume places greater emphasis on the word under standing, as it was used in the context of the preceding quotation, than upon effective planning, social change, and ways of dealing with human problems. Nothing in that statement of purpose is meant to belittle the urgency of translat ing understanding into action, because the social significance of justice concerns is a major factor that has prompted the authors of the chapters in this book to do research in the area. Rather, this volume receives its emphasis from Kurt Lewin's famous dictum there is nothing so practical as a good theory. The need for good theory is ongoing, and these pages are dedicated to a search for new pathways toward better theory. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Theories of School Psychology Kristy K. Kelly, S. Andrew Garbacz, Craig A. Albers, 2020-11-11 Theories of School Psychology: Critical Perspectives describes the theories, frameworks, and conceptual models that underlie the science and practice of school psychology. Chapters provide an orientation to theories, frameworks, and conceptual models that address core school psychology domains along with application to common student, school, and system issues prevalent in the field. Promoting a deeper study of the fundamental processes and approaches in school psychology, this book advances the embedding of theories, frameworks, and models into the design and delivery of educational and psychological services for children, youth, families, and schools. Case vignettes, empirical evidence, and a broad emphasis on prevention and implementation science provide students and trainers with important information for problem-solving in research and in the field. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: The Person and the Situation Lee Ross, Richard E. Nisbett, 2011 How does the situation we're in influence the way we behave and think? Professors Ross and Nisbett eloquently argue that the context we find ourselves in substantially affects our behavior in this timely reissue of one of social psychology's classic textbooks. With a new foreword by Malcolm Gladwell, author of The Tipping Point. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: A Brief History of Psychology Michael Wertheimer, 2012 This edition approaches psychology as a discipline with antecedents in philosophical speculation and early scientific experimentation. It covers these early developments, 19th-century German experimental psychology and empirical psychology in tradition of William James, the 20th century dubbed the age of schools and dominated by psychoanalysis, behavioralism, structuralism, and Gestalt psychology, as well as the return to empirical methods and active models of human agency. Finally it evaluates psychology in the new millennium and developments in terms of women in psychology, industrial psychology and social justice |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Evolutionary Perspectives on Social Psychology Virgil Zeigler-Hill, Lisa L. M. Welling, Todd K. Shackelford, 2015-05-06 This wide-ranging collection demonstrates the continuing impact of evolutionary thinking on social psychology research. This perspective is explored in the larger context of social psychology, which is divisible into several major areas including social cognition, the self, attitudes and attitude change, interpersonal processes, mating and relationships, violence and aggression, health and psychological adjustment, and individual differences. Within these domains, chapters offer evolutionary insights into salient topics such as social identity, prosocial behavior, conformity, feminism, cyberpsychology, and war. Together, these authors make a rigorous argument for the further integration of the two diverse and sometimes conflicting disciplines. Among the topics covered: How social psychology can be more cognitive without being less social. How the self-esteem system functions to resolve important interpersonal dilemmas. Shared interests of social psychology and cultural evolution. The evolution of stereotypes. An adaptive socio-ecological perspective on social competition and bullying. Evolutionary game theory and personality. Evolutionary Perspectives on Social Psychology has much to offer students and faculty in both fields as well as evolutionary scientists outside of psychology. This volume can be used as a primary text in graduate courses and as a supplementary text in various upper-level undergraduate courses. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Psychological Perspectives on Ethical Behavior and Decision Making David DeCremer, 2009-08-01 The book is divided into three relatively coherent sections that focus on understanding the emergence of (un)ethical decisions and behaviors in our work and social lives by adopting a psychological framework. The first section focuses on reviewing our knowledge with respect to the specific notions of ethical behavior and corruption. These chapters aim to provide definitions, boundary conditions and suggestions for future research on these notions. The second section focuses on the intra-individual processes (affect, cognition and motivation) that determine why and how people display unethical behavior and are able to justify this kind of behavior to a certain extent. In these chapters the common theme is that given specific circumstances psychological processes are activated that bias perceptions of ethical behavior and decision making. The third section explores how organizational features frame the organizational setting and climate. These chapters focus on how employment of sanctions, procedurally fair leadership and a general code of conduct shapes perceptions of the organizational climate in ways that it becomes clear to organizational members how just, moral and retributive the organization will be in case of unethical behavior. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: The Best Within Us Alan S. Waterman, 2013 The Best Within Us assembles a panel of distinguished scholars whose work has been central to understanding positive aspects of psychological functioning. Together, the chapters explore the many ways in which the philosophic concept of eudaimonia is being employed in psychology. Eudaimonia is defined in this volume as: Flourishing Realisation of potentials reflecting the true self Happiness that comes from the pursuit of virtue/excellence Although philosophy continues to pit hedonism and eudaimonism against one another, theoretical and empirical work in psychology leads to the conclusion that eudaimonic functioning is the most reliable basis for life satisfaction. The source of happiness plays the greatest role in the outcomes obtained. Chapters in this volume also reveal that eudaimonic functioning not only yields quality of life benefits to the individual, it also benefits others in the person's life and extended community. Individuals whose behaviours reflect eudaimonic functioning have demonstrably closer, more caring, and more intimate personal relationships, and engage more extensively in a wide range of prosocial activities. This book is for personality and social psychologists with a teaching and research interest in positive psychology, well-being, happiness, self-acceptance and self-esteem, identity, meaning in life, self-determination and autonomy, and motivation. Psychologists examining the intersections of psychology with philosophy will find much of interest here. This book is also for philosophers, sociologists, and political scientists, and graduate students seeking research ideas pertaining to quality of life. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Psychological Perspectives on Religion and Religiosity Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, 2014-08-21 Is religion to blame for deadly conflicts? Should religious behaviour be credited more often for acts of charity and altruism? In what ways are religious and ‘spiritual’ ideas, practices and identities surviving and changing as religion loses its political power in those parts of the world which are experiencing increasing secularization? Written by one of the world’s leading authorities on the psychology of religion and social identity, Psychological Perspectives on Religion and Religiosity offers a comprehensive and multidisciplinary review of a century of research into the origins and consequences of religious belief systems and religious behaviour. The book employs a unique theoretical framework that combines the ‘new’ cognitive-evolutionary psychology of religion, examining the origins of religious ideas, with the ‘old’ psychology of religiosity, which looks at correlates and consequences. It examines a wide range of psychological variables and their relationship with religiosity. It is also provides fresh insights into classical topics in the psychology of religion, such as religious conversion, the relevance of Freud’s ideas about religion and religiosity, the meaning of secularization, and the crucial role women play in religion. The book concludes with the author’s reflections on the future for the psychology of religion as a field. Psychological Perspectives on Religion and Religiosity will be invaluable for academic researchers in psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, economics, and history worldwide. It will also be of great interest to advanced undergraduate students and graduate students across the social sciences. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Perspectives in Male Psychology , 2021-04-26 PERSPECTIVES IN MALE PSYCHOLOGY Discover a balanced perspective on men’s psychology in this accessible new resource Male psychology is a new field within the discipline of psychology, which focuses on men and boys. Male psychology moves us towards a more scientific and balanced understanding of the psychology of men and of boys, drawing on a range of perspectives, and away from an overreliance on social constructionism and preoccupations with notions such as patriarchy and privilege, too often seen in the narrative about men. In Perspectives in Male Psychology: An Introduction, two of the most prominent authors in this new field, Louise Liddon and John Barry, introduce and deliver an insightful exploration of some of today’s most hotly contested issues regarding men and masculinity. This book puts forward a balanced perspective that has been missing from academic and media narratives around topics such as child development, education, sport and exercise, the workplace, crime, the military, health and wellbeing, mental health, therapy, masculinity, and sex differences, and considers the role that evolution, biology, and culture play in shaping male behavior. This book will also help readers to better understand some key issues such as: Why there are controversies around sex differences research How bias in research has led to a distorted view of the psychology of men and boys The ways in which the mental health and other needs of men and boys are routinely overlooked In turn this helps us ask some important questions such as: If there are more similarities than differences between men and women, does that mean the differences are unimportant? How can we un-distort our understanding of men and masculinity? What are the best ways of identifying and meeting the psychological needs of men and boys? Readers, whether students or lecturers, will also benefit from the inclusion of our companion Wiley website containing additional resources to support the development of knowledge and understanding of male psychology. Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students in psychology, medicine, and sociology, as well as established professionals in these and related fields, Perspectives in Male Psychology: An Introduction will also earn a place in the libraries of anyone interested in the psychology of sex and gender differences in various aspects of mental health and human behaviour. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Handbook of Personality Psychology Robert Hogan, John Johnson, Stephen Briggs, 1997-06-12 The most comprehensive single volume ever published on the subject, the Handbook of Personality Psychology is the end-all, must-have reference work for personality psychologists. This handbook discusses the development and measurement of personality as well as biological and social determinants, dynamic personality processes, the personality's relation to the self, and personality in relation to applied psychology. Authored by the field's most respected researchers, each chapter provides a concise summary of the subject to date. Topics include such areas as individual differences, stability of personality, evolutionary foundations of personality, cross-cultural perspectives, emotion, psychological defenses, and the connection between personality and health. Intended for an advanced audience, the Handbook of Personality Psychology will be your foremost resource in this diverse field.Chapter topics include:* Nature of personality psychology* Conceptual and measurement issues in personality* Developmental issues* Biological determinants of personality* Social determinants of personality* Dynamic personality processes* Personality and the self* The Five Factor Model* Applied psychology |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Psychological Perspectives in HIV Care Michelle Croston, Sarah Rutter, 2020-07-29 The care paradigm for people with HIV has shifted from managing progressive illness with a poor prognosis to managing a chronic condition. Despite this improvement, people living with HIV continue to experience considerable stresses, so promoting their holistic wellbeing is a key aspect of long-term care. This book provides an accessible introduction for healthcare professionals who work with people living with HIV. It is designed to help readers understand how care in practice can be more person-centred and psychologically focused, whilst promoting compassion, health and wellbeing. Topics covered include self-awareness, attachment theories and communication as well as key aspects of providing care for people living with HIV, such as stigma in young adults, neurocognitive issues, the sexualized use of drugs, managing neuropathic pain, and the needs of older adults living with HIV. Invaluable reading for health professionals working within multidisciplinary teams that provide care for people living with HIV, this book is also a core text for those studying in the area. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Perspectives on Personality Charles S. Carver, Michael Scheier, 2019 Perspectives on Personality describes a range of viewpoints that are used by personality psychologists today, and helps students understand how these viewpoints can be applied to their own lives. Authors Charles Carver and Michael Scheier dedicate a chapter to each major perspective, presenting an overview on the perspective's orienting assumptions and core themes and concluding with a discussion of problems within that theoretical viewpoint and predictions about its future prospects. The Eighth edition incorporates several important recent developments in the field, including genetics and genomics and the biological underpinnings of impulsiveness--Back cover |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Domestic Violence and Psychology Paula Nicolson, 2019-01-29 Despite changes to laws and policies across most western democracies intended to combat violence to women, intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) remains discouragingly commonplace. Domestic Violence and Psychology: Critical Perspectives on Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse showcases women’s harrowing stories of living with and leaving violent partners, offering a psychological perspective on domestic violence and developing a theoretical framework for examining the context, intentions and experiences in the lives of people who experience abuse and abuse themselves. Nicolson provides an analysis of survivors’ real-life stories, and thoughts about IPVA. The attitudes of the general public and health and social care professionals are also presented and discussed. The theoretical perspective employs three levels of evidence – the material (context), discursive (explanations) and intrapsychic (emotional). Domestic Violence and Psychology is divided into three parts accordingly, engaging qualitative data from interviews and quantitative data from surveys to illustrate these theoretical perspectives. Although many pro-feminist sociologists and activists firmly believe that any attempt to explain domestic violence potentially condones it, this book takes up the challenge to make a compelling case demonstrating how we need to widen understanding of the psychology of survivors and their intimate relationships if we are to defeat IPVA. The new edition has been updated to include the latest developments in IPVA research and practice, and in particular examines the impact of a violent and abusive family life on all members, including children. This is essential reading for students, academics and professionals interested in domestic abuse, as well as professionals and practitioners, including psychologists, social workers, the police, prison officers, probation staff, policy makers, and charity workers. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Psychological Perspectives on Human Sexuality Lenore T. Szuchman, Frank Muscarella, 2000 A comprehensive and thoroughly up-to-date examination of the most important topics in human sexuality. Psychological Perspectives on Human Sexuality offers a comprehensive and much-needed empirical examination of human sexuality. It is the first book in the field to speak to the needs of both the social scientist and the mental health professional. This important work also provides a complete scientific survey of the latest research along with guidance for its application to clinical practice. Researchers, clinicians, and students alike will value this collection of critical reviews covering a broad range of contemporary scientific inquiry into human sexuality. The book encapsulates the state of the art in research in such new subjects as genital surgery on children and Internet sex, as well as the most current approaches to such traditional topics as sexual orientation and gender/transgender issues. You?ll also find in-depth coverage of such topics as: Male and Female Sexuality Sexual Fantasy and Erotica/Pornography Disabled Sexual Partners Older Adult Sexuality HIV/AIDS and Sexuality Paraphilias The Aftermath of Child Sexual Abuse Rape and Sexual Aggression Therapists? Sexual Misconduct |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Psychological Perspectives on Early Childhood Education Susan L. Golbeck, 2001-03 Brings together the work of leading researchers in the field of child development and early education to examine current problems from the perspective of psychological theory and research. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Gender Linda Brannon, 2016-12-19 Gender: Psychological Perspectives synthesizes the latest research on gender to help students think critically about the differences between research findings and stereotypes, provoking them to examine and revise their own preconceptions. The text examines the behavioral, biological, and social context in which women and men express gendered behaviors. The text’s unique pedagogical program helps students understand the portrayal of gender in the media and the application of gender research in the real world. Headlines from the news open each chapter to engage the reader. Gendered Voices present true personal accounts of people's lives. According to the Media boxes highlight gender-related coverage in newspapers, magazines, books, TV, and movies, while According to the Research boxes offer the latest scientifically based research to help students analyze the accuracy and fairness of gender images presented in the media. Additionally, Considering Diversity sections emphasize the cross-cultural perspective of gender. This text is intended for undergraduate or graduate courses on the psychology of gender, psychology of sex, psychology of women or men, gender issues, sex roles, women in society, and women’s or men’s studies. It is also applicable to sociology and anthropology courses on diversity. Seventh Edition Highlights: 12 new headlines on topics ranging from gender and the Flynn effect to gender stereotyping that affects men Coverage of gender issues in aging adults and transgendered individuals Expanded coverage of diversity issues in the US and around the globe, including the latest research from China, Japan, and Europe More tables, figures, and photos to provide summaries of text in an easy-to-absorb format End-of-chapter summaries and glossary Suggested readings for further exploration of chapter topics Companion website at www.routledge.com/cw/Brannon containing both instructor and student resources |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Perspectives on Applied Psychology M. Asch, 2005 |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Practical Wisdom Mario De Caro, Maria Silvia Vaccarezza, 2021-06-28 Featuring original essays from leading scholars in philosophy and psychology, this volume investigates and rethinks the role of practical wisdom in light of the most recent developments in virtue theory and moral, social and developmental psychology. The concept of phronesis has long held a prominent place in the development of Aristotelian virtue ethics and moral education. However, the nature and development of phronesis is still in need of investigation, especially because of the new insights that in recent years have come from both philosophy and science. The essays in this volume contribute to the debate about practical wisdom by elucidating its role in empirical psychology and advancing important new research questions. They address various topics related to practical wisdom and its development, including honesty, ecocentric phronesis, social cognitive theory, practical wisdom in limited-information contexts, Whole Trait Theory, skill models, the reciprocity of virtue, and challenges from situationism. Practical Wisdom will interest researchers and advanced students working in virtue ethics, moral psychology, and moral education. |
| 8 perspectives of psychology: Dimensions of Human Behavior Elizabeth D. Hutchison, 2018-08-14 Updated Edition of a Best Seller! Dimensions of Human Behavior: Person and Environment presents a current and comprehensive examination of human behavior using a multidimensional framework. Author Elizabeth D. Hutchison explores the biological dimension and the social factors that affect human development and behavior, encouraging readers to connect their own personal experiences with social trends in order to recognize the unity of person and environment. Aligned with the 2015 curriculum guidelines set forth by the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE), the substantially updated Sixth Edition includes a greater emphasis on culture and diversity, immigration, neuroscience, and the impact of technology. Twelve new case studies illustrate a balanced breadth and depth of coverage to help readers apply theory and general social work knowledge to unique practice situations. The companion volume, Dimensions of Human Behavior: The Changing Life Course, Sixth Edition, builds on the dimensions of person and environment with the dimension of time and demonstrates how they work together to produce patterns in life course journeys. |
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