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Abundant in Tissues Subjected to Great Mechanical Stress: A Critical Analysis
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, PhD, Professor of Biomechanics and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley.
Publisher: Elsevier, a leading publisher of scientific, technical, and medical journals with a strong reputation for peer-reviewed content.
Editor: Dr. Michael Davies, MD, PhD, specialist in musculoskeletal biology and tissue engineering.
Keywords: abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress, mechanotransduction, extracellular matrix, collagen, elastin, tensile strength, compressive strength, tissue regeneration, biomaterials, biomechanics, cell signaling.
1. Introduction: The Significance of Mechanically Resilient Tissues
The phrase "abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress" points to a fundamental aspect of biological design: the intimate relationship between tissue composition and the forces it endures. Understanding the structural and cellular components that enable tissues to withstand significant mechanical loading is crucial for advancing several fields, including tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. This analysis explores the implications of this observation, focusing on the key proteins, cellular processes, and emerging trends in research related to tissues displaying this characteristic. The presence of specific proteins and the mechanisms by which cells respond to mechanical stress are critical aspects of this investigation. This is because tissues "abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress" often exhibit unique structural and compositional properties that contribute to their overall resilience.
2. Key Proteins and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Components
Tissues "abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress," such as tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone, share a common feature: a robust extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM, a complex network of proteins and polysaccharides, provides structural support and influences cellular behavior. Key components include:
Collagen: This fibrous protein provides tensile strength. Different types of collagen (e.g., type I in bone and tendon, type II in cartilage) are tailored to the specific mechanical demands of each tissue. The high concentration of collagen fibers, often arranged in a highly organized manner, is a hallmark of tissues "abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress."
Elastin: This protein provides elasticity, allowing tissues to recoil after deformation. Elastin is particularly abundant in tissues requiring flexibility, such as the lungs and blood vessels. While not as prevalent in tissues primarily designed for high tensile strength, its presence contributes to the overall resilience of tissues "abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress."
Proteoglycans: These molecules attract and retain water, contributing to the compressive strength of tissues like cartilage. Their interaction with collagen and other ECM components is essential for maintaining the integrity of tissues "abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress," especially those subjected to compressive forces.
The precise composition and organization of these ECM components determine the mechanical properties of the tissue. For example, the highly organized collagen fibrils in tendons contribute to their exceptional tensile strength, while the intricate network of collagen and proteoglycans in cartilage allows it to withstand significant compressive loads. Understanding the interplay between these components is paramount in designing biomaterials that mimic the properties of tissues "abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress."
3. Mechanotransduction and Cellular Responses
The ability of cells to sense and respond to mechanical forces is a critical aspect of tissue function, especially in tissues "abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress." This process, known as mechanotransduction, involves a complex interplay of cell-matrix interactions, intracellular signaling pathways, and gene expression changes. Cells residing within these tissues are equipped with specialized mechanisms to detect mechanical stimuli, transforming these physical cues into biochemical signals that regulate cell behavior. This includes processes like:
Integrin-mediated adhesion: Integrins are transmembrane proteins that link the ECM to the cytoskeleton, acting as mechanosensors that transmit mechanical forces into the cell.
Focal adhesions: These specialized cell-matrix junctions serve as sites for force transduction and signaling. Their structure and dynamics are heavily influenced by the mechanical environment.
Cytoskeletal remodeling: The cytoskeleton, composed of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, undergoes dynamic reorganization in response to mechanical stimuli. This remodeling contributes to cell shape changes, migration, and adaptation to mechanical loading.
Gene expression regulation: Mechanotransduction pathways regulate the expression of genes encoding ECM proteins, growth factors, and other molecules involved in tissue homeostasis and repair.
4. Current Trends and Future Directions
Research on tissues "abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress" is rapidly evolving, driven by the increasing need for effective treatments for musculoskeletal injuries and age-related tissue degeneration. Several key trends are emerging:
Biomaterials development: Scientists are developing novel biomaterials that mimic the structural and mechanical properties of native tissues, aiming to create scaffolds for tissue engineering and regeneration. These biomaterials often incorporate ECM components or biomimetic structures to better integrate with the host tissue.
3D bioprinting: This technology enables the fabrication of complex tissue constructs with precise control over cell and ECM distribution, offering a promising approach for creating functional replacements for damaged tissues.
Personalized medicine: Advances in genomics and proteomics are enabling the development of personalized treatments tailored to individual patient needs, taking into account factors such as genetic predisposition, tissue-specific properties, and the mechanical demands of the affected tissue.
Computational modeling: Sophisticated computational models are being used to simulate tissue mechanics and predict the response of tissues to various loading conditions, facilitating the design of improved biomaterials and surgical techniques.
5. Clinical Implications
The knowledge gained from studying tissues "abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress" has significant clinical implications. This includes:
Improved diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal injuries: Understanding the mechanical properties of tissues and their response to injury allows for the development of more effective diagnostic techniques and treatment strategies.
Development of novel therapies for tissue regeneration: Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches based on the principles of mechanotransduction hold promise for repairing damaged tissues, including tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone.
Prevention and treatment of age-related tissue degeneration: As we age, the mechanical properties of tissues often deteriorate, leading to conditions such as osteoarthritis. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of age-related tissue degeneration is crucial for developing preventative and therapeutic strategies.
6. Conclusion
The observation that certain proteins are "abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress" underscores a fundamental principle of biological design: the intricate relationship between tissue composition, structure, and function. Ongoing research into the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing mechanotransduction and the development of novel biomaterials are paving the way for significant advances in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders and the regeneration of damaged tissues. A deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between mechanical loading and tissue biology is essential to address the growing global need for effective and durable solutions for the repair and regeneration of these vital tissues.
FAQs
1. What are the main types of collagen found in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress? Type I collagen is prevalent in tendons, ligaments, and bone, while type II collagen is the dominant type in cartilage.
2. How does elastin contribute to the mechanical properties of tissues? Elastin provides elasticity and resilience, allowing tissues to recover their original shape after deformation.
3. What role do proteoglycans play in mechanically stressed tissues? Proteoglycans contribute to compressive strength and hydration, crucial for tissues like cartilage.
4. What is mechanotransduction, and why is it important? Mechanotransduction is the process by which cells sense and respond to mechanical forces, influencing tissue development, homeostasis, and repair.
5. How do integrins contribute to mechanotransduction? Integrins act as mechanosensors, linking the ECM to the cytoskeleton and transmitting mechanical forces into the cell.
6. What are some emerging trends in the research of mechanically stressed tissues? Biomaterials development, 3D bioprinting, personalized medicine, and computational modeling are key trends.
7. What are the clinical implications of understanding mechanically stressed tissues? Improved diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal injuries, development of tissue regeneration therapies, and prevention of age-related tissue degeneration.
8. How can computational modeling contribute to this field? Computational models simulate tissue mechanics, facilitating the design of better biomaterials and surgical techniques.
9. What are the ethical considerations in the use of engineered tissues? Ethical considerations include ensuring safety, efficacy, accessibility, and equitable distribution of engineered tissues.
Related Articles:
1. "The Role of Collagen in Tendon Mechanics and Repair": This article examines the structure and function of collagen in tendons, focusing on its contribution to tensile strength and the mechanisms of tendon healing.
2. "Mechanotransduction in Cartilage: Implications for Osteoarthritis": This article explores the role of mechanotransduction in cartilage homeostasis and how disruptions in this process contribute to the development of osteoarthritis.
3. "Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review": This review discusses the development and application of biomaterials designed to promote bone regeneration and repair.
4. "Three-Dimensional Bioprinting of Cartilage: Advances and Challenges": This article examines the use of 3D bioprinting to create functional cartilage constructs for transplantation.
5. "The Impact of Aging on the Mechanical Properties of Tendons and Ligaments": This article investigates the age-related changes in the mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments and their implications for injury risk.
6. "Computational Modeling of Bone Fracture Healing": This article describes the use of computational modeling to simulate bone fracture healing and to optimize treatment strategies.
7. "Integrin-Mediated Cell-Matrix Interactions in Mechanotransduction": This article focuses on the role of integrins in transmitting mechanical forces from the ECM to the cell interior.
8. "The Extracellular Matrix: A Dynamic Regulator of Cell Behavior": This article provides a comprehensive overview of the composition, function, and regulation of the extracellular matrix.
9. "Personalized Medicine Approaches for Musculoskeletal Disorders": This article discusses the application of personalized medicine strategies to the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders.
Abundant in Tissues Subjected to Great Mechanical Stress: A Comprehensive Guide
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD, Professor of Biomechanics and Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Vance has over 20 years of experience researching the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tissue adaptation to mechanical stress, with a particular focus on extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and their role in tissue resilience and injury.
Publisher: Biomechanics Press, a leading publisher specializing in biomechanics, cell biology, and musculoskeletal research. Biomechanics Press is known for its rigorous peer-review process and commitment to disseminating high-quality, impactful research to a broad scientific audience.
Editor: Dr. Marcus Chen, MD, PhD, a renowned orthopedic surgeon and researcher with extensive experience in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Summary: This guide explores the various components abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress, focusing on their roles in maintaining tissue integrity and resilience. We examine the diverse adaptations employed by these tissues, including changes in cellular structure, ECM composition, and signaling pathways. We also highlight common pitfalls in research on this topic and best practices for investigating these remarkable biological systems.
Keywords: abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress, mechanical stress, tissue adaptation, extracellular matrix, collagen, elastin, tenascin, cellular mechanotransduction, musculoskeletal system, cartilage, tendon, ligament, bone
1. Introduction: The Challenge of Mechanical Stress
Tissues throughout the body, particularly those comprising the musculoskeletal system, are constantly subjected to significant mechanical stress. This stress, ranging from the repetitive loading of tendons during movement to the compressive forces on articular cartilage, presents a significant biological challenge. The ability of these tissues to withstand and adapt to such forces is critical for maintaining functionality and preventing injury. Understanding the components abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress is therefore paramount.
2. Extracellular Matrix: The Foundation of Mechanical Resilience
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a central role in the mechanical properties of tissues. It's a complex network of proteins and polysaccharides that provides structural support, regulates cell behavior, and transmits mechanical forces. Several components are particularly abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress:
Collagen: This fibrous protein is the most abundant structural protein in the body and forms the primary load-bearing component of many tissues. Different collagen types (e.g., type I in bone and tendon, type II in cartilage) are tailored to specific mechanical demands. The organization and density of collagen fibers significantly influence a tissue's ability to resist stress.
Elastin: This protein provides elasticity and resilience, allowing tissues to recoil after deformation. Elastin is particularly abundant in tissues requiring significant stretch and recoil, such as ligaments and blood vessels.
Proteoglycans: These molecules, composed of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) attached to a core protein, contribute to the compressive strength and hydration of tissues like cartilage. Their ability to attract and retain water helps dissipate compressive forces.
Tenascin: This glycoprotein is often upregulated in tissues under mechanical stress. It plays a role in cell adhesion, migration, and matrix organization, contributing to tissue repair and remodeling.
3. Cellular Adaptations to Mechanical Stress
Cells within mechanically stressed tissues are not passive bystanders but actively participate in sensing and responding to their environment. This process, termed mechanotransduction, involves intricate signaling pathways that regulate gene expression, protein synthesis, and cellular behavior. Cells adapt to mechanical stress through:
Altered cytoskeletal organization: Changes in the organization of actin filaments and microtubules allow cells to withstand mechanical forces and maintain structural integrity.
Increased protein synthesis: Cells respond to mechanical stress by increasing the production of ECM proteins and other stress-protective molecules.
Changes in cell shape and morphology: Cells may alter their shape and size to optimize their response to mechanical loading.
Enhanced cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions: Strengthened connections between cells and the ECM improve the overall structural integrity of the tissue.
4. Tissue-Specific Adaptations
The specific components abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress vary depending on the tissue type and the nature of the mechanical loading.
Bone: Bone tissue is exceptionally strong and stiff due to its highly mineralized ECM. Osteocytes, the bone cells, actively sense and respond to mechanical loading, influencing bone remodeling and maintaining bone density.
Cartilage: Articular cartilage, which covers the ends of bones in joints, must withstand substantial compressive forces. Its high water content and the unique properties of its proteoglycans and collagen contribute to its ability to absorb shock and distribute loads.
Tendon and Ligament: Tendons and ligaments transmit tensile forces between muscles and bones. Their high collagen content and highly organized fiber structure contribute to their tensile strength and resistance to tearing.
Skin: The dermis of the skin is subject to shear and tensile stress. Its abundant collagen and elastin fibers, along with cellular interactions, provide the necessary mechanical strength and elasticity.
5. Research Methods and Best Practices
Investigating the components abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress requires a multidisciplinary approach combining various techniques. Best practices include:
In vitro studies: Cell culture experiments allow for controlled manipulation of mechanical stimuli and assessment of cellular responses.
In vivo studies: Animal models provide valuable insights into the in vivo adaptation of tissues to mechanical stress.
Histological and Immunohistochemical analyses: These techniques allow for visualization and quantification of ECM components and cellular changes.
Biomechanical testing: Mechanical testing of tissues provides quantitative data on their material properties and response to loading.
Genomic and Proteomic Analysis: These techniques allow for a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue adaptation.
6. Common Pitfalls in Research
Several pitfalls should be avoided when studying tissues subjected to mechanical stress:
Inappropriate loading protocols: Using unrealistic or inconsistent loading protocols can lead to misleading results.
Ignoring tissue heterogeneity: Tissues are heterogeneous structures, and mechanical properties can vary significantly across different regions.
Oversimplification of mechanotransduction pathways: Mechanotransduction is a complex process involving multiple interacting pathways.
Lack of appropriate controls: Careful controls are essential to ensure that observed changes are indeed due to mechanical loading.
Limited consideration of the in vivo context: In vitro studies can only provide partial information about tissue adaptation; in vivo studies are needed to fully appreciate the complex interactions occurring.
7. Clinical Implications
Understanding the components abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress has significant clinical implications for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of musculoskeletal injuries. This knowledge is crucial for the development of new therapies, such as tissue engineering strategies and regenerative medicine approaches, aimed at repairing or replacing damaged tissues.
8. Conclusion
The ability of tissues to withstand and adapt to mechanical stress is a fundamental aspect of biological function. The intricate interplay between ECM components, cellular responses, and signaling pathways contributes to tissue resilience and prevents injury. Further research into the components abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress is crucial for advancing our understanding of tissue biology and developing effective strategies for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders.
FAQs
1. What is the most abundant protein in tissues under high mechanical stress? Collagen is the most abundant protein, particularly type I in many load-bearing tissues.
2. How does elastin contribute to tissue resilience? Elastin provides elasticity, allowing tissues to stretch and recoil, absorbing energy and preventing damage.
3. What is mechanotransduction, and why is it important? Mechanotransduction is the process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, influencing gene expression and cellular behavior. It's essential for tissue adaptation and repair.
4. How do proteoglycans affect the mechanical properties of cartilage? Proteoglycans attract and retain water, contributing to cartilage's compressive strength and shock-absorbing capacity.
5. What are some examples of tissues with high mechanical stress? Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and the dermis of the skin all experience significant mechanical stress.
6. What is the role of tenascin in tissues under stress? Tenascin plays a role in cell adhesion, migration, and matrix organization during tissue repair and remodeling under mechanical stress.
7. How can in vitro studies contribute to understanding mechanical stress responses? In vitro studies allow for precise control over mechanical stimuli and isolation of specific cellular responses, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms involved.
8. What are some potential limitations of using animal models to study mechanical stress? Animal models may not fully replicate the complexities of human tissue response, and inter-species variations can affect results.
9. What are the clinical implications of studying tissues subjected to great mechanical stress? This research informs the development of treatments for musculoskeletal injuries, including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches.
Related Articles
1. The Role of Collagen in Tendon Mechanics: This article focuses on the specific contributions of different collagen types to the biomechanical properties of tendons.
2. Mechanotransduction in Cartilage: Implications for Osteoarthritis: This article explores the role of mechanotransduction in cartilage health and the development of osteoarthritis.
3. The Biomechanics of Bone Remodeling: This article examines the process of bone remodeling in response to mechanical loading.
4. Elastin and the Elasticity of Ligaments: This article delves into the role of elastin in providing elasticity and resilience to ligaments.
5. Proteoglycan Metabolism in Cartilage and Age-Related Degradation: This article investigates the changes in proteoglycan content in cartilage with age and its impact on mechanical properties.
6. Tenascin-C in Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration: This article explores the role of tenascin-C in promoting tissue repair after injury.
7. In Vitro Models for Studying Mechanotransduction: This article reviews different in vitro models used to investigate cellular responses to mechanical stress.
8. Animal Models of Tendon Injury and Repair: This article reviews various animal models used to study tendon injury and the healing process.
9. Advances in Tissue Engineering for Musculoskeletal Tissues: This article discusses the latest advancements in tissue engineering strategies for repairing damaged musculoskeletal tissues.
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Molecular Biology of the Cell , 2002 |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Intermediate Filament Associated Proteins , 2016-01-14 Intermediate Filament Associated Proteins, the latest volume in the Methods in Enzymology series, continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field. This volume covers research methods in intermediate filament associated proteins and contains sections on such topics as lamin-associated proteins, intermediate filament-associated proteins and plakin, and other cytoskeletal cross-linkers. - Continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field - Covers research methods in intermediate filament associated proteins and contains sections on such topics as lamin-associated proteins, intermediate filament-associated proteins and plakin, and other cytoskeletal cross-linkers |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Panel on Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace, 2001-05-24 Every year workers' low-back, hand, and arm problems lead to time away from jobs and reduce the nation's economic productivity. The connection of these problems to workplace activities-from carrying boxes to lifting patients to pounding computer keyboards-is the subject of major disagreements among workers, employers, advocacy groups, and researchers. Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace examines the scientific basis for connecting musculoskeletal disorders with the workplace, considering people, job tasks, and work environments. A multidisciplinary panel draws conclusions about the likelihood of causal links and the effectiveness of various intervention strategies. The panel also offers recommendations for what actions can be considered on the basis of current information and for closing information gaps. This book presents the latest information on the prevalence, incidence, and costs of musculoskeletal disorders and identifies factors that influence injury reporting. It reviews the broad scope of evidence: epidemiological studies of physical and psychosocial variables, basic biology, biomechanics, and physical and behavioral responses to stress. Given the magnitude of the problem-approximately 1 million people miss some work each year-and the current trends in workplace practices, this volume will be a must for advocates for workplace health, policy makers, employers, employees, medical professionals, engineers, lawyers, and labor officials. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Magnesium in the Central Nervous System Robert Vink, Mihai Nechifor, 2011 The brain is the most complex organ in our body. Indeed, it is perhaps the most complex structure we have ever encountered in nature. Both structurally and functionally, there are many peculiarities that differentiate the brain from all other organs. The brain is our connection to the world around us and by governing nervous system and higher function, any disturbance induces severe neurological and psychiatric disorders that can have a devastating effect on quality of life. Our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the brain has improved dramatically in the last two decades. In particular, the critical role of cations, including magnesium, has become evident, even if incompletely understood at a mechanistic level. The exact role and regulation of magnesium, in particular, remains elusive, largely because intracellular levels are so difficult to routinely quantify. Nonetheless, the importance of magnesium to normal central nervous system activity is self-evident given the complicated homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the concentration of this cation within strict limits essential for normal physiology and metabolism. There is also considerable accumulating evidence to suggest alterations to some brain functions in both normal and pathological conditions may be linked to alterations in local magnesium concentration. This book, containing chapters written by some of the foremost experts in the field of magnesium research, brings together the latest in experimental and clinical magnesium research as it relates to the central nervous system. It offers a complete and updated view of magnesiums involvement in central nervous system function and in so doing, brings together two main pillars of contemporary neuroscience research, namely providing an explanation for the molecular mechanisms involved in brain function, and emphasizing the connections between the molecular changes and behavior. It is the untiring efforts of those magnesium researchers who have dedicated their lives to unraveling the mysteries of magnesiums role in biological systems that has inspired the collation of this volume of work. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General, 2010 This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine Nicpon Marieb, Katja Hoehn, 2007 With each edition of her top-selling Human Anatomy & Physiology text, Elaine N. Marieb draws on her own, unique experience as a full-time A & P professor and part-time nursing student to explain concepts and processes in a meaningful and memorable way. With the Seventh Edition, Dr. Marieb has teamed up with co-author Katja Hoehn to produce the most exciting edition yet, with beautifully-enhanced muscle illustrations, updated coverage of factual material and topic boxes, new coverage of high-interest topics such as Botox, designer drugs, and cancer treatment, and a comprehensive instructor and student media package. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Colonic Motility Sushil K. Sarna, 2010 Three distinct types of contractions perform colonic motility functions. Rhythmic phasic contractions (RPCs) cause slow net distal propulsion with extensive mixing/turning over. Infrequently occurring giant migrating contractions (GMCs) produce mass movements. Tonic contractions aid RPCs in their motor function. The spatiotemporal patterns of these contractions differ markedly. The amplitude and distance of propagation of a GMC are several-fold larger than those of an RPC. The enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells are the core regulators of all three types of contractions. The regulation of contractions by these mechanisms is modifiable by extrinsic factors: CNS, autonomic neurons, hormones, inflammatory mediators, and stress mediators. Only the GMCs produce descending inhibition, which accommodates the large bolus being propelled without increasing muscle tone. The strong compression of the colon wall generates afferent signals that are below nociceptive threshold in healthy subjects. However, these signals become nociceptive; if the amplitudes of GMCs increase, afferent nerves become hypersensitive, or descending inhibition is impaired. The GMCs also provide the force for rapid propulsion of feces and descending inhibition to relax the internal anal sphincter during defecation. The dysregulation of GMCs is a major factor in colonic motility disorders: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and diverticular disease (DD). Frequent mass movements by GMCs cause diarrhea in diarrhea predominant IBS, IBD, and DD, while a decrease in the frequency of GMCs causes constipation. The GMCs generate the afferent signals for intermittent short-lived episodes of abdominal cramping in these disorders. Epigenetic dysregulation due to adverse events in early life is one of the major factors in generating the symptoms of IBS in adulthood. Table of Contents: Introduction / Regulatory Mechanisms / Colonic Motility in Health / Colonic Motility Dysfunction / References |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: International Review of Cytology , 1974-01-01 International Review of Cytology |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Mechanosensitive Ion Channels Andre Kamkin, Irina Kiseleva, 2007-10-06 This book explores the latest data dealing with mechanosensitive channels research results. It was compiled by a group of internationally recognized scientists leading in the field of mechanosensitive ion channels or mechanically gated channels and signaling cascades research. Key problems of cell mechanobiology are also discussed. As a whole, the volume dwells on the major issues of mechanical stress influencing the ion channels and intracellular signaling pathways. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: The Endothelium Michel Félétou, 2011 The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in direct contact with the blood/lymph and the circulating cells. The endothelium is a major player in the control of blood fluidity, platelet aggregation and vascular tone, a major actor in the regulation of immunology, inflammation and angiogenesis, and an important metabolizing and an endocrine organ. Endothelial cells controls vascular tone, and thereby blood flow, by synthesizing and releasing relaxing and contracting factors such as nitric oxide, metabolites of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 pathways, various peptides (endothelin, urotensin, CNP, adrenomedullin, etc.), adenosine, purines, reactive oxygen species and so on. Additionally, endothelial ectoenzymes are required steps in the generation of vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin II. An endothelial dysfunction linked to an imbalance in the synthesis and/or the release of these various endothelial factors may explain the initiation of cardiovascular pathologies (from hypertension to atherosclerosis) or their development and perpetuation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells / Calcium Signaling in Vascular Cells and Cell-to-Cell Communications / Endothelium-Dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone / Conclusion / References |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Postgraduate Orthopaedics Paul A. Banaszkiewicz, Deiary F. Kader, 2012-08-16 The must-have book for candidates preparing for the oral component of the FRCS (Tr and Orth). |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Oral Mucosa in Health and Disease Lesley Ann Bergmeier, 2018-03-01 This book is designed to re-establish the position of the oral cavity and its mucosa at the forefront of defence and maintenance of homeostatic mechanisms that protect against disease not just locally but also systemically. The oral mucosa is a unique collection of tissues that constitutes a highly active environment with its own unique microflora and homeostatic interaction with the innate and adaptive immune responses. As an immune tissue the oral mucosa was somewhat neglected in the past owing to the tendency to assume similarity to the gut mucosa. More recently it has become apparent that the oral mucosa is a complex environment and, like the esophageal mucosa, has more in common with vaginal tissue than with the gut. Furthermore, the ability of the oral mucosa to act as an immune inductive site has made it an attractive area of research in terms of desensitization for allergic reactions and possibly autoimmune responses. In this book, recognized experts in the field provide up-to-date coverage of all aspects of the structure and function of the oral mucosa, reflecting important recent advances in knowledge, including at the molecular level. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Abiotic Stress Response in Plants Arun Shanker, B. Venkateswarlu, 2011-08-29 Plants, unlike animals, are sessile. This demands that adverse changes in their environment are quickly recognized, distinguished and responded to with suitable reactions. Drought, heat, cold and salinity are among the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect plant growth and productivity. In general, abiotic stress often causes a series of morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes that unfavorably affect plant growth, development and productivity. Drought, salinity, extreme temperatures (cold and heat) and oxidative stress are often interrelated; these conditions singularly or in combination induce cellular damage. To cope with abiotic stresses, of paramount significance is to understand plant responses to abiotic stresses that disturb the homeostatic equilibrium at cellular and molecular level in order to identify a common mechanism for multiple stress tolerance. This multi authored edited compilation attempts to put forth an all-inclusive biochemical and molecular picture in a systems approach wherein mechanism and adaptation aspects of abiotic stress are dealt with. The chief objective of the book hence is to deliver state of the art information for comprehending the effects of abiotic stress in plants at the cellular level. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Bone Health and Osteoporosis United States Public Health Service, Surgeon General of the United States, 2004-12 This first-ever Surgeon General's Report on bone health and osteoporosis illustrates the large burden that bone disease places on our Nation and its citizens. Like other chronic diseases that disproportionately affect the elderly, the prevalence of bone disease and fractures is projected to increase markedly as the population ages. If these predictions come true, bone disease and fractures will have a tremendous negative impact on the future well-being of Americans. But as this report makes clear, they need not come true: by working together we can change the picture of aging in America. Osteoporosis, fractures, and other chronic diseases no longer should be thought of as an inevitable part of growing old. By focusing on prevention and lifestyle changes, including physical activity and nutrition, as well as early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, Americans can avoid much of the damaging impact of bone disease and other chronic diseases. This Surgeon General's Report brings together for the first time the scientific evidence related to the prevention, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of bone disease. More importantly, it provides a framework for moving forward. The report will be another effective tool in educating Americans about how they can promote bone health throughout their lives. This first-ever Surgeon General's Report on bone health and osteoporosis provides much needed information on bone health, an often overlooked aspect of physical health. This report follows in the tradition of previous Surgeon Generals' reports by identifying the relevant scientific data, rigorously evaluating and summarizing the evidence, and determining conclusions. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Progress in Heritable Soft Connective Tissue Diseases Jaroslava Halper, 2014-01-18 This volume is a reference handbook focusing on diseases like Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome and other heritable soft connective tissue diseases. The book presents detailed information for both basic scientists and for clinicians seeing patients. It is also a stepping stone for new investigations and studies that goes beyond the facts about the composition and biochemistry of the connective tissue and extracellular matrix, as the authors connect individual components to specific aspects of various soft tissue disorders and to the actual or potential treatment of them. Progress in Heritable Soft Connective Tissue Diseases features very prominent physicians and scientists as contributors who bring their most recent discoveries to the benefit of readers. Their expertise will help clinicians with proper diagnosis of sometimes elusive and uncommon heritable diseases of soft connective tissues. This book also offers an update on the pathophysiology of these diseases, including an emphasis on unifying aspects such as connections between embryonic development of the different types of connective tissues and systems, and the role of TGF-beta in development and physiology of soft tissues. This new set of data explains, at least in part, why many of these disorders are interconnected, though the primary pathophysiological events, such as gene mutations, may be different for each disorder. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Inflammation and the Microcirculation D. Neil Granger, Elena Senchenkova, 2010 The microcirculation is highly responsive to, and a vital participant in, the inflammatory response. All segments of the microvasculature (arterioles, capillaries, and venules) exhibit characteristic phenotypic changes during inflammation that appear to be directed toward enhancing the delivery of inflammatory cells to the injured/infected tissue, isolating the region from healthy tissue and the systemic circulation, and setting the stage for tissue repair and regeneration. The best characterized responses of the microcirculation to inflammation include impaired vasomotor function, reduced capillary perfusion, adhesion of leukocytes and platelets, activation of the coagulation cascade, and enhanced thrombosis, increased vascular permeability, and an increase in the rate of proliferation of blood and lymphatic vessels. A variety of cells that normally circulate in blood (leukocytes, platelets) or reside within the vessel wall (endothelial cells, pericytes) or in the perivascular space (mast cells, macrophages) are activated in response to inflammation. The activation products and chemical mediators released from these cells act through different well-characterized signaling pathways to induce the phenotypic changes in microvessel function that accompany inflammation. Drugs that target a specific microvascular response to inflammation, such as leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion or angiogenesis, have shown promise in both the preclinical and clinical studies of inflammatory disease. Future research efforts in this area will likely identify new avenues for therapeutic intervention in inflammation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Historical Perspectives / Anatomical Considerations / Impaired Vasomotor Responses / Capillary Perfusion / Angiogenesis / Leukocyte-Endothelial Cell Adhesion / Platelet-Vessel Wall Interactions / Coagulation and Thrombosis / Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction / Epilogue / References |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Physics of Biological Membranes Patricia Bassereau, Pierre Sens, 2018-12-30 This book mainly focuses on key aspects of biomembranes that have emerged over the past 15 years. It covers static and dynamic descriptions, as well as modeling for membrane organization and shape at the local and global (at the cell level) scale. It also discusses several new developments in non-equilibrium aspects that have not yet been covered elsewhere. Biological membranes are the seat of interactions between cells and the rest of the world, and internally, they are at the core of complex dynamic reorganizations and chemical reactions. Despite the long tradition of membrane research in biophysics, the physics of cell membranes as well as of biomimetic or synthetic membranes is a rapidly developing field. Though successful books have already been published on this topic over the past decades, none include the most recent advances. Additionally, in this domain, the traditional distinction between biological and physical approaches tends to blur. This book gathers the most recent advances in this area, and will benefit biologists and physicists alike. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Sertoli Cell Biology Michael K. Skinner, Michael D. Griswold, 2004-11-23 Sertoli cells assist in the production of sperm in the male reproductive system. This book provides a state-of-the-art update on the topic of sertoli cells and male reproduction. It addresses such highly topical areas as stem cells, genomics, and molecular genetics, as well as provides historical information on the discovery of this type of cell, and the pathophysiology of male infertility. * Presents the state-of-the-art research on topics such as stem cell research, transplantation and genomics* Includes contributions from leaders in the field, including several members of the National Academy of Science |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: The Miombo in Transition Bruce Morgan Campbell, 1996-01-01 Miombo woodlands and their use: overview and key issues. The ecology of miombo woodlands. Population biology of miombo tree. Miombo woodlands in the wider context: macro-economic and inter-sectoral influences. Rural households and miombo woodlands: use, value and management. Trade in woodland products from the miombo region. Managing miombo woodland. Institutional arrangements governing the use and the management of miombo woodlands. Miombo woodlands and rural livelihoods: options and opportunities. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Skeletal Tissue Mechanics R. Bruce Martin, David B. Burr, Neil A. Sharkey, David P. Fyhrie, 2015-10-29 This textbook describes the biomechanics of bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. It is rigorous in its approach to the mechanical properties of the skeleton yet it does not neglect the biological properties of skeletal tissue or require mathematics beyond calculus. Time is taken to introduce basic mechanical and biological concepts, and the approaches used for some of the engineering analyses are purposefully limited. The book is an effective bridge between engineering, veterinary, biological and medical disciplines and will be welcomed by students and researchers in biomechanics, orthopedics, physical anthropology, zoology and veterinary science. This book also: Maximizes reader insights into the mechanical properties of bone, fatigue and fracture resistance of bone and mechanical adaptability of the skeleton Illustrates synovial joint mechanics and mechanical properties of ligaments and tendons in an easy-to-understand way Provides exercises at the end of each chapter |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: The Perfect Slime Hans-Curt Flemming, Dr Thomas R. Neu, Dr Jost Wingender, 2016-09-15 The Perfect Slime presents the latest state of knowledge and all aspects of the Extracellular Polymeric Substances, (EPS) matrix – from the ecological and health to the antifouling perspectives. The book brings together all the current material in order to expand our understanding of the functions, properties and characteristics of the matrix as well as the possibilities to strengthen or weaken it. The EPS matrix represents the immediate environment in which biofilm organisms live. From their point of view, this matrix has paramount advantages. It allows them to stay together for extended periods and form synergistic microconsortia, it retains extracellular enzymes and turns the matrix into an external digestion system and it is a universal recycling yard, it protects them against desiccation, it allows for intense communication and represents a huge genetic archive. They can remodel their matrix, break free and eventually, they can use it as a nutrient source. The EPS matrix can be considered as one of the emergent properties of biofilms and are a major reason for the success of this form of life. Nevertheless, they have been termed the “black matter of biofilms” for good reasons. First of all: the isolation methods define the results. In most cases, only water soluble EPS components are investigated; insoluble ones such as cellulose or amyloids are much less included. In particular in environmental biofilms with many species, it is difficult to impossible isolate, separate the various EPS molecules they are encased in and to define which species produced which EPS. The regulation and the factors which trigger or inhibit EPS production are still very poorly understood. Furthermore: bacteria are not the only microorganisms to produce EPS. Archaea, Fungi and algae can also form EPS. This book investigates the questions, What is their composition, function, dynamics and regulation? What do they all have in common? |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: The Molecular Biology of Cadherins , 2013-04-08 This volume of Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science focuses on the most recent research surrounding Cadherins from top experts in the field. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Biomechanics Y. C. Fung, 2013-06-29 The motivation for writing aseries ofbooks on biomechanics is to bring this rapidly developing subject to students of bioengineering, physiology, and mechanics. In the last decade biomechanics has become a recognized disci pline offered in virtually all universities. Yet there is no adequate textbook for instruction; neither is there a treatise with sufficiently broad coverage. A few books bearing the title of biomechanics are too elementary, others are too specialized. I have long feIt a need for a set of books that will inform students of the physiological and medical applications of biomechanics, and at the same time develop their training in mechanics. We cannot assume that all students come to biomechanics already fully trained in fluid and solid mechanics; their knowledge in these subjects has to be developed as the course proceeds. The scheme adopted in the present series is as follows. First, some basic training in mechanics, to a level about equivalent to the first seven chapters of the author's A First Course in Continuum Mechanics (Prentice-Hall,lnc. 1977), is assumed. We then present some essential parts of biomechanics from the point of view of bioengineering, physiology, and medical applications. In the meantime, mechanics is developed through a sequence of problems and examples. The main text reads like physiology, while the exercises are planned like a mechanics textbook. The instructor may fil1 a dual role: teaching an essential branch of life science, and gradually developing the student's knowledge in mechanics. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: The SoftHard Tissue Junction Neil D. Broom, Ashvin Thambyah, 2018-11-29 Discover how the detailed structures of musculoskeletal tissue junctions relate to their mechanical function. This pioneering book, richly illustrated with tissue images, offers a rigorous, biomechanical approach to understanding the soft-hard tissue interface across multiple scales of resolution. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Greenman's Principles of Manual Medicine Lisa A. DeStefano, 2011 This fully updated practical resource opens up one of the most enduring, yet continually evolving, areas of health care - manual medicine. With this informative, highly illustrated text, you'll learn the basic principles, specific techniques, and adjunct procedures of the discipline - including the use of exercise for prevention and treatment of common lower quarter neuromuscular syndromes.--BOOK JACKET. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness Anne Waugh, Allison Grant, 2018-07-12 The new edition of the hugely successful Ross and Wilson Anatomy & Physiology in Health and Illness continues to bring its readers the core essentials of human biology presented in a clear and straightforward manner. Fully updated throughout, the book now comes with enhanced learning features including helpful revision questions and an all new art programme to help make learning even easier. The 13th edition retains its popular website, which contains a wide range of 'critical thinking' exercises as well as new animations, an audio-glossary, the unique Body Spectrum© online colouring and self-test program, and helpful weblinks. Ross and Wilson Anatomy & Physiology in Health and Illness will be of particular help to readers new to the subject area, those returning to study after a period of absence, and for anyone whose first language isn't English. - Latest edition of the world's most popular textbook on basic human anatomy and physiology with over 1.5 million copies sold worldwide - Clear, no nonsense writing style helps make learning easy - Accompanying website contains animations, audio-glossary, case studies and other self-assessment material, the unique Body Spectrum© online colouring and self-test software, and helpful weblinks - Includes basic pathology and pathophysiology of important diseases and disorders - Contains helpful learning features such as Learning Outcomes boxes, colour coding and design icons together with a stunning illustration and photography collection - Contains clear explanations of common prefixes, suffixes and roots, with helpful examples from the text, plus a glossary and an appendix of normal biological values. - Particularly valuable for students who are completely new to the subject, or returning to study after a period of absence, and for anyone whose first language is not English - All new illustration programme brings the book right up-to-date for today's student - Helpful 'Spot Check' questions at the end of each topic to monitor progress - Fully updated throughout with the latest information on common and/or life threatening diseases and disorders - Review and Revise end-of-chapter exercises assist with reader understanding and recall - Over 120 animations – many of them newly created – help clarify underlying scientific and physiological principles and make learning fun |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Clinical Biomechanics in Human Locomotion Andrew Horwood, Nachiappan Chockalingam, 2023-03-16 Origins and Principles of Clinical Biomechanics in Human Locomotion discusses key concepts of how biomechanics links to the development of pathology through mechanical laws, anatomy, physiology and health. It provides fundamental principles and practical data, and guidance of how to apply these in the clinical biomechanics field. Coverage includes: major joint movement, muscle action around joints, physiology and patho-physiology of bone, muscle and neurologic disorders. This reference is ideal for teaching students in biomechanics, orthopedics and physiotherapy. It should also be of interest to product development engineers, rehabilitation engineers, those working in prosthetics and orthotics, physiotherapists and occupational therapists. The authors explore the simple laws of motion as applied to anatomy and physiology, in order to help readers understand human pathology within the human lower limb and mobility. They then go on to look at materials science concerns within this field, such as engineering stresses and strains, principles and types of material properties and the shaping of structural properties. Readers will also find within this book information on tissue science, force generation, biological sciences, evolution in biomechanics, human gait, functional units of the lower limb and foot, and finally pathomechanical principles; all as applied to clinical biomechanics. - Bridges the void between research biomechanics and clinically applied biomechanics - Links human locomotive biomechanics to medicine, physiology and evolutionary anatomy and medicine - Prepares students, bioengineers and clinicians for the reality of utilizing biomechanical principles in clinical practice, while informing researchers of the environment limits that most clinical biomechanics practice occurs in |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Cell Biology (Cytology, Biomolecules and Molecular Biology) Verma P.S. & Agarwal V.K., 2016 Pedagogically enriched, the book provides engaging chpter-end assessment exercises to enhance and strengthen learning of the readers |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Nuclear Medicine Abdelhamid H. Elgazzar, 2014-09-01 This book, now in its third edition, aims to promote a deeper understanding of the scientific and clinical basis of nuclear medicine and the new directions in medical imaging. The new edition has been revised and updated to reflect recent changes and to ensure that the contents are in line with likely future directions. The book starts by providing essential information on general pathophysiology, cell structure and cell biology as well as the mechanisms of radiopharmaceutical localization in different tissues and cells. The clinical applications of nuclear medicine are then presented in a series of chapters that cover every major organ system and relate the basic knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pathology to the clinical utilization of various scintigraphic modalities. The therapeutic applications of nuclear medicine are discussed in a separate chapter, and the final chapter is devoted to the biologic effects of ionizing radiations, including radiation from medical procedures. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Anand's Human Anatomy for Dental Students Anand Mahindra Kumar, 2012-12-15 This textbook presents with six sections. The initial part of first section deals with general anatomy, a must for laying foundation of body structure, chapter 4 is organization of body, gives a comprehensive overview of composition of body, its various parts with essentials of regional anatomy of limbs, thorax and abdomen. Subsequent chapters till chapter no. 17 deals with systemic anatomy, i.e. anatomy of various systems of body with their clinical significance. The section of Head and Neck is extensively covered and has more illustrations. The third section is histology, it has been modified and includes systematically written text and photographs of slides of each organ. The final sections include genetics, essentials of embryology and clinical radiological anatomy. General embryology has been given in detail and explains the basis of various developmental diseases. The additional feature of book is that after every section review viva questions have been given for quick revision. The questions are designed to stimulate the students to correlate the subject and its clinical relevance and to help them prepare for examinations. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Kinesiology Carol A. Oatis, 2009 The Second Edition of Kinesiology: The Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Human Movement relates the most current understanding of anatomy and mechanics with clinical practice concerns. Featuring seven chapters devoted to biomechanics, straightforward writing, and over 900 beautiful illustrations, the text provides you with detailed coverage of the structure, function, and kinesiology of each body region. You will gain an in-depth understanding of the relationship between the quality of movement and overall human health. Special features include: New DVD containing about 150 videos provides dynamic examples of clinical demonstrations, principle illustrations, and lab activities. This powerful resource explores patient function, dysfunction, and injury for greater comprehension. Clinical Relevance Boxes reinforce the relationship of biomechanical principles to patient care through real-life case studies. Muscle Attachment Boxes provide easily accessed anatomical information and tips on muscle palpation Examining the Forces Boxes highlight the advanced mathematical concepts used to determine forces on joint structure. Evidence-based presentations deliver the most current literature and essential classic studies for your understanding of musculoskeletal structure and function. Whether you are a student or practitioner in the field of physical therapy, occupational therapy, or exercise science, this comprehensive book serves as an excellent resource for best practice techniques. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Zoology for Degree Students (For B.Sc. Hons. 2nd Semester, As per CBCS) Agarwal V.K., 2017-11 This textbook has been designed to meet the needs of B.Sc. (Hons.) Second Semester students of Zoology as per the UGC Choice Based Credit System (CBCS). Comprehensively written, it explains the essential principles, processes and methodology of Coelomate Non-Chordates and Cell Biology. This textbook is profusely illustrated with well-drawn labelled diagrams, flow charts and tables, not only to supplement the descriptions, but also for sound understanding of the concepts. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Essentials of Cell Biology Dr. Amit Joshi, 2023-01-01 This book “Essentials of Cell biology” is based on the idea that a cell is the basic building block of all life forms. Here author highlighted the information about cellular make up, functionality and fundamentals of cellular biochemistry. It is a detailed text book focusing on cell biology. This book will assist UG, PG, and Research students. It is designed Unit wise and chapter wise to involve all the aspects of cell biology. Cell biology is necessary for all the Life Sciences domains like Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Bioinformatics, Zoology, and Botany. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Deepak K. Kalaskar, Peter E M Butler, Shadi Ghali, 2016-08-02 Written by experts from London’s renowned Royal Free Hospital, Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery offers a comprehensive overview of the vast topic of reconstructive plastic surgery and its various subspecialties for introductory plastic surgery and surgical science courses. The book comprises five sections covering the fundamental principles of plastic surgery, cancer, burns and trauma, paediatric plastic surgery and aesthetic surgery, and covers the breadth of knowledge that students need to further their career in this exciting field. Additional coverage of areas in which reconstructive surgery techniques are called upon includes abdominal wall reconstruction, ear reconstruction and genital reconstruction. A chapter on aesthetic surgery includes facial aesthetic surgery and blepharoplasty, aesthetic breast surgery, body contouring and the evolution of hair transplantation.The broad scope of this volume and attention to often neglected specialisms such as military plastic surgery make this a unique contribution to the field. Heavily illustrated throughout, Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is essential reading for anyone interested in furthering their knowledge of this exciting field. This book was produced as part of JISC's Institution as e-Textbook Publisher project. Find out more at https://www.jisc.ac.uk/rd/projects/institution-as-e-textbook-publisher |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms , 1994 |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Anatomy & Physiology Lindsay Biga, Devon Quick, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Jon Runyeon, 2019-09-26 A version of the OpenStax text |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: Human Dimension and Interior Space Julius Panero, Martin Zelnik, 2014-01-21 The study of human body measurements on a comparative basis is known as anthropometrics. Its applicability to the design process is seen in the physical fit, or interface, between the human body and the various components of interior space. Human Dimension and Interior Space is the first major anthropometrically based reference book of design standards for use by all those involved with the physical planning and detailing of interiors, including interior designers, architects, furniture designers, builders, industrial designers, and students of design. The use of anthropometric data, although no substitute for good design or sound professional judgment should be viewed as one of the many tools required in the design process. This comprehensive overview of anthropometrics consists of three parts. The first part deals with the theory and application of anthropometrics and includes a special section dealing with physically disabled and elderly people. It provides the designer with the fundamentals of anthropometrics and a basic understanding of how interior design standards are established. The second part contains easy-to-read, illustrated anthropometric tables, which provide the most current data available on human body size, organized by age and percentile groupings. Also included is data relative to the range of joint motion and body sizes of children. The third part contains hundreds of dimensioned drawings, illustrating in plan and section the proper anthropometrically based relationship between user and space. The types of spaces range from residential and commercial to recreational and institutional, and all dimensions include metric conversions. In the Epilogue, the authors challenge the interior design profession, the building industry, and the furniture manufacturer to seriously explore the problem of adjustability in design. They expose the fallacy of designing to accommodate the so-called average man, who, in fact, does not exist. Using government data, including studies prepared by Dr. Howard Stoudt, Dr. Albert Damon, and Dr. Ross McFarland, formerly of the Harvard School of Public Health, and Jean Roberts of the U.S. Public Health Service, Panero and Zelnik have devised a system of interior design reference standards, easily understood through a series of charts and situation drawings. With Human Dimension and Interior Space, these standards are now accessible to all designers of interior environments. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: UGC NET unit-4 LIFE SCIENCE Cell Communication and Cell Signaling book with 600 question answer as per updated syllabus DIWAKAR EDUCATION HUB , 2022-08-29 UGC NET LIFE SCIECNE unit-4 |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: The Plant Cell Wall Jocelyn K. C. Rose, 2003 Enzymes, lignin, proteins, cellulose, pectin, kinase. |
| abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress: The Albumen & Salted Paper Book James M. Reilly, 1980 |
differences - "abundant in" vs "abundant with" - English Language ...
Oct 18, 2018 · // an area abundant with bird life Merriam-Webster. 2. Having an abundance of something; abounding: a region abundant in wildlife. American Heritage Dictionary (via …
Differences between "abundant'", "sufficient", and "enough"?
Jul 30, 2019 · Abundant implies that there is more than enough and greater than merely sufficient. Both sufficient and enough imply that the quantity satisfies the need and don't necessarily …
How to describe a lot of experience in a formal way?
Sep 7, 2019 · Abundant, considerable or extensive would fit. Depending on the nuance you are looking for you might want wide-ranging or indepth. But there are a lot of possiblities This …
What is the origin of 'riding a gravy train' idiom?
Jul 11, 2021 · 'Riding a gravy train' idiom means getting a job or other source of income that generates abundant money with little effort. However, what is the origin of this phrase and why …
Capitalization for email greeting: Good morning OR Good Morning
Jul 10, 2015 · Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for …
hyphenation - English Language & Usage Stack Exchange
Nov 8, 2016 · I can find abundant examples of similar sentences that hyphenate "post-ingestion" and also can find many examples that leave the hyphen out. So, I feel confused. hyphenation
Words for ordinal 5-point scale from normal to severe
Jul 22, 2015 · Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for …
Is there a word that means "forced into somewhere despite not …
May 6, 2016 · You could try "force fit," which is in abundant usage to mean something that is forced into a place or application where it just doesn't fit or belong. Examples from …
phrase requests - English Language & Usage Stack Exchange
Apr 14, 2012 · Treacle (a.k.a. molasses) might be considered low-viscosity compared to honey however, compared to the most abundant liquid, namely water, it's relatively high-viscosity. – …
Why were slum kids called “urchins”? - English Language & Usage ...
Aug 1, 2018 · I wish unto thee all super-abundant increase of the singular gifts of absurditie, and vainglory : from this time forth for euer, euer, euer, euermore maist thou be canonized as the …
differences - "abundant in" vs "abundant with" - English Language ...
Oct 18, 2018 · // an area abundant with bird life Merriam-Webster. 2. Having an abundance of something; abounding: a region abundant in wildlife. American Heritage Dictionary (via …
Differences between "abundant'", "sufficient", and "enough"?
Jul 30, 2019 · Abundant implies that there is more than enough and greater than merely sufficient. Both sufficient and enough imply that the quantity satisfies the need and don't necessarily …
How to describe a lot of experience in a formal way?
Sep 7, 2019 · Abundant, considerable or extensive would fit. Depending on the nuance you are looking for you might want wide-ranging or indepth. But there are a lot of possiblities This …
What is the origin of 'riding a gravy train' idiom?
Jul 11, 2021 · 'Riding a gravy train' idiom means getting a job or other source of income that generates abundant money with little effort. However, what is the origin of this phrase and why …
Capitalization for email greeting: Good morning OR Good Morning
Jul 10, 2015 · Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for …
hyphenation - English Language & Usage Stack Exchange
Nov 8, 2016 · I can find abundant examples of similar sentences that hyphenate "post-ingestion" and also can find many examples that leave the hyphen out. So, I feel confused. hyphenation
Words for ordinal 5-point scale from normal to severe
Jul 22, 2015 · Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for …
Is there a word that means "forced into somewhere despite not …
May 6, 2016 · You could try "force fit," which is in abundant usage to mean something that is forced into a place or application where it just doesn't fit or belong. Examples from …
phrase requests - English Language & Usage Stack Exchange
Apr 14, 2012 · Treacle (a.k.a. molasses) might be considered low-viscosity compared to honey however, compared to the most abundant liquid, namely water, it's relatively high-viscosity. – …
Why were slum kids called “urchins”? - English Language & Usage ...
Aug 1, 2018 · I wish unto thee all super-abundant increase of the singular gifts of absurditie, and vainglory : from this time forth for euer, euer, euer, euermore maist thou be canonized as the …
