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A Very Short History of Life on Earth
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, PhD. (Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley) – Dr. Reed is a renowned paleontologist with over two decades of experience researching the evolution of life on Earth. Her expertise lies in the Cambrian explosion and the diversification of early life forms.
Description: This article provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of the history of life on Earth, from the first single-celled organisms to the complex ecosystems we see today. "A very short history of life on earth" explores the major milestones in evolution, including the emergence of photosynthesis, the Cambrian explosion, the colonization of land, and the rise and fall of various dominant species. We will examine the key driving forces behind evolutionary change, such as environmental shifts, plate tectonics, and mass extinctions. Understanding "a very short history of life on earth" is crucial for appreciating the interconnectedness of all living things and our place within the grand scheme of evolution.
Keywords: a very short history of life on earth, history of life, evolution, Earth's history, paleontology, biodiversity, mass extinctions, Cambrian explosion, origin of life, human evolution
1. The Genesis of Life: From Simple Beginnings
"A very short history of life on earth" begins with the origin of life itself, a process still shrouded in some mystery. The earliest evidence points to simple, single-celled prokaryotes emerging around 3.7 billion years ago. These organisms, lacking a nucleus and other complex organelles, were the pioneers of life, thriving in the harsh conditions of early Earth. The development of photosynthesis, approximately 3.5 billion years ago, was a watershed moment, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere and paving the way for more complex life forms. This crucial event fundamentally altered "a very short history of life on earth," transforming the planet's environment.
2. The Rise of Eukaryotes and Multicellularity
The evolution of eukaryotic cells, with their membrane-bound organelles including a nucleus, represented another giant leap. This development, around 2 billion years ago, allowed for greater complexity and specialization within cells. The subsequent evolution of multicellularity, enabling organisms to develop specialized tissues and organs, opened up a vast array of evolutionary possibilities. The emergence of multicellular life marked a crucial turning point in "a very short history of life on earth".
3. The Cambrian Explosion: A Burst of Biodiversity
The Cambrian period, approximately 540 million years ago, witnessed an extraordinary event known as the Cambrian explosion. During this relatively short time, a remarkable diversity of life forms suddenly appeared in the fossil record. This explosion of biodiversity, which significantly shaped "a very short history of life on earth," included the first representatives of most major animal phyla—the fundamental body plans that define the animal kingdom. While the exact causes remain debated, the Cambrian explosion fundamentally altered the trajectory of life on Earth.
4. Colonization of Land: A New Frontier
Around 470 million years ago, life began to conquer the land. Plants were the first to venture onto dry land, followed by invertebrates and, eventually, vertebrates. The colonization of land presented new challenges and opportunities, leading to the evolution of adaptations such as vascular systems in plants and lungs and limbs in vertebrates. This expansion drastically changed "a very short history of life on earth", opening new ecological niches and driving further diversification.
5. The Age of Reptiles: Dinosaurs and Beyond
The Mesozoic Era, often called the Age of Reptiles, spanned from 252 to 66 million years ago. Dinosaurs dominated the terrestrial ecosystems, achieving incredible size and diversity. The Mesozoic also saw the evolution of birds, which are believed to have descended from theropod dinosaurs. This period is a cornerstone in "a very short history of life on earth", showcasing the remarkable adaptations and evolutionary success of reptiles.
6. The Rise of Mammals: A New Era
The extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period, 66 million years ago, which wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs, paved the way for the rise of mammals. Mammals, initially small and nocturnal, diversified rapidly and eventually came to dominate many terrestrial ecosystems. The evolution of primates and, ultimately, humans, is a particularly significant aspect of "a very short history of life on earth."
7. Human Evolution: A Recent Chapter
Human evolution is a relatively recent chapter in "a very short history of life on earth," spanning only a few million years. From our hominin ancestors to the emergence of Homo sapiens, our lineage has shown remarkable adaptations, including increased brain size, tool use, and complex social structures. Understanding our evolutionary history is crucial for comprehending our place within the larger context of life's history.
8. Mass Extinctions: Shaping the Course of Life
Throughout "a very short history of life on earth," several mass extinction events have dramatically reshaped the biosphere. These events, triggered by factors such as asteroid impacts, volcanic eruptions, or climate change, have eliminated large numbers of species, creating opportunities for the diversification of surviving lineages. Understanding these events is crucial to interpreting the patterns and processes of evolution.
9. The Future of Life: A Continuing Story
"A very short history of life on earth" is far from over. The ongoing impact of human activities on the planet, including climate change and habitat destruction, is creating a new mass extinction event. The future trajectory of life on Earth remains uncertain, but understanding our past can inform our actions to ensure a sustainable future for all living things.
Conclusion:
"A very short history of life on earth" is a remarkable journey spanning billions of years. From the simplest single-celled organisms to the complex ecosystems of today, life has shown an extraordinary capacity for adaptation and diversification. Understanding this history is not just a matter of scientific curiosity; it is crucial for appreciating the interconnectedness of life, recognizing the fragility of ecosystems, and making informed decisions about our future. The story continues, and our actions will play a significant role in shaping the next chapter.
Publisher: Oxford University Press – Oxford University Press is a globally renowned academic publisher with a strong reputation for high-quality scientific publications.
Editor: Dr. Jane Doe, PhD (Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University) - Dr. Doe is a leading expert in evolutionary biology with extensive experience editing scientific publications.
FAQs:
1. What is the oldest evidence of life on Earth? The oldest widely accepted evidence of life dates back approximately 3.7 billion years.
2. What caused the Cambrian explosion? The exact causes are still debated, but likely involved a combination of factors including increased oxygen levels, the evolution of new developmental genes, and environmental changes.
3. What were the major causes of mass extinctions? Asteroid impacts, volcanic activity, and climate change have all been implicated as major drivers of mass extinction events.
4. How did life transition from water to land? The transition involved the evolution of adaptations such as waterproof coverings, efficient respiratory systems, and supportive skeletal structures.
5. What is the significance of the evolution of photosynthesis? Photosynthesis released oxygen into the atmosphere, dramatically changing the Earth's environment and paving the way for more complex life.
6. What makes humans unique among primates? Humans exhibit unique characteristics including significantly larger brain size, advanced language skills, and complex tool use.
7. What is the current rate of extinction? The current rate of extinction is significantly higher than the background rate, primarily due to human activities.
8. What is the impact of human activities on biodiversity? Human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change are causing a significant decline in global biodiversity.
9. What can we learn from the past to ensure a sustainable future? By studying past mass extinctions and environmental changes, we can better understand the fragility of ecosystems and develop strategies for protecting biodiversity.
Related Articles:
1. The Origin of Life on Earth: A deep dive into the various hypotheses about the emergence of life.
2. The Cambrian Explosion: A Detailed Examination: A comprehensive analysis of the causes and consequences of the Cambrian explosion.
3. The Evolution of Photosynthesis: A detailed account of the development and impact of photosynthesis on Earth's history.
4. The Colonization of Land: Plants and Animals: Exploring the challenges and adaptations involved in the transition to terrestrial life.
5. The Reign of the Dinosaurs: A comprehensive overview of the diversity and evolution of dinosaurs.
6. The Rise of Mammals: From Small to Dominant: Tracing the evolutionary journey of mammals.
7. Human Evolution: A Detailed Account: A comprehensive look at the evolutionary history of humans.
8. Mass Extinction Events: Causes and Consequences: An in-depth analysis of various mass extinctions throughout Earth's history.
9. The Sixth Mass Extinction: Human Impact on Biodiversity: Examining the current extinction crisis and its causes.
| a very short history of life on earth: A (Very) Short History of Life On Earth Henry Gee, 2021-09-16 Shortlisted for the 2022 Royal Society Science Book Prize 'Exhilaratingly whizzes through billions of years . . . Gee is a marvellously engaging writer, juggling humour, precision, polemic and poetry to enrich his impossibly telescoped account . . . [making] clear sense out of very complex narratives' - The Times 'Henry Gee makes the kaleidoscopically changing canvas of life understandable and exciting. Who will enjoy reading this book? - Everybody!' Jared Diamond, author of Guns, Germs, and Steel For billions of years, Earth was an inhospitably alien place – covered with churning seas, slowly crafting its landscape by way of incessant volcanic eruptions, the atmosphere in a constant state of chemical flux. And yet, despite facing literally every conceivable setback that living organisms could encounter, life has been extinguished and picked itself up to evolve again. Life has learned and adapted and continued through the billions of years that followed. It has weathered fire and ice. Slimes begat sponges, who through billions of years of complex evolution and adaptation grew a backbone, braved the unknown of pitiless shores, and sought an existence beyond the sea. From that first foray to the spread of early hominids who later became Homo sapiens, life has persisted, undaunted. A (Very) Short History of Life is an enlightening story of survival, of persistence, illuminating the delicate balance within which life has always existed, and continues to exist today. It is our planet like you’ve never seen it before. Life teems through Henry Gee’s lyrical prose – colossal supercontinents drift, collide, and coalesce, fashioning the face of the planet as we know it today. Creatures are engagingly personified, from ‘gregarious’ bacteria populating the seas to duelling dinosaurs in the Triassic period to magnificent mammals with the future in their (newly evolved) grasp. Those long extinct, almost alien early life forms are resurrected in evocative detail. Life’s evolutionary steps – from the development of a digestive system to the awe of creatures taking to the skies in flight – are conveyed with an alluring, up-close intimacy. |
| a very short history of life on earth: Compact Time John C. Walton, 2021-02-28 Compact Time builds a scientific case that the Earth, with all its living creatures, is actually thousands of years old, not the millions so widely accepted. This unconventional book takes readers on a journey of discovery into the realm of time – re-examining the very history of the Earth. It highlights the fallacies of methods currently applied to timing Earth history and then draws attention to the radiocarbon dating technique. Radiocarbon decays away in only thousands of years and undecayed, radiocarbon permeates the whole geologic column; it’s even in fossil dinosaur bones. This implies a compact timescale of only thousands of years for the whole span of life on Earth. Historical, geological and paleontological lines of evidence supporting this new theory are examined. The implications for understanding human history and the religious significance are assessed within Compact Time. |
| a very short history of life on earth: The History of Life: A Very Short Introduction Michael J. Benton, 2008-11-27 This Very Short Introduction presents a succinct and accessible guide to the key episodes in the story of life on earth - from the very origins of life four million years ago to the extraordinary diversity of species around the globe today. |
| a very short history of life on earth: Life Richard Fortey, 1999-09-07 From its beginnings on the still-forming planet to the recent emergence of Homo sapiens, one of the world's leading paleontologists narrates how and why life on Earth developed as it did. 110 illustrations. |
| a very short history of life on earth: A Short History of the World H.G. Wells, 2015-03-06 From his perspective in 1922, H.G. Wells wrote a Short History of the World. This straightforward look at the world's timeline, from the first appearance of humans to the reconstruction after World War I is an engaging and concise adventure story that also happens to be true. Xist Publishing is a digital-first publisher. Xist Publishing creates books for the touchscreen generation and is dedicated to helping everyone develop a lifetime love of reading, no matter what form it takes. |
| a very short history of life on earth: What on Earth Happened? Christopher Lloyd, 2012 In What on Earth Happened?, Christopher Lloyd tells our story from the very beginning of time to the present day, taking giant narrative leaps across millennia and continents. Along the way, he explains exactly how Muslim conquest gave Spain its paella, how the Earth's collision with another young planet created the moon, how dragonflies the size of seagulls emerged out of the prehistoric waters, and how the Big Bang can be detected in your television. Accessible and endlessly entertaining, this massive book draws on disciplines as wide-ranging as astrophysics and anthropology and will appeal to experts, amateur enthusiasts and the simply curious alike. Completed by 250 colourful photographs, maps, historic paintings, engravings and specially commissioned illustrations, What on Earth Happened? takes an entertaining and informed sideways look at the last 13.7 billion years in the life of our universe. |
| a very short history of life on earth: Life on a Young Planet Andrew H. Knoll, 2003 Knoll explores the deep history of life from its origins on a young planet to the incredible Cambrian explosion, with the very latest discoveries in paleontology integrated with emerging insights from molecular biology and earth system science. 100 illustrations. |
| a very short history of life on earth: Shaking the Tree Henry Gee, 2000-05 Nature has published news about the history of life ever since its first issue in 1869, in which T. H. Huxley (Darwin's bulldog) wrote about Triassic dinosaurs. In recent years, the field has enjoyed a tremendous flowering due to new investigative techniques drawn from cladistics (a revolutionary method for charting evolutionary relationships) and molecular biology. Shaking the Tree brings together nineteen review articles written for Nature over the past decade by many of the major figures in paleontology and evolution, from Stephen Jay Gould to Simon Conway Morris. Each article is brief, accessible, and opinionated, providing shoot from the hip accounts of the latest news and debates. Topics covered include major extinction events, homeotic genes and body plans, the origin and evolution of the primates, and reconstructions of phylogenetic trees for a wide variety of groups. The editor, Henry Gee, gives new commentary and updated references. Shaking the Tree is a one-stop resource for engaging overviews of the latest research in the history of life on Earth. |
| a very short history of life on earth: A Brief History of Earth Andrew H. Knoll, 2021-04-27 Harvard’s acclaimed geologist “charts Earth’s history in accessible style” (AP) “A sublime chronicle of our planet. –Booklist, STARRED review How well do you know the ground beneath your feet? Odds are, where you’re standing was once cooking under a roiling sea of lava, crushed by a towering sheet of ice, rocked by a nearby meteor strike, or perhaps choked by poison gases, drowned beneath ocean, perched atop a mountain range, or roamed by fearsome monsters. Probably most or even all of the above. The story of our home planet and the organisms spread across its surface is far more spectacular than any Hollywood blockbuster, filled with enough plot twists to rival a bestselling thriller. But only recently have we begun to piece together the whole mystery into a coherent narrative. Drawing on his decades of field research and up-to-the-minute understanding of the latest science, renowned geologist Andrew H. Knoll delivers a rigorous yet accessible biography of Earth, charting our home planet's epic 4.6 billion-year story. Placing twenty first-century climate change in deep context, A Brief History of Earth is an indispensable look at where we’ve been and where we’re going. Features original illustrations depicting Earth history and nearly 50 figures (maps, tables, photographs, graphs). |
| a very short history of life on earth: Deep Time Henry Gee, 2008-06 This work introduces a revolution in how we look at the history of life, and humanity's place within it. Cladistics overturns the traditional linear theories of evolution and shows the possibility of creatures far wilder than human imagination. |
| a very short history of life on earth: The Accidental Species Henry Gee, 2013-10-15 “With a delightfully irascible sense of humor, Henry Gee reflects on our origin . . . an excellent primer on how—and how not—to think about human evolution.” —Carl Zimmer, author of Parasite Rex The idea of a missing link between humanity and our animal ancestors predates evolution and popular science and actually has religious roots in the deist concept of the Great Chain of Being. Yet, the metaphor has lodged itself in the contemporary imagination, and new fossil discoveries are often hailed in headlines as revealing the elusive transitional step, the moment when we stopped being “animal” and started being “human.” In The Accidental Species, Henry Gee, longtime paleontology editor at Nature, takes aim at this misleading notion, arguing that it reflects a profound misunderstanding of how evolution works and, when applied to the evolution of our own species, supports mistaken ideas about our own place in the universe. Gee presents a robust and stark challenge to our tendency to see ourselves as the acme of creation. Far from being a quirk of religious fundamentalism, human exceptionalism, Gee argues, is an error that also infects scientific thought. Touring the many features of human beings that have recurrently been used to distinguish us from the rest of the animal world, Gee shows that our evolutionary outcome is one possibility among many, one that owes more to chance than to an organized progression to supremacy. He starts with bipedality, which he shows could have arisen entirely by accident, as a by-product of sexual selection, then moves on to technology, large brain size, intelligence, language, and, finally, sentience. He reveals each of these attributes to be alive and well throughout the animal world—they are not, indeed, unique to our species. The Accidental Species combines Gee’s expertise and experience with healthy skepticism and humor to create a book that aims to overturn popular thinking on human evolution. The key is not what’s missing—but how we’re linked. |
| a very short history of life on earth: A Short History of the Future W. Warren Wagar, 1999-08 Narrated by a far-future historian, Peter Jensen leaves an account of the world from the 1990s to the opening of the 23rd century as a gift to his granddaughter. A combination of fiction and scholarship, this third edition of Wagar's speculative history of the future alternates between descriptions of world events and intimate glimpses of this historian's family into the first centuries of the new millennium. |
| a very short history of life on earth: A Brief History of Life on Earth Clémence Dupont, 2018-11 The story of life on earth unfolds in dramatic fashion in this amazing concertina picture book that takes readers from 4.6 billion years ago to the present day. Fully expanded to 8 meters (26 feet), this spectacular visual timeline is a very impressive panorama that reveals evolution in all its glory. Full color. |
| a very short history of life on earth: Life in Ireland Conor W. O'Brien, 2021-04-22 This is the story of life in Ireland – a story half a billion years in the making. With its castles, crannogs and passage tombs, Ireland is a land where history looms large, but the saga of life on this island dates back millions of years before the first people set foot here. In Life in Ireland, Conor O’Brien guides the reader on a journey around the island to explore the history of natural life here, from the Jurassic Coast of Antrim to the great Ice Age bone-beds of Cork. Along the way, we’ll meet some of the astonishing creatures to have called Ireland home through the ages: shelled monsters; huge marine lizards; armoured dinosaurs; giant deer; mighty mammoths. Vital strands in the story of life on Earth have left their mark here, including some of the first creatures to crawl onto land or take to the wing. This epic journey will take us from the first fossils to the present day, to see how our wildlife has adapted to the human age and explore what the future might hold for life in Ireland. |
| a very short history of life on earth: The Search for Life's Origins National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Space Studies Board, Committee on Planetary Biology and Chemical Evolution, 1990-02-01 The field of planetary biology and chemical evolution draws together experts in astronomy, paleobiology, biochemistry, and space science who work together to understand the evolution of living systems. This field has made exciting discoveries that shed light on how organic compounds came together to form self-replicating molecules-the origin of life. This volume updates that progress and offers recommendations on research programs-including an ambitious effort centered on Mars-to advance the field over the next 10 to 15 years. The book presents a wide range of data and research results on these and other issues: The biogenic elements and their interaction in the interstellar clouds and in solar nebulae. Early planetary environments and the conditions that lead to the origin of life. The evolution of cellular and multicellular life. The search for life outside the solar system. This volume will become required reading for anyone involved in the search for life's beginnings-including exobiologists, geoscientists, planetary scientists, and U.S. space and science policymakers. |
| a very short history of life on earth: A Little History of the World E. H. Gombrich, 2014-10-01 E. H. Gombrich's Little History of the World, though written in 1935, has become one of the treasures of historical writing since its first publication in English in 2005. The Yale edition alone has now sold over half a million copies, and the book is available worldwide in almost thirty languages. Gombrich was of course the best-known art historian of his time, and his text suggests illustrations on every page. This illustrated edition of the Little History brings together the pellucid humanity of his narrative with the images that may well have been in his mind's eye as he wrote the book. The two hundred illustrations—most of them in full color—are not simple embellishments, though they are beautiful. They emerge from the text, enrich the author's intention, and deepen the pleasure of reading this remarkable work. For this edition the text is reset in a spacious format, flowing around illustrations that range from paintings to line drawings, emblems, motifs, and symbols. The book incorporates freshly drawn maps, a revised preface, and a new index. Blending high-grade design, fine paper, and classic binding, this is both a sumptuous gift book and an enhanced edition of a timeless account of human history. |
| a very short history of life on earth: A Short History of the World According to Sheep Sally Coulthard, 2020-08-06 'This book deserves a place in your bookcase next to Harari's Sapiens. It's every bit as fascinating and is surely destined to be just as successful' Julian Norton From the plains of ancient Mesopotamia to the vast sheep farms of modern-day Australia, sheep have been central to the human story. Since our our Neolithic ancestors' first forays into sheep-rearing nearly 11,000 years ago, these remarkable animals have fed us, clothed us, changed our diet and language and financed the conquest of large swathes of the earth. Sally Coulthard weaves this fascinating story into a vivid and colourful tapestry of engaging anecdotes and extraordinary ovine facts, whose multiple strands celebrate just how pivotal these woolly animals are to almost every aspect of human society and culture. This title was published also in the United States under the title Follow the Flock. 'A snappy, stimulating book, and certainly not just for shepherds' Mail on Sunday 'Full of fascinating social history' Independent 'You won't look at a sheep in the same way again' Country Living |
| a very short history of life on earth: Earth Before the Dinosaurs Sébastien Steyer, 2012-06 Explores the Earth prior to dinosaurs and examines the creatures that lived here. |
| a very short history of life on earth: A Short History of the World Geoffrey Blainey, 2003-03-08 A superb history of the world's people during the last four million years, beginning before the human race moved out of Africa to explore and settle the other continents. Mr. Blainey explores the development of technology and skills, the rise of major religions, and the role of geography, considering both the larger patterns and the individual nature of history. A delightful read, gracefully written, and full of odd and interesting pieces of information as well as thoughtful comparisons that span both time and space. —William L. O'Neill |
| a very short history of life on earth: History: A Very Short Introduction John H. Arnold, 2000-02-24 There are many stories we can tell about the past, and we are not, perhaps, as free as we might imagine in our choice of which stories to tell, or where those stories end. John Arnold's Very Short Introduction is a stimulating essay about how we study and understand history. The book begins by inviting us to think about various questions provoked by our investigation of history, and explores the ways these questions have been answered in the past. Concepts such as causation, interpretation, and periodization, are introduced by means of concrete examples of how historians work, giving the reader a sense of the excitement of discovering not only the past, but also ourselves. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable. |
| a very short history of life on earth: A Really Short History of Nearly Everything Bill Bryson, 2020-10-29 The extraordinary Bill Bryson takes us from the Big Bang to the dawn of science in this book about basically everything. Ever wondered how we got from nothing to something? Or thought about how we can weigh the earth? Or wanted to reach the edge of the universe? Uncover the mysteries of time, space and life on earth in this extraordinary book - a journey from the centre of the planet to the dawn of the dinosaurs, and everything in between. And discover our own incredible journey, from single cell to civilisation, including the brilliant (and sometimes very bizarre) scientists who helped us find out the how and why. Adapted from A Short History of Nearly Everything, the ground-breaking bestseller, this book is stunningly illustrated throughout, and accessible for all ages ************************************************************************ Reviews for A Short History of Nearly Everything: 'It's the sort of book I would have devoured as a teenager. It might well turn unsuspecting young readers into scientists.' Evening Standard 'I doubt that a better book for the layman about the findings of modern science has been written' Sunday Telegraph 'A thoroughly enjoyable, as well as educational, experience. Nobody who reads it will ever look at the world around them in the same way again' Daily Express 'The very book I have been looking for most of my life' Daily Mail |
| a very short history of life on earth: Siege of Stars: Book One of the Sigil Trilogy Henry Gee, 2012-08-01 The Universe is dying from within. No one knows how to save it, so the Elders give a young Drover a last ditch chance to stop the rot. If only she knew where to begin. Unaware of the threat to the universe, Ruxhana Fengen Kraa, Admiral of the 17th Rigel Fleet, is about to be cashiered for a stupendous tactical error. But Special Ops has an important and most bizarre job for him. Eons away in time, Jack Corstophine is an archaeologist on Earth with an intuition about the land that he can't put into words--until the beautiful and brilliant Jadis Markham comes into his life. Together, they discover that the landscape of Europe is far from natural. The Earth bears the scars of an ancient civilization that goes back millions of years--and has terrible implications for the future of mankind.--Cover, p.4. |
| a very short history of life on earth: A Short History Of Progress Ronald Wright, 2010-08-31 Have we learnt the lessons of the past - or will we be next? Many of the great ruins that grace the deserts and jungles of the earth are monuments to civlisations which fell victim to their own success: from Easter Island's monolithic wilderness to the perpetual silence of the Mayan ruins and ultimately to today's melting ice caps and growing ozone hole, the cycle has continually repeated itself across the years. |
| a very short history of life on earth: Sapiens Yuval Noah Harari, 2014-09-04 'Interesting and provocative... It gives you a sense of how briefly we've been on this Earth' Barack Obama What makes us brilliant? What makes us deadly? What makes us Sapiens? One of the world's preeminent historians and thinkers, Yuval Noah Harari challenges everything we know about being human. Earth is 4.5 billion years old. In just a fraction of that time, one species among countless others has conquered it: us. In this bold and provocative book, Yuval Noah Harari explores who we are, how we got here and where we're going. **ONE OF THE GUARDIAN'S 100 BEST BOOKS OF THE 21st CENTURY** PRAISE FOR SAPIENS: 'Jaw-dropping from the first word to the last... It may be the best book I've ever read' Chris Evans 'Startling... It changes the way you look at the world' Simon Mayo 'I would recommend Sapiens to anyone who's interested in the history and future of our species' Bill Gates |
| a very short history of life on earth: The Cambrian Period Charles River, 2020-10-16 *Includes pictures *Includes a bibliography for further reading The early history of Earth covers such vast stretches of time that years, centuries, and even millennia become virtually meaningless. Instead, paleontologists and scientists who study geochronology divide time into periods and eras. The current view of science is that Earth is around 4.6 billion years old, and the first 4 billion years of its development are known as the Precambrian period. For the first billion years or so, there was no life in Earth. Then the first single-celled life-forms, early bacteria and algae, began to emerge. It's unclear where they came from or even if they originated on this planet at all, but this gradual development continued until around four billion years ago when suddenly (in geological terms) more complex forms of life began to emerge. Scientists call this time of an explosion of new forms of life the Paleozoic Era, and it stretched from around 541-250 million years ago (Mya). In the oceans and then on land, new creatures and plants began to appear in bewildering variety, and by the end of this period, life on Earth had diversified into a myriad of complex forms that filled virtually every habitat and niche available in the seas and on the planet's only continent, Pangea. Despite all of the scientific advances made in the past few centuries, including an enhanced understanding of Earth's geological past, very little is known about the planet's early history. It is generally accepted that the planet formed somewhere in the region of 4.5 billion years ago, and at some point, the first life appeared in the form of tiny, single-celled creatures, but scientists are unsure of what this life looked like. One of the problems for those seeking to trace the history of life on Earth is that modern scholars are almost entirely dependent on fossil records, but the earliest types of life left few fossils. The best fossils are formed from the bones and hard body parts of dead creatures, but the earliest types of life were so small that they had no bones or cartilage and thus left no fossils. Thus, even though the Precambrian Period (4,600-541 millions of years ago (Mya)) covers over 80% of the entire history of the planet, scientists have very little idea of what forms of life existed then. Then, as Earth entered the Cambrian Period, there was a relatively sudden increase in life form diversity throughout the oceans. Completely new forms of life, more complex and more diverse than anything that had been seen before, began to spread. This acceleration in the evolution of new forms of life was so dramatic that this has come to be known as the Cambrian explosion. Although new species in the Cambrian explosion developed almost entirely in the oceans, the land was not entirely devoid of life. Though there were no plants or animals, mats of cyanobacteria and other types of microbes covered large terrestrial areas. Scientists have discovered the tracks of a creature that were left in mud that existed 551 Mya, and those tracks were left by leg-like appendages. Was this a fish-like creature that temporarily invaded the land, or was it something completely different than anything that exists today? There is no general consensus, but the Cambrian Period left a rich fossil record that provides a clear idea of the development of life during this time. At the same time, new discoveries are continually being made, and the more scientists discover about this mysterious period, the more their understanding of ancient Earth changes. The Cambrian Period: The History and Legacy of the Start of Complex Life on Earth looks at the development of the era, the extinction event that preceded it, and how life began to evolve during it. Along with pictures depicting important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Cambrian Period like never before. |
| a very short history of life on earth: A Brief History of Creation: Science and the Search for the Origin of Life Bill Mesler, H. James Cleaves II, 2015-12-07 The epic story of the scientists through the ages who have sought answers to life’s biggest mystery: How did it begin? In this essential and illuminating history of Western science, Bill Mesler and H. James Cleaves II seek to answer the most crucial question in science: How did life begin? They trace the trials and triumphs of the iconoclastic scientists who have sought to solve the mystery, from Darwin’s theory of evolution to Crick and Watson’s unveiling of DNA. This fascinating exploration not only examines the origin-of-life question, but also interrogates the very nature of scientific discovery and objectivity. |
| a very short history of life on earth: Evolution Stephen Baxter, 2010-05-27 From their beginnings foraging at the feet of the dinosaurs, through the apocalypse of an asteroid strike, through countless years of the day to day life and death dramas of survival of the fittest, to the rise and fall of mankind and the final destruction of earth by the expanding sun, the primates have survived. This is their story. EVOLUTION follows the ebb and flow of the fortunes of one group of creatures as they change and adapt to their world somewhere on the horn of Africa. It turns the story of Darwinian evolution into a constant drama, a daily life and death struggle, a heroic story of life¿s endurance. It is a story that transcends generations, species, mankind and, in the end, the Earth itself. In the tradition of Olaf Stapledon and HG Wells. |
| a very short history of life on earth: Paleontology Ian Tattersall, 2011-07-01 Endlessly absorbing and informative. It would be hard to imagine a better introduction to this most important and fascinating field.”—Bill Bryson, author of A Short History of Nearly Everything Paleontology: A Brief History of Life is the fifth title published in the Templeton Science and Religion Series, in which scientists from a wide range of fields distill their experience and knowledge into brief tours of their respective specialties. In this volume, Ian Tattersall, a highly esteemed figure in the fields of anthropology, archaeology, and paleontology, leads a fascinating tour of the history of life and the evolution of human beings. Starting at the very beginning, Tattersall examines patterns of change in the biosphere over time, and the correlations of biological events with physical changes in the Earth’s environment. He introduces the complex of evolutionary processes, situates human beings in the luxuriant diversity of Life (demonstrating that however remarkable we may legitimately find ourselves to be, we are the product of the same basic forces and processes that have driven the evolutionary histories of all other creatures), and he places the origin of our extraordinary spiritual sensibilities in the context of the exaptational and emergent acquisition of symbolic cognition and thought. Concise and yet comprehensive, historically penetrating and yet up-to-date, responsibly factual and yet engaging, Paleontology serves as the perfect entrée to science's greatest story. |
| a very short history of life on earth: A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived Adam Rutherford, 2016-09-08 'A brilliant, authoritative, surprising, captivating introduction to human genetics. You'll be spellbound' Brian Cox This is a story about you. It is the history of who you are and how you came to be. It is unique to you, as it is to each of the 100 billion modern humans who have ever drawn breath. But it is also our collective story, because in every one of our genomes we each carry the history of our species - births, deaths, disease, war, famine, migration and a lot of sex. In this captivating journey through the expanding landscape of genetics, Adam Rutherford reveals what our genes now tell us about human history, and what history can now tell us about our genes. From Neanderthals to murder, from redheads to race, dead kings to plague, evolution to epigenetics, this is a demystifying and illuminating new portrait of who we are and how we came to be. *** 'A thoroughly entertaining history of Homo sapiens and its DNA in a manner that displays popular science writing at its best' Observer 'Magisterial, informative and delightful' Peter Frankopan 'An extraordinary adventure...From the Neanderthals to the Vikings, from the Queen of Sheba to Richard III, Rutherford goes in search of our ancestors, tracing the genetic clues deep into the past' Alice Roberts |
| a very short history of life on earth: The Story of Earth Robert M. Hazen, 2013-07-30 Hailed by The New York Times for writing “with wonderful clarity about science . . . that effortlessly teaches as it zips along,” nationally bestselling author Robert M. Hazen offers a radical new approach to Earth history in this intertwined tale of the planet’s living and nonliving spheres. With an astrobiologist’s imagination, a historian’s perspective, and a naturalist’s eye, Hazen calls upon twenty-first-century discoveries that have revolutionized geology and enabled scientists to envision Earth’s many iterations in vivid detail—from the mile-high lava tides of its infancy to the early organisms responsible for more than two-thirds of the mineral varieties beneath our feet. Lucid, controversial, and on the cutting edge of its field, The Story of Earth is popular science of the highest order. A sweeping rip-roaring yarn of immense scope, from the birth of the elements in the stars to meditations on the future habitability of our world. -Science A fascinating story. -Bill McKibben |
| a very short history of life on earth: Futures from Nature Henry Gee, 2008-10-28 Are aliens really not interested in us at all? Is there a significant health benefit from drinking your own urine? Is loading your personality into a computer the best way to survive the death of the body? Is the death of the body really necessary? Here are a very large number of very small fictions on the subject of the future and what it might be like. The authors include scientists, journalists, and many of the most famous SF writers in the world. Futures from Nature includes everything from satires and vignettes to compressed stories and fictional book reviews, science articles, and journalism, in eight-hundred-word modules. All of them are entertaining and as a group they are a startling repository of ideas and attitudes about the future. These pieces were originally published in the great science journal Nature between 1999 and 2006, as one-page features that proved very popular with readers. This is a unique book, of interest to any reader who might like to speculate about the future. |
| a very short history of life on earth: The Science of Middle-Earth Henry Gee, 2004-11-02 Henry Gee, Senior editor for what many have called the most important magazine in science today - Nature - has written a spellbinding, fun, and accessible book explaining the scientific basis for how all that wizardy, sorcery, and magic really works in JRR Tolkien's fantasy epic, The Lord of the Rings and his other fictional books featuring Middle-earth. The author explores just how elves might be able to see much further than humans, why Frodo's sword turns blue at the sight of evil orcs, how the rings of power do their thing, and just about every other conundrum or piece of 'elvish magic' that have puzzled and delighted Tolkien fans for years. Throughout, Gee makes the point that science, fantasy , and nature are really more similar than one might think. Gee writes in a popular tone and style, fully explaining all science concepts and convincingly demonstrating how Tolkien's world of fantasy makes sense in a very real - scientific - way. |
| a very short history of life on earth: A Life on Our Planet David Attenborough, 2020-10-01 With a new afterword, Why You Are Here: A speech on the opening of the COP26 climate summit As a young man, I felt I was out there in the wild, experiencing the untouched natural world - but it was an illusion. The tragedy of our time has been happening all around us, barely noticeable from day to day - the loss of our planet's wild places, its biodiversity. I have been witness to this decline. A Life on Our Planet contains my witness statement, and my vision for the future - the story of how we came to make this, our greatest mistake, and how, if we act now, we can yet put it right. We have the opportunity to create the perfect home for ourselves and restore the wonderful world we inherited. All we need is the will do so. |
| a very short history of life on earth: Beasts Before Us Elsa Panciroli, 2021-06-10 For most of us, the story of mammal evolution starts after the asteroid impact that killed the dinosaurs, but over the last 20 years scientists have uncovered new fossils and used new technologies that have upended this story. In Beasts Before Us, palaeontologist Elsa Panciroli charts the emergence of the mammal lineage, Synapsida, beginning at their murky split from the reptiles in the Carboniferous period, over three-hundred million years ago. They made the world theirs long before the rise of dinosaurs. Travelling forward into the Permian and then Triassic periods, we learn how our ancient mammal ancestors evolved from large hairy beasts with accelerating metabolisms to exploit miniaturisation, which was key to unlocking the traits that define mammals as we now know them. Elsa criss-crosses the globe to explore the sites where discoveries are being made and meet the people who make them. In Scotland, she traverses the desert dunes of prehistoric Moray, where quarry workers unearthed the footprints of Permian creatures from before the time of dinosaurs. In South Africa, she introduces us to animals, once called 'mammal-like reptiles', that gave scientists the first hints that our furry kin evolved from a lineage of egg-laying burrowers. In China, new, complete fossilised skeletons reveal mammals that were gliders, shovel-pawed Jurassic moles, and flat-tailed swimmers. This book radically reframes the narrative of our mammalian ancestors and provides a counterpoint to the stereotypes of mighty dinosaur overlords and cowering little mammals. It turns out the earliest mammals weren't just precursors, they were pioneers. |
| a very short history of life on earth: Half-Earth: Our Planet's Fight for Life Edward O. Wilson, 2016-03-07 An audacious and concrete proposal…Half-Earth completes the 86-year-old Wilson’s valedictory trilogy on the human animal and our place on the planet. —Jedediah Purdy, New Republic In his most urgent book to date, Pulitzer Prize–winning author and world-renowned biologist Edward O. Wilson states that in order to stave off the mass extinction of species, including our own, we must move swiftly to preserve the biodiversity of our planet. In this visionary blueprint for saving the planet (Stephen Greenblatt), Half-Earth argues that the situation facing us is too large to be solved piecemeal and proposes a solution commensurate with the magnitude of the problem: dedicate fully half the surface of the Earth to nature. Identifying actual regions of the planet that can still be reclaimed—such as the California redwood forest, the Amazon River basin, and grasslands of the Serengeti, among others—Wilson puts aside the prevailing pessimism of our times and speaks with a humane eloquence which calls to us all (Oliver Sacks). |
| a very short history of life on earth: A New History of Life Peter Ward, Joe Kirschvink, 2015-04-14 An estimated 4.6 billion years ago, the Earth and Moon were formed in a violent impact. On this, many agree, and even more that a long time after that, life began. However, few know that the first life on the Earth may not have emerged on this planet, but could, in fact, have begun on Mars, brought here by meteorites. In this revolutionary book, leading scientists Peter Ward and Joe Kirschvink rewrite the principal account of the history of life on Earth. They show not only how the rise of animals was delayed for billions of years, but also what it was that first forced fish out of the sea and onto the land. Together, the two scientists explain how developments in the environment led to multiple Ice Ages before the emergence of dinosaurs and other giant animals, and what the true cause of these great beasts' eventual extinction was. Finally, charting the course of our own evolution, they explore whether this generation will see the end of the human species. A New History of Life proves not only that much of what we think we know should be unlearned, but also that the true history of life on Earth is much more surprising and wonderful than we could ever have imagined. |
| a very short history of life on earth: Cosmos, Earth, and Man Preston Cloud, 1980-01-01 A biogeologist traces the evolution of the universe ranging from a description of the nature of atoms to the behavior of galaxies and follows the development of life on Earth |
| a very short history of life on earth: Carboniferous Giants and Mass Extinction George R. McGhee Jr., 2018-08-07 Picture a world of dog-sized scorpions and millipedes as long as a car; tropical rainforests with trees towering over 150 feet into the sky and a giant polar continent five times larger than Antarctica. That world was not imaginary; it was the earth more than 300 million years ago in the Carboniferous period of the Paleozoic era. In Carboniferous Giants and Mass Extinction, George R. McGhee Jr. explores that ancient world, explaining its origins; its downfall in the end-Permian mass extinction, the greatest biodiversity crisis to occur since the evolution of animal life on Earth; and how its legacies still affect us today. McGhee investigates the consequences of the Late Paleozoic ice age in this comprehensive portrait of the effects of ancient climate change on global ecology. Carboniferous Giants and Mass Extinction examines the climatic conditions that allowed for the evolution of gigantic animals and the formation of the largest tropical rainforests ever to exist, which in time turned into the coal that made the industrial revolution possible—and fuels the engine of contemporary anthropogenic climate change. Exploring the strange and fascinating flora and fauna of the Late Paleozoic ice age world, McGhee focuses his analysis on the forces that brought this world to an abrupt and violent end. Synthesizing decades of research and new discoveries, this comprehensive book provides a wealth of insights into past and present extinction events and climate change. |
| a very short history of life on earth: Encyclopaedia Britannica Hugh Chisholm, 1910 This eleventh edition was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time and it is considered to be a landmark encyclopaedia for scholarship and literary style. |
| a very short history of life on earth: Living Earth R.E. Nisbet, 1991-08-31 Life has shaped the Earth, and the Earth has moulded the history of life. That history, the co-evolution of our ancestors and their horne, has much to teach us about our place on the planet today. We are part of the fabric of the biosphere. As we change that fabric we would be wise to understand how our horne was built. Our planet is neither a hotel nor a colony. It is not a place which life briefly inhabits during a transient occupation. Instead, it is our horne, designed by the deeds of our ancestors and suited to our own needs. The history of life on Earth is held in the geological record, which is composed of the rocks, water and air that are available for study on the planet's surface. These rocks, the oceans and the atmosphere are not simply stores of information for the excitement of fossil hunters and geochemists, or resources to exploit without thought. Their cre ation and continued existence form an integral part of the development and management of the Earth as the horne of life. |
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