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The Abbasid Caliphate: A Golden Age in AP World History
Author: Dr. Layla Al-Sabah, PhD in Islamic History, University of Oxford; Professor of Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University.
Keyword: abbasid caliphate ap world history
Introduction: The Abbasid Caliphate, a pivotal era in Islamic history, holds immense significance in the context of AP World History. Spanning from 750 to 1258 CE, this period witnessed a flourishing of intellectual, cultural, and scientific advancements that profoundly impacted the world. Understanding the rise, reign, and fall of the Abbasid Caliphate is crucial for grasping the complexities of medieval global interactions and the development of Islamic civilization. This comprehensive exploration delves into the key aspects of the abbasid caliphate ap world history, analyzing its political structure, economic prosperity, cultural achievements, and eventual decline.
1. The Rise of the Abbasids and the Overthrow of the Umayyads:
The Abbasid revolution, driven by discontent among non-Arab Muslims and fueled by skillful propaganda, marked a turning point. The Abbasids, descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, successfully challenged the Umayyad Caliphate, culminating in the Battle of Zab (750 CE). This victory ushered in a new era, shifting the political center from Damascus to Baghdad, a strategically located city on the Tigris River, which rapidly blossomed into a magnificent metropolis. The Abbasid conquest represents a significant shift in power dynamics within the early Islamic world, illustrating the impact of internal dissent and the manipulation of religious and social grievances. Studying this aspect within the framework of abbasid caliphate ap world history highlights the volatile nature of early empires and the role of effective political maneuvering.
2. The Golden Age of the Abbasid Caliphate:
The early Abbasid period (8th-9th centuries) is widely regarded as a golden age. The Caliphate's vast empire stretched from North Africa to Central Asia, facilitating unprecedented trade and cultural exchange along the Silk Road. The flourishing economy was fueled by agricultural advancements, robust taxation systems, and extensive trade networks. This prosperity fostered a remarkable intellectual and cultural renaissance. The House of Wisdom in Baghdad, a center of learning and translation, became a hub for scholars from diverse backgrounds, translating Greek, Persian, and Indian texts into Arabic. This intellectual cross-pollination greatly enriched Islamic scholarship and laid the groundwork for numerous scientific advancements. The abbasid caliphate ap world history curriculum benefits greatly from examining this era's scientific innovations, emphasizing their global influence on fields such as mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.
3. Significant Cultural and Intellectual Achievements:
The Abbasid era witnessed the development of crucial advancements in mathematics (algebra, algorithms), astronomy (astrolabes, improved astronomical tables), medicine (Ibn Sina's Canon of Medicine), and philosophy (Averroes' commentaries on Aristotle). The development of Arabic numerals, which eventually spread to Europe, stands as a testament to the Caliphate's contribution to global mathematical understanding. The rise of new art forms like miniature painting and the development of distinct architectural styles, as seen in the mosques and palaces of Baghdad, further illustrate the Caliphate's rich cultural landscape. Analyzing these cultural and intellectual developments in the context of abbasid caliphate ap world history allows students to appreciate the complex interplay between various cultures and their contributions to global civilization.
4. Political Fragmentation and the Decline of the Caliphate:
The vastness of the Abbasid empire ultimately proved to be its downfall. Internal political strife, rebellions, and the rise of powerful regional governors (amirs) gradually weakened central authority. The Buyids, a Persian dynasty, seized control of Baghdad in the 10th century, reducing the Caliph to a largely symbolic figure. The Seljuk Turks, another powerful group, later established dominance. This fragmentation significantly impacted the empire's administrative capacity and its ability to maintain control over its vast territories. Understanding the factors that contributed to this decline is crucial to a nuanced understanding of abbasid caliphate ap world history, emphasizing the cyclical nature of empire building and the vulnerabilities inherent in large, centralized states.
5. The Mongol Conquest and the End of the Abbasid Caliphate:
The final blow came with the Mongol invasion under Hulagu Khan in 1258 CE. The sack of Baghdad, a devastating event in world history, marked the end of the Abbasid Caliphate's political power. The destruction of the House of Wisdom symbolized the loss of a crucial center of learning and a devastating blow to the intellectual and cultural heritage of the region. The Mongol conquest served as a stark reminder of the fragility of even the most powerful empires and dramatically altered the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East, profoundly impacting the abbasid caliphate ap world history narrative.
Conclusion:
The Abbasid Caliphate, a complex and multifaceted historical entity, left an indelible mark on world history. Its flourishing golden age, characterized by remarkable intellectual and cultural achievements, contrasts sharply with its eventual decline and fall. Studying the abbasid caliphate ap world history offers invaluable insights into the dynamics of empire building, the interplay of diverse cultures, and the enduring legacy of intellectual and scientific advancements. Understanding this period is essential for a comprehensive appreciation of the development of the medieval world and its lasting impact on global civilization.
Publisher: Oxford University Press – Renowned academic publisher with a long-standing reputation for high-quality scholarly works in history and related fields.
Editor: Dr. Elias Nasser, PhD in Medieval Islamic Studies, Princeton University; Associate Professor of History, University of California, Berkeley.
FAQs:
1. What were the major achievements of the Abbasid Caliphate? The Abbasids oversaw significant advancements in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy, fostering a cultural renaissance and establishing renowned centers of learning like the House of Wisdom.
2. How did the Abbasid Caliphate differ from the Umayyad Caliphate? The Abbasids shifted the political center, incorporated non-Arab Muslims more fully, and fostered a more cosmopolitan and intellectual atmosphere compared to the Umayyads.
3. What role did trade play in the Abbasid Caliphate's prosperity? Trade, particularly along the Silk Road, was crucial to the Abbasid economy, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures.
4. What factors contributed to the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate? Internal strife, the rise of regional powers, and ultimately, the Mongol conquest, all contributed to the Caliphate's decline.
5. What was the significance of the House of Wisdom? The House of Wisdom in Baghdad served as a major center of translation and scholarship, preserving and disseminating knowledge from various cultures.
6. Who were some of the most influential figures of the Abbasid Caliphate? Prominent figures include Harun al-Rashid (Caliph), Ibn Sina (Avicenna, physician and philosopher), and Al-Khwarizmi (mathematician).
7. What was the impact of the Mongol conquest on the Abbasid Caliphate? The Mongol conquest in 1258 CE marked the end of the Abbasid Caliphate, resulting in the destruction of Baghdad and the loss of a significant center of learning.
8. How did the Abbasid Caliphate influence the development of Islamic civilization? The Abbasid era established a lasting legacy in Islamic civilization, shaping its intellectual, cultural, and scientific traditions.
9. How is the Abbasid Caliphate relevant to AP World History? The Abbasid Caliphate provides a crucial case study for understanding empire building, cultural exchange, intellectual achievements, and the cyclical nature of empires in the medieval world.
Related Articles:
1. The Rise of Baghdad: Urban Development and the Abbasid Caliphate: This article explores the growth of Baghdad as a major urban center and its role in shaping the Abbasid Caliphate's cultural and political landscape.
2. The House of Wisdom: A Center of Learning in the Abbasid Era: This piece focuses on the significance of the House of Wisdom as a hub for intellectual activity and translation.
3. Science and Technology in the Abbasid Caliphate: This article explores the major scientific and technological advancements that occurred during the Abbasid period.
4. The Abbasid Caliphate and the Silk Road: This article examines the impact of the Silk Road on the Abbasid economy and cultural exchange.
5. Political Fragmentation and the Decline of Central Authority in the Abbasid Empire: This piece analyses the internal factors that contributed to the weakening of the Abbasid Caliphate.
6. The Mongol Conquest of Baghdad and its Impact on the Islamic World: This article explores the devastating consequences of the Mongol sack of Baghdad.
7. The Cultural Exchange in the Abbasid Caliphate: A Synthesis of East and West: This article explores the cultural synthesis of different regions and cultures within the empire.
8. The Abbasid Caliphs and their Role in Shaping Islamic Society: This article discusses the political and social impact of individual Abbasid caliphs.
9. Art and Architecture of the Abbasid Period: This article explores the artistic and architectural styles that flourished during the Abbasid era.
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| abbasid caliphate ap world history: الكتاب المختصر فى حساب الجبر والمقابلة Muḥammad ibn Mūsá Khuwārizmī, 1831 |
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| abbasid caliphate ap world history: 5 Steps to a 5: AP World History: Modern 2023 Elite Student Edition Beth Bartolini-Salimbeni, Wendy Petersen, 2022-08-01 AP Teachers’ #1 Choice! Ready to succeed in your AP course and ace your exam? Our 5 Steps to a 5 guides explain the tough stuff, offer tons of practice and explanations, and help you make the most efficient use of your study time. 5 Steps to a 5: AP World History: Modern Elite is more than a review guide, it’s a system that has helped thousands of students walk into test day feeling prepared and confident. Everything you Need for a 5: 3 full-length practice tests that align with the latest College Board requirements Hundreds of practice exercises with answer explanations Comprehensive overview of all test topics Proven strategies from seasoned AP educators Why the Elite edition? 200+ pages of additional AP content 5-minute daily activities to reinforce critical AP concepts AP educators love this feature for bellringers in the classroom! Study on the Go: All instructional content in digital format (for both computers and mobile devices) Interactive practice tests with answer explanations A self-guided study plan with daily goals, powerful analytics, flashcards, games, and more A Great In-class Supplement: 5 Steps is an ideal companion to your main AP text Includes an AP World History: Modern Teacher’s Manual that offers excellent guidance to educators for better use of the 5 Steps resources |
| abbasid caliphate ap world history: 5 Steps to a 5 500 AP World History Questions to Know by Test Day Adam Stevens, Thomas A. editor - Evangelist, 2010-12-16 Organized for easy reference and crucial practice, coverage of all the essential topics presented as 500 AP-style questions with detailed answer explanations 5 Steps to a 5: 500 AP World History Questions to Know by Test Day is tailored to meet your study needs--whether you’ve left it to the last minute to prepare or you have been studying for months. You will benefit from going over the questions written to parallel the topic, format, and degree of difficulty of the questions contained in the AP exam, accompanied by answers with comprehensive explanations. Features: 500 AP-style questions and answers referenced to core AP materials Review explanations for right and wrong answers Additional online practice Close simulations of the real AP exams Updated material reflects the latest tests Online practice exercises |
| abbasid caliphate ap world history: 5 Steps to a 5 AP World History, 2014-2015 Edition Peggy Martin, 2013-07-10 Get ready for your AP exam with this straightforward and easy-to-follow study guide, updated for all the latest exam changes! 5 Steps to a 5: AP World History features an effective, 5-step plan to guide your preparation program and help you build the skills, knowledge, and test-taking confidence you need to succeed. This fully revised edition covers the latest course syllabus and provides model tests that reflect the latest version of the exam. Inside you will find: 5-Step Plan to a Perfect 5: 1. Set Up Your Study Program 2. Determine Your Test Readiness 3. Develop Strategies for Success 4. Develop the Knowledge You Need to Score High 5. Build Your Test-Taking Confidence 2 complete practice AP World History exams 3 separate plans to fit your study style Review material updated and geared to the most recent tests Savvy information on how tests are constructed, scored, and used |
| abbasid caliphate ap world history: Kaplan AP World History 2016 Patrick Whelan, 2015-08-04 The Advanced Placement test preparation guide that delivers 70 years of proven Kaplan experience and features exclusive strategies, practice, and review to help students ace the AP World History exam! Students spend the school year preparing for the AP World History test. Now it’s time to reap the rewards: money-saving college credit, advanced placement, or an admissions edge. However, achieving a top score on the AP World History exam requires more than knowing the material—students need to get comfortable with the test format itself, prepare for pitfalls, and arm themselves with foolproof strategies. That’s where the Kaplan plan has the clear advantage. Kaplan's AP World History 2016 contains many essential and unique features to help improve test scores, including: * Four full-length practice tests and a diagnostic test to target areas for score improvement * Detailed answer explanations * Expert video tutorials * Tips and strategies for scoring higher from expert AP World History teachers and students who got a perfect 5 on the exam * Targeted review of the most up-to-date content, including any information about test changes and key information that is specific to the AP World History exam Kaplan's AP World History 2016 authors Patrick Whelan and Jennifer Laden have a combined total of nearly 40 years of experience teaching world and global history. Their expertise has helped make this and other books the best that Kaplan has to offer in AP test prep. Kaplan's AP World History 2016 provides students with everything they need to improve their scores—guaranteed. Kaplan’s Higher Score guarantee provides security that no other test preparation guide on the market can match. Kaplan has helped more than three million students to prepare for standardized tests. We invest more than $4.5 million annually in research and support for our products. We know that our test-taking techniques and strategies work and our materials are completely up-to-date. Kaplan's AP World History 2016 is the must-have preparation tool for every student looking to do better on the AP World History test! |
| abbasid caliphate ap world history: 5 Steps to a 5 AP World History 2016 Peggy J. Martin, 2015-07-31 Get ready for your AP World History exam with this straightforward, easy-to-follow study guide—updated for all the latest exam changes 5 Steps to a 5: AP World History features an effective, 5-step plan to guide your preparation program and help you build the skills, knowledge, and test-taking confidence you need to succeed. This fully revised edition covers the latest course syllabus and matches the latest exam. The book provides access to McGraw-Hill Education’s interactive AP Planner app, which will enable you to receive a customizable study schedule on your mobile device. Bonus app features daily assignment notifications, plus extra practice questions to assess test readiness 3 complete practice AP World History exams 3 separate study plans to fit your learning style |
| abbasid caliphate ap world history: 5 Steps to a 5 AP World History 2017 Peggy J. Martin, 2016-08-05 Get ready for your AP World History exam with this straightforward, easy-to-follow study guide--updated to match the latest test changes The wildly popular test prep guide—updated and enhanced for smartphone users—5 Steps to a 5: AP World History 2017 provides a proven strategy to achieving high scores on this demanding Advanced Placement exam. This logical and easy-to-follow instructional guide introduces an effective 5-step study plan to help students build the skills, knowledge, and test-taking confidence they need to reach their full potential. The book helps students master multiple-choice, free-response and essay questions and offers comprehensive answer explanations and sample responses. Written by an AP World History teacher, this insider’s guide reflects the latest course syllabus and includes 3 full-length practice exams, plus the most up-to-date scoring information. The 5 Steps to a 5: AP World History 2017 effective 5-step plan breaks down test preparation into stages: 1. Set Up Your Study Program 2. Determine Your Test Readiness 3. Develop Strategies for Success 4. Develop the Knowledge You Need to Score High 5. Build Your Test-Taking Confidence. 2 full-length practice exams · BONUS interactive AP Planner app delivers a customized study schedule and extra practice questions to students’ mobile devices · The 5 Steps to a 5 series has prepared millions of students for success |
| abbasid caliphate ap world history: 5 Steps to a 5: 500 AP World History Questions to Know by Test Day, Second Edition Adam Stevens, Sean M. McManamon, 2017-01-06 500 Ways to achieve your highest score From Foundations: 8000 BC to 60 CE to the Present Era: 1914 to Present --there is a lot of subject matter to know if you want to succeed on your AP World History exam. That’s why we’ve selected these 500 AP-style questions and answers that cover all topics found on this exam. The targeted questions will prepare you for what you’ll see on test day, help you study more effectively, and use your review time wisely to achieve your best score. Each question includes a concise, easy-to-follow explanation in the answer key. You can use these questions to supplement your overall AP World History preparation or run them shortly before the test. Either way, 5 Steps to a 5 500 World History Questions will get you closer to achieving the score you want on test day. |
| abbasid caliphate ap world history: 5 Steps to a 5: AP World History 2018, Edition Peggy J. Martin, 2017-08-04 Get ready to ace your AP World History Exam with this easy-to-follow, multi-platform study guide 5 Steps to a 5: AP World History introduces an easy to follow, effective 5-step study plan to help you build the skills, knowledge, and test-taking confidence you need to achieve a high score on the exam. This wildly popular test prep guide matches the latest course syllabus and the latest exam. You'll get online help, four full-length practice tests (two in the book and two online), detailed answers to each question, study tips, information on how the exam is scores, and much more. Because this guide is accessible in print and digital formats, you can study online, via your mobile device, straight from the book, or any combination of the three. 5 Steps to a 5: AP World History 2018 features: • New: Access to the entire Cross-Platform Prep Course in World History • 4 Practice Exams (2 in the book + 2 online) • An interactive, customizable AP Planner app to help you organize your time • Powerful analytics you can use to assess your test readiness • Flashcards, games, and more |
| abbasid caliphate ap world history: 5 Steps to a 5: AP World History: Modern 2021 Peggy J. Martin, Beth Bartolini-Salimbeni, Wendy Petersen, 2020-10-02 MATCHES THE LATEST EXAM! In this hybrid year, let us supplement your AP classroom experience with this easy-to-follow study guide! The immensely popular 5 Steps to a 5 AP World History guide has been updated for the 2020-21 school year and now contains: 2 full-length practice exams (both in the book and online) that reflect the latest exam Up-to-Date Resources for COVID 19 Exam Disruption Access to a robust online platform Comprehensive overview of the AP World History exam format Hundreds of practice exercises with thorough answer explanations Review material and proven strategies specific to each section of the test A self-guided study plan including flashcards, games, and more online |
| abbasid caliphate ap world history: 5 Steps to a 5: AP World History: Modern 2022 Beth Bartolini-Salimbeni, Wendy Petersen, 2021-08-04 MATCHES THE LATEST EXAM! Let us supplement your AP classroom experience with this easy-to-follow study guide! The immensely popular 5 Steps to a 5: AP World History guide has been updated for the 2021-22 school year and now contains: 3 full-length practice exams (both in the book and online) that reflect the latest exam Access to a robust online platform Comprehensive overview of the AP World History exam format Hundreds of practice exercises with thorough answer explanations Review material and proven strategies specific to each section of the test A self-guided study plan including flashcards, games, and more online |
| abbasid caliphate ap world history: 5 Steps to a 5: AP World History 2019 Elite Student Edition Daniel P. Murphy, 2018-08-01 A PERFECT PLAN FOR THE PERFECT SCORE Score-Raising Features Include: •4 full-length practice exams, 2 in the book + 2 on Cross-Platform•Hundreds of exercises with thorough answer explanations•Comprehensive overview of the AP World History Exam format •Practice questions that reflect both multiple-choice and free-response question types, just like the ones you will see on test day•Proven strategies specific to each section of the test•Continuity/ Change-Over-Time charts BONUS Cross-Platform Prep Course for extra practice exams with personalized study plans, interactive tests, powerful analytics and progress charts, flashcards, games, and more! (see inside front and back covers for details) 5 MINUTES TO A 5 section: 180 Questions and Activities that give you an extra 5 minutes of review for every day of the school year, reinforcing the most vital course material and building the skills and confidence you need to succeed on the AP exam The 5-Step Plan: Step 1: Set up your study plan with three model schedulesStep 2: Determine your readiness with an AP-style Diagnostic ExamStep 3: Develop the strategies that will give you the edge on test dayStep 4: Review the terms and concepts you need to achieve your highest scoreStep 5: Build your confidence with full-length practice exams |
| abbasid caliphate ap world history: 5 Steps to a 5: AP World History: Modern 2022 Elite Student Edition Beth Bartolini-Salimbeni, Wendy Petersen, 2021-08-04 MATCHES THE LATEST EXAM! Let us supplement your AP classroom experience with this multi-platform study guide. The immensely popular 5 Steps to a 5: AP World History 2022 Elite Student Edition has been updated for the 2020-21 school year and now contains: 3 full-length practice exams (in the book and online) that reflect the latest exam “5 Minutes to a 5” section with a 5-minute activity for each day of the school year that reinforces the most important concepts covered in class Access to a robust online platform Comprehensive overview of the AP World History: Modern exam format Hundreds of practice exercises with thorough answer explanations Proven strategies specific to each section of the test A self-guided study plan including flashcards, games, and more online |
Abbasid Caliphate - Wikipedia
The Abbasid period was marked by the use of bureaucrats in governance, including the vizier, as well as an increasing inclusion of non-Arab Muslims in the ummah (Muslim community) and …
Abbasid caliphate | Achievements, Capital, & Facts | Britannica
Jun 2, 2025 · Abbasid caliphate, second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the caliphate. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 CE and reigned until it was destroyed by …
Abbasid Dynasty - World History Encyclopedia
Mar 25, 2020 · The Abbasid Revolution. Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (l. c. 568-653 CE) was one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad, and this relation inspired the eponymous revolution led by …
History of the Abbasids: How the Islamic Caliphate led the World …
May 14, 2024 · The Abbasid Caliphate was a major dynasty that ruled over the Islamic world after overthrowing the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 AD. It is known for moving the capital of the …
Abbasid Caliphate - WorldAtlas
6 days ago · The Abbasid Caliphate's reign began in 750 CE, but the origins of its rulers go back to the time of the founding of Islam. The founder of Islam, the Prophet Mohammed, had an …
The Abbasid Empire | World Civilization - Lumen Learning
Map of the Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, c. 850 CE. The Abbasid dynasty ruled as caliphs from their capital in Baghdad, in modern Iraq, after taking over authority of the Muslim …
The Abbasid Caliphate - ThoughtCo
May 12, 2025 · The Abbasid Caliphate ruled a vast Islamic empire from 750 to 1258 A.D., centered in Baghdad. The Abbasid era was a Golden Age for Islamic art and science, …
The Abbasid caliphs -- When Baghdad ruled the Muslim world …
The Abbasid caliphs were the dynastic rulers of the Islamic world between the middle of the 8th and the 10th centuries.
Abbasid dynasty - Wikipedia
The Abbasid dynasty or Abbasids (Arabic: بنو العباس, romanized: Banu al-ʿAbbās) were an Arab dynasty that ruled the Abbasid Caliphate between 750 and 1258. They were from the Qurayshi …
Abbasid: Arab Dynasty and Islamic Empire | Timeless Myths
Jan 11, 2022 · The Abbasid Caliphate, an Arabic dynasty, reigned over the Islamic Empire from 750 to 1258 A.D. Founded by Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib, it marked a pivotal era in Islamic …
Abbasid Caliphate - Wikipedia
The Abbasid period was marked by the use of bureaucrats in governance, including the vizier, as well as an increasing inclusion of non-Arab Muslims in the ummah (Muslim community) and …
Abbasid caliphate | Achievements, Capital, & Facts | Britannica
Jun 2, 2025 · Abbasid caliphate, second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the caliphate. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 CE and reigned until it was destroyed by …
Abbasid Dynasty - World History Encyclopedia
Mar 25, 2020 · The Abbasid Revolution. Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (l. c. 568-653 CE) was one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad, and this relation inspired the eponymous revolution led by …
History of the Abbasids: How the Islamic Caliphate led the World …
May 14, 2024 · The Abbasid Caliphate was a major dynasty that ruled over the Islamic world after overthrowing the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 AD. It is known for moving the capital of the …
Abbasid Caliphate - WorldAtlas
6 days ago · The Abbasid Caliphate's reign began in 750 CE, but the origins of its rulers go back to the time of the founding of Islam. The founder of Islam, the Prophet Mohammed, had an …
The Abbasid Empire | World Civilization - Lumen Learning
Map of the Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, c. 850 CE. The Abbasid dynasty ruled as caliphs from their capital in Baghdad, in modern Iraq, after taking over authority of the Muslim …
The Abbasid Caliphate - ThoughtCo
May 12, 2025 · The Abbasid Caliphate ruled a vast Islamic empire from 750 to 1258 A.D., centered in Baghdad. The Abbasid era was a Golden Age for Islamic art and science, …
The Abbasid caliphs -- When Baghdad ruled the Muslim world …
The Abbasid caliphs were the dynastic rulers of the Islamic world between the middle of the 8th and the 10th centuries.
Abbasid dynasty - Wikipedia
The Abbasid dynasty or Abbasids (Arabic: بنو العباس, romanized: Banu al-ʿAbbās) were an Arab dynasty that ruled the Abbasid Caliphate between 750 and 1258. They were from the Qurayshi …
Abbasid: Arab Dynasty and Islamic Empire | Timeless Myths
Jan 11, 2022 · The Abbasid Caliphate, an Arabic dynasty, reigned over the Islamic Empire from 750 to 1258 A.D. Founded by Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib, it marked a pivotal era in Islamic …
