Accounting Checks And Balances

Accounting Checks and Balances: A Comprehensive Guide to Protecting Your Business

Author: Amelia Hernandez, CPA, CMA. Amelia has over 15 years of experience in accounting, specializing in internal controls and fraud prevention. She is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and a Certified Management Accountant (CMA), and has consulted with numerous businesses on strengthening their accounting checks and balances systems.

Publisher: Financial Insights Publishing, a leading publisher of accounting and finance resources for professionals and businesses. Financial Insights Publishing is known for its rigorous editorial process and commitment to delivering accurate, up-to-date information.

Editor: David Chen, CA. David is a Chartered Accountant with 20 years of experience in financial reporting and auditing. He has a proven track record of improving the accuracy and efficiency of accounting processes.


Keywords: accounting checks and balances, internal controls, fraud prevention, financial reporting, audit trail, segregation of duties, reconciliation, accounting best practices, risk management


Summary: This guide provides a comprehensive overview of accounting checks and balances, outlining best practices for implementing and maintaining a robust system to prevent errors and fraud. It explores key concepts like segregation of duties, authorization levels, reconciliation procedures, and the importance of a strong audit trail. Furthermore, the guide highlights common pitfalls businesses often encounter and offers practical solutions to strengthen their financial controls.

1. Understanding the Importance of Accounting Checks and Balances

Effective accounting checks and balances are the cornerstone of a healthy financial system for any organization, regardless of size. These internal controls are designed to minimize errors, detect fraud, and ensure the accuracy and reliability of financial reporting. Without a strong system of accounting checks and balances, businesses are vulnerable to significant financial losses and reputational damage. The core principle is simple: no single individual should have complete control over any significant financial process.

2. Key Elements of Effective Accounting Checks and Balances

Several key components contribute to a robust system of accounting checks and balances:

Segregation of Duties: This fundamental principle dictates that different individuals should be responsible for authorizing transactions, recording transactions, and handling assets. This prevents a single person from committing and concealing fraud.
Authorization Levels: Clear authorization levels for various transactions and activities should be established and documented. Only authorized personnel should be able to approve payments or make changes to financial records.
Reconciliations: Regular reconciliations of bank statements, accounts receivable, and accounts payable are crucial for identifying discrepancies and preventing errors from accumulating.
Independent Verification: Having an independent party review and verify financial transactions provides an additional layer of control and helps detect errors or fraudulent activity.
Audit Trail: Maintaining a comprehensive audit trail allows for easy tracing of all transactions and activities. This is vital for auditing, investigations, and regulatory compliance.
Physical Controls: Protecting physical assets like cash and inventory through secure storage and access controls is a critical part of accounting checks and balances.
Regular Reviews: Periodic reviews of accounting procedures and internal controls help identify weaknesses and areas for improvement.

3. Common Pitfalls to Avoid in Accounting Checks and Balances

Many businesses fall short in implementing effective accounting checks and balances. Common pitfalls include:

Lack of Segregation of Duties: This is perhaps the most significant weakness, allowing individuals to manipulate records without detection.
Inadequate Authorization Procedures: Poorly defined authorization procedures create opportunities for unauthorized transactions.
Infrequent Reconciliations: Failing to reconcile accounts regularly allows errors to go undetected for extended periods.
Poor Documentation: Lack of proper documentation makes it difficult to track transactions and investigate discrepancies.
Overreliance on a Single Individual: Concentrating too much responsibility on one person significantly increases the risk of errors or fraud.

4. Best Practices for Implementing and Maintaining Accounting Checks and Balances

To build a strong system of accounting checks and balances, consider these best practices:

Conduct a Risk Assessment: Identify potential risks and vulnerabilities within your organization.
Develop a Comprehensive Internal Control Policy: Document all internal controls and procedures clearly.
Provide Training: Ensure all personnel understand their roles and responsibilities within the system.
Regularly Review and Update Controls: Internal controls should be reviewed and updated regularly to adapt to changing business needs and technology.
Implement Technology: Utilize accounting software with built-in security features and controls.
Conduct Regular Audits: Internal and external audits provide an independent assessment of the effectiveness of your accounting checks and balances.

5. The Role of Technology in Enhancing Accounting Checks and Balances

Technology plays a crucial role in strengthening accounting checks and balances. Accounting software can automate many tasks, improving accuracy and efficiency. Features such as access controls, audit trails, and automated reconciliations help reduce human error and deter fraud. Cloud-based accounting solutions can offer enhanced security and accessibility.

Conclusion

Implementing and maintaining a robust system of accounting checks and balances is essential for protecting your business from financial losses and reputational damage. By following best practices and avoiding common pitfalls, businesses can significantly reduce their risk exposure and build a foundation of trust and financial integrity. Regular review and adaptation of these controls are key to their ongoing effectiveness.

FAQs

1. What is the difference between internal and external controls? Internal controls are implemented within an organization, while external controls are imposed by outside parties like auditors or regulatory bodies.

2. How often should bank reconciliations be performed? Monthly reconciliations are generally recommended.

3. What is the role of an audit trail in fraud prevention? An audit trail allows investigators to trace the origin and flow of transactions, helping to detect and prevent fraudulent activities.

4. How can segregation of duties be implemented in a small business? Even small businesses can implement segregation by assigning different tasks to different individuals, even if those individuals wear multiple hats.

5. What are some examples of physical controls? Secure storage of cash, inventory, and sensitive documents; restricted access to computer systems; and the use of security cameras.

6. How can technology help improve accounting checks and balances? Automation, access controls, real-time monitoring, and data encryption enhance security and efficiency.

7. What are the legal implications of weak accounting checks and balances? Weak controls can lead to legal repercussions, including fines, lawsuits, and reputational damage.

8. What are the key performance indicators (KPIs) for evaluating the effectiveness of accounting checks and balances? Error rates, fraud detection rates, and the time taken to resolve discrepancies.

9. How can a business assess its current accounting checks and balances system? A thorough risk assessment, internal audit, or external audit can evaluate the effectiveness of existing controls.

Related Articles:

1. Segregation of Duties in Accounting: A Practical Guide: This article provides a detailed explanation of the principle of segregation of duties and practical strategies for implementation.

2. Internal Controls for Small Businesses: This article focuses on the specific needs and challenges of implementing internal controls in small businesses.

3. The Importance of an Audit Trail in Accounting: This article explores the critical role of an audit trail in ensuring accuracy, preventing fraud, and meeting regulatory requirements.

4. Bank Reconciliation Best Practices: This article provides a step-by-step guide to performing accurate and efficient bank reconciliations.

5. Fraud Prevention in Accounting: Strategies and Techniques: This article discusses various strategies and techniques for preventing and detecting accounting fraud.

6. The Role of Technology in Strengthening Internal Controls: This article explores the various ways technology can enhance accounting checks and balances.

7. Understanding Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) Compliance: This article examines the implications of SOX compliance for internal controls and financial reporting.

8. Developing a Comprehensive Internal Control Policy: This article provides a guide for creating and implementing a robust internal control policy.

9. Best Practices for Accounts Receivable Management: This article focuses on controls to prevent errors and fraud within accounts receivable processes.


  accounting checks and balances: The Spirit of Laws Charles de Secondat baron de Montesquieu, 1886
  accounting checks and balances: Principles of Accounting Volume 1 - Financial Accounting Mitchell Franklin, Patty Graybeal, Dixon Cooper, 2019-04-11 The text and images in this book are in grayscale. A hardback color version is available. Search for ISBN 9781680922929. Principles of Accounting is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of a two-semester accounting course that covers the fundamentals of financial and managerial accounting. This book is specifically designed to appeal to both accounting and non-accounting majors, exposing students to the core concepts of accounting in familiar ways to build a strong foundation that can be applied across business fields. Each chapter opens with a relatable real-life scenario for today's college student. Thoughtfully designed examples are presented throughout each chapter, allowing students to build on emerging accounting knowledge. Concepts are further reinforced through applicable connections to more detailed business processes. Students are immersed in the why as well as the how aspects of accounting in order to reinforce concepts and promote comprehension over rote memorization.
  accounting checks and balances: How to Read a Balance Sheet International Labour Office, J. J. H. Halsall, 1966
  accounting checks and balances: Understanding Financial Accounts OECD, 2017-11-06 Understanding Financial Accounts seeks to show how a range of questions on financial developments can be answered with the framework of financial accounts and balance sheets, by providing non-technical explanations illustrated with practical examples.
  accounting checks and balances: Builder's Guide to Accounting Michael C. Thomsett, 2001-07 This book includes self-test section at the end of each chapter. Test yourself, then check answers in the back of the book to see how you score. CD-ROM included.
  accounting checks and balances: How to Read a Balance Sheet: The Bottom Line on What You Need to Know about Cash Flow, Assets, Debt, Equity, Profit...and How It all Comes Together Rick Makoujy, 2010-04-29 Put the most valuable business tool to work for you! The balance sheet is the key to everything--from efficient business operation to accurate assessment of a company’s worth. It’s a critical business resource--but do you know how to read it? How to Read a Balance Sheet breaks down the subject into easy-to-understand components. If you're a business owner or manager, this book helps you . . . Manage working capital Generate higher returns on assets Maximize your inventory dollars Evaluate investment opportunities If you're an investor, this book helps you . . . Determine the market value of a company's assets and operations Predict future earnings and trends Assess the impact of capital expenditures Identify potential red flags before the crowd How to Read a Balance Sheet gives you the bottom line of what you need to know about: Cash Flow * Assets * Debt * Equity * Profit and how it all comes together.
  accounting checks and balances: Fundamental Accounting Principles WILD, 2017-09-11 Fundamental Accounting Principles
  accounting checks and balances: Field Trials of Health Interventions Peter G. Smith, Richard H. Morrow, David A. Ross, 2015 This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Before new interventions are released into disease control programmes, it is essential that they are carefully evaluated in field trials'. These may be complex and expensive undertakings, requiring the follow-up of hundreds, or thousands, of individuals, often for long periods. Descriptions of the detailed procedures and methods used in the trials that have been conducted have rarely been published. A consequence of this, individuals planning such trials have few guidelines available and little access to knowledge accumulated previously, other than their own. In this manual, practical issues in trial design and conduct are discussed fully and in sufficient detail, that Field Trials of Health Interventions may be used as a toolbox' by field investigators. It has been compiled by an international group of over 30 authors with direct experience in the design, conduct, and analysis of field trials in low and middle income countries and is based on their accumulated knowledge and experience. Available as an open access book via Oxford Medicine Online, this new edition is a comprehensive revision, incorporating the new developments that have taken place in recent years with respect to trials, including seven new chapters on subjects ranging from trial governance, and preliminary studies to pilot testing.
  accounting checks and balances: Uniform Accounting System for Book Department Funds United States. Department of the Air Force, 1954
  accounting checks and balances: Accountants' Handbook, 2009 Cumulative Supplement D. R. Carmichael, Lynford Graham, 2009-03-09 Accountants continue to find it difficult to keep abreast of the flood of issuances by FASB and AICPA, as well as the numerous interpretations and bulletins issued to explain them. Accountants' Handbook, Eleventh Edition, 2009 Cumulative Supplement has the longest tradition of providing comprehensive coverage to accounting professionals. It provides quick, understandable, and thorough exposure to complex accounting-related subjects. As well, it demystifies the complexity of accounting principles and the practice that dominates the accounting industry increases. For accountants, CFOs, controllers.
  accounting checks and balances: Wiley CPA Exam Review 2010, Financial Accounting and Reporting Patrick R. Delaney, O. Ray Whittington, 2009-12-02 Everything Today's CPA Candidates Need to Pass the CPA Exam Published annually, this comprehensive four-volume paperback reviews all four parts of the CPA exam. Many of the questions are taken directly from previous CPA exams. With 3,800 multiple choice questions and more than 90 simulations, these study guides provide all the information candidates need to master in order to pass the computerized Uniform CPA Examination. Complete sample exam in financial accounting and reporting The most effective system available to prepare for the CPA exam-proven for over thirty years Timely-up-to-the-minute coverage for the computerized exam. Contains all current AICPA content requirements in auditing and attestation Unique modular format-helps you zero in on areas that need work, organize your study program, and concentrate your efforts Comprehensive questions-over 3,800 multiple-choice questions and their solutions in the four volumes Covers the new simulation-style problems Includes over 90 simulations Guidelines, pointers, and tips-show you how to build knowledge in a logical and reinforcing way Wiley CPA Exam Review 2010 arms test-takers with detailed outlines, study guidelines, and skill-building problems to help candidates identify, focus on, and master the specific topics that need the most work.
  accounting checks and balances: Hearings, Reports and Prints of the Senate Committee on Government Operations United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Government Operations, 1968
  accounting checks and balances: Manual of Accounting, Reporting & Business Procedure of the City & County of Philadelphia John M. Walton, 1913
  accounting checks and balances: PC Magazine , 1988
  accounting checks and balances: Commissary Accounting Procedures United States. Department of the Air Force, 1987
  accounting checks and balances: EBOOK: Accounting: What the Numbers Mean David Marshall, Wayne McManus, Daniel Viele, 2013-02-16 Accounting has become known as the language of business. This new edition is written to meet the needs of those students who will not be accountants but who do need to understand accounting to learn the key language that embarks us in the business world. Marshall, the leading text in the Survey market, takes readers through the basics: what accounting information is, what it means, and how it is used. The authors help students succeed through clear and concise writing, a conceptual focus and unparalleled technology support. In using this text, students examine financial statements and discover what they do and do not communicate. This enables them to gain the crucial decision-making and problem-solving skills they need in order to succeed in a professional environment.
  accounting checks and balances: EBOOK: Accounting: What the Numbers Mean MARSHALL, 2016-01-08 EBOOK: Accounting: What the Numbers Mean
  accounting checks and balances: PC Mag , 1986-06-10 PCMag.com is a leading authority on technology, delivering Labs-based, independent reviews of the latest products and services. Our expert industry analysis and practical solutions help you make better buying decisions and get more from technology.
  accounting checks and balances: Accountants' Handbook, 2011 Cumulative Supplement Lynford Graham, 2011-03-29 Accountants continue to find it difficult to keep abreast of the flood of issuances by FASB and AICPA, as well as the numerous interpretations and bulletins issued to explain them. This highly regarded reference is relied on by a considerable part of the accounting profession in their day-to-day work. Accountants, auditors, bankers, lawyers, financial analysts, and other preparers and users of accounting information will turn to this resource again and again for reliable answers to questions on accounting and financial reporting.
  accounting checks and balances: How to Write a Financial Report Tage C. Tracy, 2024-10-15 Complete guide to understanding and writing financial reports with clear communication Accompanying the hugely successful How to Read a Financial Report, How to Write a Financial Report is your non-specialist and jargon-simplified guide to the art of writing a financial report and effectively communicating critical financial information and operating results to your target audience. This book also covers utilizing different KPIs and types of reports and statements to convey a cohesive quantitative story to everyone reading your report, even if they aren't experts in accounting and finance. This book pays special attention to the “big three” financial statements, the differences between internal and external financial information/reports, and confidentiality factors, disclosure levels, and risk elements when deciding which information to include. This book also discusses important elements in financial reports, including: Providing an expanded understanding of the big three financial statements and how these act as the base food which feeds the financial reporting beast. Producing financial reports that keep the audience engaged, focused, and educated. Learning how to speak the base language of accounting and finance. Diving deeper into financial stability and operating results by using ratios, trends, and variance analyzes to improve financial reporting. Offering examples of real financial reports for hands on reference and use in the real world. With everything readers need to write, analyze, and communicate financial accounting reports, How to Write a Financial Report earns a well-deserved spot on the bookshelves of investors, lenders, business leaders, analysts, and managers seeking to improve their writing and comprehension skills, along with investors seeking to better understand where financial information comes from and how it is presented.
  accounting checks and balances: Manual of Accounting Philadelphia (Pa.). Department of City Controller, 1913
  accounting checks and balances: Investigation of Executive Agencies of the Government United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee to Investigate the Executive Agencies of the Government, 1937
  accounting checks and balances: Intermediate Accounting DeMYSTiFieD Geri B. Wink, Laurie Corradino, 2010-12-10 Accounting as easy as 1-2-3! Do you know the difference between FIFO and LIFO? Can you use the word dilutive in a sentence? Does the phrase amortization of bond premiums mean anything to you? No one said the journey to becoming a CPA is easy--but with Intermediate Accounting DeMYSTiFieD as your travel companion, you're guaranteed a smooth ride. An easy-to-use self-teaching guide that reviews and expands upon core Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), Intermediate Accounting DeMYSTiFieD covers everything you need to ace your exams and take a big step toward the career of your dreams. The book provides a fresh review of all the basics, so you can easily glide into more advanced principles. You'll learn how to generate accurate and reliable financial statements, maintain proper internal controls within a company, and locate international accounting standards. This fast and easy guide offers: Tactics for maintaining solid internal controls within a business Strategies for creating accurate financial statements Techniques for overcoming common accounting errors Quizzes and a final exam for gauging what you've learned Tips and examples for mastering more advanced accounting theories Simple enough for a novice but challenging enough for a veteran CPA, Intermediate Accounting DeMYSTiFieD is a shortcut to decoding key accounting concepts and principles.
  accounting checks and balances: How to Check Integrity of Fiscal Data Mr.Pokar D Khemani, Mr.Benoit Wiest, 2016-11-04 The accuracy and reliability of government accounts and fiscal data is an issue in a number of countries, with significant and persistent discrepancies that can indicate underlying weaknesses in the country’s public financial management system. This note provides guidance on how to detect issues with data quality, perform integrity checks, and reconcile fiscal data from various sources. It discusses the importance of reconciliation to provide reasonable assurance on the quality and reliability of government fiscal data, explores the main reasons for which discrepancies may arise, and explains how to conduct quality checks. The note concludes with recommendations for country teams of concrete steps to ensure data quality.
  accounting checks and balances: Profit First Mike Michalowicz, 2017-01-18 Author of cult classics The Pumpkin Plan and The Toilet Paper Entrepreneur offers a simple, counterintuitive cash management solution that will help small businesses break out of the doom spiral and achieve instant profitability. Conventional accounting uses the logical (albeit, flawed) formula: Sales - Expenses = Profit. The problem is, businesses are run by humans, and humans aren't always logical. Serial entrepreneur Mike Michalowicz has developed a behavioral approach to accounting to flip the formula: Sales - Profit = Expenses. Just as the most effective weight loss strategy is to limit portions by using smaller plates, Michalowicz shows that by taking profit first and apportioning only what remains for expenses, entrepreneurs will transform their businesses from cash-eating monsters to profitable cash cows. Using Michalowicz's Profit First system, readers will learn that: · Following 4 simple principles can simplify accounting and make it easier to manage a profitable business by looking at bank account balances. · A small, profitable business can be worth much more than a large business surviving on its top line. · Businesses that attain early and sustained profitability have a better shot at achieving long-term growth. With dozens of case studies, practical, step-by-step advice, and his signature sense of humor, Michalowicz has the game-changing roadmap for any entrepreneur to make money they always dreamed of.
  accounting checks and balances: Combined Statement of Receipts, Expenditures and Balances of the United States Government United States. Department of the Treasury. Bureau of Government Financial Operations, 1948
  accounting checks and balances: Combined Statement of Receipts, Expenditures and Balances of the United States Government United States. Department of the Treasury. Bureau of Accounts, 1949
  accounting checks and balances: Manual for Messes Ashore, 1962 [etc.]. United States. Bureau of Naval Personnel, 1962
  accounting checks and balances: Accounting Disrupted Al Bhimani, 2021-03-03 Accounting Disrupted: How Digitalization is changing Finance delivers a powerful analysis of the new technological forces buffeting the accounting profession and identifies key pathways to responding to the challenges. Al Bhimani, distinguished accountant, academic, and author, shows readers how established business fundamentals are being eclipsed and that accounting has not been spared. You'll learn: How the new realities of digitalization, including big data and AI, are affecting audit work and financial management practices How learning fast about and from more diverse data sources is essential to the new accounting environment Why accounting information must start to speak to what will take place rather than about financial activities that have occurred What finance must do in a world of changing risks, data growth, fast digitization, and increased regulation The author makes a compelling case that accounting now faces a crunch: it needs to reshape itself from the core because conventional financial analysis is proving too cumbersome and slow for executives in digitalized organizations. In a straightforward and illustrated style packed with case studies and practical examples, he shows readers how big data, blockchain, robotic process automation, and artificial intelligence, can help accountants adapt to new realities. Perfect for finance leaders in both the private and public sectors, Accounting Disrupted also belongs on the bookshelves of accounting students who wish to better prepare for the technological and professional environment in which they’ll shortly find themselves.
  accounting checks and balances: Accounts for Solicitors Ralph Denny, 2013-03-04 First published in 2004. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
  accounting checks and balances: Elementary Accounting ... Hiram Thompson Scovill, 1924
  accounting checks and balances: Employment Security Review , 1952
  accounting checks and balances: Financial Accounting Jerry J. Weygandt, Paul D. Kimmel, Jill E. Mitchell, 2022-11-01 Maximize understanding and prepare students for future learning and careers in accounting and business. Financial Accounting, Twelfth Edition enhances its focus on real-world decision-making processes with data analytics and insights while retaining the pedagogy on which users have come to rely. Thorough coverage of procedures, early introduction of the Accounting Cycle from a corporate perspective, and robust assignment content provide a solid foundation for learning the essential concepts, techniques, and methods of financial accounting.
  accounting checks and balances: The German Uniform Accounting System as an Instrument of Allied Economic Control , 1945
  accounting checks and balances: How to Start a Home-Based Gift Basket Business Shirley George Frazier, 1997
  accounting checks and balances: Bookkeeping Guidebook Steven M. Bragg, 2014-09-11 The bookkeeper needs a comprehensive knowledge of the practical aspects of accounting. This means understanding how to issue billings, process cash receipts, calculate depreciation, construct a chart of accounts, value inventory, pay employees and suppliers, file tax returns, and produce financial statements. The Bookkeeping Guidebook covers all of these topics and more with dozens of examples, as well as forms, templates, and references to the author's popular Accounting Best Practices podcast.
  accounting checks and balances: Bookkeeping Kit For Dummies Lita Epstein, 2012-01-09 The easy way to get a handle on bookkeeping Accurate and complete bookkeeping is crucial to any business owner, but it's also important to those who work with the business, such as investors, financial institutions, and employees. Bookkeeping For Dummies provides the easy and painless way to master this critical skill. You'll get clear and concise information on keeping track of transactions, figuring out balance sheets, keeping ledgers or journals, creating financial statements, and operating accounts for businesses, along with practices and examples to hone your skills. Plus, the bonus CD includes samples of bookkeeping forms, working papers, letters, resources, and spreadsheets. Keeping track of transactions Figuring out the balance sheet Keeping a ledger and journal Creating financial statements Operating accounts for businesses Recognizing assets and liabilities Up-to-date tax information Changes in small business regulations Additional and complementary examples Demonstration problems True/false and multiple-choice questions and scenarios Whether you're a professional or a student looking to expand your skills, Bookkeeping Kit For Dummies is a one-stop resource for anyone interested in this ever-growing occupation.
  accounting checks and balances: Treasury Single Account Israel Fainboim Yaker, Sailendra Pattanayak, 2010-06-01 A treasury single account (TSA) is an essential tool for consolidating and managing governments’ cash resources, thus minimizing borrowing costs. In countries with fragmented government banking arrangements, the establishment of a TSA should receive priority in the public financial management reform agenda. Drawing on the lessons of the Fund’s work in several countries in establishing a TSA, this paper explains its concept, essential features, and potential benefits. It also presents alternative models and approaches for designing a TSA that take into account specific country contexts as well as the preconditions and desirable sequencing for its successful implementation. Finally, the paper includes country examples from different regions in support of the analysis and recommendations.
  accounting checks and balances: Intermediate Accounting IFRS, International Adaptation DONALD E.. WEYGANDT KIESO (JERRY J.. WARFIELD, TERRY D.), Jerry J. Weygandt, Terry D. Warfield, 2024-10-06
  accounting checks and balances: Accounting Principles Jerry J. Weygandt, Paul D. Kimmel, Jill E. Mitchell, 2020-12-03 Accounting Principles, 14th Edition provides students with a clear overview of fundamental financial and managerial accounting concepts with a focus on learning the accounting cycle from the sole proprietor perspective. Through a primary review of accounting transactions, integrated real-world examples, and a variety of practice opportunities, students develop a thorough understanding of how to apply accounting principles and techniques in practice. Students work through an entire program that builds their mastery of accounting concepts with an emphasis on decision making and key data analysis skills appropriate at the introductory level that keeps them engaged and better prepared to connect the classroom to the real world.
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