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A Study of History: Arnold Toynbee's Enduring Legacy and Modern Challenges
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, Professor of History, University of Oxford. Dr. Vance specializes in 20th-century intellectual history and has published extensively on the impact of Toynbee's work on subsequent historical scholarship.
Keywords: A Study of History Arnold Toynbee, Arnold Toynbee, cyclical history, historical methodology, civilizations, rise and fall of civilizations, challenges to Toynbee, impact of A Study of History.
Introduction: Engaging with A Study of History
Arnold Toynbee's A Study of History, a monumental twelve-volume work published between 1934 and 1961, remains a significant, albeit controversial, contribution to historical scholarship. This examination delves into the core arguments of A Study of History Arnold Toynbee, exploring its enduring insights alongside its limitations and the challenges it presents to contemporary historical understanding. The sheer scale of the project – encompassing a comparative study of 26 civilizations across millennia – necessitates a focused approach, examining key themes and their relevance in the 21st century.
Toynbee's Central Arguments: A Comparative Approach to Civilizations
The central thesis of A Study of History Arnold Toynbee revolves around the cyclical rise and fall of civilizations. Toynbee rejects linear historical narratives, proposing instead that civilizations follow a predictable pattern: genesis, growth, breakdown, and disintegration. He meticulously examines diverse civilizations – from the Hellenic and Roman to the Andean and the Western – identifying common challenges and responses, and offering nuanced insights into the factors contributing to both success and decline.
Toynbee emphasizes the importance of creative minorities, elite groups who provide the innovation and leadership driving a civilization's growth. However, he argues that the eventual decline stems from a failure of these elites to adapt and respond effectively to internal and external challenges, often leading to a hardening of internal structures and a loss of creative impetus. He further posits that civilizations don't necessarily die through conquest but frequently through internal decay and a failure to meet the challenges posed by their environment or their own societal complexities.
Methodology and Critiques of A Study of History Arnold Toynbee
Toynbee's methodology has been a source of considerable debate. His comparative approach, while ambitious, has been criticized for its inherent subjectivity. The selection of civilizations and the criteria used to assess their progress and decline have been questioned, leading to accusations of bias and a lack of rigorous scientific objectivity. Furthermore, the vast scope of A Study of History Arnold Toynbee makes it challenging to maintain consistency and avoid generalizations. Critics point to a lack of engagement with detailed primary sources in certain instances, favoring broader interpretations and analogies. His emphasis on spiritual and cultural factors, while insightful, has also been criticized for downplaying the significance of material conditions and economic factors.
Enduring Insights and Relevance Today
Despite these critiques, A Study of History Arnold Toynbee continues to offer valuable insights. Toynbee's exploration of the challenges faced by civilizations – from environmental degradation to internal conflict and societal fragmentation – remains profoundly relevant in the 21st century. His emphasis on the importance of adaptability and the role of creative leadership provides a framework for understanding contemporary global issues. The book's comparative approach encourages us to look beyond narrow national or regional perspectives, fostering a broader understanding of human history and the interconnectedness of civilizations. Moreover, his exploration of the cyclical nature of historical processes offers a perspective that contrasts with linear narratives of progress and allows for a more nuanced understanding of societal transformations.
The Impact and Legacy of A Study of History Arnold Toynbee
The impact of A Study of History Arnold Toynbee on subsequent historical scholarship is undeniable. While his methodology and specific conclusions may be contested, his work stimulated significant debate and influenced generations of historians. The book's popularity extended beyond academic circles, reaching a wide readership and influencing public discourse on historical trends and societal challenges. Its comparative framework continues to inspire interdisciplinary research, influencing studies in sociology, anthropology, and political science. The enduring questions raised by A Study of History Arnold Toynbee continue to shape how we understand the trajectory of civilizations and the complexities of human societies.
Publisher and Editor
A Study of History Arnold Toynbee was initially published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a renowned academic publisher with a long history of producing high-quality scholarship across diverse disciplines. OUP's reputation for rigorous editorial standards and its commitment to disseminating knowledge globally adds considerable weight to the book's impact. The initial volumes were edited by Toynbee himself, although later abridgements and summaries have been undertaken by other scholars, such as D.C. Somervell.
Conclusion
A Study of History Arnold Toynbee remains a complex and challenging work. While its methodology and specific conclusions have faced scrutiny, its ambition, scope, and enduring insights continue to engage readers and scholars alike. The book's comparative approach, its focus on the cyclical nature of civilizations, and its exploration of leadership and societal challenges remain highly relevant in the 21st century. It serves as a powerful reminder of the complexities of historical processes and the importance of understanding both the successes and failures of past civilizations to better navigate the challenges of our own time.
FAQs
1. What is the main argument of A Study of History Arnold Toynbee? The main argument is that civilizations rise and fall in cyclical patterns, driven by the actions of creative minorities and their responses (or lack thereof) to internal and external challenges.
2. What are the criticisms of Toynbee's methodology? Critics cite subjectivity in his selection of civilizations, lack of consistent engagement with primary sources, and an overemphasis on cultural factors at the expense of economic and material factors.
3. How is A Study of History Arnold Toynbee relevant today? Its insights into societal challenges, the importance of adaptation, and the cyclical nature of historical processes remain profoundly relevant in understanding contemporary global issues.
4. Who was Arnold Toynbee? Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975) was a British historian, renowned for his monumental A Study of History.
5. Is A Study of History Arnold Toynbee a difficult read? Yes, the sheer volume and complexity of the work make it a challenging read, though abridged versions are available.
6. What is the impact of A Study of History Arnold Toynbee on other disciplines? It has influenced sociology, anthropology, and political science, inspiring comparative studies and discussions on societal development.
7. How does Toynbee define a civilization? Toynbee defines a civilization based on its unique characteristics, societal structures, and interactions with its environment and other civilizations.
8. What role do creative minorities play in Toynbee's theory? Creative minorities provide the innovation and leadership that drives a civilization's growth; their failure to adapt leads to decline.
9. Are there any abridged versions of A Study of History Arnold Toynbee? Yes, several abridged versions, notably those by D.C. Somervell, exist, making the work more accessible.
Related Articles
1. "Toynbee's Challenge: Re-evaluating A Study of History in the 21st Century": This article re-examines Toynbee's work in light of contemporary historical scholarship, focusing on its strengths and weaknesses in explaining contemporary global trends.
2. "The Rise and Fall of Civilizations: A Comparative Analysis Inspired by Toynbee": This article employs Toynbee's framework to analyze the rise and fall of specific civilizations, comparing and contrasting their experiences.
3. "Creative Minorities and Societal Change: A Toynbeean Perspective": This piece delves into Toynbee's concept of creative minorities and their role in driving societal change, both positive and negative.
4. "Toynbee and the Challenge of Globalization": This article explores the relevance of Toynbee's ideas to the challenges and opportunities presented by globalization.
5. "A Comparative Study of Breakdown in Civilizations: Insights from Toynbee's Work": A focused examination of Toynbee's analysis of societal breakdown, comparing and contrasting different case studies.
6. "The Influence of A Study of History on Post-War Thought": An analysis of the book's reception and influence on intellectual and political discussions in the post-World War II era.
7. "Toynbee and Spengler: A Comparison of Cyclical Theories of History": This article compares Toynbee's theory with that of Oswald Spengler, highlighting similarities and differences.
8. "Challenging Toynbee: Alternative Explanations for the Rise and Fall of Civilizations": An exploration of alternative historical theories that challenge or expand upon Toynbee's framework.
9. "The Religious Dimension in Toynbee's A Study of History": This article examines the role of religion and spirituality in Toynbee's analysis of civilizations, focusing on his interpretations of religious influence on societal development.
| a study of history arnold toynbee: A Study of History: Volume I: Abridgement of Volumes I-VI Arnold J. Toynbee, 1987 Toynbee's analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations has been acknowledged as an achievement without parallel in modern scholarship. This abridgement, while reducing the work to one-sixth of its original size, preserves its method, atmosphere, texture, and for the most part, the author's very words. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: A Study of History Arnold Toynbee, Jane Caplan, 1972 The first abriged one-volume edition. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: A Study of History Arnold Toynbee, 1987 Toynbee's analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations has been acknowledged as an achievement without parallel in modern scholarship. This abridgement, while reducing the work to one-sixth of its original size, preserves its method, atmosphere, texture, and for the most part, the author's very words. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: A Study of History Arnold Toynbee, 1900 |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: War and Civilization Arnold Toynbee, Albert Vann Fowler, 1950 |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life William H. McNeill, 1989-04-20 One of the most remarkable thinkers of this century, Arnold Toynbee won world-wide recognition as the author of the monumental ten-volume A Study of History. Its publication and phenomenal success brought him fame and the highest praise, as the reading public proclaimed him the most renowned scholar in the world. This thought-provoking, engaging study of Toynbee, written by one of today's most eminent historians, weaves together Toynee's intellectual accomplishments and the personal difficulties of his private life. Providing both an intimate portrait of a leading thinker and a judicious evaluation of his work and his legacy for the the study of history, William H. McNeill offers both a biography and a commentary on how to write and understand history. Along with an illuminating discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of A Study of History and the countless other works written by Toynbee, McNeill offers a compelling examination of the responses of other historians (including the devastating attack launched by Hugh Trevor-Roper) and Toynbee's attempts to modify his Study to answer these criticisms. McNeill also explores his tormented personal life, including his troubled marriage to Rosalind Murray and the suicide of his son, Anthony. In this sympathetic depiction of a life, both triumphant and tragic, McNeill brings his skills to bear on one of the greatest figures in his field, illuminating a career of rare accomplishment. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Civilization on Trial [and] The World and the West Arnold Toynbee, 1988 |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: The Western Question in Greece and Turkey Arnold J. Toynbee, 2019-05-15 This book has been considered by academicians and scholars of great significance and value to literature. This forms a part of the knowledge base for future generations. We have represented this book in the same form as it was first published. Hence any marks seen are left intentionally to preserve its true nature. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: An Historian's Approach to Religion Arnold J. Toynbee, 1956 |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: A Study of History Arnold Joseph Toynbee, 1985-10-01 An extensive philosophical examination of historical trends in the growth and disintegration of civilizations from ancient times to the present century |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: The World and the West Arnold Toynbee, 1953 |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: The Greeks and Their Heritages Arnold Toynbee, 1981 Explores successfully the heritage of the Mycenaean Greeks, the Hellenic Greeks, the Byzantine Greeks, and the Modern Greeks. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Surviving the Future Arnold Toynbee, 1971 Revision of a dialogue beween Kei Wakaizumi and Arnold Toynbee, originally published, in Japanese, in installments in the Mainichi Shimbun. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Civilization on Trial Arnold Toynbee, 1949 |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Change and Habit Arnold Toynbee, 1992 Proposes the convincing argument that negative habits can he change and must be if the global problems now confronting us are to he solved. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Toynbee and History Ashley 1905- Montagu, 2021-09-10 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: The Lie About the West Douglas 1893-1964 Jerrold, 2021-09-09 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: A Journey to China Arnold Toynbee, 1977 |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Dynamics of World History Christopher Dawson, 2014-05-20 In scope and in vision Christopher Dawson’s historiography ranks with the work of men like Spengler, Northrop, and Toynbee. Several major themes run through Dawson’s work, but perhaps his most unique contribution was his insistence on the importance of religion in shaping and sustaining civilizations. Religion, Dawson believed, is the great creative force in any culture, and the loss of a society’s historic religion therefore portends a process of social dissolution. For this reason, Dawson concluded that Western society must find a way to revitalize its spiritual life if it is to avoid irreversible decay. Progress, the real religion of modernity, is insufficient to sustain cultural health. And an ahistorical, secularized Christianity is an oxymoron, a pseudo-religion only nominally related to the historic religion of the West. Dawson maintained that the hope of the present age lay in the reconciliation of the religious tradition of Christianity with the intellectual tradition of humanism and the new knowledge about man and nature provided by modern science. Dynamics of World History shows that though such a task may be difficult, it is not impossible. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: A Study of History Arnold Toynbee, 1987 Toynbee's analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations has been acknowledged as an achievement without parallel in modern scholarship. This abridgement, while reducing the work to one-sixth of its original size, preserves its method, atmosphere, texture, and for the most part, the author's very words. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Hellenism Arnold Toynbee, 1959 Surveys Hellenism from its earliest beginnings at the end of the second millennium B. C. until its decline in the seventh century of the Christian era. A provocative analysis of the Greek ideal. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Experiences Arnold Toynbee, 1969 An autobiography of British historian Arnold Toynbee, with a few poems written by him. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Sociology Faces Pessimism Robert Benjamin Bailey, 2012-12-06 My initial interest in sociology stemmed from the desire to see specific social change in certain areas of my native United States of America. My rather naive assumption at that time was that if the truth is known about social phenomena and presented to rational and educated persons, public opinion will bring about the desirable social change. That is, I assumed some automatic linkage between truth, rationality and social progress. Certainly some of the so-called pioneers of sociology also assumed this automatic linkage. Thus, the opportunity to study in Europe, on the soil of some of these pioneers heightened my interest and desire to learn more about the relationship between sociology and social progress. After living and studying several years in various parts of Western Europe - England, Germany, France, Holland - one finds that European sociology has remained very closely associ ated with social philosophy and history, has often been resisted by the universities, and is not as empirical as American sociology. The European sociologist, still quite conscious of the mistakes of the early fathers - Comte, Spencer, Marx, among others - is extremely cautious concerning problems of social progress and social action. He is aware that his science is still young and sus pect. He is also less sure than his predecessors about the exact role of sociology. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Sustainability of Engineered Rivers In Arid Lands Jurgen Schmandt, Aysegül Kibaroglu, Regina Buono, Sephra Thomas, 2021-09-16 Interdisciplinary volume considers how nine arid/semi-arid river basins with irrigated agriculture will survive future climate change, siltation, and decreased flow. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: The Decline of the West Oswald Spengler, Arthur Helps, Charles Francis Atkinson, 1991 Spengler's work describes how we have entered into a centuries-long world-historical phase comparable to late antiquity, and his controversial ideas spark debate over the meaning of historiography. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Judaism: Fossil Or Ferment? Eliezer Berkovits, 1956 Response to anti-Semetic statements in A. J. Toynbee's A study of history, originally published in 1934. Dr. Berkovitz, a rabbi and scholar, explores the Jewish idea of God, Law and Love in the scheme of Jewish salvation, Judaism and Militancy, The Ethos of Jewish History, Universalism of the Chosen People, Jewish Messianism and Zionism, Judaism and the future of Man.--Adapted from book jacket. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Greek Historical Thought Arnold J. Toynbee, 1960-01-01 |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Hypermodernity and The End of The World Brian Francis Culkin, John David Ebert, 2019-07-10 In their new book, Hypermodernity & The End of the World, John David Ebert, Brian Francis Culkin and Michael Aaron Kamins map out the cartography of Hypermodernity, an epoch which the authors demarcate as having come into being in 1995 with the advent of the Internet. As they travel across the digital medial landscape, the authors discuss the transformations wrought by Hypermodernity across the domains of economics, politics, art, film, literature and culture generally. The deworlding of the human individual by computational technologies wed together with neoliberal capitalism is discussed in great detail, as well as the rise of the avataric subject, pandemic narcissism, the ominous significance of Donald Trump, data mining by privateers, the dissolution of community, the erosion of cultural values and the eclipsing of the human by the Abyss-it's all in here, the first ever thorough discussion of the implications of Hypermodernity as a structurally distinct epoch from Modernity and Postmodernity. So buy your ticket, step right up, strap on your seatbelt, and get ready for a wild ride. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Civilization on Trial Arnold J. Toynbee, 1949 |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1916 James Bryce Bryce (Viscount), James Bryce, Arnold Toynbee, 2000 |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: The Toynbee Heresy Abba 1915- Eban, 2021-09-10 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England Arnold Toynbee, 2011-11-24 Selected posthumously from Arnold Toynbee's lectures, this 1884 collection is one of the first scholarly treatments of the Industrial Revolution. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: On the Plurality of Civilizations Feliks Koneczny, 2021-02-02 348 pages. In the XXth c. there were several authors struggling with the notion of civilization - Oswald Spengler (Der Untergang des Abendlandes), Arnold Toynbee (A Study of History), Anton Hilckman (Orient et Occident. Une Philosophie de l'histoire), Samuel Huntington (A Clash of Civilizations). Among them Feliks Koneczny was the most original. He expanded his general views on how to classify civilizations in the volume On the Plurality of Civilizations. He did not believe that civilizations are like organisms which have a birth, a youth, and adult life, a decline and death. He pointed out that some civilizations exist for millennia and show no decline while others are short lived. Koneczny claims that in the history of the world there were around 22 civilizations of which only nine exist today (Chinese, Brahmin, Jewish, Tibetan, Numidian, Turanian, Byzantine, Latin, Arab). He goes on to describe in detail these existing civilizations and in particular the four which struggle for existence in Poland. Koneczny claims that civilizations are constantly at war and no synthesis among them is possible because they have irreconcilable attitudes towards ethics. One has to consciously defend one's own civilization. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: A Study Guide for Arnold Toynbee's "A Study of History" Gale, Cengage Learning, 2016 A Study Guide for Arnold Toynbee's A Study of History, excerpted from Gale's acclaimed Nonfiction Classics for Students. This concise study guide includes plot summary; character analysis; author biography; study questions; historical context; suggestions for further reading; and much more. For any literature project, trust Nonfiction Classics for Students for all of your research needs. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Heroic Ages Arnold J. Toynbee, 1954-12-01 Good,No Highlights,No Markup,all pages are intact, Slight Shelfwear,may have the corners slightly dented, may have slight color changes/slightly damaged spine. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Surviving the Future Arnold Toynbee, 1972 Revision of a dialogue beween Kei Wakaizumi and Arnold Toynbee, originally published, in Japanese, in installments in the Mainichi Shimbun. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Arnold J. Toynbee, Historian for an Age in Crisis Roland N. Stromberg, 1972 A book by an historian about an historian is unique in this series. However, the subject of this study is not limited to the category of historian: Toynbee is also a religious thinker, a political and social philosopher, even a poet, a man of ideas, and a prolific writer. His volumes range over a multitude of subjects, including world affairs, travel, and religious and moral problems, and have had a remarkable influence on scholars as well as general readers. At eighty-three Toynbee is still writing, and his opinions on events are eagerly sought by the news media. Yet despite the reams of praise and occasional denunciation that have been written about Toynbee’s classification of civilizations, his conclusions about the role of religion in human destiny, his use of myth and metaphor as tools, no attempt has been made until now to sum up his achievements in a full-length book. Hence, this balanced and objective study is long overdue. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: Here to Stay John Hersey, 2019-09-04 In Here to StayJohn Hersey tells of episodes in the past twenty years in which Man has courageously risen above desperate situations and shown his determination to survive despite the threats of the nuclear age. Mr. Hersey first tells the story of an old lady marooned on a rooftop amidst floods caused by a hurricane. He ends with his famous Hiroshima, the story of the survivors of the first atomic bombing, written from personal investigation, with horrifying detail and compassionate indignation. Between these two pieces we read of John Kennedy’s heroism in rescuing the crew of his PT boat, sunk by the Japanese, seventeen years before he became President; a Jew’s suffering in Auschwitz; a crippled G.I.’s difficulties in adjusting himself to civilian life; the rehabilitation of a soldier paralyzed with fright; the adventures of two Poles who survived persecution; and a most moving account of an escape from Hungary in 1956. All John Hersey’s books have had a serious purpose. A Bell for Adanodrew attention to Italy’s plight; The Wall studied the Polish Jews’ struggle against tyranny; The War Lover exposed the war mentality;The Child Buyershowed up the exploitation of talent. Here to Stayis a stirring reminder of our inherent ability to meet the challenge of extinction which now faces the world. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: A Study of History: Volume I: Abridgement of Volumes I-VI Arnold J. Toynbee, 1987 Toynbee's analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations has been acknowledged as an achievement without parallel in modern scholarship. This abridgement, while reducing the work to one-sixth of its original size, preserves its method, atmosphere, texture, and for the most part, the author's very words. |
| a study of history arnold toynbee: The Inspirations of Historians Arnold Joseph Toynbee, Director Arnold J Toynbee, 1985-05 |
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one of an Oxford classical scholar. Dr. Arnold Toynbee conceived in 1922 the idea of a new approach to world-history as the history of the rises and falls of civilisations. Twelve years later …
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Arnold J. Toynbee's A Study of History is a monumental work of historical analysis, spanning twelve volumes published between 1934 and 1961. It's not simply a chronological account of …
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This ebook delves into Arnold J. Toynbee's monumental work, A Study of History, offering a critical analysis of its core arguments, methodology, and enduring legacy. Toynbee's ambitious …
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Arnold J. Toynbee's monumental work, A Study of History, remains a captivating exploration of civilization's cyclical nature. Volume 2 delves deeper into the dynamics of civilizations' growth, …
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to throw history and the social sciences together into a single compre-hensive study of human affairs. In a study of human affairs the first thing now to be done is to explore how far we can …
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one of the most stimulating works in the field of historical and socio-logical writing. The author was originally a student of the classics, but extending his interests to modern Greece and later to …
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In Arnold Toynbee: A Life, William H. McNeill weaves together Toynbee's intellectual accomplishments and the personal difficulties of his private life, providing both an intimate …
A Study Of History Toynbee 12 Volumes
Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life William H. McNeill,1989-04-20 One of the most remarkable thinkers of this century, Arnold Toynbee won world-wide recognition as the author of the monumental ten …
** Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History, Vols. I, II, III (1934), IV,
Toynbee moves con- fidently in the histories of the old civilizations of Asia, the Chinese and the Indian, of Egypt, of America as well. He is thoroughly acquainted with Roman and especially …
A Study Of History By Arnold Toynbee
Arnold Toynbee's monumental A Study of History (1934-1961), though criticized for its scope and methodology, remains a significant contribution to historical analysis. It transcends mere …
A Study Of History Volume I Abridgement Of Volumes
A Study of History Arnold J. Toynbee,1947-12-31 Arnold Toynbee's A Study of History has been acknowledged as one of the greatest achievements of modern scholarship. A ten-volume …
Arnold J. Toynbee's Philosophy of History
ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE'S PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY' PITIRIM A. SOROKIN I. OUTLINE AND APPRECIATION REGARDLESS of the subsequent criticism, Toynbee's A study of his-tory is …
DR TOYNBEE'S STUDY OF HISTORY
In the final four volumes of his work, now published in I954, Dr Toynbee begins by examining the relations and contacts between his score of civilizations.
