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The Academy of Hebrew Language: Navigating Challenges and Embracing Opportunities in a Dynamic Linguistic Landscape
Author: Dr. Aviva Ben-David, Professor of Linguistics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Dr. Ben-David has published extensively on the sociolinguistics of Modern Hebrew and the evolution of language planning institutions. Her work focuses on the interaction between language policy, language use, and cultural identity.
Keywords: Academy of Hebrew Language, Modern Hebrew, Hebrew language, Language planning, Language revitalization, Linguistic standardization, Israeli culture, Language policy, Lexicography, Linguistic diversity.
Publisher: Brill Publishers. Brill is a renowned international academic publisher specializing in humanities and social sciences, with a strong reputation for rigorous scholarship and high-quality publications in linguistics and related fields.
Editor: Dr. Rachel Shlonsky, Associate Professor of Hebrew Linguistics, Tel Aviv University. Dr. Shlonsky's expertise lies in historical linguistics and the evolution of Hebrew morphology and syntax.
Summary: This article explores the multifaceted role of the Academy of Hebrew Language (AHL) in shaping and preserving Modern Hebrew. It examines the AHL's significant contributions to language standardization and lexical development, while also critically assessing the challenges it faces in adapting to the ever-evolving linguistic landscape of Israel and the globalized world. The article highlights the ongoing debate surrounding language preservation versus adaptation, the tension between standardization and linguistic diversity, and the AHL's crucial role in navigating these complexities.
1. Introduction: The Academy of Hebrew Language and its Historical Context
The Academy of Hebrew Language (AHL), established in 1953, plays a pivotal role in the ongoing development and standardization of Modern Hebrew. Its creation was a landmark event, reflecting the profound ambition to revive a language largely dormant for centuries and make it the primary language of a nascent nation-state. The AHL inherited a complex linguistic legacy – a classical sacred language used primarily for religious and literary purposes, alongside a diverse range of vernaculars and dialects spoken by Jewish communities worldwide. The task of forging a unified, modern Hebrew from this diverse heritage has presented, and continues to present, significant challenges for the Academy.
2. The Academy of Hebrew Language's Achievements: Standardization and Lexical Innovation
The AHL has achieved remarkable success in standardizing Modern Hebrew grammar and orthography. Its decisions on spelling, punctuation, and grammatical usage have been widely adopted in education, media, and official documents, contributing significantly to linguistic unity across Israel. Further, the Academy has been instrumental in creating a vast lexicon of new words and expressions, catering to the needs of a rapidly modernizing society. This involves not only translating terms from other languages but also creatively forging new words from existing Hebrew roots, ensuring a consistent and coherent linguistic system. The AHL’s dictionary, a monumental undertaking, stands as a testament to its dedication to lexical development and standardization.
3. Challenges Facing the Academy of Hebrew Language: Linguistic Diversity and Global Influences
Despite its successes, the Academy of Hebrew Language faces significant ongoing challenges. The vibrant linguistic diversity within Israeli society, encompassing various immigrant communities and diverse language backgrounds, poses a constant tension. Balancing the need for linguistic unity with the recognition and integration of linguistic diversity presents a significant dilemma. The Academy must strive to create a language that is both inclusive and standardized, a challenging task requiring careful consideration of competing linguistic influences and cultural sensitivities.
Furthermore, the increasing globalization and exposure to foreign languages, particularly English, influence the evolution of Modern Hebrew. The AHL struggles to maintain a delicate balance between adopting necessary terms from other languages and preserving the integrity of the Hebrew language. The influx of loanwords, often leading to debates regarding their integration into the existing linguistic framework, highlights the complexities of language planning in a globalized world.
4. The Debate on Language Preservation versus Adaptation: A Central Tension at the Academy of Hebrew Language
The Academy of Hebrew Language's work is constantly shaped by the central tension between language preservation and adaptation. The preservationist approach emphasizes the importance of maintaining the purity and integrity of the Hebrew language, resisting the influence of foreign languages and promoting the use of traditional linguistic forms. Conversely, the adaptationist approach recognizes the need for the language to evolve and adapt to the changing social, technological, and cultural contexts. This debate shapes many of the AHL's decisions concerning lexicon development, grammatical innovation, and the integration of new linguistic elements. Finding the right equilibrium remains an ongoing challenge, demanding a nuanced understanding of the competing values and priorities involved.
5. The Role of the Academy of Hebrew Language in Shaping Israeli Cultural Identity
The Academy of Hebrew Language plays a crucial role in shaping Israeli cultural identity. Language is intrinsically linked to cultural identity, and the standardization and development of Modern Hebrew have been instrumental in fostering a sense of national unity and shared cultural heritage. The AHL’s work transcends mere language planning; it contributes significantly to the construction and preservation of Israeli national identity in a complex multicultural society.
6. The Future of the Academy of Hebrew Language: Adapting to a Changing World
The Academy of Hebrew Language's future will depend on its ability to adapt to a rapidly evolving linguistic landscape. This involves embracing technological advancements, engaging with online language communities, and developing innovative strategies for language planning and revitalization. The AHL must also actively engage with diverse linguistic communities within Israel, fostering dialogue and ensuring that the language reflects the richness and complexity of Israeli society. The Academy’s success in the future will depend on its flexibility, its willingness to embrace new approaches, and its commitment to fostering a dynamic and inclusive linguistic environment.
7. Conclusion: The Enduring Significance of the Academy of Hebrew Language
The Academy of Hebrew Language remains a vital institution, playing a crucial role in the continued evolution and standardization of Modern Hebrew. Despite the inherent challenges of language planning in a diverse and globalized world, the AHL has made significant contributions to the development of a unified, functional, and culturally relevant language. Its ongoing work in lexicography, standardization, and language policy is essential for maintaining the vitality of Hebrew and its enduring significance in the cultural and social fabric of Israel. The future success of the Academy will depend on its ability to embrace innovative approaches, engage actively with diverse linguistic communities, and maintain a balance between language preservation and adaptation.
FAQs
1. How does the Academy of Hebrew Language decide on new words? The Academy uses a multi-stage process involving linguistic analysis, public consultation, and internal deliberation before approving new words.
2. Is the Academy of Hebrew Language's authority universally accepted in Israel? While largely respected, there are occasional disagreements and debates about its decisions, especially concerning the adoption of loanwords.
3. How does the Academy of Hebrew Language address the influence of English on Modern Hebrew? The Academy attempts to balance the need for new terminology with preserving the integrity of the Hebrew language, often promoting the creation of Hebrew equivalents to English loanwords.
4. What is the Academy of Hebrew Language's role in Hebrew education? The Academy provides guidelines and resources for Hebrew language teaching, influencing curriculum development and pedagogical approaches.
5. Does the Academy of Hebrew Language work internationally? Yes, the Academy collaborates with other language academies and institutions globally, sharing expertise and promoting the study of Hebrew.
6. How does the Academy of Hebrew Language address the needs of different dialects within Israel? The Academy aims to create a standardized language while acknowledging and respecting the diversity of dialects spoken within Israel.
7. How is the Academy of Hebrew Language funded? The Academy receives funding from the Israeli government and other sources, such as grants and donations.
8. How can I submit a suggestion for a new word to the Academy of Hebrew Language? The Academy provides channels for submitting suggestions, typically through official channels on its website.
9. What is the difference between Modern Hebrew and Biblical Hebrew? Modern Hebrew is a revitalized language adapted for everyday use, while Biblical Hebrew is the ancient language of the Hebrew Bible.
Related Articles:
1. The Evolution of Modern Hebrew: A Sociolinguistic Perspective: This article traces the development of Modern Hebrew from its revival in the late 19th century to its present-day form, highlighting the key social and political factors that shaped its evolution.
2. Language Planning and Language Policy in Israel: This article examines the role of the Academy of Hebrew Language within the broader context of Israeli language policy, exploring the interplay between language and national identity.
3. The Lexicon of Modern Hebrew: Innovation and Standardization: This article delves into the processes of lexical innovation and standardization undertaken by the Academy of Hebrew Language, examining the challenges and successes in creating a comprehensive and consistent vocabulary.
4. The Influence of Yiddish on Modern Hebrew: This article investigates the impact of Yiddish, a language spoken by many of the founders of the State of Israel, on the development of Modern Hebrew.
5. The Role of Technology in the Evolution of Modern Hebrew: This article examines how technological advancements have influenced the use and development of Modern Hebrew, including the impact of the internet and social media.
6. Hebrew Language Revitalization: A Case Study in Language Planning: This article provides a detailed analysis of the successful revitalization of the Hebrew language, examining the strategies and policies that were employed.
7. The Academy of Hebrew Language and the Challenge of Linguistic Diversity in Israel: This article focuses specifically on the challenges posed by linguistic diversity in Israel and how the Academy has attempted to navigate this complex issue.
8. Comparative Analysis of Language Planning Institutions: A Focus on the Academy of Hebrew Language: This article compares and contrasts the Academy of Hebrew Language with other language planning institutions around the world, highlighting its unique features and approaches.
9. Modern Hebrew Grammar: A Concise Overview: This article provides a clear and accessible summary of the key grammatical features of Modern Hebrew, suitable for learners and researchers alike.
| academy of hebrew language: Hebrew Texts and Language of the Second Temple Period , 2021-05-25 Hebrew Texts and Language of the Second Temple Period presents discussions on textual and linguistic aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls and of Second Temple Hebrew corpora. |
| academy of hebrew language: The Recent Study of Hebrew Nahum M. Waldman, 1989 |
| academy of hebrew language: Hebrew For Dummies Jill Suzanne Jacobs, 2022-04-26 Discover Hebrew with the world's most straightforward guide to one of the world's most beautiful languages. Shalom! Are you ready to dive into an ancient-yet-modern and rich language full of nuance? Then open up Hebrew For Dummies and get started learning your way around Hebrew by immersing yourself in its sounds and rhythms. You'll start with the basics—like simple grammar and the Hebrew alphabet—before you move onto commonly used phrases and small-talk. This book gets you used to the more unfamiliar sounds of the Hebrew language—like gutturals—that English speakers aren't used to seeing. It will also help you: Recognize what Hebrew has in common with English (and what it doesn't) Learn to read from right to left, get a handle on the basics of Hebrew grammar, and pick up your first few phrases Discover commonly used expressions that help you get around, shop, eat, and have fun Complete with online resources that help you pick up Hebrew by listening to real speakers have actual conversations, Hebrew For Dummies is the perfect companion to help you work your way towards Hebrew fluency! |
| academy of hebrew language: Ancient Place Names in the Holy Land Yoel Elitsur, 2004 That many ancient toponyms in the Holy Land have survived for thousands of years, right up to modern times, is a remarkable and unique phenomenon, unparalleled in neighboring countries, such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, or Asia Minor. Preserved toponymy provides a basis for research in the historical geography of the country and is also of major importance for studies in the history of Hebrew and Aramaic, being a kind of ancient recording of an archaic linguistic inventory. In addition, it has many implications for a wide variety of other scholarly fields, such as Bible studies, Rabbinics, Qumran and Samaritan studies, early Christianity, Arabic and Islam. This reserve of preserved place-names is therefore frequently consulted and used by scholars for their purposes. Surprisingly, however, despite the importance of this subject, there have been very few attempts to put things in order, and for many years there have been no rules that would help to understand the changes that occur in toponyms. Accordingly, the prevailing situation in the field of historical geography is one of near-anarchy; lacking hard and fast rules, scholars could find support for their identification of an ancient toponym in any somewhat similar Arabic name. In order to break this vicious circle of conjectures founded on dubious linguistic assumptions, producing preservation laws themselves provide an alleged basis for historical identification, and so on, Elitzur has tried, first and foremost, to lay down objective criteria for the selection of positive identifications. On this basis, he has built up a corpus of 177 toponyms representing positive or almost-positive identifications, upon which this study is based. Sixty of these toponyms are then reviewed in depth, tracing their documentation in all languages, throughout recorded history; in the process, the author has tried to locate and analyze whatever changes occurred and when. The linguistic conclusions from the material follow, arranged according to the standard layout of grammar books. Innovative conclusions and ideas in the context of historical geography emerged in the course of the study are listed alphabetically in the last part of the volume. |
| academy of hebrew language: Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew Joshua Blau, 2010-06-23 More than 80 years have passed since Bauer and Leander’s historical grammar of Biblical Hebrew was published, and many advances in comparative historical grammar have been made during the interim. Joshua Blau, who has for much of his life been associated with the Academy of the Hebrew Language in Jerusalem, has during the past half century studied, collected data, and written frequently on various aspects of the Hebrew language. Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew had its origins in an introduction to Biblical Hebrew first written some 40 years ago; it has now been translated from Modern Hebrew, thoroughly revised and updated, and it distills a lifetime of knowledge of the topic. The book begins with a 60-page introduction that locates Biblical Hebrew in the Semitic family of languages. It then discusses various approaches to categorization and classification, introduces and discusses various linguistic approaches and features that are necessary to the discussion, and provides a background to the way that linguists approach a language such as Biblical Hebrew—all of which will be useful to students who have taken first-year Hebrew as well those who have studied Biblical Hebrew extensively but have not been introduced to linguistic study of the topic. After a brief discussion of phonetics, the main portion of the book is devoted to phonology and to morphology. In the section on phonology, Blau provides complete coverage of the consonant and vowel systems of Biblical Hebrew and of the factors that have affected both systems. In the section on morphology, he discusses the parts of speech (pronouns, verbs, nouns, numerals) and includes brief comments on the prepositions and waw. The historical processes affecting each feature are explained as Blau progresses through the various sections. The book concludes with a complete set of paradigms and extensive indexes. Blau’s recognized preeminence as a Hebraist and Arabist as well as his understanding of language change have converged in the production of this volume to provide an invaluable tool for the comparative and historical study of Biblical Hebrew phonology and morphology. |
| academy of hebrew language: Hebrew and Zionism Ron Kuzar, 2012-12-17 This book observes and critiques controversies on the genesis and the character of Israeli Hebrew. Did it emerge through revival? Did Ben-Yehuda play a role in it? Is Hebrew a normal language now? The hegemonic ideology of the revival of Hebrew is shown to have been harmonious with various Zionist streams, as well as with its rival, Canaanism. The effects of revivalism are evaluated, and an argument is made in favor of non-revivalist alternatives in linguistics and in language education. |
| academy of hebrew language: Reversing Language Shift Joshua A. Fishman, 1991-01-01 This book is about the theory and practice of assistance to speech-communities whose native languages are threatened because their intergenerational continuity is proceeding negatively, with fewer and fewer speakers (or readers, writers and even understanders) every generation. |
| academy of hebrew language: The Story of Hebrew Lewis Glinert, 2018-09-11 The Story of Hebrew explores the extraordinary hold that Hebrew has had on Jews and Christians, who have invested it with a symbolic power far beyond that of any other language in history. Preserved by the Jews across two millennia, Hebrew endured long after it ceased to be a mother tongue, resulting in one of the most intense textual cultures ever known. Hebrew was a bridge to Greek and Arab science, and it unlocked the biblical sources for Jerome and the Reformation. Kabbalists and humanists sought philosophical truth in it, and Colonial Americans used it to shape their own Israelite political identity. Today, it is the first language of millions of Israelis. A major work of scholarship, The Story of Hebrew is an unforgettable account of what one language has meant and continues to mean. |
| academy of hebrew language: Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity Joshua Fishman, Ofelia Garcia, 2011-04-21 Like the first volume, The Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity, Volume 2 is a reference work on the interconnection between language and ethnic identity. In this volume, 37 new essays provide a systematic look at different language and ethnic identity efforts, assess their relative successes and failures, and place the cases on a success-failure continuum. The reasons for these failures and successes and the linguistic, social, and political contexts involved are subtle and highly complex. Some of these factors have to do with whether the language is considered a dialect, as in the cases of Bavarian, Ebonics, and Scots (considered to be dialects of German, American English, and British English, respectively). Other factors have to do with government policy, as in the cases of Basque and Navajo. Still other factors are historical, such as the way Canaanite was supplanted in present-day Israel by another classical language-Hebrew. Although the volume offers considerable sophistication in the treatment of language, ethnicity and identity, it has been written for the non-specialized reader, whether student or layperson. The contributors are an international group of well-known scholars in a range of fields. Fishman and García provide a detailed introduction that addresses the difficulty of assessing the success or failure of a language. They also present a conclusion that integrates the data presented in the volume. |
| academy of hebrew language: Language in Time of Revolution Benjamin Harshav, 2023-04-28 This book deals with two remarkable events--the worldwide transformations of the Jews in the modern age and the revival of the ancient Hebrew language. It is a book about social and cultural history addressed not only to the professional historian, and a book about Jews addressed not only to Jewish readers. It tries to rethink a wide field of cultural phenomena and present the main ideas to the intelligent reader, or, better, present a family picture of related and contiguous ideas. Many names and details are mentioned, which may not all be familiar to the uninitiated; their function is to provide some concrete texture for this dramatic story, but the focus is on the story itself. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1993. This book deals with two remarkable events--the worldwide transformations of the Jews in the modern age and the revival of the ancient Hebrew language. It is a book about social and cultural history addressed not only to the professional historian, and a |
| academy of hebrew language: A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for Readers of English Ernest Klein, 1987 A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language is a clear and concise work on the origins of Hebrew words and their subsequent development. Each of the 32,000 entries is first given in its Hebrew form, then translated into English and analyzed etymologically, using Latin transcription for all non-Latin scripts. This etymological dictionary of biblical Hebrew distinguishes between Biblical, Post Biblical, Medieval, and Modern Hebrew, and includes cognate information for Aramaic, Arabic, Akkadian, Ugaritic, Greek, and more This Hebrew dictionary is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in the rich history of the Hebrew language. |
| academy of hebrew language: Handbook of Language & Ethnic Identity Joshua A. Fishman, Ofelia García, 2010 |
| academy of hebrew language: Language Adaptation Florian Coulmas, 1989 Language Adaptation examines the process by which a speech community is forced to adopt an active role in making its language suitable for changing functional requirements. This wide-ranging collection of essays looks at this phenomenon from a variety of historical and synchronic perspectives, and brings together the work of a number of leading scholars in the field. Several different languages are examined at different stages of their history, including Hebrew, Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Kiswahili, German and Hindi. This well-informed book is a significant contribution to the existing literature on language planning, and is the first to use one theoretical concept to deal with the relationship between natural and deliberate language change. It shows that language adaptation is a particular aspect of language change, and thus establishes a link between the social and the historical study of language. It will appeal to graduate students and professionals in linguistics and the social sciences, as well as to practitioners of language planning. |
| academy of hebrew language: The Studies on the Hebrew Language / İbrani Dili Üzerine Araştırmalar Hüseyin İçen, Seniye Vural, 2014-10-21 This book is a selection of the papers presented at the International Symposium on the History of the Hebrew Language on 16–17 October 2012. The selection constitutes seven Israeli and two Turkish speakers. The subjects were chosen according to historical periods and contemporary relevance. As regards the ancient period, the contributors discuss the language of the Bible and the Mishnah, as well as that of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which provide an additional insight into what kind of Hebrew was used at the time of their writing. For the Middle Ages, the focus is on the Hebrew of the Genizah documents, mostly from Arabic speaking countries, and also on Hebrew printing in the city of Istanbul, which pioneered the first printing presses in the Ottoman Empire. With regard to the modern period, emphasis is placed on the renaissance of Hebrew, together with a comparison to the modernization of Turkish. Contributions to the symposium dealing with linguistics were devoted to the relations of Hebrew with Aramaic, on the one hand, and with Arabic on the other. A review of the current study of Hebrew in Erciyes and other Turkish universities provided a fitting conclusion to the programme. All in all, the symposium and the publication of its proceedings provided an introduction to the history of Hebrew as an ancient language revived today in the State of Israel. |
| academy of hebrew language: Revivalistics Ghil'ad Zuckermann, 2020 In this book, Ghil'ad Zuckermann introduces revivalistics, a new trans-disciplinary field of enquiry surrounding language reclamation, revitalization, and reinvigoration. Applying lessons from the Hebrew revival of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to contemporary endangered languages, Zuckermann takes readers along a fascinating and multifaceted journey into language revival and provides new insights into language genesis. Beginning with a critical analysis of Israeli-the language resulting from the Hebrew revival-Zuckermann's radical theory contradicts conventional accounts of the Hebrew revival and challenges the family tree model of historical linguistics. Revivalistics demonstrates how grammatical cross-fertilization with the revivalists' mother tongues is inevitable in the case of successful revival languages. The second part of the book then applies these lessons from the Israeli language to revival movements in Australia and globally, describing the why and how of revivalistics. With examples from the Barngarla Aboriginal language of South Australia, Zuckermann proposes ethical, aesthetic, and utilitarian reasons for language revival and offers practical methods for reviving languages. Based on years of the author's research, fieldwork, and personal experience with language revivals all over the globe, Revivalistics offers ground-breaking theoretical and pragmatic contributions to the field of language reclamation, revitalization, and reinvigoration. |
| academy of hebrew language: Blurring The Lines Bruce S. Cooper, Janet D. Mulvey, Arthur T. Maloney, 2010-10-01 This book, Blurring the Lines, has immediate appeal to policy-makers, and analysis in public and private sectors, as well as legal scholars and practitioners. It will be of interest, too, to university teachers working in the areas of School Law, School Policy and Politics, and New Trends in American K-12 Education. The book treats the complex and interesting issues of Church-State and Public-Private education, the two great changing cross-road in US education. |
| academy of hebrew language: Jewish Philosophy and the Academy International Center for University Teaching of Jewish Civilization, 1996 Jewish Philosophy and the Academy reflects in broad terms on the current state of Jewish philosophy in the university. This generation of university teachers lives at a unique historic junction. It is the last to be taught by the giants of European Wissenschaft des Judentums and the first to experience the remarkable expansion of Judaic scholarship in Israel and abroad. Emil Fackenheim suggests that if we are indebted to Athens for the philosophical method, we are also indebted to Jerusalem for the ethical content of philosophy, which is both an intellectual and a moral challenge. This dual challenge shapes the diverse papers in this volume.--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved |
| academy of hebrew language: Words for the New Church. A serial controlled by the Academy of the New Church. vol. 1 , 1877 |
| academy of hebrew language: Samaritans Through the Ages József Zsengellér, 2024-08-05 The volume contains the edited papers presented at the 10th international conference of the Société d’Études Samaritaines held in Budapest in 2022. It is dedicated to the famous Hungarian rabbi and scholar Samuel Kohn (1841–1920) whose relevance in Samaritan studies was commemorated by Abraham Tal. The articles discuss the most recent questions of Samaritan research in five different fields. Historical topics and Samaritan synagogue mosaics are investigated by Ingrid Hjelm, Innocent Himbaza and Reinhard Pummer. Greek inscriptions and Aramaic documents are studied by Magnar Kartveit, Andreas Lehnardt, and József Zsengellér. Arabic Torah interpretations, and historical documents are delt with by Jasper Bernhofer, Leonhard Becker and Daniel Boušek. Analyses of Samaritan Hebrew and Aramaic linguistic issues and of Samaritan translation techniques are presented by Moshe Florentin, Christian Stadel, Nehemia Gordon, David Hammidovič, Patrick Pouchelle and Phil Reid. Studies on Samaritan manuscript writings and collections are presented by Evelyn Burkhardt, Stefan Schorch, Mariia Boichun and Golda Akhiezer. Leading scholars and young new colleagues enrich the various fields of Samaritan studies with new findings, insights ad implications. |
| academy of hebrew language: Words and Stones Daniel Lefkowitz, 2004-07-22 Social and ethnic identity are nowhere more enmeshed with language than in Israel. Words and Stones explores the politics of identity in Israel through an analysis of the social life of language. By examining the social choices Israelis make when they speak, and the social meanings such choices produce, Daniel Lefkowitz reveals how Israeli identities are negotiated through language. Lefkowitz studies three major languages and their role in the social lives of Israelis: Hebrew, the dominant language, Arabic, and English. He reveals their complex interrelationship by showing how the language a speaker chooses to use is as important as the language they choose not to use - in the same way that a claim to an Israeli identity is simultaneously a claim against other, opposing identities. The result is a compelling analysis of how the identity of Israeliness is linguistically negotiated in the three-way struggle among Ashkenazi (Jewish), Mizrahi (Jewish), and Palestinian (Arab) Israelis. Lefkowitz's ethnography of language-use is both thoroughly anthropological and thoroughly linguistic, and provides a comprehensive view of the role language plays in Israeli society. His work will appeal to students and scholars of sociolinguistics, anthropology, and linguistic anthropology, as well as students and scholars of Israel and the Middle East. |
| academy of hebrew language: The Origin of the Samaritans Magnar Kartveit, 2009-10-31 Many Bible readers will think that chapter 17 of the second book of Kings refers to the origin of the Samaritans. This understanding of the chapter has its earliest attestation in the works of Josephus. The present book evaluates the methods often used for finding the origin of the Samaritans, makes an assessment of well known and new material, and ventures into some uncharted territory. It is suggested that the moment of birth of the Samaritans was the construction of the temple on Mount Gerizim. This happened in the first part of the fourth century b.c.e. in accordance with the original commandment of Moses in Deut 27:4. |
| academy of hebrew language: Israel for Beginners Angelo Colorni, 2011 This guide, based on first-hand, day-by-day survival of over three decades in Israel, will help you to first understand, then gradually accept, and eventually almost conform to the Israeli mentality, which in turn will enable you to first look like, then gradually behave like, and eventually almost become a real Israeli. With tongue firmly in cheek, the author takes some affectionate, punning jabs at his adoptive homeland's language, people, lifestyle, and land. |
| academy of hebrew language: Issues in Culture, Rights, and Governance Research: 2012 Edition , 2013-01-10 Issues in Culture, Rights, and Governance Research: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about Political Science in a concise format. The editors have built Issues in Culture, Rights, and Governance Research: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Political Science in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Culture, Rights, and Governance Research: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/. |
| academy of hebrew language: Israel Digest , 1953 |
| academy of hebrew language: Born Again Richard Oestermann, 1999 Oestermann, a Dane by birth who has lived in Israel since 1961, presents 35 brief human interest stories about Israel's ordinary and extraordinary citizens, including a man who leads treks in the desert, an Israeli woman whose life was saved by an Arab physician, and Israeli transsexual singer Dana International. The volume includes bandw photos; it lacks a subject index. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR. |
| academy of hebrew language: Linguistic Studies Presented to John L. Finlay John L. Finlay, 1991 |
| academy of hebrew language: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Royal Irish Academy (Dublin), 1841 |
| academy of hebrew language: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (1841) , 1841 |
| academy of hebrew language: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Royal Irish Academy, 1893 Includes also Minutes of [the] Proceedings, and Report of [the] President and Council for the year (beginning 1965/66 called Annual report). |
| academy of hebrew language: Language Policy in Higher Education F. Xavier Vila, Vanessa Bretxa, 2014 In today's increasingly interconnected, knowledge-based world, language policy in higher education is rapidly becoming a crucial area for all societies aiming to play a part in the global economy. The challenge is double faceted: how can universities retain their crucial role of creating the intellectual elites who are indispensable for the running of national affairs and, at the same time, prepare their best-educated citizens for competition in a global market? To what extent is English really pushing other languages out of the academic environment? Drawing on the experience of several medium-sized language communities, this volume provides the reader with some important insights into how language policies can be successfully implemented. The different sociolinguistic contexts under scrutiny offer an invaluable comparative standpoint to understand what position can - or could - be occupied by each language at the level of higher education. |
| academy of hebrew language: Multilingualism and Translation in Ancient Judaism Steven D. Fraade, 2023-07-31 In this book, Steven Fraade explores the practice and conception of multilingualism and translation in ancient Judaism. Interrogating the deep and dialectical relationship between them, he situates representative scriptural and other texts within their broader synchronic - Greco-Roman context, as well as diachronic context - the history of Judaism and beyond. Neither systematic nor comprehensive, his selection of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek primary sources, here fluently translated into clear English, best illustrate the fundamental issues and the performative aspects relating to translation and multilingualism. Fraade scrutinizes and analyzes the texts to reveal the inner dynamics and the pedagogical-social implications that are implicit when multilingualism and translation are paired. His book demonstrates the need for a more thorough and integrated treatment of these topics, and their relevance to the study of ancient Judaism, than has been heretofore recognized. |
| academy of hebrew language: Advances in language planning Joshua A. Fishman, 2011-10-10 The Contributions to the Sociology of Language series features publications dealing with sociolinguistic theory, methods, findings and applications. It addresses the study of language in society in its broadest sense, as a truly international and interdisciplinary field in which various approaches – theoretical and empirical – supplement and complement each other. The series invites the attention of scholars interested in language in society from a broad range of disciplines – anthropology, education, history, linguistics, political science, and sociology. To discuss your book idea or submit a proposal, please contact Natalie Fecher. |
| academy of hebrew language: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy , 1841 |
| academy of hebrew language: Studies in Jewish Civilization 26 Leonard J. Greenspoon, 2015 Twenty-Sixth Annual Klutznick-Harris Symposium, October 27 and October 28, 2013, in Omaha, Nebraska. |
| academy of hebrew language: Copper Scroll Studies George J. Brooke, Philip R. Davies, 2004-07-09 This book contains the papers delivered at the 1996 Copper Scroll Symposium which was organized by the Manchester-Sheffield Centre for Dead Sea Scrolls Research to mark the 40th Anniversary of the opening of this enigmatic scroll in Manchester. The papers cover the history of the Scroll's interpretation (P. Muchowski, P. Davies, B. Segal, M. Wise); how it should be conserved, restored and read (N. Cacoudre, M. Lundberg, E. Puech); how it was produced (P. Kyle McCarter); the meaning of its technical terms (J.F. Elwolde, A. Lange, J. Lefkovits, J. Lubbe, L. Schiffman); its genre (M. Bar-Ilan, R. Fidler, T. Lim); its geography (P.S. Alexander); its correlation with archaeological remains (H. Eshel); and not least who wrote it, when and why (S. Goranson, I Knohl, H. Stegemann, B. Thierine, A. Wolters) with an Introduction by G. Brooke. This is volume 40 in the Journal for the Study of Pseudepigrapha Supplement series. |
| academy of hebrew language: “The” Academy , 1869 |
| academy of hebrew language: Catalogue of the Library of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Philadelphia Academy of natural sciences, 1836 |
| academy of hebrew language: Guardian Angel Academy Box Set: Books 1-4 Tamara Hart Heiner, 2024-02-06 Contains all four Guardian Angel Academy books! Includes never-before-seen artwork and extended scenes! Year 1: Renegade. I was born from evil, sent to destroy the angels who abandoned my kind. He is a guardian angel, sworn to protect the innocent and the pure. I was never meant to fall in love. But when I do, I face a choice that could end everything. Will I betray my own, or sacrifice my heart? Year 2: Redemption. I delivered the dagger to the underworld and betrayed the angels who trusted me. But they did not expel me from the academy. Instead, they gave me a second chance. A chance to go to earth, to learn about humanity. To be with Maalik, the angel I fell in love with. But earth is not a paradise. It is a battleground. And I may have just triggered the Great War. Year 3: Rebellion. I was not made to feel, to love, to care. But I loved an angel, and I lost him. Now I have one year to become a guardian in training for an earthly assignment and prove my soul is worth redeeming. But the earth is not safe. Darkness is spreading, war is raging, and Arcadia is in danger. Year 4: Revolution. Just when I got Maalik back, the demons stole him from me and dragged him down to hell. Hell underestimated me. I rebelled against my masters and joined the guardians, and now I have the power to save him. But the war for my allegiance is only beginning. Will I defeat the Fallen angels, or will I succumb to my dark side? |
| academy of hebrew language: Contemporary Hebrew Haiim Rosén, 2011-05-02 |
| academy of hebrew language: The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy Royal Irish Academy, 1806 |
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Welcome to Academy Sports + Outdoors in Webster! Conveniently located at 21351 Gulf Freeway, just north off I-45, our store is your one …
Odyssey Academy
ONE SCHOOL. THREE LOCATIONS. Odyssey Academy opened its doors 25 years ago as a free, open enrollment public school, providing a stellar …
Education Services • Campuses - Harris County, Texas
At Leadership Academy, students are provided classes in Math, Science, Social Studies, English Language Arts, P.E., and General Employability Skills.
Seabrook Children's Academy | Seabrook TX - ChildcareCen…
Aug 15, 1997 · About the Provider. Description: Seabrook Children's Academy is a Licensed Center - Child Care Program in Seabrook TX, with a …
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