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The Absence of Political Authority: Navigating Anarchy and Its Implications
Author: Dr. Anya Sharma, PhD in Political Science, specializing in conflict resolution and state fragility. Dr. Sharma has over 15 years of experience working with NGOs in post-conflict zones and advising international organizations on governance issues.
Publisher: The Institute for Global Governance and Development (IGGD), a leading research institution focused on promoting sustainable governance and development in fragile and conflict-affected states. IGGD publishes peer-reviewed academic papers, policy briefs, and practical guides on a wide range of topics related to political stability and state-building.
Editor: Professor David Miller, PhD, a renowned expert in political theory and comparative politics with extensive experience in editing scholarly publications.
Keyword: absence of political authority
Summary: This guide explores the complex challenges associated with the absence of political authority, analyzing its causes, consequences, and potential solutions. It examines various approaches to navigating this challenging environment, highlighting best practices for maintaining order and promoting stability, while also cautioning against common pitfalls. The guide is intended for policymakers, humanitarian workers, and anyone interested in understanding the dynamics of governance in situations where state authority is weak or absent.
1. Introduction: Understanding the Absence of Political Authority
The absence of political authority, often characterized by anarchy or state failure, presents a profound challenge to human security and development. This situation, where a recognized government lacks the capacity or legitimacy to effectively govern its territory, creates a power vacuum filled by competing factions, armed groups, and criminal networks. Understanding the dynamics of this absence is crucial for designing effective interventions. This guide provides a framework for analyzing the phenomenon of the absence of political authority and suggests strategies for addressing its multifaceted consequences.
2. Causes of the Absence of Political Authority:
Several factors contribute to the absence of political authority. These include:
State Collapse: Internal conflicts, prolonged civil wars, and economic crises can severely weaken state institutions, leading to a complete breakdown of governance.
Weak State Capacity: Even in the presence of a government, the absence of effective law enforcement, judicial systems, and public services can effectively render the state powerless. This lack of capacity creates fertile ground for the absence of political authority in practice.
Lack of Legitimacy: When the government loses the trust and support of its citizens, its authority erodes, creating a vacuum that can be exploited by alternative power structures.
External Interventions: Foreign interference, including military interventions and support for rival factions, can exacerbate existing instability and contribute to the absence of political authority.
3. Consequences of the Absence of Political Authority:
The absence of political authority leads to a cascade of negative consequences:
Violence and Insecurity: The lack of effective law enforcement allows for rampant crime, violence, and armed conflict, threatening the lives and livelihoods of the population.
Human Rights Violations: Without the protection of the state, citizens become vulnerable to abuse, exploitation, and human rights violations.
Economic Collapse: Uncertainty and insecurity discourage investment, hinder economic activity, and lead to widespread poverty and displacement.
Mass Migration and Displacement: People flee areas affected by the absence of political authority seeking safety and stability elsewhere.
Emergence of Non-State Actors: In the absence of the state, non-state actors – including warlords, criminal gangs, and terrorist organizations – often fill the power vacuum, exacerbating instability.
4. Best Practices for Addressing the Absence of Political Authority:
Effectively responding to the absence of political authority requires a multi-faceted approach:
Peacebuilding and Conflict Resolution: Addressing the root causes of conflict and promoting reconciliation are crucial for establishing a foundation for lasting peace and stability.
State-Building: Strengthening state institutions, including the police, judiciary, and public administration, is essential for restoring effective governance.
Security Sector Reform: Reforming security forces, ensuring accountability, and promoting respect for human rights are crucial for building trust and maintaining order.
Humanitarian Assistance: Providing humanitarian aid to those affected by the absence of political authority is essential for alleviating suffering and supporting recovery.
Economic Development: Promoting economic growth and creating opportunities for employment are essential for building a sustainable peace.
Community Engagement: Involving local communities in the peacebuilding and state-building processes is crucial for ensuring that interventions are relevant and effective.
5. Common Pitfalls in Addressing the Absence of Political Authority:
Several common pitfalls can hinder efforts to address the absence of political authority:
Imposing Solutions: Ignoring local context and imposing externally-designed solutions can lead to unintended consequences and undermine the legitimacy of interventions.
Short-Term Focus: Focusing on short-term gains rather than sustainable solutions can create a cycle of instability.
Ignoring Root Causes: Failing to address the root causes of conflict and instability can result in the recurrence of violence and the persistence of the absence of political authority.
Lack of Coordination: Poor coordination among different actors involved in peacebuilding and state-building efforts can lead to conflicting agendas and ineffective interventions.
6. Conclusion:
The absence of political authority is a complex and multifaceted challenge. Addressing it requires a comprehensive and nuanced approach that takes into account the specific context, engages local communities, and addresses the root causes of instability. By learning from past mistakes and embracing best practices, it is possible to build more peaceful, just, and stable societies even in the face of the absence of political authority. However, sustained effort and long-term commitment are crucial for success.
FAQs:
1. What is the difference between a weak state and a failed state? A weak state has limited capacity to govern effectively, while a failed state has essentially collapsed and lost control over its territory. Both scenarios can contribute to the absence of political authority.
2. How can international organizations help address the absence of political authority? International organizations can provide financial and technical assistance, mediate conflicts, and promote good governance.
3. What role do civil society organizations play in addressing the absence of political authority? Civil society organizations can provide essential services, advocate for human rights, and promote peacebuilding initiatives.
4. What is the role of the military in addressing the absence of political authority? The military can play a crucial role in maintaining security and protecting civilians, but it's crucial to ensure its actions are accountable and aligned with human rights principles.
5. How can we prevent the absence of political authority from happening in the first place? Strengthening governance institutions, promoting inclusive political processes, and addressing socioeconomic inequalities are key to prevention.
6. What are some examples of successful interventions to address the absence of political authority? Successful interventions often involve a combination of peacebuilding, state-building, and economic development initiatives tailored to specific local contexts.
7. What are some of the ethical considerations in addressing the absence of political authority? Ethical considerations include respecting human rights, protecting civilians, and ensuring that interventions do not exacerbate existing inequalities.
8. What are the long-term challenges of addressing the absence of political authority? Long-term challenges include sustaining peace, building resilient institutions, and promoting inclusive economic growth.
9. How can we measure the success of interventions to address the absence of political authority? Success can be measured by improvements in security, governance, human rights, and economic development, along with a reduction in violence and displacement.
Related Articles:
1. State Fragility and Conflict: This article explores the factors that contribute to state fragility and the links between state weakness and conflict.
2. Peacebuilding in Post-Conflict Societies: This article examines different approaches to peacebuilding, including conflict resolution, reconciliation, and security sector reform.
3. The Role of Civil Society in State-Building: This article explores the crucial role of civil society organizations in promoting good governance, accountability, and citizen participation.
4. Humanitarian Intervention and Sovereignty: This article explores the ethical and legal dilemmas surrounding humanitarian intervention in situations where state authority is absent.
5. The Economics of Conflict and Reconstruction: This article examines the economic impact of conflict and the challenges of rebuilding economies in post-conflict settings.
6. Security Sector Reform in Fragile States: This article explores the complexities of reforming security forces in fragile states to ensure accountability and protect human rights.
7. The Causes and Consequences of State Failure: This article provides a comprehensive overview of the factors contributing to state failure and its wider consequences.
8. The Rise of Non-State Actors in the Absence of Political Authority: This article explores the emergence of non-state actors and their influence in areas where state authority is weak or absent.
9. Building Inclusive Governance in Fragile States: This article explores strategies for building inclusive governance structures that promote participation, accountability, and equity.
| absence of political authority: Political Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction David Miller, 2003-06-26 This book introduces readers to the concepts of political philosophy. It starts by explaining why the subject is important and how it tackles basic ethical questions such as 'how should we live together in society?' It looks at political authority, the reasons why we need politics at all, the limitations of politics, and whether there are areas of life that shouldn't be governed by politics. It explores the connections between political authority and justice, a constant theme in political philosophy, and the ways in which social justice can be used to regulate rather than destroy a market economy. David Miller discusses why nations are the natural units of government and whether the rise of multiculturalism and transnational co-operation will change this: will we ever see the formation of a world government? ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable. |
| absence of political authority: The Problem of Political Authority Michael Huemer, 2012-10-29 The state is often ascribed a special sort of authority, one that obliges citizens to obey its commands and entitles the state to enforce those commands through threats of violence. This book argues that this notion is a moral illusion: no one has ever possessed that sort of authority. |
| absence of political authority: Realism and International Relations Jack Donnelly, 2000-06 1. The realist tradition |
| absence of political authority: The Oxford Handbook of Political Philosophy David Estlund, 2012-07-19 This volume includes 22 new pieces by leading political philosophers, on traditional issues (such as authority and equality) and emerging issues (such as race, and money in politics). The pieces are clear and accessible will interest both students and scholars working in philosophy, political science, law, economics, and more. |
| absence of political authority: John Locke Eric Mack, 2013-02-07 John Locke (1632-1704), one of the great philosophers, is probably best known for his contributions to political thought. In this outstanding volume, Eric Mack explains Locke's philosophical position, placing it in the tumultuous political and religious context of 17th century England. For Locke, entering into political society did not involve giving up one's natural rights, but rather transferring to governmental authority the job of protecting those rights. In this rigorous critical analysis, Mack argues that Locke provides an impressive - if not decisive - philosophical case for the view that individuals have natural rights to life, liberty and property, despite the existence or actions of any political authority. |
| absence of political authority: Rethinking Political Obligation D. Mokrosinska, Dorota Mokrosi?ska, 2012-07-31 What are the grounds for and limits to obedience to the state? This book offers a fresh analysis of the debate concerning the moral obligation to obey the state, develops a novel account of political obligation and provides the first detailed argument of how a theory of political obligation can apply to subjects of an unjust state. |
| absence of political authority: Principles of Politics Applicable to All Governments Benjamin Constant, 2003 Benjamin Constant (1767-1830) was born in Switzerland and became one of France's leading writers, as well as a journalist, philosopher, and politician. His colourful life included a formative stay at the University of Edinburgh; service at the court of Brunswick, Germany; election to the French Tribunate; and initial opposition and subsequent support for Napoleon, even the drafting of a constitution for the Hundred Days. Constant wrote many books, essays, and pamphlets. His deepest conviction was that reform is hugely superior to revolution, both morally and politically. While Constant's fluid, dynamic style and lofty eloquence do not always make for easy reading, his text forms a coherent whole, and in his translation Dennis O'Keeffe has focused on retaining the 'general elegance and subtle rhetoric' of the original. Sir Isaiah Berlin called Constant 'the most eloquent of all defenders of freedom and privacy' and believed to him we owe the notion of 'negative liberty', that is, what Biancamaria Fontana describes as the protection of individual experience and choices from external interferences and constraints. To Constant it was relatively unimportant whether liberty was ultimately grounded in religion or metaphysics -- what mattered were the practical guarantees of practical freedom -- autonomy in all those aspects of life that could cause no harm to others or to society as a whole. This translation is based on Etienne Hofmann's critical edition of Principes de politique (1980), complete with Constant's additions to the original work. |
| absence of political authority: Nietzsche's Political Skepticism Tamsin Shaw, 2010-07-21 It is difficult to spell out the precise political implications of Nietzsche's critique of morality. He himself never did so in any systematic way. Tamsin Shaw argues there is a reason for this: that Nietzsche's insights entail a distinctive form of political skepticism. |
| absence of political authority: Freedom in the World 2018 Freedom House, 2019-01-31 Freedom in the World, the Freedom House flagship survey whose findings have been published annually since 1972, is the standard-setting comparative assessment of global political rights and civil liberties. The survey ratings and narrative reports on 195 countries and fifteen territories are used by policymakers, the media, international corporations, civic activists, and human rights defenders to monitor trends in democracy and track improvements and setbacks in freedom worldwide. The Freedom in the World political rights and civil liberties ratings are determined through a multi-layered process of research and evaluation by a team of regional analysts and eminent scholars. The analysts used a broad range of sources of information, including foreign and domestic news reports, academic studies, nongovernmental organizations, think tanks, individual professional contacts, and visits to the region, in conducting their research. The methodology of the survey is derived in large measure from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and these standards are applied to all countries and territories, irrespective of geographical location, ethnic or religious composition, or level of economic development. |
| absence of political authority: Fictions, Lies, and the Authority of Law Steven D. Smith, 2021-09-15 Fictions, Lies, and the Authority of Law discusses legal, political, and cultural difficulties that arise from the crisis of authority in the modern world. Is there any connection linking some of the maladies of modern life—“cancel culture,” the climate of mendacity in public and academic life, fierce conflicts over the Constitution, disputes over presidential authority? Fictions, Lies, and the Authority of Law argues that these diverse problems are all a consequence of what Hannah Arendt described as the disappearance of authority in the modern world. In this perceptive study, Steven D. Smith offers a diagnosis explaining how authority today is based in pervasive fictions and how this situation can amount to, as Arendt put it, “the loss of the groundwork of the world.” Fictions, Lies, and the Authority of Law considers a variety of problems posed by the paradoxical ubiquity and absence of authority in the modern world. Some of these problems are jurisprudential or philosophical in character; others are more practical and lawyerly—problems of presidential powers and statutory and constitutional interpretation; still others might be called existential. Smith’s use of fictions as his purchase for thinking about authority has the potential to bring together the descriptive and the normative and to think about authority as a useful hypothesis that helps us to make sense of the empirical world. This strikingly original book shows that theoretical issues of authority have important practical implications for the kinds of everyday issues confronted by judges, lawyers, and other members of society. The book is aimed at scholars and students of law, political science, and philosophy, but many of the topics it addresses will be of interest to politically engaged citizens. |
| absence of political authority: The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Law John Tasioulas, 2020-07-02 An accessible, comprehensive, and high quality companion to legal philosophy written by a stellar cast of international contributors. |
| absence of political authority: The Constitution of Equality Thomas Christiano, 2010-06-10 What is the ethical basis of democracy? And what reasons do we have to go along with democratic decisions even when we disagree with them? And when do we have reason to say that we may justly ignore democratic decisions? These questions must be answered if we are to have answers to some of the most important questions facing our global community, which include whether there is a human right to democracy and whether we must attempt to spread democracy throughout the globe. This book provides a philosophical account of the moral foundations of democracy and of liberalism. It shows how democracy and basic liberal rights are grounded in the principle of public equality, which tells us that in the establishment of law and policy we must treat persons as equals in ways they can see are treating them as equals. The principle of public equality is shown to be the fundamental principle of social justice. This account enables us to understand the nature and roles of adversarial politics and public deliberation in political life. It gives an account of the grounds of the authority of democracy. It also shows when the authority of democracy runs out. The author shows how the violations of democratic and liberal rights are beyond the legitimate authority of democracy, how the creation of persistent minorities in a democratic society, and the failure to ensure a basic minimum for all persons weaken the legitimate authority of democracy. |
| absence of political authority: Anarchy and Legal Order Gary Chartier, 2013 This book elaborates and defends law without the state. It explains why the state is illegitimate, dangerous and unnecessary. |
| absence of political authority: Community-based Rehabilitation World Health Organization, 2010 Volume numbers determined from Scope of the guidelines, p. 12-13. |
| absence of political authority: Learning from SARS Institute of Medicine, Board on Global Health, Forum on Microbial Threats, 2004-04-26 The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in late 2002 and 2003 challenged the global public health community to confront a novel epidemic that spread rapidly from its origins in southern China until it had reached more than 25 other countries within a matter of months. In addition to the number of patients infected with the SARS virus, the disease had profound economic and political repercussions in many of the affected regions. Recent reports of isolated new SARS cases and a fear that the disease could reemerge and spread have put public health officials on high alert for any indications of possible new outbreaks. This report examines the response to SARS by public health systems in individual countries, the biology of the SARS coronavirus and related coronaviruses in animals, the economic and political fallout of the SARS epidemic, quarantine law and other public health measures that apply to combating infectious diseases, and the role of international organizations and scientific cooperation in halting the spread of SARS. The report provides an illuminating survey of findings from the epidemic, along with an assessment of what might be needed in order to contain any future outbreaks of SARS or other emerging infections. |
| absence of political authority: Legitimacy and Legitimation of Political Authorities Andrea A Lippi, 2024-01-18 Bridging the gap between traditional and contemporary research, Andrea Lippi’s Legitimacy and Legitimation of Political Authorities presents a comprehensive and systematic analysis of both legitimacy and legitimation as two theoretical concepts, focusing on their respective roles in political systems today. |
| absence of political authority: Effective Governance Under Anarchy Tanja A. Börzel, Thomas Risse, 2021-04-08 Democratic and consolidated states are taken as the model for effective rule-making and service provision. In contrast, this book argues that good governance is possible even without a functioning state. |
| absence of political authority: The Rise of the Antichrist Lowell B. Hudson, 2018-11-13 Does the idea of Biblical Prophecy seem ... well, laughingly absurd, galactically improbable? Good! It's supposed to seem that way. In fact, for Biblical prophecy to work properly, its readers have to be highly skeptical. Biblical prophecy requires, even promotes uber-skepticism at times to evoke the intended response in its readers. The credibility of its message, that its words were authored by God, gains increased potency as the highly improbable happens again and again. When the absurdly improbable actually occurs, over and over, in documented, historically verifiable situations, our fundamental assumptions are challenged. We are confronted with the possibility that, on a truly foundational level, everything we thought we knew may really be wrong or radically incomplete. That's what Biblical prophecy is about on a macro level. That's its big idea. Biblical prophecies also seek to warn about particularly important slices of future history. Not because that future can be changed, but so it can be met with integrity and intact faith. This book is obviously focused on those Biblical prophecies involving the Antichrist's rise to power. By using careful time honored traditional methods of Biblical investigation, we'll have a serious and sober look at what the Scriptures really say about this future world ruler. There are also some new discoveries that many would find surprising, even shocking. Now, that's a lot to swallow all at once. That the future is knowable on some level, and that it's going to be so horrible. Why would anyone want to believe this could happen? Deep down, I don't want to believe it. It's so much easier to reject it, than to allow it to threaten your whole frame of reference. That tug of war, that vague unease, that's supposed to happen too. It's Biblical prophecy doing its thing. It takes a lot of guts to consider ideas that have the power to explode your comfortable world view. If you decide to read this book, remember, it's ok to be skeptical. It's absolutely required for a healthy mind. But resist the awful temptation to reject out-of-hand. Aside from being an addictive and lazy habit, it just may deprive you someday of knowing that wonderful excruciating panic of having your mind blown open. |
| absence of political authority: Policy Legitimacy, Science and Political Authority Michael Heazle, John Kane, 2015-10-05 Voters expect their elected representatives to pursue good policy and presume this will be securely founded on the best available knowledge. Yet when representatives emphasize their reliance on expert knowledge, they seem to defer to people whose authority derives, not politically from the sovereign people, but from the presumed objective status of their disciplinary bases. This book examines the tensions between political authority and expert authority in the formation of public policy in liberal democracies. It aims to illustrate and better understand the nature of these tensions rather than to argue specific ways of resolving them. The various chapters explore the complexity of interaction between the two forms of authority in different policy domains in order to identify both common elements and differences. The policy domains covered include: climate geoengineering discourses; environmental health; biotechnology; nuclear power; whaling; economic management; and the use of force. This volume will appeal to researchers and to convenors of post-graduate courses in the fields of policy studies, foreign policy decision-making, political science, environmental studies, democratic system studies, and science policy studies. |
| absence of political authority: Competitive Authoritarianism Steven Levitsky, Lucan A. Way, 2010-08-16 Based on a detailed study of 35 cases in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and post-communist Eurasia, this book explores the fate of competitive authoritarian regimes between 1990 and 2008. It finds that where social, economic, and technocratic ties to the West were extensive, as in Eastern Europe and the Americas, the external cost of abuse led incumbents to cede power rather than crack down, which led to democratization. Where ties to the West were limited, external democratizing pressure was weaker and countries rarely democratized. In these cases, regime outcomes hinged on the character of state and ruling party organizations. Where incumbents possessed developed and cohesive coercive party structures, they could thwart opposition challenges, and competitive authoritarian regimes survived; where incumbents lacked such organizational tools, regimes were unstable but rarely democratized. |
| absence of political authority: A Theory of De Facto States Lucas Knotter, 2023-12-12 A Theory of De Facto States offers a new perspective on the phenomenon of de facto states — political communities that manifest forms of statehood in international politics but lack international legal recognition — zooming in on two prominent examples, Somaliland and Kosovo. Employing a thorough understanding of classical realist theories of international relations, this book provides a fresh critique of the common ways in which existing research tends to identify the ostensible state features of these communities. In contrast to the prevalent portrayals of such features in terms of international legal, discursive, and/or everyday logics, this book argues that de facto states can be most fundamentally characterised as exceptional polities in international relations. Showcasing how the statehood and sovereignty of de facto states is based in international political crises, this book concludes that these entities function as recurring disruptions of any supposed international political order. A Theory of De Facto States will therefore be of interest to researchers of secession, de facto statehood, and International Relations theory alike. |
| absence of political authority: Sovereignty in Post-Sovereign Society Jiří Přibáň, 2016-03-09 Sovereignty marks the boundary between politics and law. Highlighting the legal context of politics and the political context of law, it thus contributes to the internal dynamics of both political and legal systems. This book comprehends the persistence of sovereignty as a political and juridical concept in the post-sovereign social condition. The tension and paradoxical relationship between the semantics and structures of sovereignty and post-sovereignty are addressed by using the conceptual framework of the autopoietic social systems theory. Using a number of contemporary European examples, developments and paradoxes, the author examines topics of immense interest and importance relating to the concept of sovereignty in a globalising world. The study argues that the modern question of sovereignty permanently oscillating between de iure authority and de facto power cannot be discarded by theories of supranational and transnational globalized law and politics. Criticising quasi-theological conceptualizations of political sovereignty and its juridical form, the study reformulates the concept of sovereignty and its persistence as part of the self-referential communication of the systems of positive law and politics. The book will be of considerable interest to academics and researchers in political, legal and social theory and philosophy. |
| absence of political authority: International Law and New Wars Christine Chinkin, Mary Kaldor, 2017-04-27 Examines the difficulties in applying international law to recent armed conflicts known as 'new wars'. |
| absence of political authority: Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics , 2012-01-10 The Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, Second Edition, Four Volume Set addresses both the physiological and the psychological aspects of human behavior. Carefully crafted, well written, and thoroughly indexed, the encyclopedia helps users - whether they are students just beginning formal study of the broad field or specialists in a branch of psychology - understand the field and how and why humans behave as we do. The work is an all-encompassing reference providing a comprehensive and definitive review of the field. A broad and inclusive table of contents ensures detailed investigation of historical and theoretical material as well as in-depth analysis of current issues. Several disciplines may be involved in applied ethics: one branch of applied ethics, for example, bioethics, is commonly explicated in terms of ethical, legal, social, and philosophical issues. Editor-in-Chief Ruth Chadwick has put together a group of leading contributors ranging from philosophers to practitioners in the particular fields in question, to academics from disciplines such as law and economics. The 376 chapters are divided into 4 volumes, each chapter falling into a subject category including Applied Ethics; Bioethics; Computers and Information Management; Economics/Business; Environmental Ethics; Ethics and Politics; Legal; Medical Ethics; Philosophy/Theories; Social; and Social/Media. Concise entries (ten pages on average) provide foundational knowledge of the field Each article will features suggested readings pointing readers to additional sources for more information, a list of related websites, a 5-10 word glossary and a definition paragraph, and cross-references to related articles in the encyclopedia Newly expanded editorial board and a host of international contributors from the US, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Sweden, and the United Kingdom The 376 chapters are divided into 4 volumes, each chapter falling into a subject category including Applied Ethics; Bioethics; Computers and Information Management; Economics/Business; Environmental Ethics; Ethics and Politics; Legal; Medical Ethics; Philosophy/Theories; Social; and Social/Media |
| absence of political authority: Am I Not a Human (6): The Suffering of the Palestinian Refugee Mariam A. Itani , Mo’in Manna’, 2010-03-24 Statistics of early 2010 estimate that the Palestinian refugee population has reached over 7.5 million refugee, i.e. approximately 70% of the Palestinian population. With the majority of them displaced in 1948 and denied their right to return until today, these refugees constitute the oldest and largest living refugee problem in contemporary history. For more than 60 years, these millions experienced suffering and hardships as daily routine; waiting endlessly for the realization of their right and their dream of returning to their homeland. Hence, Al-Zaytouna Centre for Studies and Consultations presents to the readers this book, the 6th of the humanitarian series Am I Not a Human?, entitled “The Suffering of the Palestinian Refugee”. The book aims at comprehensively covering the various aspects of the refugees’ suffering, since their expulsion in 1948; their distribution and living conditions (legal, social, economic, education, health, and security) in places of refuge and Diaspora; their legal status and rights in international law, namely their right to compensation and return; and the various settlement and naturalization schemes that were deliberately planned but failed against the refugees’ determinacy to resist such schemes, and their clinching to their right of return. It concludes by arguing that the right of return is inalienable, sacred, legitimate, and most importantly feasible; when the intentions are sincere and the wills are put into serious action and pressure against the Israeli Occupation. The book falls in 128 pages of medium size. |
| absence of political authority: CONCEPTS THAT SHAPE POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT IN CAMEROON Akwalefo Bernadette Djeudo, 2013-10 In this book, the reader is introduced to the concepts of politics, government, political theory and political culture with reference to Cameroon. Defined as human activity concerned with controversies over public questions and the resolution of those controversies, politics is concerned with the affairs of government and because government action deeply affects us, we take a lively interest in what governments do. We form associations and organize campaigns to articulate our demands. We negotiate with others and try to shape the goals that governments pursue. When we disagree with the policies of the government, we protest and organize demonstration to persuade our governments to change the existing laws. We passionately debate the actions of our representatives. In this way we look for the rationale underlying the prevalent chaos and decay, and aspire to create a better world. To sum up, politics arises from the fact that we have different visions of what is just and desirable for us and our society. Politics exist because we possess reason and the ability to reflect on government actions and communicate our innermost thoughts and desires with each other. Political theory has its roots in these twin aspects of the human being. Defined as a network of concepts and generalizations about political life involving ideas, assumptions and statements about the nature, purpose and key features of government Political theory systematically thinks about the values that inform political life - values such as freedom, equality, justice, nationalism, secularism, development etc. It explains the meanings and significance of these and other related concepts by focusing on some major political thinkers, theologians, kings, economists, sociologists, popes etc of the past and present. It also examines the extent to which freedom or equality are actually present in the institutions that we participate in everyday such as schools, shops, buses or trains or government offices and it looks at whether existing definitions and institutions are adequate or must be modified to become more democratic. The objective of political theory is to train citizens to think rationally about political questions and assess correctly the political events of our time. In applying political theory, some countries are more successful than others due to the variations in political culture. A country's degree of success in operating a governmental system that is democratic in character depends, to a very large extent, upon the nature and content of the political culture of that country. For democracy to work, the country's political culture must be compatible with and support the very concepts of constitutionalism, the rule of law, and representative democracy--as well as be consistent with and sustain the country's established, agreed-upon Constitution, including the constitutionally prescribed procedures for managing and resolving controversy over public questions, making and carrying out authoritative decisions on public policy, protecting the rights and liberties of citizens, and peacefully transferring governing authority from one group of political leaders to another. In all discussions examples are drawn from Cameroon and elsewhere in the world. |
| absence of political authority: Constitutional Interpretation Keith E. Whittington, 1999 With its detailed and wide-ranging explorations in history, philosophy, and law, this book is essential reading for anyone interested in how the Constitution ought to be interpreted and what it means to live under a constitutional government.--BOOK JACKET. |
| absence of political authority: Is Political Authority an Illusion? Michael Huemer, Daniel Layman, 2021-11-09 What gives some people the right to issue commands to everyone else and force everyone else to obey them? And why should people obey the commands of those with political power? These two key questions are the heart of the issue of political authority, and, in this volume, two philosophers debate the answers. Michael Huemer argues that political authority is an illusion and that no one is entitled to rule over anyone. He discusses and rebuts the major theories supporting political authority’s rightfulness: implicit social contract theory, hypothetical contract theories, democratic theories of authority, and utilitarian theories. Daniel Layman argues that democratic governments have authority because they are needed to protect our rights and because they are accountable to the people. Each author writes two replies directly addressing the arguments and ideas of the other. Key Features Covers a key foundational problem of political philosophy: the authority of government. Debate format ensures a full hearing of both sides. A Glossary includes key concepts in political philosophy related to the issue of authority. Annotated Further Reading sections point students to additional resources. Clear, concrete examples and arguments help students clearly see both sides of the argument. A Foreword by Matt Zwolinski describes a broader context for political authority and then traces the key points and turns in the authors’ debate. |
| absence of political authority: The Failure of Political Islam Olivier Roy, 1994 This powerful argument reassess radical Islam and the set of ideas and assumptions at its core. Olivier Roy offers a challenging and highly original view that no-one trying to understand Islamic fundamentalism can afford to overlook. |
| absence of political authority: Political Space in Pre-industrial Europe Beat A. Kümin, 2009 Some historians relate macroeconomics and human agency to regional contexts; others focus on micro-spaces like houses, taverns and parish churches; even virtual or imaginary spaces (such as Purgatory) attract attention. This book examines the potential and limitations of spatial approaches for the political history of preindustrial Europe. |
| absence of political authority: Plato’s Beautiful City and the Essence of Politics Scott John Hammond, 2020-06-22 This inquiry attempts to probe the essence of politics in-itself, something that has been singularly discerned by Plato in Republic, grounded in his theory of universal forms and gradually but fully developed through a consideration of the elements of the City in Speech. Those elements, and the ideal city itself as envisioned in Republic, are immanent within the Second Best City of the Laws, even though presented in a modified way. Plato's Statesman will also be discussed as a means to further illustrate Plato's commitment to the principles conveyed in Republic. This project rests on the premise that Plato's intelligible city is genuinely intended to convey Plato’s full understanding of the real essence of the polis, not simply the arena of political behavior and governance as we have come to know it, but the essence of what politics universally means and what a political community should objectively seek. |
| absence of political authority: The Origins of Political Order Francis Fukuyama, 2011-05-12 Nations are not trapped by their pasts, but events that happened hundreds or even thousands of years ago continue to exert huge influence on present-day politics. If we are to understand the politics that we now take for granted, we need to understand its origins. Francis Fukuyama examines the paths that different societies have taken to reach their current forms of political order. This book starts with the very beginning of mankind and comes right up to the eve of the French and American revolutions, spanning such diverse disciplines as economics, anthropology and geography. The Origins of Political Order is a magisterial study on the emergence of mankind as a political animal, by one of the most eminent political thinkers writing today. |
| absence of political authority: The Political Economy of Democratic Decentralization James Manor, 1999 Nearly all countries worldwide are now experimenting with decentralization. Their motivation are diverse. Many countries are decentralizing because they believe this can help stimulate economic growth or reduce rural poverty, goals central government interventions have failed to achieve. Some countries see it as a way to strengthen civil society and deepen democracy. Some perceive it as a way to off-load expensive responsibilities onto lower level governments. Thus, decentralization is seen as a solution to many different kinds of problems. This report examines the origins and implications decentralization from a political economy perspective, with a focus on its promise and limitations. It explores why countries have often chosen not to decentralize, even when evidence suggests that doing so would be in the interests of the government. It seeks to explain why since the early 1980s many countries have undertaken some form of decentralization. This report also evaluates the evidence to understand where decentralization has considerable promise and where it does not. It identifies conditions needed for decentralization to succeed. It identifies the ways in which decentralization can promote rural development. And it names the goals which decentralization will probably not help achieve. |
| absence of political authority: Revolutions: a Very Short Introduction Jack A. Goldstone, 2023 In the 20th and 21st century revolutions have become more urban, often less violent, but also more frequent and more transformative of the international order. Whether it is the revolutions against Communism in Eastern Europe and the USSR; the color revolutions across Asia, Europe and North Africa; or the religious revolutions in Iran, Afghanistan, and Syria; today's revolutions are quite different from those of the past. Modern theories of revolution have therefore replaced the older class-based theories with more varied, dynamic, and contingent models of social and political change. This new edition updates the history of revolutions, from Classical Greece and Rome to the Revolution of Dignity in the Ukraine, with attention to the changing types and outcomes of revolutionary struggles. It also presents the latest advances in the theory of revolutions, including the issues of revolutionary waves, revolutionary leadership, international influences, and the likelihood of revolutions to come. This volume provides a brief but comprehensive introduction to the nature of revolutions and their role in global history-- |
| absence of political authority: Systems, Relations, and the Structures of International Societies Jack Donnelly, 2023-10-25 Inspired by recent work in evolutionary, developmental, and systems biology, Systems, Relations, and the Structures of International Societies sketches a robust conception of systems that grounds a new conception of levels (of organization, not merely analysis). Understanding international systems as multi-level multi-actor complex adaptive systems allows explanations of important features of the world that are inaccessible to dominant causal and rationalist explanatory strategies. It also develops a comprehensive critique of IR's dominant conception of systems and structures (narrow, rigid, and unfruitful); presents a novel conception of the interrelationship of the social production of continuities and the social production of change; and sketches models of spatio-political structure that cast new light on the development of international systems, including a distinctive account of the nature of globalization. |
| absence of political authority: Authoritarian Police in Democracy Yanilda María González, 2020-11-12 Explains the persistence of violent, unaccountable policing in democratic contexts. |
| absence of political authority: Natural Law in Jurisprudence and Politics Mark C. Murphy, 2006-03-13 Natural law is a perennial though poorly represented and understood issue in political philosophy and the philosophy of law. In this 2006 book, Mark C. Murphy argues that the central thesis of natural law jurisprudence - that law is backed by decisive reasons for compliance - sets the agenda for natural law political philosophy, demonstrating how law gains its binding force by way of the common good of the political community. Murphy's work ranges over the central questions of natural law jurisprudence and political philosophy, including the formulation and defense of the natural law jurisprudential thesis, the nature of the common good, the connection between the promotion of the common good and requirement of obedience to law, and the justification of punishment. |
| absence of political authority: Literature, Gender and Politics During the English Civil War Diane Purkiss, 2005-07-14 Diane Purkiss analyses representations of masculinity in the writings of Milton, Marvell, Waller and Herrick. |
| absence of political authority: Measuring Regional Authority Liesbet Hooghe, Gary Marks, Arjan H. Schakel, Sandra Chapman Osterkatz, Sara Niedzwiecki, Sarah Shair-Rosenfield, 2016-01-28 This is the first of five ambitious volumes theorizing the structure of governance above and below the central state. This book is written for those interested in the character, causes, and consequences of governance within the state and for social scientists who take measurement seriously. The book sets out a measure of regional authority for 81 countries in North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia, and the Pacific from 1950 to 2010. Subnational authority is exercised by individual regions, and this measure is the first that takes individual regions as the unit of analysis. On the premise that transparency is a fundamental virtue in measurement, the authors chart a new path in laying out their theoretical, conceptual, and scoring decisions before the reader. The book also provides summaries of regional governance in 81 countries for scholars and students alike. Transformations in Governance is a major new academic book series from Oxford University Press. It is designed to accommodate the impressive growth of research in comparative politics, international relations, public policy, federalism, environmental and urban studies concerned with the dispersion of authority from central states up to supranational institutions, down to subnational governments, and side-ways to public-private networks. It brings together work that significantly advances our understanding of the organization, causes, and consequences of multilevel and complex governance. The series is selective, containing annually a small number of books of exceptionally high quality by leading and emerging scholars. The series targets mainly single-authored or co-authored work, but it is pluralistic in terms of disciplinary specialization, research design, method, and geographical scope. Case studies as well as comparative studies, historical as well as contemporary studies, and studies with a national, regional, or international focus are all central to its aims. Authors use qualitative, quantitative, formal modeling, or mixed methods. A trade mark of the books is that they combine scholarly rigour with readable prose and an attractive production style. The series is edited by Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and the VU Amsterdam, and Walter Mattli of the University of Oxford. |
| absence of political authority: Natural Rights Liberalism from Locke to Nozick: Volume 22, Part 1 Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller, Jr, Jeffrey Paul, 2005 The essays in this book have also been published, without introduction and index, in the semiannual journal Social philosophy & policy, volume 22, number 1--T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index. |
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