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Accounting for General and Special Revenue Funds: A Critical Analysis of Current Trends
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, CPA, CGFM – Professor of Governmental Accounting, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Reed has over 20 years of experience in governmental accounting and auditing, specializing in fund accounting and financial reporting.
Publisher: Wiley & Sons – A leading publisher of academic and professional texts, widely respected for its rigorous editorial process and authoritative content in accounting and finance.
Editor: Mr. David Miller, CMA, CPA – Senior Editor, Wiley & Sons, with 15 years' experience in editing financial and accounting publications.
Keywords: accounting for general and special revenue funds, governmental accounting, fund accounting, GASB standards, budget accounting, revenue recognition, expenditure accounting, financial reporting, public sector accounting, governmental fund types.
Summary: This analysis critically examines the principles and practices of accounting for general and special revenue funds, highlighting their significance within the broader context of governmental accounting. It explores the evolution of accounting standards, the impact of recent GASB pronouncements, and the challenges posed by current trends such as increased scrutiny of public funds and the growing complexity of government operations. The analysis also considers best practices and potential areas for improvement in the accounting for general and special revenue funds.
1. Introduction: The Foundation of Governmental Accounting
Accounting for general and special revenue funds forms the bedrock of governmental financial reporting. These funds represent the primary mechanisms through which governments account for resources dedicated to their day-to-day operations and specific programmatic initiatives. Understanding the nuances of accounting for general and special revenue funds is crucial for ensuring transparency, accountability, and effective financial management in the public sector. The complexities involved, however, often lead to challenges in accurate reporting and compliance.
2. Distinguishing General and Special Revenue Funds
The distinction between general and special revenue funds is fundamental. General revenue funds account for all resources not restricted to particular purposes. They are the primary operating funds of most governments, receiving revenues from various sources like property taxes, sales taxes, and fines. Special revenue funds, on the other hand, account for resources restricted to particular purposes by law or by constitutional provisions. Examples include funds earmarked for specific programs like road maintenance, parks and recreation, or public libraries. The accounting for general and special revenue funds differs primarily in the level of detail required in reporting and the restrictions placed on the use of resources.
3. The Impact of GASB Standards
The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) sets the standards for governmental accounting in the United States. Recent pronouncements have significantly impacted the accounting for general and special revenue funds. For instance, GASB pronouncements on revenue recognition have required a more detailed and accrual-based approach, moving away from the traditional modified accrual basis. This shift has increased the complexity of accounting for general and special revenue funds, necessitating more sophisticated accounting systems and expertise.
4. Current Trends and Challenges
Several current trends present significant challenges to the accurate and timely accounting for general and special revenue funds:
Increased Scrutiny of Public Funds: Growing public awareness and demand for transparency have heightened the need for accurate and reliable financial reporting. Any discrepancies or irregularities in the accounting for general and special revenue funds can lead to significant reputational damage and loss of public trust.
Data Analytics and Technology: The increasing use of data analytics and sophisticated accounting software is transforming how governments manage and account for their finances. While offering opportunities for improved efficiency and accuracy, it also presents challenges related to data security, integration, and staff training.
Budgetary Constraints: Many governments face budgetary constraints, requiring them to make difficult decisions about resource allocation. Accurate accounting for general and special revenue funds is crucial for informed decision-making and ensuring that resources are used effectively and efficiently.
Cybersecurity Threats: Governmental entities are increasingly vulnerable to cybersecurity threats, which can compromise the integrity and security of financial data. Protecting the sensitive information related to accounting for general and special revenue funds is paramount.
5. Best Practices and Areas for Improvement
Several best practices can enhance the accuracy and reliability of accounting for general and special revenue funds:
Strong Internal Controls: Implementing robust internal control systems is crucial to prevent fraud and errors.
Regular Audits: Independent audits provide assurance that the financial statements are fairly presented and comply with applicable accounting standards.
Staff Training and Development: Investing in training and development for accounting personnel ensures they have the skills and knowledge to handle the complexities of accounting for general and special revenue funds.
Effective Budgeting and Forecasting: Accurate budgeting and forecasting help governments to plan for future expenses and ensure that they have sufficient resources to meet their obligations.
6. Conclusion
Accounting for general and special revenue funds is a crucial aspect of governmental financial management. While the current framework provides a solid foundation, ongoing challenges related to increased scrutiny, technological advancements, and budgetary constraints necessitate continuous improvement and adaptation. By embracing best practices, investing in technology, and fostering a culture of transparency and accountability, governments can strengthen their financial management practices and ensure the effective use of public resources. The accuracy and reliability of accounting for general and special revenue funds remain vital for maintaining public trust and promoting good governance.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between modified accrual and full accrual accounting in the context of general and special revenue funds? Modified accrual accounting recognizes revenues when measurable and available, while full accrual recognizes revenues when earned and expenses when incurred. Governmental funds primarily use modified accrual.
2. How do budgetary controls impact the accounting for general and special revenue funds? Budgetary controls ensure that expenditures do not exceed appropriations, influencing the recording and reporting of financial transactions.
3. What are the key components of a comprehensive annual financial report (CAFR) related to general and special revenue funds? The CAFR includes government-wide financial statements and fund financial statements, providing a detailed view of the funds’ activities.
4. How does GASB 63 impact the accounting for general and special revenue funds? GASB 63 addresses the financial reporting for pensions, affecting how certain pension-related expenses and liabilities are reported in the funds.
5. What are the potential penalties for non-compliance with accounting standards for general and special revenue funds? Non-compliance can lead to audit findings, qualified opinions, and potential legal actions.
6. What role does internal audit play in ensuring the accuracy of accounting for general and special revenue funds? Internal audit provides independent oversight, identifying weaknesses in internal controls and recommending improvements.
7. How can technology enhance the accuracy and efficiency of accounting for general and special revenue funds? Technology such as ERP systems and data analytics can automate processes, improve data accuracy, and enhance reporting capabilities.
8. What are some common errors encountered in the accounting for general and special revenue funds? Common errors include misclassification of revenues and expenditures, improper recording of encumbrances, and inadequate documentation.
9. How can governments improve transparency in their accounting for general and special revenue funds? Governments can improve transparency through clear and readily available financial reports, citizen engagement initiatives, and proactive communication of financial information.
Related Articles:
1. "GASB Standards and their Impact on Governmental Financial Reporting": A detailed overview of GASB standards and their application to various fund types, including general and special revenue funds.
2. "Revenue Recognition in Governmental Accounting": A focused analysis of the principles and practices of revenue recognition, specifically addressing its implications for general and special revenue funds.
3. "Internal Controls in Governmental Accounting": Explores best practices for establishing and maintaining strong internal controls to safeguard public funds, with a particular focus on general and special revenue funds.
4. "Budgetary Accounting and Control in the Public Sector": Examines the relationship between budgetary processes and accounting for general and special revenue funds, highlighting best practices for budget preparation and control.
5. "Auditing Governmental Funds": Discusses the key aspects of auditing governmental funds, including the unique challenges and considerations for auditing general and special revenue funds.
6. "The Role of Technology in Modernizing Governmental Accounting": Explores how technology, such as cloud-based accounting systems and data analytics, is transforming governmental accounting practices, including the accounting for general and special revenue funds.
7. "Financial Reporting and Transparency in Local Government": Examines the importance of transparent financial reporting for building public trust, focusing on the role of general and special revenue funds in conveying financial information to citizens.
8. "Fraud Prevention and Detection in Governmental Accounting": Addresses the critical issue of fraud prevention and detection in the public sector, highlighting best practices for safeguarding general and special revenue funds.
9. "Comparative Analysis of General and Special Revenue Funds Across Different Governmental Entities": A comparative study examining the differences and similarities in the accounting for general and special revenue funds across various levels of government and different organizational structures.
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley GAAP for Governments 2017 Warren Ruppel, 2017-07-31 GAAP for Governments 2017: Interpretation and Application of GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES for State and Local Governments -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Author -- 1: New Developments -- Introduction -- Recently Issued GASB Statements and Their Effective Dates -- Exposure Drafts -- Exposure Drafts-Implementation Guides -- Exposure Draft-Omnibus 201X -- Exposure Draft-Certain Debt Extinguishment Issues -- Exposure Draft-Leases -- Invitation to Comment -- Financial Reporting Model Improvements-Governmental Funds -- GASB Project Plan -- Summary -- 2: Foundations of Governmental Accounting -- Introduction -- Chapter Overview -- Entities Covered By Governmental Accounting Principles -- Distinguishing a Governmental Entity from a Not-for-Profit Organization -- Overview of the History of Governmental Accounting Standards Setting -- Objectives of Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting -- GASB Concepts Statement 1 -- Primary Characteristics of a Government's Structure and the Services It Provides -- Control Characteristics Resulting from a Government's Structure -- Objectives of Financial Reporting -- Communication Methods -- Concepts Statement 3-Communication Methods in General-Purpose External Financial Reports that Contain Basic Financial Statements -- Elements of Financial Statements -- Measurement of Elements of Financial Statements -- Hierarchy of Governmental Accounting Standards -- GAAP Hierarchy for Governments -- Codification of Certain FASB and AICPA Accounting and Financial Reporting Guidance -- Summary -- 3: Fund Accounting Fundamentals -- Introduction -- Definition of Fund and the Purpose of Fund Accounting -- Why Do Governments Use Fund Accounting? -- Fund Accounting Under the GASBS 34 Reporting Model -- How Is the Number of Funds to Be Established Determined? |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Accounting for Libraries and Other Not-for-Profit Organizations, 2nd Edition G. Stevenson Smith, 1999-07 Discusses and explains the methods of financial accounting to be followed by small and medium - sized libraries and other not-for-profit organizations that do not issue their own debt securities. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Handbook of Governmental Accounting Frederic Bogui, 2008-12-19 Demystifying a growing and dynamic field, Handbook of Governmental Accounting reflects the increasing complexity of this area, enabling readers to grasp the intricate accounting that is involved as government expenditures multiply and governments engage in progressively complex transactions. Drawing on the expertise of a distinguished group of cont |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley GAAP for Governments 2010 Warren Ruppel, 2010-05-03 The most practical, authoritative guide to governmental GAAP Wiley GAAP for Governments 2010 is a comprehensive guide to the accounting and financial reporting principles used by state and local governments as well as other governmental entities. Designed with the needs of the user in mind, a New Developments chapter keeps you informed of all the important developments in governmental GAAP during the past year. Full coverage of authoritative accounting standards Extremely useful and user-friendly examples, illustrations, and helpful practice hints A comprehensive guide to the accounting and financial reporting principles used by state and local governments as well as other governmental entities Provides a look ahead to the status of current and future Governmental Accounting Standards Board standards and projects Offers information on the very latest in standard-setting activities Wiley GAAP for Governments 2010 is a thorough, reliable reference you'll consistently keep on your desk rather than on your bookshelf. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley CPA Exam Review 2010, Financial Accounting and Reporting Patrick R. Delaney, O. Ray Whittington, 2009-12-02 Everything Today's CPA Candidates Need to Pass the CPA Exam Published annually, this comprehensive four-volume paperback reviews all four parts of the CPA exam. Many of the questions are taken directly from previous CPA exams. With 3,800 multiple choice questions and more than 90 simulations, these study guides provide all the information candidates need to master in order to pass the computerized Uniform CPA Examination. Complete sample exam in financial accounting and reporting The most effective system available to prepare for the CPA exam-proven for over thirty years Timely-up-to-the-minute coverage for the computerized exam. Contains all current AICPA content requirements in auditing and attestation Unique modular format-helps you zero in on areas that need work, organize your study program, and concentrate your efforts Comprehensive questions-over 3,800 multiple-choice questions and their solutions in the four volumes Covers the new simulation-style problems Includes over 90 simulations Guidelines, pointers, and tips-show you how to build knowledge in a logical and reinforcing way Wiley CPA Exam Review 2010 arms test-takers with detailed outlines, study guidelines, and skill-building problems to help candidates identify, focus on, and master the specific topics that need the most work. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley GAAP for Governments 2009 Warren Ruppel, 2009-03-03 Governmental GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) consists of all the promulgated accounting principles applicable to financial accounting and reporting for state and local governments. To understand the complexity of the Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) statements, interpretations, technical bulletins, and certain AICPA statements of position, these pronouncements must be analyzed and explained in straightforward language. This title will serve as a comprehensive, practical research tool for use by governments and their auditors to guide them through governmental accounting and financial reporting. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Financial Accounting for Local and State School Systems , 1981 |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley CPA Examination Review, Outlines and Study Guides Patrick R. Delaney, O. Ray Whittington, 2010-06-08 All the information you need to master the computerized CPA Exam Published annually, this comprehensive two-volume paperback reviews all four parts of the CPA exam. Many of the questions are taken directly from previous CPA exams. Volume I contains all study guides and outlines Volume II contains all problem solutions The most effective system available to prepare for the CPA exam Contains all current AICPA content requirements in accounting and reporting Helps you zero in on areas that need work, organize your study program and concentrate your efforts With over 600 multiple choice questions and more than 75 simulations, these study guides provide all the information candidates need to master in order to pass the computerized Uniform CPA Examination. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley CPA Exam Review 2009 Patrick R. Delaney, O. Ray Whittington, 2008-12-03 Contains all current AICPA content requirements in regulationUnique modular format-helps you zero in on areas that need work, organize your study program, and concentrate your effortsComprehensive questions-over 3,800 multiple-choice questions and their solutions in the four volumes. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley CPA Exam Review 2012, Financial Accounting and Reporting O. Ray Whittington, Patrick R. Delaney, 2011-12-06 Published annually, this comprehensive four-volume paperback reviews all four parts of the CPA exam. Many of the questions are taken directly from previous CPA exams. With 3,800 multiple-choice questions, these study guides provide all the information candidates need to master in order to pass the computerized Uniform CPA Examination. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Ebook: Essentials of Accounting for Governmental and Not-for-Profit Organizations Paul Copley, 2014-10-16 Copley's Essentials of Accounting for Governmental and Not-for-Profit Organizations, 12e is best suited for those professors whose objective is to provide more concise coverage than what is available in larger texts. The main focus of this text is on the preparation of external financial statements which is a challenge for governmental reporting. The approach in this edition is similar to that used in practice. Specifically, day to day events are recorded at the fund level using the basis of accounting for fund financial statements. Governmental activities are recorded using the modified accrual basis. The fund-basis statements are then used as input in the preparation of government-wide statements. The preparation of government-wide statements is presented in an Excel worksheet. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Governmental and Nonprofit Accounting Robert J. Freeman, Craig D. Shoulders, 2000 Governmental and Nonprofit Accounting, Revised Sixth Edition provides a better balance between theory and practice than other texts, with the most up-to-date coverage. It provides readers with a thorough basis for understanding the logic for and nature of all of the funds and account groups of a government, with a unique approach that enables readers to grasp the entire accounting and reporting framework for a government before focusing on specific individual fund types and account groups. Includes coverage of the new reporting model standard: GASB Statement 34. Includes illustrations of government-wide financial statements and fund-based financial statements presented using the major fund approach. Points out the major changes required from the current guidance and explains and illustrates the requirements of the new model. Explains and illustrates the GASB Statement 31. Contains the latest revision of OMB Circular A-133 on single audits. Appropriate for undergraduate Accounting courses, such as Governmental Accounting, Public Sector accounting, Government and Nonprofit Accounting, and Fund Accounting. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley GAAP for Governments 2013 Warren Ruppel, 2013-01-29 The most practical, authoritative guide to governmental GAAP Wiley GAAP for Governments 2013 is a comprehensive guide to the accounting and financial reporting principles used by state and local governments as well as other governmental entities. Designed with the needs of the user in mind, this comprehensive resource presents the important developments in governmental GAAP during the past year. Full coverage of authoritative accounting standards Extremely useful and user-friendly examples, illustrations, and helpful practice hints A comprehensive guide to the accounting and financial reporting principles used by state and local governments as well as other governmental entities Provides a look ahead to the status of current and future Governmental Accounting Standards Board standards and projects Offers information on the very latest in standard-setting activities Also by Warren Ruppel: Governmental Accounting Made Easy Wiley GAAP for Governments 2013 is a thorough, reliable reference financial professionals will consistently keep on their desks rather than on their bookshelves. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Accountants' Handbook, Special Industries and Special Topics D. R. Carmichael, Lynford Graham, 2012-05-04 This highly regarded reference is relied on by a considerable part of the accounting profession in their day-to-day work. This handbook is the first place accountants, auditors, bankers, lawyers, financial analysts, and other preparers and users of accounting information look to find answers to questions on accounting and financial reporting. The new edition will be updated to reflect the new FASB Codification, as well as including expanded coverage of fair value and guidance on developing fair value estimates, fraud risk and exposure, healthcare, and IFRS. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley GAAP for Governments 2016: Interpretation and Application of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for State and Local Governments Warren Ruppel, 2016-02-08 The essential reference for governmental GAAP application Wiley GAAP for Governments 2016 provides the latest information on GAAP, with coverage designed specifically for government entities. With a focus on the practical rather than the academic, this book provides insightful, up to date implementation information and explanations of the important developments in governmental GAAP that have occurred in the past year. Exclusive coverage includes school districts, public authorities, and individual pension plans financial statements, with a disclosure checklist that helps preparers ensure compliance. Visual aids help facilitate the reader's understanding of the material, providing a comprehensive guide to financial reporting for governments at the state and local level. This reliable guide is an industry favourite for its accessibility, completeness, and relevance, helping readers achieve and maintain compliance with minimal burden. Governmental accounting standards are continuously being released, growing in complexity with each iteration. Wiley GAAP for Governments is updated annually to provide the most up-to-date information available, with thorough explanations and expert implementation advice. Get up to speed on the newest accounting pronouncements Understand how GAAP applies to government bodies and pension plans Refer to disclosure checklists designed specifically for government entities Study flowcharts, diagrams, and charts to gain a deeper understanding This user-friendly guide is organized for easy navigation, and designed to help preparers quickly find, understand, and apply the information they need. Expert guidance through the increasing complexity of preparation and implementation of relevant changes is what makes Wiley GAAP for Governments 2016 the reference financial professionals keep on their desks rather than on their bookshelves. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Financial Accounting for School Administrators Ronald Exner Everett, Donald R. Johnson, Bernard W. Madden, 2012 An update to Financial and Managerial Accounting for School Administrators: Superintendents, School Business Administrators and Principals, this book and CD include current best practices, GASB pronouncements, and web-based applications. It will be useful to superintendents, school business managers, and principals. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Introduction to Governmental and Not-for-profit Accounting Martin Ives, Joseph R. Razek, Gordon A. Hosch, 2004 Covering the essentials of fund accounting, this flexible book introduces the reader to the basic accounting principles at work in both governmental and not-for-profit organizations. This brief book divides most of the chapters into independent sections, which may be covered as separate units. Now includes a print update on GASB 34, packaged with the volume.Topics addressed include government and not-for-profit environments and characteristics, the use of funds in governmental accounting, the budgetary process, special revenue funds, debt service funds and capital projects funds, proprietary and fiduciary funds, general reporting principles, government-wide financial statements, fundamentals of accounting and reporting and analysis of financial statements and financial condition.For Accountants and Auditors studying for professional certification. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Ebook: Advanced Accounting Joe Ben Hoyle, Thomas Schaefer, TIMOTHY DOUPNIK, 2014-10-16 The approach used by Hoyle, Schaefer, and Doupnik in the new edition allows students to think critically about accounting, just as they will do while preparing for the CPA exam and in their future careers. With this text, students gain a well-balanced appreciation of the Accounting profession. As Hoyle 12e introduces them to the field’s many aspects, it often focuses on past controversies and present resolutions. The text continues to show the development of financial reporting as a product of intense and considered debate that continues today and into the future. The writing style of the eleven previous editions has been highly praised. Students easily comprehend chapter concepts because of the conversational tone used throughout the book. The authors have made every effort to ensure that the writing style remains engaging, lively, and consistent which has made this text the market leading text in the Advanced Accounting market. The 12th edition includes an increased integration of IFRS as well as updated accounting standards. |
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| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Advanced Accounting Debra C. Jeter, Paul K. Chaney, 2019-01-30 Advanced Accounting delivers an in-depth, comprehensive introduction to advanced accounting theory and application, using actual business examples and relevant news stories to demonstrate how core principles translate into real-world business scenarios. Clearly defined and logically organized Learning Objectives aid in student comprehension, while highlighted Related Concepts illustrate how individual concepts fit into the larger picture. Short answer questions throughout the chapter allow students to test their knowledge before reaching the more in-depth end-of-chapter questions, promoting a deeper understanding of both technical and conceptual aspects of the field. Written by active accounting researchers, this text brings clarity and flexibility to the central ideas underlying business combinations, consolidated financial statements, foreign currency transactions, partnerships, non-profit accounting and more. This new Seventh Edition has been updated to reflect the latest changes to FASB and GASB standards, allowing students to build a skill set based on up-to-date practices. With a student-oriented pedagogy designed to enhance comprehension, promote engagement, and build real-world understanding, this user-friendly book provides an essential foundation in current advanced accounting methods and standards. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley GAAP for Governments 2019 Warren Ruppel, 2019-12-05 The authoritative guide to governmental GAAP compliance, fully updated for 2019 Wiley GAAP for Governments 2019 is the definitive resource for accurate information on the latest pronouncements and guidelines applicable to state and local governments and entities. Designed as a practical application guide for professional users, this comprehensive resource provides expert coverage of all significant developments to governmental accounting principles over the previous year. Focusing on practical application, this essential guide provides detailed information on all relevant areas of GAAP including general and special revenue funds, capital project funds and debt service funds, derivative instruments, and many more. This book incorporates all of the pronouncements issued by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) as well as proposed new statements or interpretations currently outstanding and relevant information on the GASB agenda for the upcoming year. Governmental accounting standards are continuously evolving, and practitioners must stay up to date with the latest changes if compliance is to be maintained. This invaluable guide offers in-depth guidance on GAAP standards, interpretation, applications, and procedures to help you: Keep pace with the latest accounting pronouncements Ensure compliance with all GAAP-required disclosure guidelines Understand how GAAP applies to school districts, public institutions, and individual pension plans Strengthen understanding of material with flowcharts, diagrams, and charts This efficiently organized guide enables users to locate, understand, and apply relevant information with ease. Wiley GAAP for Governments 2019 provides financial reporters with expert guidance and up-to-date information required to ensure compliance and lighten the workload. Highly regarded for its efficient and accurate coverage of material, this book is the definitive reference for financial professionals. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley GAAP for Governments 2012 Warren Ruppel, 2012-01-18 The most practical, authoritative guide to governmental GAAP Wiley GAAP for Governments 2012 is a comprehensive guide to the accounting and financial reporting principles used by state and local governments as well as other governmental entities. Designed with the needs of the user in mind, this comprehensive resource presents the important developments in governmental GAAP during the past year. Full coverage of authoritative accounting standards Extremely useful and user-friendly examples, illustrations, and helpful practice hints A comprehensive guide to the accounting and financial reporting principles used by state and local governments as well as other governmental entities Provides a look ahead to the status of current and future Governmental Accounting Standards Board standards and projects Offers information on the very latest in standard-setting activities Also by Warren Ruppel: Governmental Accounting Made Easy Wiley GAAP for Governments 2012 is a thorough, reliable reference financial professionals will consistently keep on their desks rather than on their bookshelves. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley GAAP for Governments 2004 Warren Ruppel, 2004-04-28 A practical application guide to ensure governmental GAAP compliance In applying Governmental GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles), state and local government officials face a potential maze of complexity. Wiley GAAP for Government 2004 addresses the latest material from the Government Accounting Standards Board and AICPA in straightforward language for practical application. Coverage includes much-needed analysis and clarification of statements, interpretations, and technical bulletins, as well as special consideration of school districts, public authorities, and individual pension plans. Written for use by practitioners, this book represents an up-to-date companion for implementing these new accounting pronouncements. Warren Ruppel is the assistant comptroller responsible for the accounting and financial reporting for one of the largest cities in the country. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Governmental GAAP Practice Manual Michael A. Crawford, D. Scot Loyd, 2008-11 Governmental GAAP Practice Manual: Including GASB-34 Guidance demonstrates, in a detailed manner, how governmental entity can implement the complex standards established by GASB-34 and beyond through a worksheet approach. (A companion publication, Governmental GAAP Guide, discusses financial accounting and reporting standards necessary to prepare the basic external financial statements of a governmental entity.) The emphasis of Governmental GAAP Practice Manual is on the process of preparing financial statements. |
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| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley GAAP for Governments 2008 Warren Ruppel, 2008-03-21 The most practical, authoritative guide to governmental GAAP, Wiley GAAP for Governments 2008 is a comprehensive guide to the accounting and financial reporting principles used by state and local governments as well as other governmental entities. Readers will find its full coverage of authoritative accounting standards, coupled with many examples, illustrations, and helpful practice hints, extremely useful and user-friendly. Designed with the needs of the user in mind, a New Developments chapter keeps the reader informed of all the important developments in governmental GAAP during the past year. Warren Ruppel, CPA (Woodcliff Lake, NJ) is the Director of Government Services at Marks Paneth & Shron, LLP and is the author of four Wiley accounting publications. He began his career at KPMG, later joining Deloitte & Touche to specialize in audits of not-for-profit organizations and governments. He also was the Assistant Comptroller for Accounting of The City of New York |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Accounting for Governmental and Nonprofit Entities Leon Edwards Hay, Earl Ray Wilson, 1992 Principles of accounting and financial reporting for governmental and non-profit entities. General and special revenue funds, capital project funds, internal service funds, fiduciary funds etc. are discussed in various chapters. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Financial and Managerial Accounting for School Administrators R. E. Everett, Raymond L. Lows, Donald R. Johnson, 2003-08-21 Widely acknowledged as the most respected reference on school accounting, this book offers clear, detailed explanations of financial accounting and reporting as they apply to school system fund structures. Whether they are new to the field or have a background in accounting, school business officials will turn to this comprehensive book again and again for information on topics such as revenue and expenditure accounting, special revenue funds, capital projects funds, trust and agency funds, internal cash control, auditing, and using accounting information to measure fiscal health. Designed as a graduate-level textbook, the book is also a valuable resource for in-service programs. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley CPAexcel Exam Review 2014 Study Guide O. Ray Whittington, 2013-11-08 Everything today's CPA candidates need to pass the CPA Exam Published annually, this Financial Accounting and Reporting volume of the comprehensive four-volume paperback reviews all current AICPA content requirements in business environment and concepts. Many of the questions are taken directly from previous CPA exams. With 2,800 multiple-choice questions in all four volumes, these study guides provide all the information candidates need to master in order to pass the computerized Uniform CPA Examination. Its unique modular format helps you zero in on those areas that need more attention and organize your study program. Complete sample exam The most effective system available to prepare for the CPA exam—proven for over thirty years Timely—up-to-the-minute coverage for the computerized exam Contains all current AICPA content requirements in business environment and concepts Unique modular format—helps candidates zero in on areas that need work, organize their study program, and concentrate their efforts Comprehensive questions—over 2,800 multiple-choice questions and their solutions in the four volumes Guidelines, pointers, and tips—show how to build knowledge in a logical and reinforcing way Other titles by Whittington: Audit Sampling: An Introduction, Fifth Edition Wiley CPA Exam Review 2014 arms test-takers with detailed outlines, study guidelines, and skill-building problems to help candidates identify, focus on, and master the specific topics that need the most work. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Foundations of Public Service Douglas F Morgan, Douglas F. Green, Richard T Green, Craig W Shinn, Robert K Robinson, 2015-07-17 Designed to serve as a basic text for an introductory course in Public Administration, this innovative work provides students with an understanding of the basic management functions that are covered in all standard textbooks with two important differences. First, it is written to address the needs of both the experienced practitioner and the entry-level public servant. Case examples bridge the content-rich environment of practitioners with the basic principles of public administration sought by pre-service students. Second, the discussion of basic management practices is grounded in the political and ethical tensions inherent in the American constitutional form of governance. This reflects the authors' belief that public administration operates as an integral part of the country's political traditions, and thereby helps define the political culture. The book provides a framework for understanding American political traditions and how they inform public administration as a political practice. Key Changes in the Second Edition include: A new introductory chapter that explains what the authors mean by a constitutional approach and why that is important. An expanded discussion of the role of civil society in promoting the common good. A new section in chapter 5 on New Public Governance. Updated exhibits that incorporate up-to-date census data and revenue figures (chapter 10). A new section in chapter 14 that recognises the importance of maintaining accountability in contract and networked systems of governance. Significantly rewritten chapters to add emphasis on the relevance of the chapter material to nonprofit organisations. A significantly revised bibliography which incorporates new bodies of research that have appeared since the first edition. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Audit and Accounting Guide AICPA, 2019-09-11 State and local government audit and accounting is changing rapidly. This title features insights, comparisons, and best practices for some of the more complex areas such as pensions and post-employment benefits other than pensions (OPEB), this authoritative guide provides complete coverage of audit and accounting considerations critical for both preparers and auditors. This edition includes dual guidance for accountants and auditors early implementing GASB Statement No. 84, Fiduciary Activities. Topics covered also include: • Financial reporting and the financial reporting entity • Revenue and expense recognition • Capital asset accounting • The elements of net position • Accounting for fair value • Municipal securities offerings • Tax abatements |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide State and Local Governments AICPA, 2017-09-25 With all the recent changes in state and local government audit and accounting, including changes to some of the more complex areas such as pensions and postemployment benefits other than pensions (OPEB), you can't afford to be without the most current guidance. This authoritative guide provides complete coverage of audit and accounting considerations critical for both preparers and auditors. This 2017 edition includes a new chapter on best practices for OPEB accounting, reporting, and auditing. It also provides insights, comparisons, and best practices for financial reporting and the financial reporting entity, revenue and expense recognition, capital asset accounting, the elements of net position, accounting for fair value, and much more. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley CPA Examination Review 2007-2008, Outlines and Study Guides Patrick R. Delaney, Ray Whittington, 2007-06-11 Wiley CPA Exam review 34th Edition ? 2007-2008 Volume 1 Outlines and Study Guides * Covers all four sections of the CPA examination point by point * Stresses important topical areas to study for each part * Helps establish a self-study preparation program * Divides exam into 45 manageable study units * Provides an outline format supplemented by brief examples and illustrations * Makes material easy to read, understand, and remember * Includes timely, up-to-the-minute coverage for the computerized exam * Explains step-by-step examples of the solutions approach * Contains all current AICPA content requirements for all four sections of the exam Volume 2 Problems and Solutions * Offers selected problems from all four examination sections * Contains rationale for correct or incorrect multiple-choice answers * Covers the new simulation-style problems-offering more than 75 practice questions * Details a solutions approach to each problem * Updates unofficial answers to reflect current laws and standards * Groups multiple-choice questions into topical categories within modules for easy cross-referencing * Provides a sample examination for each of the four exam parts The computer-based CPA exam is here! Are you ready? The 34th Edition of the Wiley CPA Exam Review is revised and updated for the new computerized exam, containing AICPA sample test questions released as recently as April 2007. To help candidates prepare for the new exam format, this edition includes a substantial number of the new simulation-type questions. Passing the CPA exam on your first attempt is possible! We'd like to help. Get Even More Information Online: You'll find a wide range of aids for doing your best on the CPA exam at wiley.com/cpa, including content updates, CPA exam study and test-taking tips, and more. All Wiley CPA Exam Review products are listed on the site. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley GAAP for Governments 2018 Warren Ruppel, 2018-09-05 Discover the best practical application guide for those looking to satisfy governmental GAAP compliance rules Wiley GAAP for Governments 2018 is a comprehensive guide to the accounting and financial reporting principles used by state and local governments as well as other governmental entities. Designed with the needs of the user in mind, this comprehensive resource presents the important developments in governmental GAAP during the past year. It is a thorough, reliable reference that financial professionals will consistently keep on their desks rather to refer to in their daily work. More and more governmental accounting standards, in growing complexity, continue to be issued. This reliable book, which guides preparers through the complexity of preparation and implementation of the relevant changes, is an industry favorite for its accessibility, completeness, and relevance, helping readers every year achieve and maintain compliance with minimal burden. Up-to-date, insightful, and practical implementation information about new accounting pronouncements Coverage of public educational institutions, public authorities and individual pension plans financial statements, which is not provided by competing books Contains a disclosure checklist for financial statements of governmental entities that will enable preparers to ensure all disclosures required by GAAP for governments have been made Utilizes flowcharts, diagrams, and charts to help facilitate the user's understanding of the material Written as a practical application guide instead of an academic reference Don’t wait until it’s time to start calculating and filing, get a jump-start on the new year with all of the latest developments in governmental GAAP with the new edition of the number one guide, Wiley GAAP for Governments 2018: Interpretation and Application of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for State and Local Governments, 2nd Edition. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: GAAP for Governments , 2001 |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Audits of Property and Liability Insurance Companies , 2000 |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley GAAP for Governments 2011 Warren Ruppel, 2011-02-17 The most practical, authoritative guide to governmental GAAP Wiley GAAP for Governments 2011 is a comprehensive guide to the accounting and financial reporting principles used by state and local governments as well as other governmental entities. Designed with the needs of the user in mind, a New Developments chapter offers the important developments in governmental GAAP during the past year. Full coverage of authoritative accounting standards Extremely useful and user-friendly examples, illustrations, and helpful practice hints A comprehensive guide to the accounting and financial reporting principles used by state and local governments as well as other governmental entities Provides a look ahead to the status of current and future Governmental Accounting Standards Board standards and projects Offers information on the very latest in standard-setting activities Also by Warren Ruppel: Governmental Accounting Made Easy Wiley GAAP for Governments 2011 is a thorough, reliable reference financial professionals will consistently keep on their desks rather than on their bookshelves. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Wiley CPA Exam Review 2011, Financial Accounting and Reporting Patrick R. Delaney, O. Ray Whittington, 2010-10-05 This comprehensive four-volume set reviews all four parts of the CPA exam. With more than 3,800 multiple-choice questions over all four volumes, these guides provide everything a person needs to master the material. |
| accounting for general and special revenue funds: Oregon Blue Book Oregon. Office of the Secretary of State, 1895 |
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