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A Token Economy Psychology: Rewarding Behavior Change
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD, ABPP (Board Certified in Clinical Psychology)
Publisher: Routledge – A leading academic publisher specializing in psychology and behavioral science.
Editor: Dr. David Miller, PhD, Professor of Behavioral Psychology at the University of California, Berkeley.
Introduction:
A token economy psychology is a powerful behavioral therapy technique that utilizes a system of rewards to modify undesirable behaviors and reinforce positive ones. This approach, rooted in operant conditioning principles, has proven effective across a wide range of clinical populations, from children with autism spectrum disorder to adults struggling with substance abuse. This narrative explores the principles behind a token economy psychology, drawing on both personal experiences and documented case studies to illustrate its versatility and effectiveness.
H1: The Mechanics of a Token Economy Psychology
A token economy psychology operates on the principle of reinforcement. Individuals earn tokens (which can be anything from points to stickers to small objects) for exhibiting desired behaviors. These tokens can then be exchanged for reinforcing items or activities – privileges, treats, access to preferred activities, or even tangible rewards. The system's success hinges on several key elements: clearly defined target behaviors, a consistent reinforcement schedule, and a transparent exchange system. The effectiveness of a token economy hinges on the careful selection of both the target behaviors and the reinforcing stimuli, ensuring they are relevant and motivating for the individual.
H2: Case Study 1: Young Children with Autism
In my practice, I worked with a young boy, Alex, diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Alex exhibited significant behavioral challenges, including aggression and self-injurious behaviors. Implementing a token economy psychology significantly improved his behavior. We identified specific target behaviors – remaining calm during transitions, following instructions, and engaging in cooperative play – each earning him tokens. These tokens could be exchanged for preferred activities, such as playing video games or spending time with his favorite toy. The results were dramatic. Within a few weeks, Alex's aggressive outbursts decreased significantly, and he started engaging more positively with his peers and caregivers. This success highlights the potential of a token economy psychology in managing challenging behaviors in children with autism.
H2: Case Study 2: Adults with Substance Use Disorder
A token economy psychology isn't limited to children. I also witnessed its effectiveness in an inpatient rehabilitation program for adults struggling with substance use disorder. Patients earned tokens for attending therapy sessions, participating in group activities, and maintaining abstinence. These tokens could be exchanged for privileges like extra phone time, access to recreational activities, or even early discharge from the program. The structure and immediate reinforcement provided by the token economy helped patients stay engaged in treatment and maintain sobriety. While not a standalone treatment, it played a crucial role in supporting their recovery. This case demonstrates that a token economy psychology can be successfully integrated into broader treatment plans for complex conditions.
H3: Personal Anecdotes and Challenges in Implementing a Token Economy Psychology
During my early career, I learned the importance of tailoring a token economy to the individual's needs. I once attempted to implement a generic system for a group of adolescents, assuming that the same rewards would motivate everyone. This proved ineffective. Some found the rewards uninteresting, while others were resistant to the structured approach. This experience highlighted the importance of individual assessment and flexible adaptation in a token economy psychology. A successful system requires understanding the individual's preferences and adjusting the rewards and reinforcement schedule accordingly. The therapist must remain adaptable and receptive to feedback from the client, continuously evaluating and refining the system to ensure its efficacy.
H3: Ethical Considerations in a Token Economy Psychology
While a token economy psychology is remarkably effective, ethical considerations are paramount. It's crucial to ensure transparency and avoid manipulative practices. Clients should understand the system's rules and consequences clearly. The rewards should be genuinely reinforcing and not overly controlling or coercive. The potential for abuse and the need for careful monitoring by qualified professionals must be recognized and addressed.
H4: Beyond the Tokens: Generalization and Maintenance of Gains
A common challenge in a token economy psychology is ensuring that the positive changes generalize to real-world settings once the structured system is removed. This requires a gradual fading of the token system, replacing the artificial reinforcement with naturally occurring rewards. Behavioral skills training and social skills training are often integrated to equip individuals with the tools needed to maintain positive behaviors independently.
Conclusion:
A token economy psychology offers a powerful and versatile approach to behavior modification, applicable across diverse populations and clinical settings. While its implementation requires careful planning and ethical consideration, its effectiveness in fostering positive behavioral change is undeniable. The case studies presented highlight the potential of this technique to transform individuals' lives, proving that a structured, rewarding approach can significantly impact outcomes in various settings. The key to success lies in careful individualization, ethical implementation, and a plan for generalization and maintenance of behavioral gains.
FAQs:
1. What are the limitations of a token economy psychology? Limitations include the potential for artificiality, difficulty in generalization to natural settings, and the ethical considerations surrounding control and coercion.
2. How long does a token economy typically last? The duration varies based on the individual's progress and the specific goals. It's often a phased approach with gradual fading of the token system.
3. Can a token economy be used at home? Yes, with careful planning and parental involvement, aspects of a token economy can be effectively implemented at home.
4. Is a token economy effective for all individuals? While effective for many, it's not universally effective and may require adaptation based on individual needs and preferences.
5. What are some alternative behavioral therapies to a token economy? Alternatives include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and applied behavior analysis (ABA).
6. How do I choose appropriate rewards for a token economy? Rewards should be individualized based on the person's preferences and motivating factors.
7. What if a client refuses to participate in a token economy? Understanding the reasons for refusal is crucial. It might be necessary to adjust the system or explore alternative approaches.
8. Is professional guidance necessary for implementing a token economy? Yes, particularly in complex cases or with specific populations, professional guidance is essential for ethical and effective implementation.
9. How can I measure the effectiveness of a token economy? Data collection and regular monitoring of target behaviors are crucial to assess the effectiveness of the system.
Related Articles:
1. "The Effectiveness of Token Economies in Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder": A review of research on the application and effectiveness of token economies for individuals with autism.
2. "Token Economies in Substance Abuse Treatment: A Meta-Analysis": An analysis of existing research on token economies' role in substance abuse rehabilitation.
3. "Designing and Implementing Effective Token Economies": A practical guide on the steps involved in creating and implementing a token economy system.
4. "Ethical Considerations in Behavioral Interventions: A Focus on Token Economies": An examination of the ethical implications of token economies and strategies for ethical practice.
5. "Generalization and Maintenance of Behavior Change in Token Economy Systems": Strategies for ensuring lasting behavioral change after the removal of the token economy.
6. "Token Economies in Schools: Improving Student Behavior and Academic Performance": An exploration of the application of token economies in educational settings.
7. "Comparing Token Economies with Other Behavioral Interventions": A comparative analysis of token economies and other behavioral therapy techniques.
8. "The Role of Reinforcement Schedules in Token Economy Success": A discussion on the importance of reinforcement schedules in optimizing a token economy system.
9. "Case Studies on the Application of Token Economies in Different Clinical Settings": A collection of case studies showcasing the application of token economies in various clinical contexts.
| a token economy psychology: The Token Economy Alan Kazdin, 2012-12-06 Applications of operant techniques in treatment and education have proliferated in recent years. Among the various techniques, the token economy has been particu larly popular. The token economy has been extended to many populations included in psychiatry, clinical psychology, education, and the mental health fields in general. Of course, merely because a technique is applied widely does not neces sarily argue for its efficacy. Yet, the token economy has been extensively re searched. The main purpose of this book is to review, elaborate, and evaluate critically research bearing on the token economy. The book examines several features of the token economy including the variables that contribute to its efficacy, the accomplishments, limitations, and potential weaknesses, and recent advances. Because the token economy literature is vast, the book encompasses programs in diverse treatment, rehabilitation, and educational settings across a wide range of populations and behaviors. Within the last few years, a small number of books on token economies have appeared. Each of these books describes a particular token economy in one treatment ,etting, details practical problems encountered, and provides suggestions for ad ministering the program. This focus is important but neglects the extensive scholarly research on token economies. The present book reviews research across diverse settings and clients. Actually, this focus is quite relevant for implementing token economies because the research reveals those aspects and treatment variations that contribute to or enhance client performance. |
| a token economy psychology: The Token Economy Teodoro Ayllon, Nathan H. Azrin, 1968 |
| a token economy psychology: Tackling the Motivation Crisis Mike Anderson, 2021-08-16 Mike Anderson explores incentive systems, which do not motivate achievement or a love of learning, and the six intrinsic motivators that lead to real student engagement-- |
| a token economy psychology: School-Based Behavioral Intervention Case Studies Michael I. Axelrod, Melissa Coolong-Chaffin, Renee O. Hawkins, 2020-11-29 School-Based Behavioral Intervention Case Studies translates principles of behavior into best practices for school psychologists, teachers, and other educational professionals, both in training and in practice. Using detailed case studies illustrating evidence-based interventions, each chapter describes all the necessary elements of effective behavior intervention plans including rich descriptions of target behaviors, detailed intervention protocols, data collection and analysis methods, and tips for ensuring social acceptability and treatment integrity. Addressing a wide array of common behavior problems, this unique and invaluable resource offers real-world examples of intervention and assessment strategies. |
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| a token economy psychology: The Individual in the Economy S. E. G. Lea, Roger M. Tarpy, Paul M. Webley, 1987-04-24 The Individual in the Economy presents interesting analyses of important human behaviours. |
| a token economy psychology: Token Economy Shermin Voshmgir, 2019-06-27 Blockchains & smart contracts have made it easy for anyone to create a token with just a few lines of code. The book gives an intro to tokens and the underlying technology, the socio-economic implications, and selected use cases. It is written for a general audience, features many graphics, and could be a useful textbook for university students. |
| a token economy psychology: The Psychology of Money Michael Argyle, Adrian Furnham, 2013-10-23 This fascinating book examines such diverse and compelling subjects as: money and power, gender differences, morality and tax, the very rich, the poor, lottery and pools winners, how possessions and wealth affect self-image and esteem, why some people become misers and others gamblers, spendthrifts and tycoons, and why some people gain more pleasure from giving away money than from retaining it. Comprehensive and cross-cultural, The Psychology of Money integrates fascinating and scattered literature from many disciplines, and includes the most recent material to date. It will be of interest to psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists and to people interested in business and economics. |
| a token economy psychology: The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Volume 4 W. Edward Craighead, Charles B. Nemeroff, 2002-11-11 A complete reference to the fields of psychology and behavioral science Volume 4 is the final volume in The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science series. Providing psychologists, teachers, researchers, and students with complete reference for over 1,200 topics across four volumes, this resource in invaluable for both clinical and research settings. Coverage includes conditions, assessments, scales, diagnoses, treatments, and more, including biographies on psychologists of note and psychological organizations from across the globe. The Third Edition has been updated to reflect the growing impact of neuroscience and biomedical research, providing a highly relevant reference for the highest standard of care. |
| a token economy psychology: Active Learning Charles C. Bonwell, James A. Eison, 1991 This monograph examines the nature of active learning at the higher education level, the empirical research on its use, the common obstacles and barriers that give rise to faculty resistance, and how faculty and staff can implement active learning techniques. A preliminary section defines active learning and looks at the current climate surrounding the concept. A second section, entitled The Modified Lecture offers ways that teachers can incorporate active learning into their most frequently used format: the lecture. The following section on classroom discussion explains the conditions and techniques needed for the most useful type of exchange. Other ways to promote active learning are also described including: visual learning, writing in class, problem solving, computer-based instruction, cooperative learning, debates, drama, role playing, simulations, games, and peer teaching. A section on obstacles to implementing active learning techniques leads naturally to the final section, Conclusions and Recommendations, which outlines the roles that each group within the university can play in order to encourage the implementation of active learning strategies. The text includes over 200 references and an index. (JB) |
| a token economy psychology: The Incredible Years Training Series Carolyn Webster-Stratton, 2000 |
| a token economy psychology: Behavior Modification in Applied Settings Alan E. Kazdin, 2012-08-20 Continuing the tradition of excellence established in previous editions, distinguished researcher, practitioner, and educator Alan Kazdin integrates pioneering and recent research with discussions and examples for altering behavior and the conditions that influence their effectiveness. The Seventh Edition reflects several developments within the field of behavior modification, without diminishing an essential emphasis on applied research and intervention techniques. Kazdin has expanded and refined discussions of functional behavioral assessment, antecedent events and their influence on behavior, assessment options, ensuring the quality of assessment, data evaluation, and ethical and legal issues. New to this edition is an Appendix to guide a behavior-change project that focuses on applying the content of the book in everyday life. In addition to comprehensive coverage and lucid explanations of how assessment, evaluation, and intervention work together to improve the care of individuals, the text contains many learning-oriented features, such as chapter outlines that convey content, direction, and key points; practical examples of principles and techniques; an abundant number of tables that summarize important concepts; exercises for designing or evaluating a specific intervention or for changing a program that is not working; and a list of key terms at the end of the chapters. By completing the exercises and understanding the terms, students can master the core content of the chapters. This outstanding text enables students and professionals with varied interests to implement effective techniques with individuals and in contexts where behavior change is desperately neededin a world challenged by a wide range of social problems. |
| a token economy psychology: Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences Virgil Zeigler-Hill, Todd K. Shackelford, 2020-03-11 This Encyclopedia provides a comprehensive overview of individual differences within the domain of personality, with major sub-topics including assessment and research design, taxonomy, biological factors, evolutionary evidence, motivation, cognition and emotion, as well as gender differences, cultural considerations, and personality disorders. It is an up-to-date reference for this increasingly important area and a key resource for those who study intelligence, personality, motivation, aptitude and their variations within members of a group. |
| a token economy psychology: Token Economy Shermin Voshmgir, 2020-06-21 This is the second edition of the book Token Economy originally published in June 2019. The basic structure of this second edition is the same as the first edition, with slightly updated content of existing chapters and four additional chapters: User-Centric Identities, Privacy Tokens, Lending Tokens, and How to Design a Token System and more focus on the Web3. //Part one outlines the fundamental building blocks of the Web3, including the role of cryptography and user-centric digital identities. Part two explains Web3 applications like smart contracts, DAOs & tokens. The last two parts of the book focus on tokens as the atomic unit of the Web3, explaining the properties and functions of money and outlining the emerging field of decentralized finance (DeFi) that might power a potential future digital barter economy. Use cases such as asset tokens, purpose driven tokens, BAT (Basic Attention Token), social media tokens (Steemit, Hive and Reddit), privacy tokens, and stable tokens are explored, including the role of CBDCs (Central Bank Digital Currencies) and Facebook's Libra.//Tokens - often referred to as cryptocurrencies - can represent anything from an asset to an access right, such as gold, diamonds, a fraction of a Picasso painting or an entry ticket to a concert. Tokens could also be used to reward social media contributions, incentivize the reduction of CO2 emissions, or even ones attention for watching an ad. While it has become easy to create a token, which is collectively managed by a public Web3 infrastructure like a blockchain network, the understanding of how to apply these tokens is still vague. This book attempts to summarize existing knowledge about blockchain networks and other distributed ledgers as the backbone of the Web3, and contextualize the socio-economic implications of the Web3 applications such as smart contracts, tokens, and DAOs to the concepts of money, economics, governance and decentralized finance (DeFi).//The industry keeps referring to “Blockchain” as different from “Bitcoin,” creating an artificial divide that is often misleading. There seems to be too little understanding about the fact that Bitcoin is a blockchain network, which is (a) globally managed by people who mostly do not know each other, and (b) enabled by the consensus protocol that (c) incentivizes all network actors for their contributions with a native token. The governance rules are tied to the minting of a native blockchain token. The Bitcoin token can, therefore, be seen as the currency of a distributed Internet tribe, called the Bitcoin network, where network actors are rewarded with Bitcoins, just as the Ether is the currency of the distributed Internet tribe Ethereum network, or Sia is the native currency of the Sia network. The Bitcoin network and other distributed ledgers all represent a collectively maintained public infrastructure and are the backbone of the next generation Internet, what the crypto community refers to as the Web3. |
| a token economy psychology: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology Amy Wenzel, 2017-03-16 Abnormal and clinical psychology courses are offered in psychology programs at universities worldwide, but the most recent major encyclopedia on the topic was published many years ago. Although general psychology handbooks and encyclopedias include essays on abnormal and clinical psychology, such works do not provide students with an accessible reference for understanding the full scope of the field. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology, a 7-volume, A-Z work (print and electronic formats), will be such an authoritative work. Its more than 1,400 entries will provide information on fundamental approaches and theories, various mental health disorders, assessment tools and psychotherapeutic interventions, and the social, legal, and cultural frameworks that have contributed to debates in abnormal and clinical psychology. Key features include: 1,400 signed articles contained in 7 volumes and available in choice of print and/or electronic formats Although organized A-to-Z, front matter includes a Reader’s Guide grouping related entries thematically Back matter includes a Chronology, Resource Guide, Bibliography, and detailed Index Entries conclude with References/Further Readings and Cross-References to related entries The Index, Reader’s Guide themes, and Cross-References between and among entries all combine to provide robust search-and-browse features in the electronic version. |
| a token economy psychology: Behavior Change in the Human Services Martin Sundel, Sandra S. Sundel, 2017-01-13 Behavior Change in the Human Services, Sixth Edition continues to provide a systematic introduction and overview of behavioral and cognitive principles and their applications to a wide range of problems and situations encountered in the human service professions. Designed for students and practitioners, the book uses a unique problem-solving framework to demonstrate how behavior change principles can be applied to practice situations. Martin and Sandra Sundel feature a detailed and sequential organization that encourages readers to move progressively through material of increasing complexity and to conduct self-assessments of their knowledge. The Fifth Edition includes eight clinical case studies and many new and engaging examples that address issues such as substance abuse, child behavior problems, assertiveness, marital discord, and developing appropriate social behaviors. The expanded chapter on intervention techniques incorporates empirically tested behavioral and cognitive strategies for addressing clinical problems such as phobias, anxiety disorders, depression, and other behavioral disorders. Current developments and trends in the field are discussed, including the movement toward evidence-based practice. This comprehensive yet accessible text also features figures, charts, and forms to demonstrate data collection and analysis. Any student pursuing a career in the helping professions, including social work, psychology, counseling, special education, nursing, and psychiatry, will find this book valuable |
| a token economy psychology: Psychology in Economics and Business Gerrit Antonides, 2012-12-06 This book is targeted at students of economics and business administration and presents the state of the art in behavioral economics and economic psychology and their applications to economics and business. It discusses economic psychological themes, information processing, and applications in fields including entrepreneurial behavior, perceptions of price, risk, inflation and economic activities, and economic socialization. |
| a token economy psychology: Token Economy Shermin Voshmgir, 2024-01-25 This third edition of Token Economy is published as a series of three books: “Money, NFTs & DeFi,” “DAOs & Purpose-Driven Tokens,” and “Web3 Infrastructure.” The purpose of this book – DAOs & Purpose-Driven Tokens – is to explain the institutional impact of blockchain networks and tokenization – both from a theoretical and a practical perspective – with the goal of providing a common understanding of the concept and practice of Web3-based institutions. The history of money and finance, and the impact of Web3 and tokenization on money, real-world assets and financial markets are discussed in the book “Money, NFTs & DeFi.” The technical and political aspects of blockchain networks and core Web3 infrastructure will be discussed in the book “Web3 Infrastructure.” The book critically reflects the concept of DAOs, starting with its first real-world example – the Bitcoin network – and how the groundbreaking cryptoeconomic mechanism behind Proof-of-Work paved the way for a novel type of organization that is steered by purpose-driven tokens and relies on “trust by math” rather than “trust by legal contract.” The first two chapters of this book will explain the concept of Web3-based decentralized organizations – its origins and impact from various perspectives: history, cybernetics, organizational science, political science, economics and complex systems. Since there is no one-size-fits-all solution for the design of DAOs, theory alone will not do justice to the complex nature of this topic. Any meaningful organizational design, including that of the purpose-driven tokens which steer Web3-based institutions, will always depend on the purpose and political principles of said organization/network/Internet community/cooperative. To provide a more tangible approach to the best practices and pitfalls of DAOs, a range of DAO use cases will be analyzed based on a DAO design thinking framework, which was developed specifically for this book. Best practices for designing DAOs and the purpose-driven tokens that steer them are still underdeveloped. Many early use cases lack a sustainable token design to achieve their self-declared purpose, which is why a wide range of purposes were selected to display different purposes a DAO can achieve or aim to achieve, even though some of the use cases selected have considerable design flaws. While all use cases have compelling value propositions, and in some cases even considerable traction, they sometimes display unintended design flaws that contradict the purpose and political principles upon which they were designed. The use cases selected are: P2P money & payment network (Bitcoin), P2P stable token (DAI & MarkerDAO), P2P social networks such as Steemit.com or friends.tech, P2P Telco Network (Helium), P2P Data Exchange (Ocean Protocol), and biodiversity tokens (Rebalance Earth). Except for Rebalance Earth, all use cases have a long track record of protocol evolution. They provide historical data to correlate token design choices to their effects, i.e. power structures that emerged over time, and the long-term success of the protocol/network/organization in question. The analysis of the use cases in the second part of the book is mostly qualitative. Additional quantitative analysis could be carried out as well, but that is not the purpose of this book. Quantitative analysis only makes sense once one understands what needs to be analyzed, and in which context the data should be interpreted. A metric such as a “market cap” or “gross network value” of a token is not significant on its own, if one does not first consider the purpose of the token design, the industry in which the DAO operates, the stakeholder structure, and many other qualitative aspects relevant to different types of DAOs. |
| a token economy psychology: Illustrating Concepts and Phenomena in Psychology E. Leslie Cameron, Douglas A. Bernstein, 2022-08-29 This compendium of examples of psychological concepts and phenomena is designed to make it easier for both novice and experienced teachers of psychology at all levels to bring new and/or particularly illuminating examples to their lectures and other presentations. Psychology instructors know that vivid examples bring concepts to life for students, making psychology both more accessible and interesting. Having a good supply of such examples can be particularly important when, as often happens, students fail to immediately grasp particular points, especially those that are complex or difficult. Generating compelling examples can be challenging, particularly when teaching a course, such as Introductory Psychology, in which much of the material is outside one’s main area of expertise, when teaching a course for the first time, or when teaching a course that is entirely outside one’s main area of expertise. This compendium will serve as a one-stop reference that presents a topic-organized body of compelling examples that instructors can explore as they prepare their teaching materials. The examples they will find range from simple illustrations (e.g., muting an obnoxious commercial as an example of negative reinforcement), to videos (e.g., of a patient with prosopagnosia), to brief stories (e.g., about how confirmation bias led a man to dismantle a kitchen because he assumed that an electrical stove’s whining clock was a trapped kitten), to short summaries of research that illustrate a concept or phenomenon. Beyond their value for enhancing the quality and interest level of classroom lectures, the examples in this book can help teachers find ideas for engaging multiple-choice exam and quiz items. They can also serve as stimuli for writing assignments and small group discussions in which students are asked to come up with additional examples of the concept or phenomenon, or link them to other concepts or phenomena. |
| a token economy psychology: Research Methods in Applied Behavior Analysis Jon S. Bailey, Mary R. Burch, 2002-02-13 This text covers all the elements of single-subject research design and provides practical information for designing, implementing and evaluating studies. |
| a token economy psychology: Evolution and Modification of Behavior Konrad Lorenz, 1965 |
| a token economy psychology: Interpreting Consumer Choice Gordon Foxall, 2009-09-10 Interpretive consumer research usually proceeds with a minimum of structure and preconceptions. This book presents a more structured approach than is usual, showing how a simple framework that embodies the rewards and costs associated with consumer choice can be used to interpret a wide range of consumer behaviours from everyday purchasing and saving, innovative choice, imitation, ‘green’ consumer behavior, to compulsive behaviors such as addictions (to shopping, to gambling, to alcohol and other drugs, etc). Foxall takes a qualitative approach to interpreting behavior, focusing on the epistemological problems that arise in such research and emphasizing the emotional as well as cognitive aspects of consumption. The author argues that consumer behaviour can be understood with the aid of a very simple model that proposes how the consequences of consumption impact consumers’ subsequent choices. The objective is to show that a basic model can be used to interpret consumer behaviour in general, not in isolation from the marketing influences that shape it, but as a course of human choice that is dynamically linked with managerial concerns. |
| a token economy psychology: Intrinsic Motivation Edward L. Deci, 2012-12-06 As I begin to write this Preface, I feel a rush of excitement. I have now finished the book; my gestalt is coming into completion. Throughout the months that I have been writing this, I have, indeed, been intrinsically motivated. Now that it is finished I feel quite competent and self-determining (see Chapter 2). Whether or not those who read the book will perceive me that way is also a concern of mine (an extrinsic one), but it is a wholly separate issue from the intrinsic rewards I have been experiencing. This book presents a theoretical perspective. It reviews an enormous amount of research which establishes unequivocally that intrinsic motivation exists. Also considered herein are various approaches to the conceptualizing of intrinsic motivation. The book concentrates on the approach which has developed out of the work of Robert White (1959), namely, that intrinsically motivated behaviors are ones which a person engages in so that he may feel competent and self-determining in relation to his environment. The book then considers the development of intrinsic motiva tion, how behaviors are motivated intrinsically, how they relate to and how intrinsic motivation is extrinsically motivated behaviors, affected by extrinsic rewards and controls. It also considers how changes in intrinsic motivation relate to changes in attitudes, how people attribute motivation to each other, how the attribution process is motivated, and how the process of perceiving motivation (and other internal states) in oneself relates to perceiving them in others. |
| a token economy psychology: Behavior Modification Garry Martin, Joseph Pear, 1996 Assuming no prior knowledge of behaviour modification or psychology, this text offers students hands-on experience with the principles of behaviour modification and their application to everyday concerns - from helping children learn life's necessary skills to solving personal behaviour problems. |
| a token economy psychology: The Behavior of Organisms B. F. Skinner, 1990 |
| a token economy psychology: Behavioral Interventions in Schools Steven G. Little, Angeleque Akin-Little, 2019 This book shows psychologists and other mental health providers how to assess and treat emotional and behavioral problems in classrooms, including those arising from autism diagnoses. |
| a token economy psychology: Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development Sam Goldstein, Jack A. Naglieri, 2010-11-23 This reference work breaks new ground as an electronic resource. Utterly comprehensive, it serves as a repository of knowledge in the field as well as a frequently updated conduit of new material long before it finds its way into standard textbooks. |
| a token economy psychology: Behavioral Approaches to Crime and Delinquency Edward K. Morris, Curtis J. Braukmann, 2012-12-06 The systematic application of behavioral psychology to crime and delinquency was begun only 20 years ago, yet it has already contributed significantly to our practical knowledge about prevention and correction and to our general under standing of a pressing social problem. In this handbook, we review and evalu ate what has been accomplished to date, as well as what is currently at the leading edge of the field. We do so in order to present a clear, comprehensive, and systematic view of the field and to promote and encourage still more effective action and social policy reform in the future. The chapters in this text have been written by professionals who were among the original innovators in applying behavioral psychology to crime and delinquency and who continue to make critical contributions to the field's progress, and by a new generation of energetic, young professionals who are taking the field in important and innovative directions. The contributors have attempted to review and evaluate their areas with critical dispassion, to pro vide thorough but not overly specialized discussion of their material, and to draw implications for how research, application, and social policy might be improved in the future. For our part as editors, we have tried to foster integra tion across the chapters and to provide background and conceptual material of our own. |
| a token economy psychology: Ethics in Psychology and the Mental Health Professions Gerald P. Koocher, Patricia Keith-Spiegel, 2016 Revised edition of the authors' Ethics in psychology and the mental health professions, 2008. |
| a token economy psychology: Angles on Applied Psychology Julia Russell, Matt Jarvis, 2003 The long-awaited companion volume to the extremely popular Angles on Psychology AS text has arrived! This excellent new book provides coverage of the Edexcel A2 specification. |
| a token economy psychology: Encyclopedia of School Psychology Steven W. Lee, 2005-04-27 Lee (U. of Kansas) emphasizes the role of school psychologists as consultants, and one of this encyclopedia's goals is to introduce non-specialists to the scope of psychology applied to education. It can also serve as a reference for practitioners and vocational counselors. For ease of use, the comprehensive contents are listed both alphabetically |
| a token economy psychology: Psychological Insight Into the Bible Wayne G. Rollins, D. Andrew Kille, 2007 Foreword by Walter Wink In recent years theologians and biblical scholars have begun to delve into the insights that come from the application of psychology to biblical texts. While these methods continue to be useful and popular, nowhere have the foundational texts in the field been collected. Wayne Rollins and Andrew Kille, who have both published and taught widely in the area of psychological biblical criticism, have assembled an excellent guide for those interested in this fascinating topic. Included in this anthology are articles from across the landscape, spanning over one hundred years and including such authors as Franz Delitzsch, M. Scott Fletcher, Max Weber, Walter Wink, and many other scholars. |
| a token economy psychology: Effective Teaching Mark Wolery, Donald B. Bailey, George M. Sugai, 1988 |
| a token economy psychology: Psychology and Crime Aidan Sammons, 2013-04-15 What does a Criminological Psychologist do? The popular image is that of a latter-day Sherlock Holmes helping the police to solve crimes and mysteries, but the reality is much more complex. Psychology and Crime is a new introduction to the topic of Criminological Psychology that helps dispel these popular myths by providing a comprehensive overview of the topic of Criminological Psychology. The book includes both classic and contemporary psychological theory and research on a range of criminological issues including the nature, measurement and causes of crime, police work and offender profiling, eye-witness memory, trial procedures, jury decision making and the treatment of crime. Putwain and Sammons have produced an introductory text which covers the material on this topic in the A2 components of the AQA-B, OCR and Edexcel A-Level specifications. Psychology and Crime is also ideal for undergraduate students looking for an introduction to criminological psychology and for students studying psychology and media. It will also be useful for those who work in fields related to criminology such as the police and probation services, social workers and therapists. |
| a token economy psychology: Uses and Abuses of Psychology Dr. H. J. Eysenck, 2016-08-09 This first book by German-born psychologist Hans Jürgen Eysenck’s is considered a classic amongst scholars and professionals of psychology. It describes the pitfalls of psychology, and the remedies that can be applied. A strong dependence on statistics and the experimental method is emphasized as essential to good psychology. The book is divided into four sections: Intelligence Testing, Vocational Psychology, Abnormal Behaviour, and Social Attitudes. Can an intelligence test administered to an eight year old predict adult performance? Is interviewing a good way of selecting the best applicant for a job? Is there such a thing as ‘normal’ behaviour? Can surveys such as the Gallup poll be of assistance to psychologists? Eysenck answers these and other questions. A book not to be missed by anyone interested in psychology. |
| a token economy psychology: AQA Psychology for A Level Year 2 - Student Book Cara Flanagan, Dave Berry, Matt Jarvis, Rob Liddle, 2016 |
| a token economy psychology: Teaching for Learning Claire Howell Major, Michael S. Harris, Todd D. Zakrajsek, 2015-08-27 Despite a growing body of research on teaching methods, instructors lack a comprehensive resource that highlights and synthesizes proven approaches. Teaching for Learning fills that gap. Each of the one hundred and one entries: describes an approach and lists its essential features and elements demonstrates how that approach has been used in education, including specific examples from different disciplines reviews findings from the research literature describes techniques to improve effectiveness. Teaching for Learning provides instructors with a resource grounded in the academic knowledge base, written in an easily accessible, engaging, and practical style. |
| a token economy psychology: Psychological Operations Frank L. Goldstein, Benjamin F. Findley, 1996 This anthology serves as a fundamental guide to PSYOP philosophy, concepts, principles, issues, and thought for both those new to, and those experienced in, the PSYOP field and PSYOP applications. It clarifies the value of PSYOP as a cost-effective weapon and incorporates it as a psychological instrument of U.S. military and political power, especially given our present budgetary constraints. Presents diverse articles that portray the value of the planned use of human actions to influence perceptions, public opinion, attitudes, and behaviors so that PSYOP victories can be achieved in war and in peace. |
| a token economy psychology: AQA Psychology Michael Eysenck, 2015-04-17 AQA Psychology for AS and A-level Year 1 is the definitive textbook for the new 2015 curriculum. Written by eminent psychologist Professor Michael Eysenck, in collaboration with a team of experienced A-level teachers and examiner, the book enables students not only to pass their exams with flying colours, but also to fully engage with the science of psychology. As well as covering the six core topics students will study, the book includes: Activities which test concepts or hypotheses, bringing theory to life Key research studies explained and explored, showing the basis on which theory has developed Case studies which show how people’s lives are affected by psychological phenomena Evaluation boxes which critically appraise key concepts and theories Self-assessment questions which encourage students to reflect on what they’ve learnt Section summaries to support the understanding of specific ideas – perfect for revision Exam hints which steer students towards complete and balanced answers Key terms defined throughout so students aren’t confused by new language 200 figures, tables and photos End of chapter further reading to enable students to develop a deeper understanding End of chapter revision questions and sample exam papers to consolidate knowledge and practice exam technique A full companion website with a range of further resources for both students and teachers, including revision aids and class materials Incorporating greater coverage of research methods, as well as key statistical techniques, the sixth edition of this well-loved textbook continues to be the perfect introduction to psychology. Accessible yet rigorous, the book is the ideal textbook for students taking either the AS course or year 1 of the A-level. |
| a token economy psychology: Cognitive Behavior Therapy William T. O'Donohue, Jane E. Fisher, Steven C. Hayes, 2004-04-14 This practical book provides empirically supported techniques that are effective for a wide range of problems, including enuresis, panic disorder, depression, and skills acquisition for the developmentally delayed. * Presents 60 chapters on individual therapies for a wide range of problems, such as smoking cessation, stress management, and classroom management * Chapters are authored by experts in their particular treatment approach. * Provides tables that clearly explain the steps of implementing the therapy |
Understanding API Tokens and Their Usage - API7.ai
4 days ago · Token Presence Check: The gateway first verifies if an API token is present in the request (e.g., in the Authorization header). Token Validation: The gateway then validates the …
Get-AzAccessToken (Az.Accounts) | Microsoft Learn
Get secure access token . Optional resource type name, supported values: AadGraph, AnalysisServices, AppConfiguration, Arm, Attestation, Batch, CommunicationEmail ...
How does the Token-Based Authentication work - GeeksforGeeks
Mar 13, 2023 · 3. Token validation: The user receives the token code and enters it into the resource server to grant access to the network. The access token has a validity of 30-60 …
Token Generator Tool - Create Secure Random Strings for ...
Token Expiration: Implement expiration for security tokens, especially authentication tokens. Rate Limiting: Protect against brute force attacks by implementing rate limiting on API endpoints …
Create Multichain Tokens | Wormhole Docs
Register the Token on the Source Chain＃ The first step in creating a multichain token is registering your token on its source chain. This ensures the token is prepared for bridging …
What Is a Hardware Token? Comparing Authentication Methods
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Token money - Wikipedia
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May 31, 2025 · Token incentives, burns and inflation rules While DeFi has pioneered many innovations, BIS and central banks seek to adopt only the efficiency gains while retaining …
TON Wallet | TON / The Open Network | imToken
The network’s native token, TON, is used for transaction fees, staking to secure the network, and on-chain governance. TON Wallet. A wallet is an application that helps you conveniently store …
What is a Token? - Discourse Analyzer AI Toolkit
1 day ago · A token is the basic unit of text that the AI uses to process and analyze language. In general AI, a token can be a word, part of a word, a punctuation mark, or even a space. In …
Understanding API Tokens and Their Usage - API7.ai
4 days ago · Token Presence Check: The gateway first verifies if an API token is present in the request (e.g., in the Authorization header). Token …
Get-AzAccessToken (Az.Accounts) | Microsoft Learn
Get secure access token . Optional resource type name, supported values: AadGraph, AnalysisServices, AppConfiguration, Arm, Attestation, …
How does the Token-Based Authentication work - Geeksf…
Mar 13, 2023 · 3. Token validation: The user receives the token code and enters it into the resource server to grant access to the network. The access …
Token Generator Tool - Create Secure Random Strings for ...
Token Expiration: Implement expiration for security tokens, especially authentication tokens. Rate Limiting: Protect against brute force attacks by …
Create Multichain Tokens | Wormhole Docs
Register the Token on the Source Chain＃ The first step in creating a multichain token is registering your token on its source chain. This …
