Advertisement
Acetyl Coenzyme A: The Central Hub of Cellular Metabolism
By Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD, Biochemistry
Dr. Vance is a renowned biochemist with over 20 years of experience in metabolic research, holding a PhD from Harvard University and currently serving as a Professor of Biochemistry at Stanford University. Her expertise lies in the regulation and function of metabolic pathways, particularly those involving acetyl coenzyme A.
Published by: Scientific American, a leading publisher of science and technology articles known for its rigorous fact-checking and commitment to delivering accessible and accurate information.
Edited by: Dr. Mark Olsen, PhD, Cell Biology
Dr. Olsen has a PhD in Cell Biology from the University of California, Berkeley and has been an editor at Scientific American for 15 years. He specializes in editing complex biological articles for a broad audience.
What is Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA)? A Definition in Biology
The term “acetyl coenzyme A definition biology” often arises in discussions about cellular metabolism. Acetyl-CoA is a crucial molecule, a central metabolic intermediate found in all living cells. Its significance lies in its role as a pivotal link connecting various metabolic pathways, notably carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. In essence, it's the central hub around which many crucial metabolic processes revolve. Understanding the “acetyl coenzyme A definition biology” helps explain the intricate workings of cellular energy production and the synthesis of vital biomolecules.
The Structure and Function of Acetyl-CoA
Chemically, acetyl-CoA consists of an acetyl group (CH3CO) attached to the coenzyme A (CoA) molecule through a thioester bond. This thioester bond is high-energy, meaning its hydrolysis releases a significant amount of free energy, making it a crucial driver of various metabolic reactions. The coenzyme A moiety, a complex molecule containing adenosine, pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), and other components, acts as a carrier molecule, facilitating the transfer of the acetyl group.
The "acetyl coenzyme A definition biology" goes beyond its simple structure. Its functionality stems from its ability to carry the acetyl group, a two-carbon unit, to various metabolic pathways. This acetyl group can be derived from different sources, including:
Carbohydrate metabolism (Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle): Pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, is converted to acetyl-CoA through pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). This marks the entry point of carbohydrates into the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), the central energy-generating pathway of cellular respiration.
Lipid metabolism (Beta-oxidation): Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation, a process that breaks them down into two-carbon acetyl-CoA units, which then enter the citric acid cycle. This pathway is a major source of energy from fat stores.
Protein metabolism: Certain amino acids can be converted to acetyl-CoA after undergoing deamination (removal of the amino group).
Acetyl-CoA and the Citric Acid Cycle
The most well-known function of acetyl-CoA is its role in the citric acid cycle. Within the mitochondria, the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate, initiating a series of enzymatic reactions that generate high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH2). These carriers subsequently donate their electrons to the electron transport chain, leading to ATP production, the primary energy currency of the cell. Therefore, the "acetyl coenzyme A definition biology" is intrinsically linked to energy production.
Acetyl-CoA in Biosynthesis
Beyond energy generation, acetyl-CoA plays a vital role in biosynthetic pathways. It serves as a building block for:
Fatty acid synthesis: Acetyl-CoA is the precursor molecule for the synthesis of fatty acids, the building blocks of lipids.
Cholesterol synthesis: Acetyl-CoA is essential for the synthesis of cholesterol, a crucial component of cell membranes and the precursor for steroid hormones.
Ketone body formation: Under conditions of low carbohydrate availability, acetyl-CoA is converted into ketone bodies, alternative energy sources for the brain and other tissues.
Acetyl-CoA's Implications for Industry
Understanding the "acetyl coenzyme A definition biology" has significant implications for various industries. Research into acetyl-CoA metabolism is crucial for:
Drug development: Targeting enzymes involved in acetyl-CoA metabolism can lead to novel therapies for metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. For instance, inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a key enzyme in fatty acid synthesis, is a potential therapeutic strategy for obesity.
Biofuel production: Research focuses on utilizing metabolic engineering techniques to redirect acetyl-CoA towards the production of biofuels, creating sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels.
Food science: Understanding acetyl-CoA metabolism is important for improving food quality and nutritional value. For instance, manipulating acetyl-CoA metabolism in plants could enhance their nutritional content and stress tolerance.
Conclusion
The "acetyl coenzyme A definition biology" highlights its role as a pivotal molecule in cellular metabolism, acting as a central hub connecting various metabolic pathways. Its importance in energy production and biosynthesis makes it a critical target for research in various fields, from drug development to biofuel production. Further research on acetyl-CoA will undoubtedly lead to breakthroughs in understanding and treating metabolic diseases, as well as developing sustainable solutions for energy and food production.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between acetyl-CoA and CoA? CoA is a coenzyme; acetyl-CoA is a molecule formed by the addition of an acetyl group to CoA.
2. Where does acetyl-CoA synthesis occur? Primarily in the mitochondria, but also in the cytoplasm for fatty acid synthesis.
3. What are the enzymes involved in acetyl-CoA production? Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is key for pyruvate conversion, while acyl-CoA dehydrogenases are involved in beta-oxidation.
4. How is acetyl-CoA regulated? Through allosteric regulation and covalent modification of enzymes involved in its production and utilization.
5. What happens when acetyl-CoA levels are too high? It can lead to ketogenesis or lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis), depending on the cellular context.
6. What are some diseases associated with acetyl-CoA metabolism dysfunction? Diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers.
7. Can acetyl-CoA be directly measured in a clinical setting? Indirectly, through measuring metabolites like ketone bodies or assessing enzyme activity.
8. What is the role of acetyl-CoA in epigenetic regulation? Acetyl-CoA is a substrate for histone acetyltransferases (HATs), which modify histones and influence gene expression.
9. How does acetyl-CoA contribute to aging? Dysregulation of acetyl-CoA metabolism is implicated in aging processes through its effects on cellular energy production and oxidative stress.
Related Articles:
1. The Citric Acid Cycle: A Detailed Overview: A comprehensive exploration of the citric acid cycle, highlighting its role in energy production and its connection to acetyl-CoA.
2. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex: Structure and Regulation: A detailed examination of the enzyme complex responsible for converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
3. Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids: A Step-by-Step Guide: An in-depth look at the process of fatty acid breakdown, emphasizing the production of acetyl-CoA.
4. Fatty Acid Synthesis: From Acetyl-CoA to Fatty Acids: A detailed description of fatty acid biosynthesis, highlighting the role of acetyl-CoA as a precursor molecule.
5. Cholesterol Synthesis: The Role of Acetyl-CoA and HMG-CoA Reductase: An explanation of cholesterol synthesis, focusing on the involvement of acetyl-CoA.
6. Ketone Body Metabolism: An Overview: A detailed overview of ketone body metabolism, exploring their production from acetyl-CoA and their utilization as energy sources.
7. Metabolic Engineering for Biofuel Production: A discussion of metabolic engineering strategies for enhancing biofuel production by manipulating acetyl-CoA metabolism.
8. Acetyl-CoA and Epigenetic Modifications: A review focusing on the role of acetyl-CoA in histone acetylation and gene regulation.
9. Acetyl-CoA Metabolism and Age-Related Diseases: A discussion of the link between dysregulation of acetyl-CoA metabolism and the development of age-related diseases.
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Molecular Biology of the Cell , 2002 |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II , 2013-07-23 Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II, Nine Volume Set reviews and examines topics of relevance to today’s inorganic chemists. Covering more interdisciplinary and high impact areas, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II includes biological inorganic chemistry, solid state chemistry, materials chemistry, and nanoscience. The work is designed to follow on, with a different viewpoint and format, from our 1973 work, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, edited by Bailar, Emeléus, Nyholm, and Trotman-Dickenson, which has received over 2,000 citations. The new work will also complement other recent Elsevier works in this area, Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry and Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, to form a trio of works covering the whole of modern inorganic chemistry. Chapters are designed to provide a valuable, long-standing scientific resource for both advanced students new to an area and researchers who need further background or answers to a particular problem on the elements, their compounds, or applications. Chapters are written by teams of leading experts, under the guidance of the Volume Editors and the Editors-in-Chief. The articles are written at a level that allows undergraduate students to understand the material, while providing active researchers with a ready reference resource for information in the field. The chapters will not provide basic data on the elements, which is available from many sources (and the original work), but instead concentrate on applications of the elements and their compounds. Provides a comprehensive review which serves to put many advances in perspective and allows the reader to make connections to related fields, such as: biological inorganic chemistry, materials chemistry, solid state chemistry and nanoscience Inorganic chemistry is rapidly developing, which brings about the need for a reference resource such as this that summarise recent developments and simultaneously provide background information Forms the new definitive source for researchers interested in elements and their applications; completely replacing the highly cited first edition, which published in 1973 |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Essentials of Medical Biochemistry Chung Eun Ha, N. V. Bhagavan, 2011-01-28 Expert biochemist N.V. Bhagavan's new work condenses his successful Medical Biochemistry texts along with numerous case studies, to act as an extensive review and reference guide for both students and experts alike. The research-driven content includes four-color illustrations throughout to develop an understanding of the events and processes that are occurring at both the molecular and macrolecular levels of physiologic regulation, clinical effects, and interactions. Using thorough introductions, end of chapter reviews, fact-filled tables, and related multiple-choice questions, Bhagavan provides the reader with the most condensed yet detailed biochemistry overview available. More than a quick survey, this comprehensive text includes USMLE sample exams from Bhagavan himself, a previous coauthor. - Clinical focus emphasizing relevant physiologic and pathophysiologic biochemical concepts - Interactive multiple-choice questions to prep for USMLE exams - Clinical case studies for understanding basic science, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases - Instructional overview figures, flowcharts, and tables to enhance understanding |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Essentials of Glycobiology Ajit Varki, Maarten J. Chrispeels, 1999 Sugar chains (glycans) are often attached to proteins and lipids and have multiple roles in the organization and function of all organisms. Essentials of Glycobiology describes their biogenesis and function and offers a useful gateway to the understanding of glycans. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Methods of Enzymatic Analysis Hans-Ulrich Bergmeyer, 1983-11-07 |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Co- and Post-Translational Modifications of Therapeutic Antibodies and Proteins T. Shantha Raju, 2019-03-15 A Comprehensive Guide to Crucial Attributes of Therapeutic Proteins in Biological Pharmaceuticals With this book, Dr. Raju offers a valuable resource for professionals involved in research and development of biopharmaceutical and biosimilar drugs. This is a highly relevant work, as medical practitioners have increasingly turned to biopharmaceutical medicines in their search for safe and reliable treatments for complex diseases, while pharmaceutical researchers seek to expand the availability of biopharmaceuticals and create more affordable biosimilar alternatives. Readers receive a thorough overview of the major co-translational modifications (CTMs) and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of therapeutic proteins relevant to the development of biotherapeutics. The majority of chapters detail individual CTMs and PTMs that may affect the physicochemical, biochemical, biological, pharmacokinetic, immunological, toxicological etc. properties of proteins. In addition, readers are guided on the methodology necessary to analyze and characterize these modifications. Thus, readers gain not only an understanding of CTMs/PTMs, but also the ability to design and assess their own structure-function studies for experimental molecules. Specific features and topics include: Discussion of the research behind and expansion of biopharmaceuticals Twenty chapters detailing relevant CTMs and PTMs of proteins, such as glycosylation, oxidation, phosphorylation, methylation, proteolysis, etc. Each chapter offers an introduction and guide to the mechanisms and biological significance of an individual CTM or PTM, including practical guidance for experiment design and analysis An appendix of biologic pharmaceuticals currently on the market, along with an assessment of their PTMs and overall safety and efficacy This volume will prove a key reference on the shelves of industry and academic researchers involved in the study and development of biochemistry, molecular biology, biopharmaceuticals and proteins in medicine, particularly as biopharmaceuticals and biosimilars become ever more prominent tools in the field of healthcare. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Comprehensive Natural Products II , 2010-03-05 This work presents a definitive interpretation of the current status of and future trends in natural products—a dynamic field at the intersection of chemistry and biology concerned with isolation, identification, structure elucidation, and chemical characteristics of naturally occurring compounds such as pheromones, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and enzymes. With more than 1,800 color figures, Comprehensive Natural Products II features 100% new material and complements rather than replaces the original work (©1999). Reviews the accumulated efforts of chemical and biological research to understand living organisms and their distinctive effects on health and medicine Stimulates new ideas among the established natural products research community—which includes chemists, biochemists, biologists, botanists, and pharmacologists Informs and inspires students and newcomers to the field with accessible content in a range of delivery formats Includes 100% new content, with more than 6,000 figures (1/3 of these in color) and 40,000 references to the primary literature, for a thorough examination of the field Highlights new research and innovations concerning living organisms and their distinctive role in our understanding and improvement of human health, genomics, ecology/environment, and more Adds to the rich body of work that is the first edition, which will be available for the first time in a convenient online format giving researchers complete access to authoritative Natural Products content |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General, 2010 This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Nutrition and Skeletal Muscle Stéphane Walrand, 2018-10-24 Nutrition and Skeletal Muscle provides coverage of the evidence of dietary components that have proven beneficial for bettering adverse changes in skeletal muscle from disuse and aging. Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body, providing elements of contraction and locomotion and acting as an important contributor to whole body protein and amino metabolism, glucose disposal and lipid metabolism. However, muscle loss, atrophy or weakness can occur when there are metabolic imbalances, disuse or aging. This book addresses the topic by providing insight and research from international leaders, making it the go-to reference for those in skeletal muscle physiology. - Provides an understanding of the crucial role of skeletal muscle in global metabolic homeostasis regulation - Delivers the information needed to understand the utilization of crucial supplements for the preservation of skeletal muscle - Presents insights on research from international leaders in the field |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Nutrient Metabolism Martin Kohlmeier, 2003-10-01 Nutrient Metabolism defines the molecular fate of nutrients and other dietary compounds in humans, as well as outlining the molecular basis of processes supporting nutrition, such as chemical sensing and appetite control. It focuses on the presentation of nutritional biochemistry; and the reader is given a clear and specific perspective on the events that control utilization of dietary compounds. Slightly over 100 self-contained chapters cover all essential and important nutrients as well as many other dietary compounds with relevance for human health. An essential read for healthcare professionals and researchers in all areas of health and nutrition who want to access the wealth of nutrition knowledge available today in one single source.Key Features* Highly illustrated with relevant chemical structures and metabolic pathways* Foreword by Steven Zeisel, Editor-in-chief of the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry* First comprehensive work on the subject |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Nutritional Biochemistry Tom Brody, 1999 This real-world approach allows students to come away with a realistically informed view of the basis for much of our understanding of nutritional biochemistry. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Industrialization of Biology National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Life Sciences, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Committee on Industrialization of Biology: A Roadmap to Accelerate the Advanced Manufacturing of Chemicals, 2015-06-29 The tremendous progress in biology over the last half century - from Watson and Crick's elucidation of the structure of DNA to today's astonishing, rapid progress in the field of synthetic biology - has positioned us for significant innovation in chemical production. New bio-based chemicals, improved public health through improved drugs and diagnostics, and biofuels that reduce our dependency on oil are all results of research and innovation in the biological sciences. In the past decade, we have witnessed major advances made possible by biotechnology in areas such as rapid, low-cost DNA sequencing, metabolic engineering, and high-throughput screening. The manufacturing of chemicals using biological synthesis and engineering could expand even faster. A proactive strategy - implemented through the development of a technical roadmap similar to those that enabled sustained growth in the semiconductor industry and our explorations of space - is needed if we are to realize the widespread benefits of accelerating the industrialization of biology. Industrialization of Biology presents such a roadmap to achieve key technical milestones for chemical manufacturing through biological routes. This report examines the technical, economic, and societal factors that limit the adoption of bioprocessing in the chemical industry today and which, if surmounted, would markedly accelerate the advanced manufacturing of chemicals via industrial biotechnology. Working at the interface of synthetic chemistry, metabolic engineering, molecular biology, and synthetic biology, Industrialization of Biology identifies key technical goals for next-generation chemical manufacturing, then identifies the gaps in knowledge, tools, techniques, and systems required to meet those goals, and targets and timelines for achieving them. This report also considers the skills necessary to accomplish the roadmap goals, and what training opportunities are required to produce the cadre of skilled scientists and engineers needed. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants Bob B. Buchanan, Wilhelm Gruissem, Russell L. Jones, 2015-08-31 With over 1000 original drawings and 500 photographs, this work offers complete coverage of cell biology, plant physiology and molecular biology. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Basic Concepts in Biochemistry: A Student's Survival Guide Hiram F. Gilbert, 2000 Basic Concepts in Biochemistry has just one goal: to review the toughest concepts in biochemistry in an accessible format so your understanding is through and complete.--BOOK JACKET. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes Neale Ridgway, Roger McLeod, 2015-07-24 Biochemistry of Lipids: Lipoproteins and Membranes, Volume Six, contains concise chapters that cover a wide spectrum of topics in the field of lipid biochemistry and cell biology. It provides an important bridge between broad-based biochemistry textbooks and more technical research publications, offering cohesive, foundational information. It is a valuable tool for advanced graduate students and researchers who are interested in exploring lipid biology in more detail, and includes overviews of lipid biology in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, while also providing fundamental background on the subsequent descriptions of fatty acid synthesis, desaturation and elongation, and the pathways that lead the synthesis of complex phospholipids, sphingolipids, and their structural variants. Also covered are sections on how bioactive lipids are involved in cell signaling with an emphasis on disease implications and pathological consequences. - Serves as a general reference book for scientists studying lipids, lipoproteins and membranes and as an advanced and up-to-date textbook for teachers and students who are familiar with the basic concepts of lipid biochemistry - References from current literature will be included in each chapter to facilitate more in-depth study - Key concepts are supported by figures and models to improve reader understanding - Chapters provide historical perspective and current analysis of each topic |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches to Biomarker Discovery Haleem J. Issaq, 2013-05-20 Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches to Biomarker Discovery demonstrates how to leverage biomarkers to improve accuracy and reduce errors in research. Disease biomarker discovery is one of the most vibrant and important areas of research today, as the identification of reliable biomarkers has an enormous impact on disease diagnosis, selection of treatment regimens, and therapeutic monitoring. Various techniques are used in the biomarker discovery process, including techniques used in proteomics, the study of the proteins that make up an organism, and metabolomics, the study of chemical fingerprints created from cellular processes. Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches to Biomarker Discovery is the only publication that covers techniques from both proteomics and metabolomics and includes all steps involved in biomarker discovery, from study design to study execution. The book describes methods, and presents a standard operating procedure for sample selection, preparation, and storage, as well as data analysis and modeling. This new standard effectively eliminates the differing methodologies used in studies and creates a unified approach. Readers will learn the advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques discussed, as well as potential difficulties inherent to all steps in the biomarker discovery process. A vital resource for biochemists, biologists, analytical chemists, bioanalytical chemists, clinical and medical technicians, researchers in pharmaceuticals, and graduate students, Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches to Biomarker Discovery provides the information needed to reduce clinical error in the execution of research. - Describes the use of biomarkers to reduce clinical errors in research - Includes techniques from a range of biomarker discoveries - Covers all steps involved in biomarker discovery, from study design to study execution |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Enzyme Inhibitors and Activators Murat Şentürk, 2017-03-29 Over the recent years, medicinal chemistry has become responsible for explaining interactions of chemical molecule processes such that many scientists in the life sciences from agronomy to medicine are engaged in medicinal research. This book contains an overview focusing on the research area of enzyme inhibitor and activator, enzyme-catalyzed biotransformation, usage of microbial enzymes, enzymes associated with programmed cell death, natural products as potential enzyme inhibitors, protease inhibitors from plants in insect pest management, peptidases, and renin-angiotensin system. The book provides an overview on basic issues and some of the recent developments in medicinal science and technology. Especially, emphasis is devoted to both experimental and theoretical aspect of modern medicine. The primary target audience for the book includes students, researchers, chemists, molecular biologists, medical doctors, pharmacologists, and professionals who are interested in associated areas. The textbook is written by international scientists with expertise in biochemistry, enzymology, molecular biology, and genetics, many of which are active in biochemical and pharmacological research. I would like to acknowledge the authors for their contribution to the book. We hope that the textbook will enhance the knowledge of scientists in the complexities of some medical approaches; it will stimulate both professionals and students to dedicate part of their future research in understanding relevant mechanisms and applications of pharmacology. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht, 2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Comprehensive Natural Products III , 2020-07-22 Comprehensive Natural Products III, Third Edition, Seven Volume Set updates and complements the previous two editions, including recent advances in cofactor chemistry, structural diversity of natural products and secondary metabolites, enzymes and enzyme mechanisms and new bioinformatics tools. Natural products research is a dynamic discipline at the intersection of chemistry and biology concerned with isolation, identification, structure elucidation, and chemical characteristics of naturally occurring compounds such as pheromones, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and enzymes. This book reviews the accumulated efforts of chemical and biological research to understand living organisms and their distinctive effects on health and medicine and to stimulate new ideas among the established natural products community. Provides readers with an in-depth review of current natural products research and a critical insight into the future direction of the field Bridges the gap in knowledge by covering developments in the field since the second edition published in 2010 Split into 7 sections on key topics to allow students, researchers and professionals to find relevant information quickly and easily Ensures that the knowledge within is easily understood by and applicable to a large audience |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Comprehensive Chirality , 2012-12-31 Although many books exist on the subject of chiral chemistry, they only briefly cover chiral synthesis and analysis as a minor part of a larger work, to date there are none that pull together the background information and latest advances in one comprehensive reference work. Comprehensive Chirality provides a complete overview of the field, and includes chiral research relevant to synthesis, analytic chemistry, catalysis, and pharmaceuticals. The individual chapters in each of the 9 volumes provide an in depth review and collection of references on definition, technology, applications and a guide/links to the related literature. Whether in an Academic or Corporate setting, these chapters will form an invaluable resource for advanced students/researchers new to an area and those who need further background or answers to a particular problem, particularly in the development of drugs. Chirality research today is a central theme in chemistry and biology and is growing in importance across a number of disciplinary boundaries. These studies do not always share a unique identifying factor or subject themselves to clear and concise definitions. This work unites the different areas of research and allows anyone working or researching in chiral chemistry to navigate through the most essential concepts with ease, saving them time and vastly improving their understanding. The field of chirality counts several journals that are directly and indirectly concerned with the field. There is no reference work that encompasses the entire field and unites the different areas of research through deep foundational reviews. Comprehensive Chirality fills this vacuum, and can be considered the definitive work. It will help users apply context to the diverse journal literature offering and aid them in identifying areas for further research and/or for solving problems. Chief Editors, Hisashi Yamamoto (University of Chicago) and Erick Carreira (ETH Zürich) have assembled an impressive, world-class team of Volume Editors and Contributing Authors. Each chapter has been painstakingly reviewed and checked for consistent high quality. The result is an authoritative overview which ties the literature together and provides the user with a reliable background information and citation resource. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry: Isoprenoids including carotenoids and steroids Derek H. R. Barton, Kōji Nakanishi, Otto Meth-Cohn, 1999 Hardbound. This volume covers the dramatic advances which have been made in the lasttwo decades in the understanding of isoprenoid biosynthesis at thechemical, biochemical, and molecular genetic level. Tens of thousands ofisoprenoid metabolites - from pinenes to cholesterol, from ubiquinone tocarotene, from phytols to prenylated proteins, from dolichols togibberellins - have been isolated from essentially all forms of life, including prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and archaebacteria: from Escherichiacoli to mammals, from extremophiles and fungi to marine and terrestrialplants. All of these isoprenoids can be derived from a single, five-carbonacyclic precursor, isopentenyl diphosphate. Early chapters in this Volumedetail the key findings that have led to an understanding of the metabolicpathways leading to isopentenyl diphosphate, including both the classicalroute involving mevalonic acid as well as the recently discoveredpyruvate-triose phosphat |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Pheromone Biochemistry Glenn D. Prestwich, Gary J. Blomquist, 2014-06-28 Pheromone Biochemistry covers chapters on Lepidoptera, ticks, flies, beetles, and even vertebrate olfactory biochemistry. The book discusses pheromone production and its regulation in female insects; as well as reception, perception, and degradation of pheromones by male insects. The text then describes the pheromone biosynthesis and its regulation and the reception and catabolism of pheromones. Researchers in the areas of chemistry, biochemistry, entomology, neurobiology, molecular biology, enzymology, morphology, behavior, and ecology will find the book useful. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Medical Biochemistry N. V. Bhagavan, 2002 This text presents the fundamentals of biochemistry and related topics for all those pursuing medical or other health-related fields such as clinical chemistry, medical technology, or pharmacology. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Essentials of Biochemistry Herbert J. Fromm, Mark Hargrove, 2012-01-05 This textbook, Essentials of Biochemistry is aimed at chemistry and biochemistry undergraduate students and first year biochemistry graduate students. It incorporates the lectures of the authors given to students with a strong chemistry background. An emphasis is placed on metabolism and reaction mechanisms and how they are studied. As the title of the book implies, the text lays the basis for an understanding of the fundamentals of biochemistry. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Chemistry and Biology of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate Hari G. Garg, Robert J. Linhardt, Charles A. Hales, 2011-10-10 The chemistry, biochemistry and pharmacology of heparin and heparan sulfate have been and continue to be a major scientific undertaking - heparin and its derivative remain important drugs in clinical practice. Chemistry and Biology of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate provides readers with an insight into the chemistry, biology and clinical applications of heparin and heparan sulfate and examines their function in various physiological and pathological conditions. Providing a wealth of useful information, no other tome covers the diversity of topics in the field. Students, doctors, chemists, biochemists, and research scientists will find this book an invaluable source for updating their current knowledge of developments in this area. - Comprehensively reviews all aspects of heparin and heparan sulfate research - Uniquely describes the chemistry, biology and clinical application of heparins and heparan sulfates in one work - Provides an invaluable source of knowledge of current developments for chemists, biochemists, medical doctors, researchers, students and practitioners |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Vitamins in Endocrine Metabolism I. W. Jennings, 2014-04-24 Vitamins in Endocrine Metabolism covers the problems of nutritional diseases in the fields of endocrinology, pathology, enzymology, and vitamin research. This book is divided into 11 chapters that discuss the conditions affecting vitamin requirements. The introductory chapters deal with the intracellular localization, synthesis, molecular structure, and reaction rate of enzymes. The succeeding chapters examine the methods of analysis and mode of action of hormones; pathology of vitamin A deficiency in man and animals; description of vitamin B complex; and diseases of vitamin C deficiency. Other chapters explore the modifying effects of the diet and availability of enzymic activators, as well as the biochemical aspects of isoenzymes, pre-enzymes, coenzymes, and enzyme cofactors. A chapter highlights the characteristics of vitamin, while another chapter is devoted to the chemical structure of vitamin E and the essential fatty acids. The final chapters focus on the exogenous chemical carcinogen. The book can provide useful information to doctors, nutritionists, students, and researchers. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Rosenberg's Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease Roger N. Rosenberg, Juan M. Pascual, 2014-10-28 Rosenberg’s Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neurologic and Psychiatric Disease, Fifth Edition provides a comprehensive introduction and reference to the foundations and key practical aspects relevant to the majority of neurologic and psychiatric disease. A favorite of over three generations of students, clinicians and scholars, this new edition retains and expands the informative, concise and critical tone of the first edition. This is an essential reference for general medical practitioners, neurologists, psychiatrists, geneticists, and related professionals, and for the neuroscience and neurology research community. The content covers all aspects essential to the practice of neurogenetics to inform clinical diagnosis, treatment and genetic counseling. Every chapter has been thoroughly revised or newly commissioned to reflect the latest scientific and medical advances by an international team of leading scientists and clinicians. The contents have been expanded to include disorders for which a genetic basis has been recently identified, together with abundant original illustrations that convey and clarify the key points of the text in an attractive, didactic format. Previous editions have established this book as the leading tutorial reference on neurogenetics. Researchers will find great value in the coverage of genomics, animal models and diagnostic methods along with a better understanding of the clinical implications. Clinicians will rely on the coverage of the basic science of neurogenetics and the methods for evaluating patients with biochemical abnormalities or gene mutations, including links to genetic testing for specific diseases. Comprehensive coverage of the neurogenetic foundation of neurological and psychiatric disease Detailed introduction to both clinical and basic research implications of molecular and genetic understanding of the brain Detailed coverage of genomics, animal models and diagnostic methods with new coverage of evaluating patients with biochemical abnormalities or gene mutations |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Guide to Biochemistry James C. Blackstock, 2014-06-28 Guide to Biochemistry provides a comprehensive account of the essential aspects of biochemistry. This book discusses a variety of topics, including biological molecules, enzymes, amino acids, nucleic acids, and eukaryotic cellular organizations. Organized into 19 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the construction of macromolecules from building-block molecules. This text then discusses the strengths of some weak acids and bases and explains the interaction of acids and bases involving the transfer of a proton from an acid to a base. Other chapters consider the effectiveness of enzymes, which can be appreciated through the comparison of spontaneous chemical reactions and enzyme-catalyzed reactions. This book discusses as well structure and function of lipids. The final chapter deals with the importance and applications of gene cloning in the fundamental biological research, which lies in the preparation of DNA fragments containing a specific gene. This book is a valuable resource for biochemists and students. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Acetogenesis Harold L. Drake, 2012-12-06 This is the first volume to provide comprehensive coverage of acetogenesis. Leading experts present state-of-the-art research, investigating the structure and function relationship of key acetogenic processes, including synthesis of ATP, the conservation of energy, and intersecting metabolic pathways. It explores the interactions between acetogenic bacteria and the flow of matter and energy, giving the reader an integrated perspective on acetogens and the environment. It presents landmark advances in the biochemistry, phylogeny, and molecular biology of acetogens, with lucid explanations of background material, making this volume accessible to newcomers to the subject. It discusses diverse functions of acetogenesis in soils, and gastrointestinal tracts, as well as current and potential commercial and environmental applications. This volume will serve as a broad and in-depth review of basic and emerging issues in acetogenesis for microbiologists, molecular biologists, biochemists, and ecologists, and as a stimulus for future research. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: The Prokaryotes Edward F. DeLong, Stephen Lory, Erko Stackebrandt, Fabiano Thompson, 2014-10-13 The Prokaryotes is a comprehensive, multi-authored, peer reviewed reference work on Bacteria and Achaea. This fourth edition of The Prokaryotes is organized to cover all taxonomic diversity, using the family level to delineate chapters. Different from other resources, this new Springer product includes not only taxonomy, but also prokaryotic biology and technology of taxa in a broad context. Technological aspects highlight the usefulness of prokaryotes in processes and products, including biocontrol agents and as genetics tools. The content of the expanded fourth edition is divided into two parts: Part 1 contains review chapters dealing with the most important general concepts in molecular, applied and general prokaryote biology; Part 2 describes the known properties of specific taxonomic groups. Two completely new sections have been added to Part 1: bacterial communities and human bacteriology. The bacterial communities section reflects the growing realization that studies on pure cultures of bacteria have led to an incomplete picture of the microbial world for two fundamental reasons: the vast majority of bacteria in soil, water and associated with biological tissues are currently not culturable, and that an understanding of microbial ecology requires knowledge on how different bacterial species interact with each other in their natural environment. The new section on human microbiology deals with bacteria associated with healthy humans and bacterial pathogenesis. Each of the major human diseases caused by bacteria is reviewed, from identifying the pathogens by classical clinical and non-culturing techniques to the biochemical mechanisms of the disease process. The 4th edition of The Prokaryotes is the most complete resource on the biology of prokaryotes. The following volumes are published consecutively within the 4th Edition: Prokaryotic Biology and Symbiotic Associations Prokaryotic Communities and Ecophysiology Prokaryotic Physiology and Biochemistry Applied Bacteriology and Biotechnology Human Microbiology Actinobacteria Firmicutes Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and the Archaea |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Chemistry of Plant Phosphorus Compounds Arlen Frank, 2013-06-03 Provides a high level reference source for scientists engaged in any aspect of plant research - chemistry, biochemistry or physiology - with primary focus on the chemistry of phosphorus-containing compounds that occur naturally in the plant kingdom, and specifically in the higher plants (Plantae). The book is comprehensive with respect to nomenclature, physical properties, and distribution worldwide. There are many tables of actual data on phosphorus compounds occurring in whole plants and parts of plants. The tables provide detailed data that is needed by the food industry, agriculture, etc as many of the phosphorus compounds are common to both plants and animals. Two appendices cover other aspects including changes in phosphorus-containing compounds during germination and their accumulation during growth and senescence. The final sections of the book comprise separate indexes of plants, compounds and authors. - Comprehensive examination of phosphorus compounds found in plants - Extensive tables listing types of compounds and their occurrence in plants including: Nomenclature; Occurrence; Physical Properties; Synthesis; Hydrolysis; Phosphorylation; Extraction; Separation and Analysis - Easy to use indexes of plants, compounds and authors |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Concepts of Biology Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. Concepts of Biology is designed for the typical introductory biology course for nonmajors, covering standard scope and sequence requirements. The text includes interesting applications and conveys the major themes of biology, with content that is meaningful and easy to understand. The book is designed to demonstrate biology concepts and to promote scientific literacy. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Alkaloids - Secrets of Life: Tadeusz Aniszewski, 2007-03-22 Alkaloids, represent a group of interesting and complex chemical compounds, produced by the secondary metabolism of living organisms in different biotopes. They are relatively common chemicals in all kingdoms of living organisms in all environments. Two hundred years of scientific research has still not fully explained the connections between alkaloids and life.Alkaloids-Chemistry, Biological Significance, Applications and Ecological Role provides knowledge on structural typology, biosynthesis and metabolism in relation to recent research work on alkaloids. Considering an organic chemistry approach to alkaloids using biological and ecological explanation. Within the book several questions that persist in this field of research are approached as are some unresearched areas. The book provides beneficial text for an academic and professional audience and serves as a source of knowledge for anyone who is interested in the fascinating subject of alkaloids. Each chapter features an abstract. Appendices are included, as are a listing of alkaloids, plants containing alkaloids and some basic protocols of alkaloid analysis.* Presents the ecological role of alkaloids in nature and ecosystems * Interdisciplinary and reader friendly approach* Up-to-date knowledge |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: The Blood Group Antigen FactsBook Marion E. Reid, Christine Lomas-Francis, Martin L. Olsson, 2012-11-07 The Blood Group Antigen FactsBook has been an essential resource in the hematology, transfusion and immunogenetics fields since its first publication in the late 1990s.The third edition of The Blood Group Antigen FactsBook has been completely revised, updated and expanded to cover all 32 blood group systems. It blends scientific background and clinical applications and provides busy researchers and clinicians with at-a-glance information on over 330 blood group antigens, including history and information on terminology, expression, chromosomal assignment, carrier molecular description, functions, molecular bases of antigens and phenotypes, effect of enzymes/chemicals, clinical significance, disease associations and key references. Includes over 330 entries on blood group antigens in individual factsheetsOffers a logical and concise catalogue structure for each antigen in an improved interior design for quick reference. Written by 3 international experts from the field of immunohematology and transfusion medicine. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Enzymes of Epigenetics Part B , 2016-07-14 Enzymes of Epigenetics: Part B, one of two new volumes in the Methods in Enzymology series, continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field. This volume covers research methods that are employed in the study of epigenetic regulation, including structural, biochemical, molecular, biological, cellular, computational, and systems approaches. Topics include chromatin structure and histones, posttranslational histone modification enzymes and complexes, histone modification binders, DNA modifications and nucleic acid regulators, epigenetic technologies, and small molecule epigenetic regulators and biological connections. - Continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field - Contains two new volumes that cover research methods in enzymes of epigenetics - Covers such topics as chromatin structure and histones, posttranslational histone modification enzymes and complexes, histone modification binders, DNA modifications and nucleic acid regulators, epigenetic technologies and small molecule epigenetic regulators, and biological connections |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Cells: Molecules and Mechanisms Eric Wong, 2009 Yet another cell and molecular biology book? At the very least, you would think that if I was going to write a textbook, I should write one in an area that really needs one instead of a subject that already has multiple excellent and definitive books. So, why write this book, then? First, it's a course that I have enjoyed teaching for many years, so I am very familiar with what a student really needs to take away from this class within the time constraints of a semester. Second, because it is a course that many students take, there is a greater opportunity to make an impact on more students' pocketbooks than if I were to start off writing a book for a highly specialized upper- level course. And finally, it was fun to research and write, and can be revised easily for inclusion as part of our next textbook, High School Biology.--Open Textbook Library. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Didac Mauricio, 2015-12-08 Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes: A Volume in the Molecular Nutrition Series focuses on diabetes as a nutritional problem and its important metabolic consequences. Fuel metabolism and dietary supply all influence the outcome of diabetes, but understanding the pathogenesis of the diabetic process is a prelude to better nutritional control. Part One of the book provides general coverage of nutrition and diabetes in terms of dietary patterns, insulin resistance, and the glucose-insulin axis, while Part Two presents the molecular biology of diabetes and focuses on areas such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, insulin resistance, high-fat diets, nutriceuticals, and lipid accumulation. Final sections explore the genetic machinery behind diabetes and diabetic metabolism, including signaling pathways, gene expression, genome-wide association studies, and specific gene expression. While the main focus of each chapter is the basic and clinical research on diabetes as a nutritional problem, all chapters also end with a translational section on the implications for the nutritional control of diabetes. - Offers updated information and a perspective on important future developments to different professionals involved in the basic and clinical research on all major nutritional aspects of diabetes mellitus - Explores how nutritional factors are involved in the pathogenesis of both type1 and type2 diabetes and their complications - Investigates the molecular and genetic bases of diabetes and diabetic metabolism through the lens of a rapidly evolving field of molecular nutrition |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Diet and Health National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Commission on Life Sciences, Committee on Diet and Health, 1989-01-01 Diet and Health examines the many complex issues concerning diet and its role in increasing or decreasing the risk of chronic disease. It proposes dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of the major diseases and causes of death today: atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (including heart attack and stroke), cancer, high blood pressure, obesity, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, and dental caries. |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology Duncan Mara, Nigel J. Horan, 2003-08-07 Access to safe water is a fundamental human need and therefore a basic human right --Kofi Annan, United Nations Secretary General Edited by two world-renowned scientists in the field, The Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology provides a definitive and comprehensive coverage of water and wastewater microbiology. With contributions from experts from around the world, this book gives a global perspective on the important issues faced in the provision of safe drinking water, the problems of dealing with aquatic pollution and the processes involved in wastewater management. Starting with an introductory chapter of basic microbiological principles, The Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology develops these principles further, ensuring that this is the essential text for process engineers with little microbiological experience and specialist microbiologists alike. Comprehensive selection of reviews dealing with drinking water and aquatic pollution Provides an understading of basic microbiology and how it is applied to engineering process solutions Suitable for all levels of knowledge in microbiology -from those with no background to specialists who require the depth of information |
| acetyl coenzyme a definition biology: Medical Epigenetics Trygve Tollefsbol, 2016-06-21 Medical Epigenetics provides a comprehensive analysis of the importance of epigenetics to health management. The purpose of this book is to fill a current need for a comprehensive volume on the medical aspects of epigenetics with a focus on human systems, epigenetic diseases that affect these systems and modes of treating epigenetic-based disorders and diseases. The intent of this book is to provide a stand-alone comprehensive volume that will cover all human systems relevant to epigenetic maladies and all major aspects of medical epigenetics. The overall goal is to provide the leading book on medical epigenetics that will be useful not only to physicians, nurses, medical students and many others directly involved with health care, but also investigators in life sciences, biotech companies, graduate students and many others who are interested in more applied aspects of epigenetics. Research in the area of translational epigenetics is a cornerstone of this volume. Critical reviews dedicated to the burgeoning role of epigenetics in medical practice Coverage of emerging topics including twin epigenetics as well as epigenetics of gastrointestinal disease, muscle disorders, endocrine disorders, ocular medicine, pediatric diseases, sports medicine, noncoding RNA therapeutics, pain management and regenerative medicine Encompasses a disease-oriented perspective of medical epigenetics as well as diagnostic and prognostic epigenetic approaches to applied medicine |
Acetyl group - Wikipedia
In organic chemistry, an acetyl group is a functional group denoted by the chemical formula −COCH 3 and the structure −C(=O)−CH 3. It is sometimes represented by the symbol Ac [5] …
Acetylcholine (ACh): What It Is, Function & Deficiency - Cleveland Clinic
Dec 30, 2022 · Acetylcholine gets its name from the two substances that it’s made from — an acetyl group (acetyl coenzyme A, which comes from the sugar molecule glucose) and the …
Difference Between Acyl and Acetyl | Definition, Characteristics, …
Jul 4, 2017 · Both acyl and acetyl are derivatives of oxoacids such as carboxylic acid. The main difference between acyl and acetyl is in their composition; acyl may or may not contain a –CH …
ACETYL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of ACETYL is the radical CH3CO— of acetic acid —often used in combination.
Acetyl Group | Definition, Structure & Examples - Study.com
Nov 21, 2023 · The acetyl group, also known as the ethanoyl group, is a type of acyl group. It is sometimes abbreviated as Ac. The acetyl group has its origin in the dehydroxylation of acetic …
What Is An Acetyl? | Chemical Connections - wellwisp.com
Understanding acetyl involves delving into its structure, properties, and significance in both synthetic applications and natural biological pathways. This article aims to provide an …
Acetyl - wikidoc
In organic chemistry, acetyl (ethanoyl), is a functional group, the acyl of acetic acid, with chemical formula-C O C H 3. It is sometimes abbreviated as Ac (not to be confused with the element …
Acetyl - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chemical structure of an acetyl group Skeletal formula of acetyl. In organic chemistry, acetyl (ethanoyl), is a functional group, the acyl of acetic acid, with chemical formula-C O C H 3.
Acetyl - (Organic Chemistry) - Vocab, Definition ... - Fiveable
The acetyl group, represented by the chemical formula -COCH3, is a functional group commonly encountered in organic chemistry. It is derived from the acetic acid molecule and plays a …
5.6C: Acetyl CoA and the Citric Acid Cycle - Biology LibreTexts
Nov 23, 2024 · acetyl CoA: Acetyl coenzyme A or acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions. Its main function is to convey the carbon …
Acetyl group - Wikipedia
In organic chemistry, an acetyl group is a functional group denoted by the chemical formula −COCH 3 and the structure −C(=O)−CH 3. It is sometimes represented by the symbol Ac [5] …
Acetylcholine (ACh): What It Is, Function & Deficiency - Cleveland Clinic
Dec 30, 2022 · Acetylcholine gets its name from the two substances that it’s made from — an acetyl group (acetyl coenzyme A, which comes from the sugar molecule glucose) and the …
Difference Between Acyl and Acetyl | Definition, Characteristics, …
Jul 4, 2017 · Both acyl and acetyl are derivatives of oxoacids such as carboxylic acid. The main difference between acyl and acetyl is in their composition; acyl may or may not contain a –CH …
ACETYL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of ACETYL is the radical CH3CO— of acetic acid —often used in combination.
Acetyl Group | Definition, Structure & Examples - Study.com
Nov 21, 2023 · The acetyl group, also known as the ethanoyl group, is a type of acyl group. It is sometimes abbreviated as Ac. The acetyl group has its origin in the dehydroxylation of acetic …
What Is An Acetyl? | Chemical Connections - wellwisp.com
Understanding acetyl involves delving into its structure, properties, and significance in both synthetic applications and natural biological pathways. This article aims to provide an …
Acetyl - wikidoc
In organic chemistry, acetyl (ethanoyl), is a functional group, the acyl of acetic acid, with chemical formula-C O C H 3. It is sometimes abbreviated as Ac (not to be confused with the element …
Acetyl - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chemical structure of an acetyl group Skeletal formula of acetyl. In organic chemistry, acetyl (ethanoyl), is a functional group, the acyl of acetic acid, with chemical formula-C O C H 3.
Acetyl - (Organic Chemistry) - Vocab, Definition ... - Fiveable
The acetyl group, represented by the chemical formula -COCH3, is a functional group commonly encountered in organic chemistry. It is derived from the acetic acid molecule and plays a …
5.6C: Acetyl CoA and the Citric Acid Cycle - Biology LibreTexts
Nov 23, 2024 · acetyl CoA: Acetyl coenzyme A or acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions. Its main function is to convey the carbon …
