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Acquisition in AP Psychology: A Critical Analysis of its Definition and Current Impact
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD in Cognitive Psychology, Professor of Psychology at Stanford University.
Publisher: Sage Publications – A leading publisher in social sciences with a strong reputation for academic rigor and peer-reviewed publications.
Editor: Dr. David Miller, PhD in Educational Psychology, experienced editor of numerous psychology textbooks and journals.
Keyword: acquisition ap psychology definition
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the "acquisition ap psychology definition," exploring its core meaning within the context of learning theories, particularly classical and operant conditioning. We will examine its limitations, its relevance to modern psychological trends, and its implications for educational practices. The analysis will highlight the evolving understanding of acquisition and its nuanced application across various learning scenarios.
1. Defining "Acquisition AP Psychology Definition"
The "acquisition ap psychology definition" refers to the initial stage of learning in which a conditioned response (CR) is established. In classical conditioning, as described by Pavlov, acquisition involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit an unconditioned response (UR). Through repeated pairings, the NS becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS), capable of eliciting a conditioned response (CR) similar to the UR, even in the absence of the US. This process of associating the NS with the US and the consequent formation of the CR is what constitutes acquisition.
In operant conditioning, as outlined by Skinner, acquisition refers to the strengthening of a response through reinforcement. A behavior is considered acquired when it increases in frequency or probability due to positive or negative reinforcement. The acquisition process in operant conditioning emphasizes the role of consequences in shaping behavior. The "acquisition ap psychology definition" therefore varies slightly depending on the specific learning paradigm being considered, but the underlying principle remains the same: the formation of a learned association.
2. Classical Conditioning and the Acquisition Process
Understanding the “acquisition ap psychology definition” within classical conditioning requires examining factors influencing its speed and strength. The contiguity of the NS and US is crucial; the closer in time they are presented, the faster the acquisition occurs. The intensity of the US also plays a significant role; a stronger US typically leads to quicker acquisition. However, the "acquisition ap psychology definition" isn't solely about contiguity and intensity; the salience or biological preparedness of the stimuli also influences the ease of acquisition. For example, associating a taste with nausea (conditioned taste aversion) is often acquired more readily than other arbitrary associations, reflecting inherent biological predispositions.
3. Operant Conditioning and the Acquisition of Behaviors
In operant conditioning, the "acquisition ap psychology definition" focuses on how frequently a behavior occurs. The rate of acquisition is affected by several factors, including the schedule of reinforcement. Continuous reinforcement (reinforcing every instance of the behavior) leads to rapid acquisition, but extinction is also rapid once reinforcement ceases. Intermittent reinforcement (reinforcing only some instances) leads to slower acquisition, but the learned response is more resistant to extinction. The type of reinforcement (positive or negative) also influences acquisition. Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by adding a desirable stimulus, while negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an undesirable stimulus. The "acquisition ap psychology definition" in operant conditioning is closely tied to the effectiveness of the reinforcement strategy employed.
4. Limitations of the "Acquisition AP Psychology Definition"
Despite its usefulness, the "acquisition ap psychology definition" has limitations. It primarily focuses on the initial learning phase and doesn't fully encompass the complexities of learning and memory. Factors such as motivation, cognitive processes, and individual differences are not explicitly addressed within the basic definition. The acquisition process itself may be influenced by prior experiences, existing schemas, and the learner's cognitive capacity. Moreover, the "acquisition ap psychology definition" doesn't account for the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery, where a seemingly extinguished response can reappear after a rest period. This highlights the dynamic and complex nature of learning beyond the initial acquisition stage.
5. Current Trends and the "Acquisition AP Psychology Definition"
Current trends in psychology, such as cognitive psychology and neuroscience, offer a richer understanding of the acquisition process. Cognitive psychology emphasizes the role of mental processes, such as attention, memory, and problem-solving, in learning. Neuroscience explores the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory, identifying specific brain regions and neurotransmitters involved in the acquisition of new information and behaviors. These perspectives complement the behavioral focus of the "acquisition ap psychology definition," providing a more comprehensive account of learning. For instance, research on long-term potentiation (LTP) shows the strengthening of synaptic connections in the brain, a neural correlate of acquisition.
6. Implications for Education
Understanding the "acquisition ap psychology definition" has significant implications for educational practices. Effective teaching strategies should incorporate principles of classical and operant conditioning to optimize learning. For example, creating positive classroom environments through positive reinforcement can facilitate acquisition of desired behaviors. The use of relevant and engaging stimuli can improve the speed and strength of acquisition, making learning more efficient and effective. Furthermore, understanding the limitations of the "acquisition ap psychology definition" highlights the need for more nuanced approaches to teaching and learning that account for individual differences and cognitive processes.
7. Conclusion
The "acquisition ap psychology definition," while a foundational concept in learning theory, needs to be understood within its broader context. While providing a valuable framework for understanding the initial stages of learning, it requires integration with insights from cognitive psychology and neuroscience for a more comprehensive picture. The impact of the "acquisition ap psychology definition" remains significant in understanding how learning occurs, informing educational strategies, and shaping our understanding of behavioral change. Future research should continue to explore the complexities of learning beyond simple acquisition, delving into the factors that influence retention, generalization, and the overall effectiveness of learning experiences.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between acquisition in classical and operant conditioning? In classical conditioning, acquisition involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, acquisition involves strengthening a response through reinforcement.
2. How does the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus affect acquisition? A more intense unconditioned stimulus generally leads to faster acquisition in classical conditioning.
3. What is the role of reinforcement in acquisition in operant conditioning? Reinforcement strengthens the response, increasing the likelihood of its recurrence; this is crucial for acquisition.
4. What are some limitations of relying solely on the basic "acquisition ap psychology definition"? The basic definition doesn't account for cognitive processes, individual differences, or the complexities of memory and retention.
5. How does contiguity influence acquisition? Close temporal pairing of the stimuli (in classical conditioning) increases the rate of acquisition.
6. What is the significance of spontaneous recovery in relation to acquisition? Spontaneous recovery shows that learning is more complex than simply acquisition; associations can re-emerge even after apparent extinction.
7. How can educators utilize the principles of acquisition in their teaching? Educators can employ positive reinforcement, make learning engaging, and use effective pairing of stimuli to facilitate acquisition.
8. What is the role of biological preparedness in acquisition? Some associations are more easily learned than others due to innate predispositions (e.g., taste aversion).
9. How does neuroscience contribute to our understanding of acquisition? Neuroscience reveals the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory, providing biological explanations for the acquisition process.
Related Articles
1. Classical Conditioning and Its Applications: An exploration of the principles of classical conditioning, including acquisition, extinction, and generalization.
2. Operant Conditioning: Shaping Behavior Through Reinforcement: A detailed examination of operant conditioning, covering various reinforcement schedules and their effects on acquisition.
3. Cognitive Factors in Learning: An analysis of the role of cognitive processes such as attention and memory in learning and how they interact with acquisition.
4. Neuroscience of Learning and Memory: A discussion of the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory, with a focus on the brain regions and neurotransmitters involved in acquisition.
5. The Role of Motivation in Learning: An examination of how motivation influences the acquisition process and the effectiveness of learning.
6. Individual Differences in Learning Styles and Acquisition: An exploration of how individual differences affect the speed and effectiveness of acquisition.
7. Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery in Classical Conditioning: A detailed look at the processes of extinction and spontaneous recovery in relation to the acquisition of conditioned responses.
8. Applications of Operant Conditioning in Education: A guide on how principles of operant conditioning can be used to improve learning outcomes.
9. Behavioral Therapy Techniques Based on Acquisition and Extinction: An examination of how principles of acquisition and extinction are used in therapeutic settings to treat behavioral problems.
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Introduction to Psychology Jennifer Walinga, Charles Stangor, This book is designed to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The focus on behaviour and empiricism has produced a text that is better organized, has fewer chapters, and is somewhat shorter than many of the leading books. The beginning of each section includes learning objectives; throughout the body of each section are key terms in bold followed by their definitions in italics; key takeaways, and exercises and critical thinking activities end each section. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Language and Language Acquisition Francis Lowenthal, 1982-12-01 F. LOWENTHAL University of Mons Mons, Belgium In September 1980, researchers from many different countries and working in disciplines as varied as philosophy, psychology, neurology, mathematics, education, linguistics, sociology, and others we forget to mention, again met in Mons to discuss problems concerning Language and Language Acquisition. Conflicting opinions among researchers not only from different disciplines, but also within a same discipline, led to many a lively discussion. This book attempts to recreate the atmosphere of the conference, by reproducing the different papers, some of which were rewritten after the initial presentation and discussion-session, and by giving a summary of each discussion session to enable the reader to understand how each participant reacted. Obviously, we accept full responsibility for these summaries: we hope we have understood correctly what each participant meant. This also holds for the special session devoted to an attempt to define the concept of language. We suggest that further meetings should study language and context simultaneously, within the framework of a CONTEXTUAL LINGUISTICS. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Thinking About Psychology Charles T. Blair-Broeker, Randal M. Ernst, 2003-03-21 This book will be an ally for teachers striving to ignite a passion in their students for psychology's many relevant findings, and for students wanting to satisfy a growing curiosity about themselves, their families, their friends, and the world of people around them. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Myers' Psychology for AP* David G. Myers, 2010-03-12 Already The Bestselling AP* Psychology Author, Myers Writes His First Exclusive AP* Psych Text Watch Dave G. Myers introduce this new text here. David G. Myers is best known for his top-selling college psychology texts, used successfully across North America in thousands of AP* courses. As effective as Myers’ college texts have been for the AP* course, we believe his new text will be even better, because Myers’ Psychology for AP* has been written especially for the AP* course! |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: AP Psychology Premium, 2024: Comprehensive Review With 6 Practice Tests + an Online Timed Test Option Allyson J. Weseley, Robert McEntarffer, 2023-07-04 For more than 80 years, BARRON's has been helping students achieve their goals. Prep for the AP® Psychology exam with trusted review from our experts. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: The Psychology of the Language Learner Zoltán Dörnyei, 2014-04-04 The scope of individual learner differences is broad, yet there is no current, comprehensive, and unified volume that provides an overview of the considerable amount of research conducted on various language learner differences, until now. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: AP Psychology Premium, 2022-2023: Comprehensive Review with 6 Practice Tests + an Online Timed Test Option Allyson J. Weseley, Robert McEntarffer, 2022-01-04 Barron's AP Psychology Premium: 2022-2023 includes in-depth content review and online practice. It's the only book you'll need to be prepared for exam day.--from Amazon.com. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: CliffsNotes AP Psychology Cram Plan Joseph M. Swope, 2020-08 CliffsNotes AP Psychology Cram Plan calendarizes a study plan for AP Psychology test-takers depending on how much time they have left before they take the May exam. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: AP Psychology Allyson J. Weseley Ed.D., Robert McEntarffer, 2020-04-07 Always study with the most up-to-date prep! Look for AP Psychology Premium, 2022-2023, ISBN 9781506278513, on sale January 4, 2022. Publisher's Note: Products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitles included with the product. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Principles of Numerical Taxonomy Robert R. Sokal, Peter Henry Andrews Sneath, 1963 |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Schedules of Reinforcement B. F. Skinner, C. B. Ferster, 2015-05-20 The contingent relationship between actions and their consequences lies at the heart of Skinner’s experimental analysis of behavior. Particular patterns of behavior emerge depending upon the contingencies established. Ferster and Skinner examined the effects of different schedules of reinforcement on behavior. An extraordinary work, Schedules of Reinforcement represents over 70,000 hours of research primarily with pigeons, though the principles have now been experimentally verified with many species including human beings. At first glance, the book appears to be an atlas of schedules. And so it is, the most exhaustive in existence. But it is also a reminder of the power of describing and explaining behavior through an analysis of measurable and manipulative behavior-environment relations without appealing to physiological mechanisms in the brain. As en exemplar and source for the further study of behavioral phenomena, the book illustrates the scientific philosophy that Skinner and Ferster adopted: that a science is best built from the ground up, from a firm foundation of facts that can eventually be summarized as scientific laws. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: AP Psychology Vocabulary Workbook Lewis Morris, Learn the Secret to Success in AP Psychology! Ever wonder why learning comes so easily to some people? This remarkable workbook reveals a system that shows you how to learn faster, easier and without frustration. By mastering the hidden language of the course and exams, you will be poised to tackle the toughest of questions with ease. We’ve discovered that the key to success in AP Psychology lies with mastering the Insider’s Language of the subject. People who score high on their exams have a strong working vocabulary in the subject tested. They know how to decode the course vocabulary and use this as a model for test success. People with a strong Insider’s Language consistently: Perform better on their Exams Learn faster and retain more information Feel more confident in their courses Perform better in upper level courses Gain more satisfaction in learning The Advanced Placement Psychology Vocabulary Workbook is different from traditional review books because it focuses on the exam’s Insider’s Language. It is an outstanding supplement to a traditional review program. It helps your preparation for the exam become easier and more efficient. The strategies, puzzles, and questions give you enough exposure to the Insider Language to use it with confidence and make it part of your long-term memory. The AP Psychology Vocabulary Workbook is an awesome tool to use before a course of study as it will help you develop a strong working Insider’s Language before you even begin your review. Learn the Secret to Success! After nearly 20 years of teaching Lewis Morris discovered a startling fact: Most students didn’t struggle with the subject, they struggled with the language. It was never about brains or ability. His students simply didn’t have the knowledge of the specific language needed to succeed. Through experimentation and research, he discovered that for any subject there was a list of essential words, that, when mastered, unlocked a student’s ability to progress in the subject. Lewis called this set of vocabulary the “Insider’s Words”. When he applied these “Insider’s Words” the results were incredible. His students began to learn with ease. He was on his way to developing the landmark series of workbooks and applications to teach this “Insider’s Language” to students around the world. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: AP Psychology Premium Allyson J. Weseley, Robert McEntarffer, 2020-04-07 Always study with the most up-to-date prep! Look for AP Psychology Premium, 2022-2023, ISBN 9781506278513, on sale January 4, 2022. Publisher's Note: Products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitles included with the product. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Teaching Psychology around the World Sherri McCarthy, Stephen Newstead, Victor Karandashev, 2008-12-18 This important book is an overview of teaching psychology internationally. As psychology curricula become increasingly internationalised, it is necessary to understand and compare the various models for training psychologists and teaching psychology students. Incorporating research and perspectives from psychologists in more than 30 countries, it includes relevant information for secondary, undergraduate (baccalaureate) and post-graduate (M.A., Doctoral and Post-Doctoral) psychology programs and is a must-read for all instructors of psychology, as well as psychologists and psychology students interested in the international aspects of the discipline. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: A Philosophy of Second Language Acquisition Marysia Johnson, 2008-10-01 divdivHow does a person learn a second language? In this provocative book, Marysia Johnson proposes a new model of second language acquisition (SLA)—a model that shifts the focus from language competence (the ability to pass a language exam) to language performance (using language competently in real-life contexts). Johnson argues that current SLA theory and research is heavily biased in the direction of the cognitive and experimental scientific tradition. She shows that most models of SLA are linear in nature and subscribe to the conduit metaphor of knowledge transfer: the speaker encodes a message, the hearer decodes the sent message. Such models establish a strict demarcation between learners’ mental and social processes. Yet the origin of second language acquisition is located not exclusively in the learner’s mind but also in a dialogical interaction conducted in a variety of sociocultural and institutional settings, says the author. Drawing on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and Bakhtin’s literary theory, she constructs an alternative framework for second language theory, research, teaching, and testing. This approach directs attention toward the investigation of dynamic and dialectical relationships between the interpersonal (social) plane and the intrapersonal (individual) plane. Johnson’s model shifts the focus of SLA away from a narrow emphasis on language competence toward a broader view that encompasses the interaction between language competence and performance. Original and controversial, A Philosophy of Second Language Acquisition offers: · an introduction to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and Bakhtin’s literary theory, both of which support an alternative framework for second language acquisition; · an examination of the existing cognitive bias in SLA theory and research; · a radically new model of second language acquisition. /DIV/DIV |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: The Essentials of Conditioning and Learning Michael Domjan, 2005 Domjan (psychology, University of Texas-Austin) offers a concise summary of the essentials of conditioning and learning, for students and professionals. The book can serve as the primary source for an introductory course on conditioning and learning, or as a supplemental text for courses in behavior modification, behavioral neuroscience, special education, and related areas. The book can also be used to provide the foundations for an advanced course in which students are required to read a collection of specialized articles. Key points, chapter summaries, practice questions, and terms are included. Annotation :2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com). |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Barron's AP Psychology with CD-ROM Robert McEntarffer, Allyson J. Weseley, 2010-02-01 This updated manual presents one diagnostic test and two full-length practice tests that reflect the actual AP Psychology Exam in length, subject matter, and difficulty. All test questions are answered and explained. It also provides extensive subject review covering all test topics. Topics reviewed include research methods, the biological basis of behavior, sensation and perception, states of consciousness, learning, cognition, personality, abnormal psychology, and treatment of disorders. This manual also presents an overview of the test, extra multiple-choice practice questions, test-taking tips, and an analysis of the test’s essay question with a sample essay. Enclosed with the manual is a CD-ROM that presents two more practice tests with answers, explanations, and automatic scoring, as well as extensive subject review. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Reading Acquisition Philip B. Gough, Linnea C. Ehri, Rebecca Treiman, 2017-11-27 Originally published in 1992. This book brings together the work of a number of distinguished international researchers engaged in basic research on beginning reading. Individual chapters address various processes and problems in learning to read - including how acquisition gets underway, the contribution of story listening experiences, what is involved in learning to read words, and how readers represent information about written words in memory. In addition, the chapter contributors consider how phonological, onset-rime, and syntactic awareness contribute to reading acquisition, how learning to spell is involved, how reading ability can be explained as a combination of decoding skill plus listening comprehension skill, and what causes reading difficulties and how to study these causes. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Natural Language Acquisition on the Autism Spectrum Marge Blanc, 2012 |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Methods of Behavior Analysis in Neuroscience Jerry J. Buccafusco, 2000-08-29 Using the most well-studied behavioral analyses of animal subjects to promote a better understanding of the effects of disease and the effects of new therapeutic treatments on human cognition, Methods of Behavior Analysis in Neuroscience provides a reference manual for molecular and cellular research scientists in both academia and the pharmaceutic |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Introduction to Instructed Second Language Acquisition Shawn Loewen, 2014-07-21 Introduction to Instructed Second Language Acquisition is the first book to present a cohesive view of the different theoretical and pedagogical perspectives that comprise instructed second language acquisition (ISLA), defined as any type of learning that occurs as a result of the manipulating the process and conditions of second language acquisition. The book begins by considering the effectiveness of ISLA and the differences between ISLA and naturalistic L2 learning. It then goes on to discuss the theoretical, empirical, and pedagogical aspects of such key issues in ISLA as grammar learning; interaction in the classroom; focus on form, function and meaning; vocabulary learning; pronunciation learning; pragmatics learning; learning contexts; and individual differences. This timely and important volume is ideally suited for the graduate level ISLA course, and provides valuable insights for any SLA scholar interested in the processes involved in second language learning in classroom settings. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Parenting Matters National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on Supporting the Parents of Young Children, 2016-11-21 Decades of research have demonstrated that the parent-child dyad and the environment of the familyâ€which includes all primary caregiversâ€are at the foundation of children's well- being and healthy development. From birth, children are learning and rely on parents and the other caregivers in their lives to protect and care for them. The impact of parents may never be greater than during the earliest years of life, when a child's brain is rapidly developing and when nearly all of her or his experiences are created and shaped by parents and the family environment. Parents help children build and refine their knowledge and skills, charting a trajectory for their health and well-being during childhood and beyond. The experience of parenting also impacts parents themselves. For instance, parenting can enrich and give focus to parents' lives; generate stress or calm; and create any number of emotions, including feelings of happiness, sadness, fulfillment, and anger. Parenting of young children today takes place in the context of significant ongoing developments. These include: a rapidly growing body of science on early childhood, increases in funding for programs and services for families, changing demographics of the U.S. population, and greater diversity of family structure. Additionally, parenting is increasingly being shaped by technology and increased access to information about parenting. Parenting Matters identifies parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with positive developmental outcomes in children ages 0-8; universal/preventive and targeted strategies used in a variety of settings that have been effective with parents of young children and that support the identified knowledge, attitudes, and practices; and barriers to and facilitators for parents' use of practices that lead to healthy child outcomes as well as their participation in effective programs and services. This report makes recommendations directed at an array of stakeholders, for promoting the wide-scale adoption of effective programs and services for parents and on areas that warrant further research to inform policy and practice. It is meant to serve as a roadmap for the future of parenting policy, research, and practice in the United States. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: The Natural Approach Stephen D. Krashen, Tracy D. Terrell, 1990-04-01 |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Child Development Laura E. Levine, Joyce Munsch, 2020-10-15 In the topically organized Child Development: An Active Learning Approach, Fourth Edition, authors Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch take students on an active journey toward understanding children and their development. Active Learning activities integrated throughout the text capture student interest and turn reading into an engaged learning process. Through the authors’ active learning philosophy, students are challenged to test their knowledge, confront common misconceptions, relate the material to their own experiences, and participate in real-world activities independently and with children. Because consuming research is equally important in the study of child development, Journey of Research features provide both historical context and its links to today’s cutting-edge research studies. Students will discover the excitement of studying child development while gaining skills they can use long after course completion. This title is accompanied by a complete teaching and learning package. Contact your SAGE representative to request a demo. Digital Option / Courseware SAGE Vantage is an intuitive digital platform that delivers this text’s content and course materials in a learning experience that offers auto-graded assignments and interactive multimedia tools, all carefully designed to ignite student engagement and drive critical thinking. Built with you and your students in mind, it offers simple course set-up and enables students to better prepare for class. Assignable Video with Assessment Assignable video (available with SAGE Vantage) is tied to learning objectives and curated exclusively for this text to bring concepts to life. Watch a sample video on Newborn Skin-to-Skin Contact LMS Cartridge: Import this title’s instructor resources into your school’s learning management system (LMS) and save time. Don’t use an LMS? You can still access all of the same online resources for this title via the password-protected Instructor Resource Site. Learn more. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Updated Myers' Psychology for the AP® Course David G. Myers, C. Nathan DeWall, 2020-06-02 Announcing a new Myers/DeWall text, created specifically for the Fall 2019 AP® course framework! You are likely familiar with the name Dr. David G. Myers. Now, he and his new co-author, Nathan DeWall, bring you a book that will allow you to use College Board’s new Personal Progress Checks and Dashboard more effectively. This updated edition includes 100% of the new course content in the new nine-unit structure. All teacher and student resources will also be updated to correlate to the new student edition; this includes the TE, TRFD, TB, Strive, and LaunchPad. Everything will publish in summer 2020 such that you can use this new program for Fall 2020 classes. If you’re not familiar with Myers/DeWall texts, you are in for a treat! Drs. Myers and DeWall share a passion for the teaching of psychological science through wit, humor, and the telling of poignant personal stories (individually identified in the text by the use of each author’s initials [DM and ND]). Through close collaboration, these authors produce a unified voice that will teach, illuminate, and inspire your AP® students. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Forty Studies that Changed Psychology Roger R. Hock, 2005 1. Biology and Human Behavior. One Brain or Two, Gazzaniga, M.S. (1967). The split brain in man. More Experience = Bigger Brain? Rosenzweig, M.R., Bennett, E.L. & Diamond M.C. (1972). Brain changes in response to experience. Are You a Natural? Bouchard, T., Lykken, D., McGue, M., Segal N., & Tellegen, A. (1990). Sources of human psychological difference: The Minnesota study of twins raised apart. Watch Out for the Visual Cliff! Gibson, E.J., & Walk, R.D. (1960). The visual cliff. 2. Perception and Consciousness. What You See Is What You've Learned. Turnbull C.M. (1961). Some observations regarding the experience and behavior of the BaMuti Pygmies. To Sleep, No Doubt to Dream... Aserinsky, E. & Kleitman, N. (1953). Regularly occurring periods of eye mobility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Dement W. (1960). The effect of dream deprivation. Unromancing the Dream... Hobson, J.A. & McCarley, R.W. (1977). The brain as a dream-state generator: An activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. Acting as if You Are Hypnotized Spanos, N.P. (1982). Hypnotic behavior: A cognitive, social, psychological perspective. 3. Learning and Conditioning. It's Not Just about Salivating Dogs! Pavlov, I.P.(1927). Conditioned reflexes. Little Emotional Albert. Watson J.B. & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional responses. Knock Wood. Skinner, B.F. (1948). Superstition in the pigeon. See Aggression...Do Aggression! Bandura, A., Ross, D. & Ross, S.A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. 4. Intelligence, Cognition, and Memory. What You Expect Is What You Get. Rosenthal, R. & Jacobson, L. (1966). Teacher's expectancies: Determinates of pupils' IQ gains. Just How are You Intelligent? H. Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Maps in Your Mind. Tolman, E.C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Thanks for the Memories. Loftus, E.F. (1975). Leading questions and the eyewitness report. 5. Human Development. Discovering Love. Harlow, H.F.(1958). The nature of love. Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind. Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child: The development of object concept. How Moral are You? Kohlberg, L.., (1963). The development of children's orientations toward a moral order: Sequence in the development of moral thought. In Control and Glad of It! Langer, E.J. & Rodin, J. (1976). The effects of choice and enhanced responsibility for the aged: A field experiment in an institutional setting. 6. Emotion and Motivation. A Sexual Motivation... Masters, W.H. & Johnson, V.E. (1966). Human sexual response. I Can See It All Over Your Face! Ekman, P. & Friesen, V.W. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Life, Change, and Stress. Holmes, T.H. & Rahe, R.H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Thoughts Out of Tune. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J.M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. 7. Personality. Are You the Master of Your Fate? Rotter, J.B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Masculine or Feminine or Both? Bem, S.L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Racing Against Your Heart. Friedman, M. & Rosenman, R.H. (1959). Association of specific overt behavior pattern with blood and cardiovascular findings. The One; The Many..., Triandis, H., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M., Asai, M. & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. 8. Psychopathology. Who's Crazy Here, Anyway? Rosenhan, D.L. (1973). On Being sane in insane places. Learning to Be Depressed. Seligman, M.E.P., & Maier, S.F. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock. You're Getting Defensive Again! Freud, A. (1946). The ego and mechanisms of defense. Crowding into the Behavioral Sink. Calhoun, J.B. (1962). Population density and social pathology. 9. Psychotherapy. Choosing Your Psychotherapist. Smith, M.L. & Glass, G.V. (1977). Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. Relaxing Your Fears Away. Wolpe, J. (1961). The systematic desensitization of neuroses. Projections of Who You Are. Rorschach, H. (1942). Psychodiagnostics: A diagnostic test based on perception. Picture This! Murray, H.A. (1938). Explorations in personality. 10. Social Psychology. Not Practicing What You Preach. LaPiere, R.T. (1934). Attitudes and actions. The Power of Conformity. Asch, S.E. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. To Help or Not to Help. Darley, J.M. & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Obey at Any Cost. Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: The Psychology of Problem Solving Janet E. Davidson, Robert J. Sternberg, 2003-06-09 Problems are a central part of human life. The Psychology of Problem Solving organizes in one volume much of what psychologists know about problem solving and the factors that contribute to its success or failure. There are chapters by leading experts in this field, including Miriam Bassok, Randall Engle, Anders Ericsson, Arthur Graesser, Keith Stanovich, Norbert Schwarz, and Barry Zimmerman, among others. The Psychology of Problem Solving is divided into four parts. Following an introduction that reviews the nature of problems and the history and methods of the field, Part II focuses on individual differences in, and the influence of, the abilities and skills that humans bring to problem situations. Part III examines motivational and emotional states and cognitive strategies that influence problem solving performance, while Part IV summarizes and integrates the various views of problem solving proposed in the preceding chapters. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Age and the Acquisition of English as a Foreign Language María del Pilar García Mayo, María Luisa García Lecumberri, 2003-05-21 This book provides an overview of current research on the age factor in foreign language learning, addressing issues, which are critical for language planning. It presents new research on foreign language learning within bilingual communities in formal instruction settings focussing on syntax, phonology, writing, oral skills and learning strategies. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Linguistic Perception and Second Language Acquisition Paola Rocío Escudero Neyra, 2005 |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Princeton Review AP Psychology Premium Prep, 2022 The Princeton Review, 2021-08-03 Make sure you’re studying with the most up-to-date prep materials! Look for the newest edition of this title, The Princeton Review AP Psychology Premium Prep, 2023 (ISBN: 9780593450871, on-sale August 2022). Publisher's Note: Products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality or authenticity, and may not include access to online tests or materials included with the original product. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Kaplan AP Psychology Chris Hakala, 2006 Presenting a book which includes: 2 practice tests with answer explanations; a diagnostic test; practice questions; proven, test-specific score-raising strategies; a review of the relevant material; and, a focus on the material that appears on the AP Psychology Exam. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: AP® Psychology All Access Book + Online + Mobile Nancy Fenton, Jessica Flitter, 2015-01-19 All Access for the AP® Psychology Exam Book + Web + Mobile Revised for the 2015 Exam Everything you need to prepare for the Advanced Placement® exam, in a study system built around you! There are many different ways to prepare for an Advanced Placement® exam. What's best for you depends on how much time you have to study and how comfortable you are with the subject matter. To score your highest, you need a system that can be customized to fit you: your schedule, your learning style, and your current level of knowledge. This book, and the online tools that come with it, will help you personalize your AP® Psychology prep by testing your understanding, pinpointing your weaknesses, and delivering flashcard study materials unique to you. REA's All Access system allows you to create a personalized study plan through three simple steps: targeted review of exam content, assessment of your knowledge, and focused study in the topics where you need the most help. Here's how it works: Review the Book: Study the topics tested on the AP® Psychology exam and learn proven strategies that will help you tackle any question you may see on test day. Test Yourself and Get Feedback: As you review the book, test yourself with 7 end-of-chapter quizzes and 2 mini-tests. Score reports from your free online tests and quizzes give you a fast way to pinpoint what you really know and what you should spend more time studying. Improve Your Score: Armed with your score reports, you can personalize your study plan. Review the parts of the book where you are weakest, and use the REA Study Center to create your own unique e-flashcards, adding to the 100 free cards included with this book. Visit The REA Study Center for a suite of online tools: The best way to personalize your study plan is to get frequent feedback on what you know and what you don't. At the online REA Study Center, you can access three types of assessment: topic-level quizzes, mini-tests, and a full-length practice test. Each of these tools provides true-to-format questions and delivers a detailed score report that follows the topics set by the College Board®. Topic Level Quizzes: Short, 15-minute quizzes are available throughout the review and test your immediate understanding of the topics just covered. Mini-Tests: Two online mini-tests cover what you've studied in each half of the book. These tests are like the actual AP® Psychology exam, only shorter, and will help you evaluate your overall understanding of the subject. Full-Length Practice Test: After you've finished reviewing the book, take our full-length practice exam to practice under test-day conditions. Available both in this book and online, this test gives you the most complete picture of your strengths and weaknesses. We strongly recommend that you take the online version of the exam for the added benefits of timed testing, automatic scoring, and a detailed score report. Improving Your Score with e-Flashcards: With your score reports from the quizzes and tests, you'll be able to see exactly which AP® Psychology topics you need to review. Use this information to create your own flashcards for the areas where you are weak. And, because you will create these flashcards through the REA Study Center, you can access them from any computer or smartphone. REA's All Access test prep is a must-have for students taking the AP® Psychology exam! |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Sniffy the Virtual Rat Pro, Version 3.0 (with CD-ROM) Tom Alloway, Greg Wilson, Jeff Graham, 2011-03-03 Bring the theories of learning to life using SNIFFY, THE VIRTUAL RAT! Instructors praise Sniffy, a realistic digital rat in an operant chamber (Skinner Box), for his ability to give students hands-on experience in setting up and conducting experiments that demonstrate the phenomena of classical and operant conditioning. Users begin by training Sniffy to press a bar to obtain food. Then they progress to more studies of more complex learning phenomena. Throughout each, a series of Mind Windows enables students to visualize how Sniffy’s experiences in the chamber produce the psychological changes that their textbooks discuss in connection with learning. Available on a cross-platform CD-ROM, the Pro version of Sniffy includes fifty exercises that cover every major phenomena typically covered in a Psychology of Learning course. The CD-ROM comes with a Lab Manual that walks users through the steps necessary to set up classical and operant conditioning experiments that closely resemble the experiments discussed in learning texts. (Screen shots are included for both Macintosh and Windows users.) The manual also includes instructions on how to print or e-mail results so that Sniffy can become part of students’ homework assignments and term papers. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Understanding Child Language Acquisition Caroline Rowland, 2013-10-23 Taking an accessible and cross-linguistic approach, Understanding Child Language Acquisition introduces readers to the most important research on child language acquisition over the last fifty years, as well as to some of the most influential theories in the field. Rather than just describing what children can do at different ages Rowland explains why these research findings are important and what they tell us about how children acquire language. Key features include: Cross-linguistic analysis of how language acquisition differs between languages A chapter on how multilingual children acquire several languages at once Exercises to test comprehension Chapters organised around key questions that summarise the critical issues posed by researchers in the field, with summaries at the end Further reading suggestions to broaden understanding of the subject With its particular focus on outlining key similarities and differences across languages and what this cross-linguistic variation means for our ideas about language acquisition, Understanding Child Language Acquisition forms a comprehensive introduction to the subject for students of linguistics, psychology and speech and language therapy. Students and instructors will benefit from the comprehensive companion website that includes a students’ section featuring interactive comprehension exercises, extension activities, chapter recaps and answers to the exercises within the book. Material for instructors includes sample essay questions, answers to the extension activities for students and a Powerpoint including all the figures from the book. www.routledge.com/cw/rowland |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Cognition and Memory F. Klix, J. Hoffmann, 1980-12-01 Cognition and Memory |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: The Lucifer Effect Philip Zimbardo, 2008-01-22 The definitive firsthand account of the groundbreaking research of Philip Zimbardo—the basis for the award-winning film The Stanford Prison Experiment Renowned social psychologist and creator of the Stanford Prison Experiment Philip Zimbardo explores the mechanisms that make good people do bad things, how moral people can be seduced into acting immorally, and what this says about the line separating good from evil. The Lucifer Effect explains how—and the myriad reasons why—we are all susceptible to the lure of “the dark side.” Drawing on examples from history as well as his own trailblazing research, Zimbardo details how situational forces and group dynamics can work in concert to make monsters out of decent men and women. Here, for the first time and in detail, Zimbardo tells the full story of the Stanford Prison Experiment, the landmark study in which a group of college-student volunteers was randomly divided into “guards” and “inmates” and then placed in a mock prison environment. Within a week the study was abandoned, as ordinary college students were transformed into either brutal, sadistic guards or emotionally broken prisoners. By illuminating the psychological causes behind such disturbing metamorphoses, Zimbardo enables us to better understand a variety of harrowing phenomena, from corporate malfeasance to organized genocide to how once upstanding American soldiers came to abuse and torture Iraqi detainees in Abu Ghraib. He replaces the long-held notion of the “bad apple” with that of the “bad barrel”—the idea that the social setting and the system contaminate the individual, rather than the other way around. This is a book that dares to hold a mirror up to mankind, showing us that we might not be who we think we are. While forcing us to reexamine what we are capable of doing when caught up in the crucible of behavioral dynamics, though, Zimbardo also offers hope. We are capable of resisting evil, he argues, and can even teach ourselves to act heroically. Like Hannah Arendt’s Eichmann in Jerusalem and Steven Pinker’s The Blank Slate, The Lucifer Effect is a shocking, engrossing study that will change the way we view human behavior. Praise for The Lucifer Effect “The Lucifer Effect will change forever the way you think about why we behave the way we do—and, in particular, about the human potential for evil. This is a disturbing book, but one that has never been more necessary.”—Malcolm Gladwell “An important book . . . All politicians and social commentators . . . should read this.”—The Times (London) “Powerful . . . an extraordinarily valuable addition to the literature of the psychology of violence or ‘evil.’”—The American Prospect “Penetrating . . . Combining a dense but readable and often engrossing exposition of social psychology research with an impassioned moral seriousness, Zimbardo challenges readers to look beyond glib denunciations of evil-doers and ponder our collective responsibility for the world’s ills.”—Publishers Weekly “A sprawling discussion . . . Zimbardo couples a thorough narrative of the Stanford Prison Experiment with an analysis of the social dynamics of the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.”—Booklist “Zimbardo bottled evil in a laboratory. The lessons he learned show us our dark nature but also fill us with hope if we heed their counsel. The Lucifer Effect reads like a novel.”—Anthony Pratkanis, Ph.D., professor emeritus of psychology, University of California |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Theories of Personality Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz, 2001 This revision of the Schultz's popular text surveys the field, presenting theory-by-theory coverage of the major theorists who represent the psychoanalytic, neopsychoanalytic, life-span, trait, humanistic, cognitive, behavioral, and social-learning approaches, as well as clinical and experimental work. Where warranted, the authors show how the development of certain theories was influenced by events in a theorist's personal and professional life. This thoroughly revised Seventh Edition now incorporates more examples, tables, and figures to help bring the material to life for students. The new content in this edition reflects the dynamism in the field. The text explores how race, gender, and culture issues figure in the study of personality and in personality assessment. In addition, a final integrative chapter looks at the study of personality theories and suggests conclusions that can be drawn from the many theorists' work. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Doing Social Psychology Research Glynis M. Breakwell, 2008-04-15 This practical text introduces students to all the principal data collection methods and data analyses used in social psychology. A student-friendly introduction to the data collection methods and data analyses used in social psychology. Describes the principal research methods and shows how they can be applied to particular research questions. Each chapter is written by a psychologist well known for using the method they describe. Methods presented include conducting surveys, constructing questionnaires, facilitating focus groups, running interviews, and using archival recordings. Topics used to illustrate these methods include identity processes, attribution, stereotyping, attitude change, social influence, communication, and group dynamics. Includes step-by-step exercises for students and notes for course leaders. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition John R. Anderson, 2013-10-28 First published in 1981. This book is a collection of the papers presented at the Sixteenth Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition, held in May 1980. |
| acquisition ap psychology definition: Health and Behavior Institute of Medicine, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, Committee on Health and Behavior: Research, Practice and Policy, 2001-10-18 Health and Behavior reviews our improved understanding of the complex interplay among biological, psychological, and social influences and explores findings suggested by recent research-including interventions at multiple levels that we can employ to improve human health. The book covers three main areas: What do biological, behavioral, and social sciences contribute to our understanding of healthâ€including cardiovascular, immune system and brain functioning, behaviors that influence health, the role of social networks and socioeconomic status, and more. What can we learn from applied research on interventions to improve the health of individuals, families, communities, organizations, and larger populations? How can we expeditiously translate research findings into application? |
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