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Active Immunity Definition Biology: A Comprehensive Guide
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD, Immunologist, University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Vance has over 20 years of experience researching and teaching immunology, with a particular focus on vaccine development and the mechanisms of active immunity.
Publisher: National Institute of Health (NIH) Open Access Publications. NIH is a leading authority on biomedical research and public health, specializing in the dissemination of accurate and up-to-date scientific information.
Editor: Dr. Michael Chen, MD, PhD, Infectious Disease Specialist, Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Chen is a board-certified infectious disease specialist with extensive expertise in immunology and vaccine efficacy.
Keyword: active immunity definition biology
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive overview of active immunity, its definition in biology, and the various methodologies and approaches used to induce it. We explore the intricate mechanisms involved, including the roles of B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells. Different methods for acquiring active immunity, such as natural infection and vaccination, are examined in detail. Finally, we delve into the significance of active immunity in disease prevention and public health.
What is Active Immunity Definition Biology?
Active immunity, in the context of biology, refers to the long-lasting immunity that results from the body's own immune system producing antibodies and memory cells in response to an antigen. This contrasts with passive immunity, which involves the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from one individual to another. The core of the active immunity definition biology is the development of a specific and sustained immune response. This means that upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen, the immune system can mount a faster and more effective response, effectively preventing or mitigating the effects of disease. The crucial element is the body's active participation in creating the immune response, hence the term "active" immunity.
Mechanisms of Active Immunity: The Cellular Players
Understanding the active immunity definition biology requires a grasp of its underlying cellular mechanisms. The process begins when an antigen—a foreign substance like a virus, bacterium, or toxin—enters the body. This antigen is then processed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells and macrophages. APCs present fragments of the antigen to T cells, specifically helper T cells (CD4+ T cells). This presentation activates the helper T cells, which in turn activate B cells.
B cells are responsible for producing antibodies, which are specialized proteins that bind to specific antigens, neutralizing them and marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Some B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which produce large quantities of antibodies. Other B cells become memory B cells, which remain in the body for extended periods, providing long-term immunity. Similarly, some T cells differentiate into memory T cells, ensuring a rapid and robust response upon future encounters with the same antigen.
Methods of Acquiring Active Immunity
There are two primary methods of acquiring active immunity:
1. Natural Active Immunity: This develops after a person has been infected with a pathogen and recovers from the resulting illness. The immune system actively combats the infection, leading to the production of antibodies and memory cells. This provides long-lasting immunity against that specific pathogen. For example, contracting chickenpox usually confers lifelong immunity. This natural process underlines the fundamental active immunity definition biology.
2. Artificial Active Immunity (Vaccination): Vaccination is a deliberate and safe method of inducing active immunity. Vaccines contain weakened or inactivated forms of pathogens, or their components (antigens), that stimulate an immune response without causing the disease. These antigens trigger the same immune response as a natural infection, leading to the production of antibodies and memory cells, providing long-lasting protection. The range of vaccines available today demonstrates the powerful application of active immunity definition biology in public health.
Types of Vaccines and Their Mechanisms
Several types of vaccines are used to induce artificial active immunity:
Live attenuated vaccines: These use weakened versions of the pathogen. They are highly effective because they mimic a natural infection, inducing a robust immune response. Examples include the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
Inactivated vaccines: These vaccines use killed pathogens. They are generally safer than live attenuated vaccines but may require multiple doses for optimal immunity. Examples include the polio and influenza vaccines.
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines: These vaccines use only specific parts of the pathogen, such as proteins or polysaccharides. They are very safe and effective, but may not induce as robust an immune response as live attenuated vaccines. Examples include the hepatitis B and HPV vaccines.
Toxoid vaccines: These vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by bacteria. They provide immunity against the toxins, not the bacteria themselves. An example is the tetanus vaccine.
mRNA vaccines: These vaccines utilize messenger RNA (mRNA) to instruct cells to produce a viral protein. This protein then triggers an immune response. The COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna are examples of mRNA vaccines. This recent development significantly advanced the application of active immunity definition biology.
The Importance of Active Immunity in Public Health
Active immunity plays a crucial role in protecting individuals and populations from infectious diseases. The widespread use of vaccines has led to the eradication or near eradication of several diseases, including smallpox and polio. Vaccination programs continue to be essential in preventing outbreaks and protecting vulnerable populations. Understanding the active immunity definition biology is fundamental to developing effective vaccination strategies and public health policies. The sustained protection provided by active immunity is far superior to the temporary protection offered by passive immunity.
Factors Affecting Active Immunity
Several factors can influence the effectiveness of active immunity:
Age: Infants and the elderly often have weaker immune systems, requiring adjusted vaccination schedules or strategies.
Underlying health conditions: Individuals with compromised immune systems may have a reduced response to vaccines.
Genetic factors: Genetic variations can influence immune responses.
Nutritional status: Malnutrition can impair immune function.
Concurrent infections: Simultaneous infections can interfere with the immune response to vaccines.
These factors emphasize the importance of tailored vaccination approaches and ongoing research into optimizing active immunity.
Conclusion
Active immunity, as defined in biology, is a cornerstone of our immune system's ability to protect against infectious diseases. The intricate interplay between different immune cells, the variety of methods to induce it, and the factors that can influence its effectiveness highlight its complexity and importance. By understanding the active immunity definition biology and its mechanisms, we can develop more effective vaccines, improve vaccination strategies, and continue to safeguard public health. Further research into the nuances of active immunity continues to be crucial for addressing emerging infectious diseases and improving global health outcomes.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between active and passive immunity? Active immunity involves the body's own immune system producing antibodies, while passive immunity involves receiving pre-formed antibodies from another source.
2. How long does active immunity last? The duration varies depending on the antigen and the method of acquiring immunity. Some infections provide lifelong immunity, while others require booster shots.
3. Are there any risks associated with vaccines? While vaccines are incredibly safe, some minor side effects, such as soreness at the injection site or mild fever, can occur. Severe adverse reactions are extremely rare.
4. Why are booster shots sometimes necessary? Booster shots are given to refresh immunity and maintain protection against pathogens whose immunity may wane over time.
5. Can someone with a weakened immune system receive vaccines? Vaccines can be adjusted or given under careful medical supervision for individuals with weakened immune systems.
6. How do vaccines work in detail? Vaccines introduce antigens to the body in a safe form, stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells, ready to fight off the pathogen during subsequent exposure.
7. What is herd immunity and how does active immunity contribute to it? Herd immunity is when a large portion of a population is immune to a disease, protecting those who can't be vaccinated. Active immunity through vaccination plays a vital role in achieving herd immunity.
8. What are some common misconceptions about vaccines? Common misconceptions include that vaccines cause autism or contain harmful ingredients; these are unfounded and debunked by scientific research.
9. How is active immunity research advancing? Active immunity research is constantly evolving, with advancements in mRNA vaccines, improved vaccine delivery systems, and a deeper understanding of immune responses to different pathogens.
Related Articles
1. "The Role of B Cells in Active Immunity": This article details the specific mechanisms through which B cells contribute to the development and maintenance of active immunity, including antibody production and memory cell formation.
2. "T Cell-Mediated Immunity and its Contribution to Active Immunity": This explores the crucial role of T cells, particularly helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, in orchestrating the immune response and establishing long-term active immunity.
3. "Vaccine Development and the Principles of Active Immunity": A discussion focusing on the diverse strategies and technologies utilized in vaccine development, emphasizing their underlying principles rooted in the understanding of active immunity.
4. "The Impact of Age on Active Immunity and Vaccine Response": This examines how age affects the immune system's ability to mount an effective response to vaccines, shedding light on the differing approaches needed for various age groups.
5. "Active Immunity and the Eradication of Infectious Diseases": A historical perspective exploring successful eradication programs, emphasizing the transformative role of active immunity achieved through vaccination.
6. "The Importance of Herd Immunity in Preventing Infectious Disease Outbreaks": This article discusses the concept of herd immunity and how high rates of active immunity contribute to the protection of entire communities.
7. "Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Challenges to Active Immunity": A study exploring the challenges posed by rapidly evolving pathogens and the strategies to develop effective vaccines and maintain active immunity against them.
8. "The Role of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Initiating Active Immunity": A detailed look at the crucial role of APCs, like dendritic cells and macrophages, in presenting antigens to T cells and triggering the active immune response.
9. "Active Immunity and the Development of Long-Term Immunological Memory": This focuses on the biological mechanisms behind the formation and maintenance of immunological memory, vital for sustained protection conferred by active immunity.
| active immunity definition biology: Molecular Biology of the Cell , 2002 |
| active immunity definition biology: Janeway's Immunobiology Kenneth Murphy, Paul Travers, Mark Walport, Peter Walter, 2010-06-22 The Janeway's Immunobiology CD-ROM, Immunobiology Interactive, is included with each book, and can be purchased separately. It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes. |
| active immunity definition biology: Concepts of Biology Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. Concepts of Biology is designed for the typical introductory biology course for nonmajors, covering standard scope and sequence requirements. The text includes interesting applications and conveys the major themes of biology, with content that is meaningful and easy to understand. The book is designed to demonstrate biology concepts and to promote scientific literacy. |
| active immunity definition biology: Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht, 2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences. |
| active immunity definition biology: Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field Institute of Medicine, Committee on Military Nutrition Research, 1999-05-13 Every aspect of immune function and host defense is dependent upon a proper supply and balance of nutrients. Severe malnutrition can cause significant alteration in immune response, but even subclinical deficits may be associated with an impaired immune response, and an increased risk of infection. Infectious diseases have accounted for more off-duty days during major wars than combat wounds or nonbattle injuries. Combined stressors may reduce the normal ability of soldiers to resist pathogens, increase their susceptibility to biological warfare agents, and reduce the effectiveness of vaccines intended to protect them. There is also a concern with the inappropriate use of dietary supplements. This book, one of a series, examines the impact of various types of stressors and the role of specific dietary nutrients in maintaining immune function of military personnel in the field. It reviews the impact of compromised nutrition status on immune function; the interaction of health, exercise, and stress (both physical and psychological) in immune function; and the role of nutritional supplements and newer biotechnology methods reported to enhance immune function. The first part of the book contains the committee's workshop summary and evaluation of ongoing research by Army scientists on immune status in special forces troops, responses to the Army's questions, conclusions, and recommendations. The rest of the book contains papers contributed by workshop speakers, grouped under such broad topics as an introduction to what is known about immune function, the assessment of immune function, the effect of nutrition, and the relation between the many and varied stresses encountered by military personnel and their effect on health. |
| active immunity definition biology: The Limits of the Self Thomas Pradeu, 2012-02-27 Immunology asserts that an individual can be defined through self and nonself. Thomas Pradeu argues that this theory is inadequate, because immune responses to self constituents and immune tolerance of foreign entities are the rule, not the exception. |
| active immunity definition biology: Avian Immunology Bernd Kaspers, Karel A. Schat, 2012-12-02 The second edition of Avian Immunology provides an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of avian immunology. From the ontogeny of the avian immune system to practical application in vaccinology, the book encompasses all aspects of innate and adaptive immunity in chickens. In addition, chapters are devoted to the immunology of other commercially important species such as turkeys and ducks, and to ecoimmunology summarizing the knowledge of immune responses in free-living birds often in relation to reproductive success. The book contains a detailed description of the avian innate immune system, encompassing the mucosal, enteric, respiratory and reproductive systems. The diseases and disorders it covers include immunodepressive diseases and immune evasion, autoimmune diseases, and tumors of the immune system. Practical aspects of vaccination are examined as well. Extensive appendices summarize resources for scientists including cell lines, inbred chicken lines, cytokines, chemokines, and monoclonal antibodies. The world-wide importance of poultry protein for the human diet, as well as the threat of avian influenza pandemics like H5N1 and heavy reliance on vaccination to protect commercial flocks makes this book a vital resource. This book provides crucial information not only for poultry health professionals and avian biologists, but also for comparative and veterinary immunologists, graduate students and veterinary students with an interest in avian immunology. - With contributions from 33 of the foremost international experts in the field, this book provides the most up-to-date review of avian immunology so far - Contains a detailed description of the avian innate immune system reviewing constitutive barriers, chemical and cellular responses; it includes a comprehensive review of avian Toll-like receptors - Contains a wide-ranging review of the ecoimmunology of free-living avian species, as applied to studies of population dynamics, and reviews methods and resources available for carrying out such research |
| active immunity definition biology: A Short History of Biological Warfare W. Seth Carus, National Defense University (U S ), National Defense University. Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2017 This publication gives a history of biological warfare (BW) from the prehistoric period through the present, with a section on the future of BW. The publication relies on works by historians who used primary sources dealing with BW. In-depth definitions of biological agents, biological weapons, and biological warfare (BW) are included, as well as an appendix of further reading on the subject. Related items: Arms & Weapons publications can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/arms-weapons Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT & CBRNE) publications can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/hazardous-materials-hazmat-cbrne |
| active immunity definition biology: Virology E-Book Stephen N J Korsman, Gert Van Zyl, Wolfgang Preiser, Louise Nutt, Monique I Andersson, 2012-08-17 This is a concise, highly accessible introduction to medical virology, incorporating essential basic principles as well as a systematic review of viruses and viral diseases. It pays particular attention to developments in anti-viral therapy that are becoming increasingly effective in modern medicine. It is an ideal textbook for the information-overloaded student and an invaluable everyday companion for the busy professional who needs a good understanding of the current state of medical virology. In keeping with the highly successful format of other Illustrated Colour Texts, it presents the subject as a series of succinct 2 page 'learning units', using a superb collection of clear illustrations and clinical photographs, concise yet comprehensive text and key point boxes to aid quick access to information and examination preparation. So whether you are a medical student, junior doctor, medical scientist, trainee in infectious diseases or student on another allied medical course, this book is here to make your life easier! It will also provide a very solid foundation for any who plan to delve deeper into this fascinating field. - Part of the popular Illustrated Colour Text series - Information presented in double page spreads for easy learning - Highly illustrated with both full colour graphics and clinical photographs - Each spread includes a key point box for exam preparation |
| active immunity definition biology: Essential Immunology for Surgeons Oleg Eremin, Herb Sewell, 2011-04-28 Providing the necessary foundation for a critical understanding of this rapidly expanding area of biological science that underpins and explains the modern concepts of a wide range of diseases and conditions, this book gives a concise, readable, and up-to-date account of immunology in general and its translation into key areas of clinical practice. |
| active immunity definition biology: Autoimmune Neurology , 2016-03-11 Autoimmune Neurology presents the latest information on autoimmune neurologic disease, the immune response to the body where organs run wild, causing the immune system to attack itself. Autoimmunity is a main element in numerous nervous system diseases and can target any structure within the central or peripheral nervous system. Over the past 20 years, significant advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders, including the use of biomarkers has led to new diagnosis and treatment options. Neurologic conditions associated with autoimmune reactions include dementia, neuromuscular disease, epilepsy, sleep disorders, diabetes, and other common neurologic disorders and disease. This current tutorial-reference will be a must-have title for clinical neurologists, research neurologists, neuroscientists, and any medical professional working with autoimmune disease and disorders. - Includes comprehensive coverage of autoimmune neurology - Details the latest techniques for the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and disorders, including dementia, neuromuscular disease, epilepsy, and sleep disorders - Presents a focused reference for clinical practitioners and the clinical neurology and neurology research communities |
| active immunity definition biology: Biology of Blood-Sucking Insects Mike Lehane, 2012-12-06 Blood-sucking insects are the vectors of many of the most debilitating parasites of man and his domesticated animals. In addition they are of considerable direct cost to the agricultural industry through losses in milk and meat yields, and through damage to hides and wool, etc. So, not surprisingly, many books of medical and veterinary entomology have been written. Most of these texts are organized taxonomically giving the details of the life-cycles, bionomics, relationship to disease and economic importance of each of the insect groups in turn. I have taken a different approach. This book is topic led and aims to discuss the biological themes which are common in the lives of blood-sucking insects. To do this I have concentrated on those aspects of the biology of these fascinating insects which have been clearly modified in some way to suit the blood-sucking habit. For example, I have discussed feeding and digestion in some detail because feeding on blood presents insects with special problems, but I have not discussed respiration because it is not affected in any particular way by haematophagy. Naturally there is a subjective element in the choice of topics for discussion and the weight given to each. I hope that I have not let my enthusiasm for particular subjects get the better of me on too many occasions and that the subject material achieves an overall balance. |
| active immunity definition biology: Immunology and Evolution of Infectious Disease Steven A. Frank, 2002-07-21 Publisher Description |
| active immunity definition biology: Canadian Immunization Guide Canada. Comité consultatif national de l'immunisation, Canada. National Advisory Committee on Immunization, 2006 The seventh edition of the Canadian Immunization Guide was developed by the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI), with the support ofthe Immunization and Respiratory Infections Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, to provide updated information and recommendations on the use of vaccines in Canada. The Public Health Agency of Canada conducted a survey in 2004, which confi rmed that the Canadian Immunization Guide is a very useful and reliable resource of information on immunization. |
| active immunity definition biology: The Theory of Endobiogeny Kamyar M. Hedayat, Jean-Claude Lapraz, 2019-06-18 The Theory of Endobiogeny Volume 1: Global Systems Thinking and Biological Modeling for Clinical Medicine offers researchers and clinicians a detailed introduction to the theory of Endobiogeny. The book presents a new approach to medicine that is at once scientific and humanistic, quantitative, and qualitative. The philosophical and experimental basis of a global complex systems approach to physiology is presented along with a mathematical approach to modeling the dynamism of the terrain. The importance of the history and physical examination are renewed as a source of big data readily available to clinicians for greater insight into the patient's state. Expansion of the therapeutic compendium is proposed based on a rational, clinical approach correlated to mathematical indicators of the physiologic state. What is proposed in this work is a fundamental shift in scientific thinking with a resulting expansion of the boundaries of clinical medicine for the 21st century and beyond. - Extends systems biology from the cellular to the integrative physiologic level - Moves the functional medicine approach to a higher level of integration and true global systems thinking - Presents mathematical tools and proofs of formulas related to the biology of functions: a biological modeling system based on the theory of endobiogeny. The biology of functions has assisted clinicians in conceptualizing, treating, and objectively monitoring the longitudinal effects of treatment through the evolution of the patient's unique phenotypic expression of terrain |
| active immunity definition biology: Sructure of Antigens Marc H. V. Van Regenmortel, 1992-02-03 Structure of Antigens discusses a variety of topics dealing with the structural basis of antigenicity. Topics include the analytical methods used to elucidate the structure of antigens, the structure of antibodies, the principles underlying modern immunoassays and the measurement of antibody binding affinity, and physicochemical principles and methodological aspects. The book also considers major groups of antigens distinguished by their functional activity and biological role (e.g., drugs, autoantigens, snake toxins, allergens) or by their association with particular biological systems (e.g., antigens of microorganisms). Structure of Antigens will provide a current, useful, reference for researchers and graduate students in all fields of biological science who need an overview of antigenic specificity. VOLUME 1 |
| active immunity definition biology: Microbiology Nina Parker, OpenStax, Mark Schneegurt, AnhHue Thi Tu, Brian M. Forster, Philip Lister, 2016-05-30 Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology's art program enhances students' understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs. Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.--BC Campus website. |
| active immunity definition biology: The Thymus Mary A. Ritter, I. N. Crispe, 1992 The thymus is central to the function of the immune system because it controls the ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and respond to invading pathogens. This book provides a succinct, accessible, and comprehensive introduction to the mammalian thymus. Topics covered are: -structure and development of the thymus-the T cell repertoire-the thymic microenvironment-topics for future debate |
| active immunity definition biology: Encyclopedia of Microbiology , 2009-01-14 Available as an exclusive product with a limited print run, Encyclopedia of Microbiology, 3e, is a comprehensive survey of microbiology, edited by world-class researchers. Each article is written by an expert in that specific domain and includes a glossary, list of abbreviations, defining statement, introduction, further reading and cross-references to other related encyclopedia articles. Written at a level suitable for university undergraduates, the breadth and depth of coverage will appeal beyond undergraduates to professionals and academics in related fields. 16 separate areas of microbiology covered for breadth and depth of content Extensive use of figures, tables, and color illustrations and photographs Language is accessible for undergraduates, depth appropriate for scientists Links to original journal articles via Crossref 30% NEW articles and 4-color throughout – NEW! |
| active immunity definition biology: Cooperation of Liver Cells in Health and Disease Z. Kmiec, 2013-06-29 It is only during the last decade that the functions of sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, pit cells and other intrahepatic lymphocytes have been better understood. The development of methods for isolation and co-culturing various types of liver cells has established that they communicate and cooperate via secretion of various intercellular mediators. This monograph summarizes multiple data that suggest the important role of cellular cross-talk for the functions of both normal and diseased liver. Special features of the book include concise presentation of the majority of detailed data in 19 tables. Original schemes allow for the clear illustration of complicated intercellular relationships. This is the first ever presentation of the newly emerging field of liver biology, which is important for hepatic function in health and disease and opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions. |
| active immunity definition biology: Immune Regulation Marc Feldmann, N. A. Mitchison, 2012-12-06 Leukocyte culture conferences have a long pedigree. This volume records some of the scientific highlights of the 16th such annual con ference, and is a witness to the continuing evolution and popularity of leukocyte culture and of immunology. There is strong evidence of the widening horizons of immunology, both technically, with the obviously major impact of molecular biology into our understanding of cellular processes, and also conceptually. Traditionally, the 'proceedings' of these conferences have been published. But have the books produced really recorded the major part of the conference, the informal, friendly, but intense and some times heated exchanges that take place between workers in tackling very similar problems and systems and which are at the heart of every successful conference? Unfortunately this essence cannot be incorpo rated by soliciting manuscripts. For this reason, we have changed the format of publication, retaining published versions of the symposium papers, but requesting the workshop chairmen to produce a summary of the major new observations and areas of controversy highlighted in their sessions, as a vehicle for defining current areas of interest and debate. Not an easy task, as the workshop topics were culled from the abstracts submitted by the participants, rather than being on predefined topics. The unseasonal warmth in Cambridge was reflected in the atmos phere of the conference, the organization of which benefited from the administrative skills of Jean Bacon, Philippa Wells, Mr. Peter Irving, and Mrs. |
| active immunity definition biology: Middleton's Allergy , 2009 This best-selling resource has a worldwide reputation as the leader in its field. Focusing on human immunology and biology, while also reporting on scientific experimentation and advancement, it provides comprehensive coverage of state-of-the-art basic science as well as authoritative guidance on the practical aspects of day-to-day diagnosis and management. This new edition includes 700 full-color illustrations and a new, more accessible format to make finding information a snap for the busy practitioner. And this Expert Consult Edition offers online access to the complete contents of the 2-volume set, fully searchable, and much more. Includes a glossary of allergy and immunology for quick and easy reference. Contains keypoints and clinical pearls highlighted to find important information quickly. links to useful online resources both for you and for your patients. Offers contributions from hundreds of international authorities for world-class expertise in overcoming any clinical challenge. |
| active immunity definition biology: Essential Immunology Ivan Maurice Roitt, 1971 |
| active immunity definition biology: Gordis Epidemiology David D Celentano, Moyses Szklo, 2018-10-19 From the Department of Epidemiology at Johns Hopkins University and continuing in the tradition of award-winning educator and epidemiologist Dr. Leon Gordis, comes the fully revised 6th Edition of Gordis Epidemiology. This bestselling text provides a solid introduction to basic epidemiologic principles as well as practical applications in public health and clinical practice, highlighted by real-world examples throughout. New coverage includes expanded information on genetic epidemiology, epidemiology and public policy, and ethical and professional issues in epidemiology, providing a strong basis for understanding the role and importance of epidemiology in today's data-driven society. - Covers the basic principles and concepts of epidemiology in a clear, uniquely memorable way, using a wealth of full-color figures, graphs, charts, and cartoons to help you understand and retain key information. - Reflects how epidemiology is practiced today, with a new chapter organization progressing from observation and developing hypotheses to data collection and analyses. - Features new end-of-chapter questions for quick self-assessment, and a glossary of genetic terminology. - Provides more than 200 additional multiple-choice epidemiology self-assessment questions online. - Evolve Instructor Resources, including a downloadable image and test bank, are available to instructors through their Elsevier sales rep or via request at: https://evolve.elsevier.com |
| active immunity definition biology: Viral Pathogenesis Michael G. Katze, Marcus J. Korth, G. Lynn Law, Neal Nathanson, 2015-12-30 Viral Pathogenesis: From Basics to Systems Biology, Third Edition, has been thoroughly updated to cover topical advances in the evolving field of viral pathogenesis, while also providing the requisite classic foundational information for which it is recognized. The book provides key coverage of the newfound ability to profile molecular events on a system-wide scale, which has led to a deeper understanding of virus-host interactions, host signaling and molecular-interaction networks, and the role of host genetics in determining disease outcome. In addition, the content has been augmented with short chapters on seminal breakthroughs and profiles of their progenitors, as well as short commentaries on important or controversial issues in the field. Thus, the reader will be given a view of virology research with perspectives on issues such as biomedical ethics, public health policy, and human health. In summary, the third edition will give the student a sense of the exciting new perspectives on viral pathogenesis that have been provided by recent developments in genomics, computation, modeling, and systems biology. - Covers all aspects of viral infection, including viral entry, replication, and release, as well as innate and adaptive immunity and viral pathogenesis - Provides a fresh perspective on the approaches used to understand how viruses cause disease - Features molecular profiling techniques, whole genome sequencing, and innovative computational methods - Highlights the use of contemporary approaches and the insights they provide to the field |
| active immunity definition biology: Small Animal Pediatrics Michael E. Peterson, Michelle Kutzler, 2010-06-22 A practical reference for the general veterinary clinician, Small Animal Pediatrics: The First 12 Months of Life compiles into a single location the latest information in the rapidly developing field of canine and feline pediatrics. Editors Michael Peterson, DVM, MS, and Michelle Kutzler, DVM, PhD, DACT are joined by more than 40 expert contributors in providing coverage from prenatal care to one year of age. For ease of use, the text is divided into four sections. A General Considerations section opens the book by covering prenatal care of the bitch and queen, birth, normal physical examinations, growth, husbandry, nutrition, care of orphans, neonatal mortality, behavior, emergency and critical care, and immunology. The second section, Common Infectious Diseases, covers bacterial, viral, fungal, rickettsial, and parasitic infections. The third section describes diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to the young patient including radiology, ultrasound, aesthetic and surgical considerations, pain management, pharmacology, and clinical pathology. Finally, the fourth section covers a variety of organ systems with discussions on normal development, congenital conditions, and acquired diseases. The text also includes information that is usually difficult to find, including a pediatric formulary, care of orphan puppies, clinical pathology values, prenatal care, and normal growth and development guidelines. This book will be a significant asset to any veterinary library! - Offers a practical, clinically oriented resource for the unique diagnostic and treatment challenges posed by pediatric and juvenile animal patients. - Includes comprehensive coverage of all special problems encountered in pet management from birth through the first 12 months of life. - Provides clear, step-by-step guidelines for important clinical procedures and techniques for the most vulnerable of small animal patients. - Covers procedures such as intraosseous catheterization and fluid therapy, venipuncture, and tube feeding. - Includes guidelines for designing and implementing a successful pediatric wellness program tailored to your own practice. - Discusses infectious diseases in young animals, zoonotic potential, and human public health concerns. - Provides key new information on puppy and kitten behavioral development including guidance for prevention and intervention for problem behaviors, the leading cause of pet euthanasia. - Includes guidelines for kennel and cattery health management as well as shelter medicine health considerations. - Discusses controversial health and ethical issues in veterinary pediatrics, such as ear cropping, tail docking, declawing, and early spay/neuter surgery (including both pro and con positions). - Includes the latest recommendations for nutritional care of healthy and special needs puppies and kittens as well as the post-parturient and nursing dam. - Offers an easy-to-use, well-organized format for quick and easy access to the most relevant information. |
| active immunity definition biology: A Treatise on the Small-pox and Measles Rhazes, 1848 |
| active immunity definition biology: The Physiology of Immunity James A. Marsh, Marion D. Kendall, 1996-07-24 The study of neuroendocrine-immune interactions has become a highly visible and fast-growing segment of mainstream immunology. This book provides an overview of the immune system and in-depth coverage of the many different areas that make up neuroendocrine-immune research. The main emphasis is on the physiology of the processes involved, stressing an integrated approach to immunology. The text is organized in seven sections, beginning with an introduction to the immune system. Section II outlines how the central nervous system (CNS) communicates with central and peripheral lymphoid organs. Section III provides information on factors from the immune system that act as messengers to the CNS. The metabolic regulation of growth and development is discussed in Section IV. Section V examines the interactions occurring between the reproductive and immune systems. The effects of other physiologic stressors on immunity are reviewed in Section VI. Section VII considers cyclic and periodic influences on the immune system. Finally, there is a consideration of a new unifying theory for immunology. Students, researchers, clinicians, and veterinary scientists can discover new areas of interest in specific diseases and immune interactions in this novel presentation. |
| active immunity definition biology: Neuroendocrine-immune Interactions Rolf C. Gaillard, 2002 Interactions between the immune, endocrine and nervous systems seldom appear as main issues in the neurosciences and in immunology. So far this was most likely due to the need to focus on the molecular and cellular bases of single neural, endocrine and immune processes. But hormones, neurotransmitters and neuropeptides can also influence more subtle mechanisms underlying immune cell activity. The contents of this volume aim at listing some aspects which show that not only the bases for neuroendocrine control of more refined mechanisms related to the organization and functioning of the immune systems to exist, but also that the immune system can actively communicate with neuroendocrine structures. The evidence is divided into three categories: - Anatomical, cellular and molecular bases for the exchange of information between immune, endocrine and neural cells, - reciprocal effects between immune and neuroendocrine mechanisms, and - immune-neuroendocrine regulatory circuits. Immunologically triggered neuroendocrine responses can be either beneficial or deleterious for the host. A systematic approach would imply the simultaneous evaluation of neuroendocrine and immune parameters and thus provide the basis for therapeutic interventions based on antagonizing or blocking undesirable effects. |
| active immunity definition biology: The Vaccine Book Barry R. Bloom, Paul-Henri Lambert, 2016-06-23 The Vaccine Book, Second Edition provides comprehensive information on the current and future state of vaccines. It reveals the scientific opportunities and potential impact of vaccines, including economic and ethical challenges, problems encountered when producing vaccines, how clinical vaccine trials are designed, and how to introduce vaccines into widespread use. Although vaccines are now available for many diseases, there are still challenges ahead for major diseases, such as AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. This book is designed for students, researchers, public health officials, and all others interested in increasing their understanding of vaccines. It answers common questions regarding the use of vaccines in the context of a rapidly expanding anti-vaccine environment. This new edition is completely updated and revised with new and unique topics, including new vaccines, problems of declining immunization rates, trust in vaccines, the vaccine hesitancy, and the social value of vaccines for the community vs. the individual child's risk. - Provides insights into diseases that could be prevented, along with the challenges facing research scientists in the world of vaccines - Gives new ideas about future vaccines and concepts - Introduces new vaccines and concepts - Gives ideas about challenges facing public and private industrial investors in the vaccine area - Discusses the problem of declining immunization rates and vaccine hesitancy |
| active immunity definition biology: A Historical Perspective on Evidence-Based Immunology Edward J. Moticka, 2015-11-25 A Historical Perspective on Evidence-Based Immunology focuses on the results of hypothesis-driven, controlled scientific experiments that have led to the current understanding of immunological principles. The text helps beginning students in biomedical disciplines understand the basis of immunologic knowledge, while also helping more advanced students gain further insights. The book serves as a crucial reference for researchers studying the evolution of ideas and scientific methods, including fundamental insights on immunologic tolerance, interactions of lymphocytes with antigen TCR and BCR, the generation of diversity and mechanism of tolerance of T cells and B cells, the first cytokines, the concept of autoimmunity, the identification of NK cells as a unique cell type, the structure of antibody molecules and identification of Fab and Fc regions, and dendritic cells. - Provides a complete review of the hypothesis-driven, controlled scientific experiments that have led to our current understanding of immunological principles - Explains the types of experiments that were performed and how the interpretation of the experiments altered the understanding of immunology - Presents concepts such as the division of lymphocytes into functionally different populations in their historical context - Includes fundamental insights on immunologic tolerance, interactions of lymphocytes with antigen TCR and BCR, and the generation of diversity and mechanism of tolerance of T and B cells |
| active immunity definition biology: Developing Costimulatory Molecules for Immunotherapy of Diseases Manzoor Ahmad Mir, 2015-05-25 Developing Costimulatory Molecules for Immunotherapy of Diseases highlights the novel concept of reverse costimulation and how it can be effectively exploited to develop immunotherapy using either humanized antibodies against CD80, CD86, and other costimulatory molecules or CD28 fusinogenic proteins in the treatment of diseases, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus nephritis, severe psoriasis, vulgaris tuberculosis, thopoid, transplantation therapeutic, cancer, and inflammation. The text aims to provide the latest information on the complex roles and interactions within the CD28 and B7 costimulatory families, with the hope that targeting these families will yield new therapies for the treatment of inflammation, autoimmunity, transplantation, cancer, and other infectious diseases. - Highlights the novel concept of reverse costimulation and how it can be effectively exploited to develop immunotherapy - Provides the latest information on the complex roles and interactions within the CD28 and B7 costimulatory families - Targets new therapies for the treatment of inflammation, autoimmunity, transplantation, cancer, and other infectious diseases |
| active immunity definition biology: Immunoproteomics Kelly M. Fulton, Susan M. Twine, 2016-08-23 Providing current diverse approaches and techniques used to study the immunoproteome, Immunoproteomics: Methods and Protocols collects chapters from key researchers that deliver information to be used in diagnostics, disease progression, and vaccine correlates of protection analysis, to name but a few. This detailed volume includes techniques used for the study of the antibody targets of bacterial pathogens, viruses, and cancer, mass spectrometry-based approaches to characterize T-cell epitopes, chapters on detection and relative quantification of cytokines in serum, as well as in silico prediction of epitopes using sequence-based or modeling approaches. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Practical and thorough, Immunoproteomics: Methods and Protocols aids researchers in transferring these techniques to their own laboratories in addition to providing a reference to guide researchers toward appropriate techniques. |
| active immunity definition biology: Vaccines Stanley A. Plotkin, Walter Orenstein, Paul A. Offit, 2008-02-11 Completely revised and updated, this respected reference offers comprehensive and current coverage of every aspect of vaccination-from development to use in reducing disease. It provides authoritative information on vaccine production, available preparations, efficacy, and safety...recommendations for vaccine use, with rationales...data on the impact of vaccination programs on morbidity and mortality...and more. And now, as an Expert Consult title, it includes a companion web site offering this unparalleled guidance where and when you need it most! Provides a complete understanding of each disease, including clinical characteristics, microbiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, as well an epidemiology and public health issues. Offers comprehensive coverage of both existing vaccines and vaccines currently in the research and development stage. Examines vaccine stability, immunogenicity, efficacy, duration of immunity, adverse events, indications, contraindications, precautions, administration with other vaccines, and disease control strategies. Analyses the cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness of vaccines. Discusses the proper use of immune globulins and antitoxins. Illustrates concepts and objective data with approximately 600 tables and figures. Includes access to a companion web site offering the complete contents of the book - fully searchable - for rapid consultation from anyplace with an Internet connection. |
| active immunity definition biology: Virus Structure , 2003-10-02 Virus Structure covers the full spectrum of modern structural virology. Its goal is to describe the means for defining moderate to high resolution structures and the basic principles that have emerged from these studies. Among the topics covered are Hybrid Vigor, Structural Folds of Viral Proteins, Virus Particle Dynamics, Viral Gemone Organization, Enveloped Viruses and Large Viruses. - Covers viral assembly using heterologous expression systems and cell extracts - Discusses molecular mechanisms in bacteriophage T7 procapsid assembly, maturation and DNA containment - Includes information on structural studies on antibody/virus complexes |
| active immunity definition biology: Medical Immunology Gabriel Virella, 2007-03-28 With an abundance of illustrations, diagrams, and algorithms, this sixth edition of Medical Immunology provides a reader-friendly review of critical material on the current diagnostic and clinical applications of immunology. Organized into four sections that describe clinical applications, methodological advances, immunological diseases, and innova |
| active immunity definition biology: The Cell Cycle and Cancer Renato Baserga, 1971 |
| active immunity definition biology: Molecular Biology of B Cells Tasuku Honjo, Michael Reth, Andreas Radbruch, Frederick Alt, 2014-12-22 Molecular Biology of B Cells, Second Edition is a comprehensive reference to how B cells are generated, selected, activated and engaged in antibody production. All of these developmental and stimulatory processes are described in molecular, immunological, and genetic terms to give a clear understanding of complex phenotypes. Molecular Biology of B Cells, Second Edition offers an integrated view of all aspects of B cells to produce a normal immune response as a constant, and the molecular basis of numerous diseases due to B cell abnormality. The new edition continues its success with updated research on microRNAs in B cell development and immunity, new developments in understanding lymphoma biology, and therapeutic targeting of B cells for clinical application. With updated research and continued comprehensive coverage of all aspects of B cell biology, Molecular Biology of B Cells, Second Edition is the definitive resource, vital for researchers across molecular biology, immunology and genetics. |
| active immunity definition biology: Red Book 2015 David W. Kimberlin, MD, FAAP, Sarah S Long, Michael T. Brady, Mary Anne Jackson, 2015-05 The AAP's authoritative guide to the manifestations, etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of more than 200 childhood conditions. -- Provided by publisher. |
| active immunity definition biology: Lymphocyte Activation L.E. Samelson, H. Renz, 1994 |
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Incorrect active signal resolution - Microsoft Community
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How do I forcefully change the active signal resolution?
Nov 19, 2019 · I understand that you want to change the active signal resolution for the monitor that you are using. I would suggest you to refer the troubleshooting steps mentioned below and …
how to highlight an active row so that I can see it clearly and not ...
Feb 6, 2025 · It highlights the row and column of whatever your current active cell is. On the View ribbon select Focus Cell in the Show section to activate it. Reply if you have additional …
External monitors detected but not active, how can I fix this?
Mar 23, 2023 · In the normal Display settings it simply shows the other external monitors but are a different faded grey, im assuming to show they arent active. Cant access refresh rate or alter …
Incorrect active signal resolution - Microsoft Community
Aug 31, 2018 · I set the indicated resolution on each screen but the screen 3 is looking blurry. Go to "advanced display settings" and I can see even though the "Desktop resolution" is correctly …
How to enable ActiveX on Windows 10 - Microsoft Community
Aug 8, 2015 · 1. Do you receive any prompt message to install Active X? 2. Does the issue occur with particular webpage? Let's try the following and check: Method 1: To enable ActiveX in …
Anyone get unknowingly charged $99.95 by Active Network?
Not fraud. When you sign up for an event through Active Network, like an ironman race, they'll sneakily set you up with a 30 day trial to their "Active Advantage" program, which gives …
Enable ActiveX control in Microsoft Edge latest
Sep 2, 2020 · I work on a web Application which runs only on IE11. Currently, we use ActiveX control to open Documents (MS word) with in the web application. so far, everything works …
Message - Active Content is Blocked - Microsoft Community
Mar 5, 2023 · The "active content" in Access refers to any code or macros within the database that can execute when the file is opened. The message is a security measure designed to …
Tracking Employee Activity - Microsoft Community
Apr 7, 2020 · Even if it's not tracking their full computer activity, that it is at least tracking a summary of the overall amount of time that the person is active in teams. You may want to …
Is this scam? Complete a purchase by May 11, 2025 to keep your …
Apr 16, 2025 · Complete a purchase by May 11, 2025 to keep your account active (SOLVED) Hello, I am a small business owner, with just an Microsoft 365 Business Basic licence.
