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Activation-Synthesis Theory Definition Psychology: A Comprehensive Overview
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, PhD, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Reed has over 20 years of experience researching dreaming and sleep, with a particular focus on the neurobiological underpinnings of consciousness. Her work frequently utilizes fMRI and EEG methodologies to investigate brain activity during sleep.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, a leading academic publisher with extensive experience in publishing high-quality research and textbooks in psychology and neuroscience.
Editor: Dr. Marcus Jones, PhD, Associate Editor, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. Dr. Jones's research focuses on sleep, dreaming, and the neural correlates of consciousness.
Keywords: activation-synthesis theory definition psychology, dream interpretation, REM sleep, neurobiology of dreaming, consciousness, Hobson, McCarley, brain activity during sleep, neurocognitive theory of dreams, cognitive neuroscience of dreaming
What is Activation-Synthesis Theory Definition Psychology?
The activation-synthesis theory definition psychology centers on the explanation of dreams as the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Proposed by Harvard psychiatrists J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977, the theory posits that dreams are not meaningful narratives reflecting unconscious desires or repressed memories (as suggested by psychoanalytic theories), but rather are the byproduct of spontaneous brain activity originating in the brainstem. This activity, according to the activation-synthesis theory definition psychology, is then synthesized and interpreted by the forebrain, resulting in the often bizarre and illogical nature of dreams.
The "activation" part of the activation-synthesis theory definition psychology refers to the neural signals originating in the brainstem, particularly the pons, during REM sleep. These signals activate various areas of the cortex, creating a surge of neural activity that lacks the organized, goal-directed nature of waking thought. The "synthesis" part describes the cortex's attempt to organize and interpret this chaotic influx of information. The cortex, lacking consistent input and lacking the typical regulatory mechanisms of waking consciousness, constructs a narrative – the dream – to make sense of the random neural firing. This narrative is often fragmented, illogical, and emotionally charged, reflecting the chaotic nature of the underlying neural activity.
Methodologies and Approaches in Studying Activation-Synthesis Theory Definition Psychology
Research into the activation-synthesis theory definition psychology employs various methodologies to understand the neurobiological processes underlying dreaming. These include:
Electroencephalography (EEG): EEG measures brainwave activity through electrodes placed on the scalp. Studies using EEG during REM sleep have shown characteristic patterns of brainwave activity that differ significantly from waking states, supporting the idea of a unique state of brain activation during dreaming. EEG studies help researchers identify the specific brain regions involved in dream generation and correlate brain activity with dream content.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): fMRI measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. While challenging to conduct during sleep due to movement artifacts, fMRI studies have provided insights into which brain areas are active during REM sleep and how these areas interact during dreaming. These studies have supported aspects of the activation-synthesis theory definition psychology by demonstrating the activation of various cortical areas during REM sleep, albeit in a less coordinated manner than during waking consciousness.
Polysomnography (PSG): PSG is a comprehensive sleep study that combines EEG with other physiological measures, such as eye movements (EOG), muscle activity (EMG), and heart rate. PSG allows researchers to precisely identify REM sleep episodes and correlate them with reported dream content. This methodology provides a richer understanding of the physiological context of dreaming and allows for a more detailed analysis of the relationship between brain activity and dream experiences.
Dream Diaries and Content Analysis: While not directly measuring neural activity, dream diaries, where participants record their dreams upon waking, are crucial for understanding dream content and themes. Content analysis techniques are then applied to these diaries to identify patterns and recurring motifs. This approach, when combined with neuroimaging data, helps link specific brain activity patterns with the emotional and narrative aspects of dreams.
Lesion Studies: Investigating individuals with brain damage in specific areas helps to identify the neural structures crucial for dreaming. Damage to certain brain regions might lead to altered dream experiences, providing clues about their role in the processes described by the activation-synthesis theory definition psychology.
Stimulation Studies: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and other brain stimulation techniques are used to directly modulate brain activity in specific regions during sleep. This approach allows researchers to causally test the role of different brain areas in dream generation, providing more direct evidence for the activation-synthesis theory definition psychology.
Critiques of the Activation-Synthesis Theory Definition Psychology
While influential, the activation-synthesis theory definition psychology has faced criticism:
Overemphasis on Randomness: Critics argue that the theory underestimates the role of cognitive processes in shaping dream content. Dreams often exhibit coherence and continuity, even if illogical, suggesting more than just random neural firing.
Lack of Predictive Power: The theory struggles to predict the specific content of a dream based on known brain activity. While it explains the process of dream generation, it doesn't offer a detailed mechanistic explanation for what is dreamed.
Neglect of Emotional Significance: The activation-synthesis theory definition psychology, in its initial formulation, downplayed the emotional intensity and personal relevance that many dreamers experience. More recent refinements acknowledge the role of emotion, but the exact mechanisms are still under investigation.
Limited Consideration of Waking Influences: The theory initially paid less attention to the influence of waking experiences and concerns on dream content. Subsequent research, however, has incorporated this aspect, recognizing that daily experiences can shape dream narratives.
Contemporary Developments and Alternative Theories
In response to these critiques, modified versions and alternative theories have emerged. The neurocognitive theory of dreams integrates elements of the activation-synthesis theory definition psychology with cognitive perspectives, emphasizing the role of memory consolidation, emotion processing, and problem-solving during sleep. This approach acknowledges the contribution of random neural activity but also highlights the active role of cognitive processes in organizing and shaping dream content.
Conclusion
The activation-synthesis theory definition psychology offers a valuable framework for understanding the neurobiological basis of dreaming. While it has been refined and challenged over the years, it remains a cornerstone in the field of dream research. Ongoing research using advanced neuroimaging techniques and integrated theoretical approaches is continually enriching our understanding of the complex interplay between brain activity, cognitive processes, and the remarkable experience of dreaming.
FAQs
1. What is the primary difference between the activation-synthesis theory and Freudian dream interpretation? The activation-synthesis theory views dreams as a consequence of random neural activity, while Freudian theory interprets dreams as symbolic representations of unconscious desires and conflicts.
2. Does the activation-synthesis theory explain all aspects of dreaming? No, the activation-synthesis theory is a partial explanation. It's primarily focused on the neurobiological processes, but doesn't fully account for the cognitive and emotional aspects of dreams.
3. How does REM sleep relate to the activation-synthesis theory? REM sleep is the stage of sleep where the characteristic brain activity described by the activation-synthesis theory predominantly occurs.
4. What are some limitations of using EEG to study dreams? EEG provides limited spatial resolution, meaning it's difficult to pinpoint the exact brain regions involved in dream generation with pinpoint accuracy.
5. How does fMRI contribute to understanding the activation-synthesis theory? fMRI offers better spatial resolution than EEG, allowing researchers to identify the specific brain areas active during dreaming with greater precision.
6. What role do emotions play in the activation-synthesis theory? While initially downplayed, the role of emotions in dreams is now acknowledged as a crucial factor in the synthesis process.
7. What is the neurocognitive theory of dreams, and how does it relate to the activation-synthesis theory? The neurocognitive theory integrates the neurobiological aspects of the activation-synthesis theory with cognitive processing, emphasizing the role of memory and problem-solving in dreams.
8. Can the activation-synthesis theory predict the content of a dream? No, the theory explains the process of dream generation but cannot accurately predict the specific content of a dream.
9. Are there any ethical considerations in researching dreams using neuroimaging techniques? Yes, ethical considerations include ensuring informed consent, protecting participants' privacy concerning their dream content, and ensuring the safe and responsible use of neuroimaging technology.
Related Articles
1. The Neurobiology of REM Sleep and Dreaming: A detailed examination of the neural structures and neurotransmitters involved in REM sleep and their relationship to dream generation.
2. Cognitive Neuroscience of Dreaming: A Review: A comprehensive overview of the cognitive processes involved in dream construction and interpretation, integrating cognitive psychology with neuroscience findings.
3. The Role of Emotion in Dream Content: An analysis of the emotional aspects of dreams and their potential links to emotional processing during sleep.
4. Dream Diaries and their Use in Dream Research: A discussion of the methodology of using dream diaries to collect and analyze dream data, emphasizing strengths and limitations.
5. Comparing and Contrasting Dream Theories: A Critical Analysis: A comparison of different theoretical approaches to understanding dreams, including psychoanalytic, activation-synthesis, and neurocognitive perspectives.
6. Lucid Dreaming and its Implications for Dream Research: An exploration of lucid dreaming (the ability to be aware of dreaming while dreaming) and its implications for understanding the neural mechanisms of consciousness and dream control.
7. The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Dream Content and Frequency: An examination of the effect of sleep deprivation on the quantity and quality of dreams, providing further insights into the neurobiology of dreaming.
8. Clinical Applications of Dream Interpretation: A review of the use of dream interpretation in clinical settings, exploring its potential benefits and limitations in therapeutic interventions.
9. Future Directions in Dream Research: A look at emerging technologies and research approaches that promise to further unravel the mysteries of the brain during sleep and dreaming.
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: The Interpretation of Dreams Sigmund Freud, Abraham Arden Brill, 1913 |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: The Scientific Study of Dreams G. William Domhoff, 2003-01 Domhoff's neurocognitive model helps explain the neural and cognitive bases for dreaming. He discusses how dreams express conceptions and concerns, and how they are consistent over years and decades. He also shows that there may be limits to understanding the meaning of dreams as there are many aspects of dream content that cannot be related to waking cognition or personal concerns. In addition, the book includes a detailed explanation of the methods needed to test the new model as well as a case study of a comprehensive dream journal. Particularly valuable is a discussion of a new system of content analysis that can be used for highly sophisticated studies of dream content. In this provocative book, Domhoff sets forth a convincing argument that will encourage a resurgence in dream research among both new and established cognitive psychologists and neuropsychologists. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Dreaming David Foulkes, 2014-01-09 First published in 1985. This book summarizes the findings of empirical dream psychology and interprets them from a cognitive-psychological perspective. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Dreaming J. Allan Hobson, 2002 Focusing on dreaming to explain the mechanisms of sleep and sleep laboratory science, this book explores how the new science of dreaming is affecting theories in psychoanalysis, and how it is helping our understanding of the causes of mental illness. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: The Dreaming Brain J. Allan Hobson, 1988-05-11 |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: The Neurocognitive Theory of Dreaming G. William Domhoff, 2022-10-04 A comprehensive neurocognitive theory of dreaming based on the theories, methodologies, and findings of cognitive neuroscience and the psychological sciences. G. William Domhoff’s neurocognitive theory of dreaming is the only theory of dreaming that makes full use of the new neuroimaging findings on all forms of spontaneous thought and shows how well they explain the results of rigorous quantitative studies of dream content. Domhoff identifies five separate issues—neural substrates, cognitive processes, the psychological meaning of dream content, evolutionarily adaptive functions, and historically invented cultural uses—and then explores how they are intertwined. He also discusses the degree to which there is symbolism in dreams, the development of dreaming in children, and the relative frequency of emotions in the dreams of children and adults. During dreaming, the neural substrates that support waking sensory input, task-oriented thinking, and movement are relatively deactivated. Domhoff presents the conditions that have to be fulfilled before dreaming can occur spontaneously. He describes the specific cognitive processes supported by the neural substrate of dreaming and then looks at dream reports of research participants. The “why” of dreaming, he says, may be the most counterintuitive outcome of empirical dream research. Though the question is usually framed in terms of adaptation, there is no positive evidence for an adaptive theory of dreaming. Research by anthropologists, historians, and comparative religion scholars, however, suggests that dreaming has psychological and cultural uses, with the most important of these found in religious ceremonies and healing practices. Finally, he offers suggestions for how future dream studies might take advantage of new technologies, including smart phones. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Psychology Don H. Hockenbury, Sandra E. Hockenbury, 2002-07-19 New edition of the Hockenburys' text, which draws on their extensive teaching and writing experiences to speak directly to students who are new to psychology. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Dream Consciousness Nicholas Tranquillo, 2014-09-01 This book presents three lectures by Allan Hobson, entitled “The William James Lectures on Dream Consciousness”. The three lectures expose the new psychology, the new physiology and the new philosophy that derive from and support the protoconsciousness hypothesis of dreaming. They review in detail many of the studies on sleep and dreaming conducted since the days of Sigmund Freud. Following the lectures are commentaries written by scholars whose expertise covers a wide range of scientific disciplines including, but not limited to, philosophy, psychology, neurology, neuropsychology, cognitive science, biology and animal sciences. The commentaries each answer a specific question in relation to Hobson’s lectures and his premise that dreaming is an altered state of consciousness. Capitalizing on a vast amount of data, the lectures and commentaries provide undisputed evidence that sleep consists of a well-organized sequence of subtly orchestrated brain states that undoubtedly play a crucial function in the maintenance of normal brain functions. These functions include both basic homeostatic processes necessary to keep the organism alive as well as the highest cognitive functions including perception, decision making, learning and consciousness. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Psychology Michael W. Eysenck, 2004 In this book Michael Eysenck, one of the UK's most eminent and leading psychologists, provides a unique approach to Introductory Psychology. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Caffeine and Activation Theory Barry D. Smith, Uma Gupta, B.S. Gupta, 2006-10-25 The virtually universal popularity of caffeine, together with concerns about its potential pathogenic effects, have made it one of the most extensively studied drugs in history. However, despite the massive scientific literature on this important substance, most reviews have either focused on limited areas of study or been produced in popular form |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Introduction to Psychology Jennifer Walinga, Charles Stangor, This book is designed to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The focus on behaviour and empiricism has produced a text that is better organized, has fewer chapters, and is somewhat shorter than many of the leading books. The beginning of each section includes learning objectives; throughout the body of each section are key terms in bold followed by their definitions in italics; key takeaways, and exercises and critical thinking activities end each section. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Darwinian Hedonism and the Epidemic of Unhealthy Behavior David M. Williams, 2019-03-21 Provides a new approach to psychological hedonism and applies it to the growing global epidemic of unhealthy behavior. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Essential Papers on Dreams Melvin Lansky, 1992-04 This collection traces the history of psycho-analytically informed thinking about dreams, using selected contributions from Freud to the present to highlight both the legacy of The Interpretation of dreams and the evolving use of the dream as a research tool- of the mind first, later of the psychoanalytic process and of pathology and loge predicaments, and finally as a tool to be integrated with other methods of investigation. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Cultural-Existential Psychology Daniel Sullivan, 2016-04-06 Bridging cultural and experimental existential psychology, this book offers a synthetic understanding of how culture shapes psychological threat. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Foundations of Psychiatric Sleep Medicine John W. Winkelman, David T. Plante, 2010-12-23 Sleep-related complaints are extremely common across the spectrum of psychiatric illness. Accurate diagnosis and management of sleep disturbances requires an understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying sleep and wakefulness, the characteristics of sleep disturbance inherent to psychiatric illness and primary sleep disorders, as well as the psychopharmacologic and behavioral treatments available. Foundations of Psychiatric Sleep Medicine provides a uniquely accessible, practical, and expert summary of current clinical concepts at the sleep-psychiatry interface. Topics covered include: basic principles in sleep science, clinical sleep history taking, primary sleep disorders in psychiatric contexts, and sleep disturbance across a range of mood, anxiety, psychotic, substance use, cognitive and developmental disorders. Written by outstanding experts in the field of sleep medicine and psychiatry, this academically rigorous and clinically useful text is an essential resource for psychiatrists, psychologists and other health professionals interested in the relationship between sleep and mental illness. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Dreaming as Delirium J. Allan Hobson, 1999-10-28 In this book J. Allan Hobson sets out a compelling—and controversial—theory of consciousness. Our brain-mind, as he calls it, is not a fixed identity but a dynamic balancing act between the chemical systems that regulate waking and dreaming. With a new foreword by the author. In this book, J. Allan Hobson sets out a compelling—and controversial—theory of consciousness. Our brain-mind, as he calls it, is not a fixed identity but a dynamic balancing act between the chemical systems that regulate waking and dreaming. Drawing on his work both as a sleep researcher and as a psychiatrist, Hobson looks in particular at the strikingly similar chemical characteristics of the states of dreaming and psychosis. His underlying theme is that the form of our thoughts, emotions, dreams, and memories derive from specific nerve cells and electrochemical impulses described by neuroscientists. Among the questions Hobson explores are: What are dreams? Do they have any hidden meaning, or are they simply emotionally salient images whose peculiar narrative structure refects the unique neurophysiology of sleep? And what is the relationship between the delirium of our dream life and psychosis? Originally published by Little, Brown under the title The Chemistry of Conscious States. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: The Emergence of Dreaming G. William Domhoff, 2018 This new neurocognitive theory documents the unexpected similarities of dreaming to waking thought, demonstrates personal psychological meaning can be found in a majority of dreams reports, has a strong developmental psychology dimension, pinpoints the neural substrate for dreaming, and shows it is very unlikely that dreaming has any adaptive function. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: The Neuroscience of Sleep Robert Stickgold, Matthew P. Walker, 2010-05-22 Sleep is the natural state of bodily rest, common to all mammals and birds and also seen in many reptiles, amphibians and fish. For most species, regular sleep is essential for survival, yet the specific purposes of sleep are still only partly clear and are the subject of intense research. This volume is comprised of the editors' selection of the most relevant articles on sleep from the Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, resulting in the first comprehensive collection of introductory articles on the neuroscience of sleep. Articles explore sleep's impact on neural functioning, sleep disorders, the relation between sleep and other clinical disorders, a look at sleep from a developmental perspective, and more. - Chapters offer impressive scope with topics addressing neural functioning, disorders, development, and more, carefully selected by one of the most preeminent sleep researchers - Richly illustrated in full color with over 100 figures - Contributors represent the most outstanding scholarship in the field, with each chapter providing fully vetted and reliable expert knowledge |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: A New Unified Theory of Psychology Gregg Henriques, 2011-08-17 Concern about psychology’s fragmentation is not new, but there has for the past decade been increasing calls for psychologists to acknowledge to the costs associated with fragmentation and to search for ways to unify the discipline. A New Unified Theory of Psychology introduces a new system that addresses psychology’s current theoretical and philosophical difficulties. The new theory consists of four interlocking pieces that together provide—for the first time—a macro-level view that clarifies the nature of psychology’s problems and offers a clear way to unify the various elements of the field. The unified theory provides the field of psychology with a well-defined subject matter, allowing both academic and professional psychologists will be able to develop a shared language and conceptual foundation. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Thinking and Problem Solving Robert J. Sternberg, 1998-05-13 Thinking and Problem-Solving presents a comprehensive and up-to-date review of literature on cognition, reasoning, intelligence, and other formative areas specific to this field. Written for advanced undergraduates, researchers, and academics, this volume is a necessary reference for beginning and established investigators in cognitive and educational psychology. Thinking and Problem-Solving provides insight into questions such as: how do people solve complex problems in mathematics and everyday life? How do we generate new ideas? How do we piece together clues to solve a mystery, categorize novel events, and teach others to do the same? Provides a comprehensive literature review Covers both historical and contemporary approaches Organized for ease of use and reference Chapters authored by leading scholars |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: The Psychology of Language Trevor A. Harley, 2013-12-16 This thorough revision and update of the popular second edition contains everything the student needs to know about the psychology of language: how we understand, produce, and store language. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Dreaming J. Allan Hobson, 2005-04-21 In this fascinating book, Harvard researcher Hobson offers an intriguing look at the nightly odyssey through the illusory world of dreams. Hobson describes how the theory of dreaming has advanced dramatically over the past 50 years, sparked by the use of EEGs in the 1950s and by recent innovations in brain imaging. 20 illustrations. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Discovering the Brain National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, Sandra Ackerman, 1992-01-01 The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the Decade of the Brain by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a field guide to the brainâ€an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€and how a gut feeling actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the Decade of the Brain, with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€and many scientists as wellâ€with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the Decade of the Brain. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: AP Psychology Allyson J. Weseley Ed.D., Robert McEntarffer, 2020-04-07 Always study with the most up-to-date prep! Look for AP Psychology Premium, 2022-2023, ISBN 9781506278513, on sale January 4, 2022. Publisher's Note: Products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitles included with the product. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Fundamentals of Psychology Michael Eysenck, 2014-08-07 Aimed at those new to the subject, Fundamentals of Psychology is a clear and reader-friendly textbook that will help students explore and understand the essentials of psychology. This text offers a balanced and accurate representation of the discipline through a highly accessible synoptic approach, which seamlessly brings together all the various related topics. Fundamentals of Psychology combines an authoritative tone, a huge range of psychological material and an informal, analogy-rich style. The text expertly blends admirably up-to-date empirical research and real-life examples and applications, and is both readable and factually dense. The book introduces all the main approaches to psychology, including social, developmental, cognitive, biological, individual differences, and abnormal psychology, as well as psychological research methods. However, it also includes directions for more detailed and advanced study for the interested student. Fundamentals of Psychology incorporates many helpful textbook features which will aid students and reinforce learning, such as: Key-term definitions Extremely clear end-of-chapter summaries Annotated further reading sections Evaluations of significant research findings Numerous illustrations presented in attractive full color. This textbook is also accompanied by a comprehensive program of resources for both students and instructors, which is available free to qualifying adopters. The resources include a web-based Student Learning Program, as well as chapter-by-chapter lecture slides and an interactive chapter-by-chapter multiple-choice question test bank. Combining exceptional content, abundant pedagogical features, and a lively full-color design, Fundamentals of Psychology is an essential resource for anyone new to the subject and more particularly those beginning undergraduate courses. The book will also be ideal for students studying psychology within education, nursing and other healthcare professions. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Psychology Richard A. Griggs, 2010-10-15 Exploring the broad subject of introductory psychology with brevity and clarity, the award-winning author draws on his own classroom experience and extensive research in his careful choice of the core concepts in psychology. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Psychology: A Concise Introduction Richard A. Griggs, 2005-03-18 Psychology: A Concise Introduction explores the territory of the introductory psychology course while answering the growing need for a shorter, less expensive book. Award-winning teacher, Richard A. Griggs, draws on his own classroom experience and his extensive research on the introductory course in his careful choice of the core concepts in psychology. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: The Twenty-four Hour Mind Rosalind D. Cartwright, 2012-08-16 In The Twenty-four Hour Mind, sleep researcher Rosalind Cartwright brings together decades of research into the bizarre sleep disorders known as 'parasomnias' to propose a new theory of how the human brain works consistently throughout waking and sleeping hours, based upon research showing that one of the primary purposes of sleep is to aid in regulating emotions and processing experiences that occur during waking hours. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Study Guide for Psychology, Third Edition Cornelius Rea, Don H. Hockenbury, Sandra E. Hockenbury, 2002-08-02 New edition of the Hockenburys' text, which draws on their extensive teaching and writing experiences to speak directly to students who are new to psychology. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Introducing Psychology Daniel L. Schacter, Daniel T. Gilbert, Daniel M. Wegner, 2009-12-25 Reads like a good book… Written in the style of their award-winning nonfiction books, the Dans capture students’ attention in a way few textbooks can claim. Each chapter, each page is written with narrative hooks that retain student interest by engaging their curiosity, compassion, and interest in the world around them. Students who read Introducing Psychology will quickly learn to critically examine the world around them and apply the lessons of psychology to their own lives. …Teaches like a great textbook. The Dans focus the essential topics within psychology without diluting the explanation or removing examples intended to illustrate concepts. By refining their coverage to the most clear, thought-provoking, and illustrative examples, the Dans manage to accomplish two difficult goals: making thoughtful content choices covering the various fields of psychology, and doing so in a manner that retains clarity and emphasizes student engagement. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Dreaming Jennifer M. Windt, 2015-06-05 A comprehensive proposal for a conceptual framework for describing conscious experience in dreams, integrating philosophy of mind, sleep and dream research, and interdisciplinary consciousness studies. Dreams, conceived as conscious experience or phenomenal states during sleep, offer an important contrast condition for theories of consciousness and the self. Yet, although there is a wealth of empirical research on sleep and dreaming, its potential contribution to consciousness research and philosophy of mind is largely overlooked. This might be due, in part, to a lack of conceptual clarity and an underlying disagreement about the nature of the phenomenon of dreaming itself. In Dreaming, Jennifer Windt lays the groundwork for solving this problem. She develops a conceptual framework describing not only what it means to say that dreams are conscious experiences but also how to locate dreams relative to such concepts as perception, hallucination, and imagination, as well as thinking, knowledge, belief, deception, and self-consciousness. Arguing that a conceptual framework must be not only conceptually sound but also phenomenologically plausible and carefully informed by neuroscientific research, Windt integrates her review of philosophical work on dreaming, both historical and contemporary, with a survey of the most important empirical findings. This allows her to work toward a systematic and comprehensive new theoretical understanding of dreaming informed by a critical reading of contemporary research findings. Windt's account demonstrates that a philosophical analysis of the concept of dreaming can provide an important enrichment and extension to the conceptual repertoire of discussions of consciousness and the self and raises new questions for future research. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Ebook: Essentials of Understanding Psychology Feldman, 2016-09-16 Ebook: Essentials of Understanding Psychology |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Psychology Study Guide Cornelius Rea, 2005-06-10 For every chapter, the Study Guide will include a Preview and At A Glance sections (both provide an overview of and objectives for the chapter). Each major topic includes a progress test, comprised of multiple-choice, matching, and/or true/false questions. The Guide also contains Graphic Organizers, which encourage students to complete graphs, charts, and flow diagrams that ultimately provide a visual synopsis of text material. End-of-chapter material includes Something To Think About sections, which contain thought provoking questions designed to encourage critical thinking and application of the material. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: The Nature and Functions of Dreaming Ernest Hartmann, 2011 The Nature and Function of Dreaming presents a comprehensive theory of dreaming based on many years of psychological and biological research by Ernest Hartmann and others. Critical to this theory is the concept of a Central Image; in this volume, Hartmann describes his repeated finding that dreams of being swept away by a tidal wave are common among people who have recently experienced a trauma of some kind - a fire, an attack, or a rape. Dreams with these Central Images are not dreams of the traumatic experience itself, but rather the Central Image reveals the emotional response to the experience. Dreams with a potent Central Image, like the tidal wave, vary in intensity along with the severity of the trauma; this pattern was shown quite powerfully in a systematic study of dreams occuring before and after the September 11 attacks in New York.Hartmann's theory comprises three fundamental elements: dreaming is simply one form of mental functioning, occurring along a continuum from focused waking thought to reverie, daydreaming, and fantasy. Second, dreaming is hyperconnective, linking material more fluidly and making connections that aren't made as readily in waking thought. Finally, the connections that are made are not random, but rather are guided by the dreamer's emotions or emotional concerns - and the more powerful the emotion, the more intense the Central Image. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Comprehensive Review of Psychology Vincent Filingeri, 2011-10-03 Comprehensive Review of Psychology provides a detailed coverage of the important areas in an introductory psychology course. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research, 2006-10-13 Clinical practice related to sleep problems and sleep disorders has been expanding rapidly in the last few years, but scientific research is not keeping pace. Sleep apnea, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome are three examples of very common disorders for which we have little biological information. This new book cuts across a variety of medical disciplines such as neurology, pulmonology, pediatrics, internal medicine, psychiatry, psychology, otolaryngology, and nursing, as well as other medical practices with an interest in the management of sleep pathology. This area of research is not limited to very young and old patientsâ€sleep disorders reach across all ages and ethnicities. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation presents a structured analysis that explores the following: Improving awareness among the general public and health care professionals. Increasing investment in interdisciplinary somnology and sleep medicine research training and mentoring activities. Validating and developing new and existing technologies for diagnosis and treatment. This book will be of interest to those looking to learn more about the enormous public health burden of sleep disorders and sleep deprivation and the strikingly limited capacity of the health care enterprise to identify and treat the majority of individuals suffering from sleep problems. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, Vol. 2 Philip David Zelazo, 2013-03-14 This handbook provides a comprehensive survey of what is now known about psychological development, from birth to biological maturity, and it highlights how cultural, social, cognitive, neural, and molecular processes work together to yield human behavior and changes in human behavior. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Psychology (Loose Leaf) Don H. Hockenbury, Sandra E. Hockenbury, 2008-12-06 More than any other psychology textbook, Don and Sandra Hockenbury’s Psychology relates the science of psychology to the lives of the wide range of students taking the introductory course. Now Psychology returns in a remarkable new edition that shows just how well-attuned the Hockenburys are to the needs of today’s students and instructors. Psychology began with a basic idea: combine scientific authority with a narrative that engages students and relates to their lives. From decades of experience teaching, the Hockenburys created a book filled with cutting-edge science and real-life stories that draw students of all kinds into the course. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Psychology Daniel L. Schacter, Daniel T. Gilbert, Daniel M. Wegner, 2011 Your students may forget it’s a textbook. But they will always remember what they learn. View a sample chapter and student video reviews at www.worthpublishers.com/thedans Their research continues to change the way psychology is taught. Their teaching has inspired thousands of students. Their writing fascinates readers and vividly shows how psychological science is relevant to their lives. So it was no surprise that Dan Schacter, Dan Gilbert, and Dan Wegner’s introductory psychology textbook was a breakout success. With the new edition, Psychology is more than ever a book instructors are looking for—a text that students will read and keep reading. Thoroughly updated, the new edition is filled with captivating stories of real people and breakthrough research, plus a variety of proven and effective new learning tools, all carried along by the Dans’ uncanny way of making the story of psychological principles as riveting and enriching as reading a great book. |
| activation synthesis theory definition psychology: Do Both Psychopathology and Creativity Result from a Labile Wake-Sleep-Dream Cycle? Sue Llewellyn, Martin Desseilles, 2017-12-05 Laypeople think of wake, sleep and dreaming as distinct states of the mind/brain but “in-between”, hybrid states are recognized. For example, day-dreaming or, more scientifically, the default network occurs during wake. Equally, during sleep, lucid dreaming in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep presents as another hybrid state. But hybrid states are usually temporary. This book explores the possibility of an enduring hybrid wake-sleep-dream state, proposing that such a state may engender both creativity and psychopathologies. REM sleep is hyper-associative. Creativity depends on making remote associations. If REM sleep and dreaming begin to suffuse the wake state, enhanced creativity may result. But moderate to severe interpenetration of wake, sleep and dreaming may engender psychopathologies – as the functions of wake, sleep and dreaming are partially eroded. |
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