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Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology: A Comprehensive Guide
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, PhD, Professor of Experimental Biology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Reed has over 20 years of experience in conducting and overseeing experimental research, publishing extensively in leading journals and securing numerous grants in the field of regenerative medicine.
Publisher: Springer Nature. Springer Nature is a leading global scientific publisher with a long-standing reputation for publishing high-quality research in experimental medicine and biology. Their expertise encompasses a wide range of disciplines within the life sciences, ensuring rigorous peer review and broad dissemination of impactful research.
Editor: Dr. Michael Chen, MD, PhD, Chief Editor of the Journal of Experimental Medicine. Dr. Chen is a renowned expert in translational medicine with a strong focus on bridging the gap between basic research and clinical applications.
Keywords: advances in experimental medicine and biology, experimental medicine, experimental biology, biomedical research, scientific advancements, research methodology, best practices, common pitfalls, translational medicine, regenerative medicine, drug discovery, clinical trials
Summary: This guide explores the significant advances in experimental medicine and biology, highlighting key methodologies, best practices, and potential pitfalls. It covers various crucial aspects, including experimental design, data analysis, ethical considerations, and the translation of research findings into clinical applications. The guide aims to provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the landscape of modern experimental medicine and biology, empowering them to conduct robust and impactful research.
1. Introduction: The Ever-Evolving Landscape of Experimental Medicine and Biology
The field of advances in experimental medicine and biology is constantly evolving, driven by technological breakthroughs and an increasingly sophisticated understanding of biological systems. This guide provides a roadmap for navigating this dynamic landscape, emphasizing best practices for conducting high-quality research and avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise the validity and impact of findings. From the bench to the bedside, rigorous methodology is paramount for translating promising discoveries into tangible benefits for human health.
2. Experimental Design: Laying the Foundation for Success
A well-designed experiment is the cornerstone of any successful research endeavor. This section outlines key principles for crafting robust experimental designs, including:
Hypothesis Formulation: Clearly defining the research question and formulating testable hypotheses.
Study Population/Sample Selection: Ensuring the appropriate selection of study subjects (animal models, cell lines, human participants) to address the research question effectively.
Control Groups: Implementing appropriate control groups to account for confounding variables and ensure the validity of the results.
Sample Size Calculation: Determining the appropriate sample size to achieve sufficient statistical power.
Blinding and Randomization: Minimizing bias through blinding and randomization techniques.
3. Advanced Techniques in Experimental Medicine and Biology
Genomics and Proteomics: The application of high-throughput technologies to study genes and proteins in biological systems is revolutionizing our understanding of disease mechanisms.
CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing: This revolutionary gene-editing technology holds immense potential for treating genetic diseases and advancing our understanding of gene function.
Organ-on-a-Chip Technology: Miniaturized organ models offer a powerful alternative to animal models for drug testing and disease modeling.
Bioimaging Techniques: Advanced imaging techniques, such as confocal microscopy and multiphoton microscopy, allow researchers to visualize biological processes with unprecedented detail.
4. Data Acquisition, Analysis, and Interpretation: The Critical Path to Meaningful Results
Accurate data acquisition and rigorous statistical analysis are essential for drawing valid conclusions from experimental data. This section covers:
Data Quality Control: Implementing measures to ensure the accuracy and reliability of data.
Statistical Analysis: Selecting appropriate statistical tests based on the research design and data characteristics.
Data Visualization: Presenting data in a clear and informative manner.
Interpretation of Results: Drawing valid conclusions based on the data, acknowledging limitations and potential biases.
5. Ethical Considerations in Experimental Medicine and Biology
Ethical considerations are paramount in all aspects of experimental medicine and biology. This section emphasizes:
Animal Welfare: Adhering to strict guidelines for the humane treatment of animals used in research.
Human Subject Protection: Ensuring the safety and well-being of human participants in clinical trials and other research studies.
Data Integrity and Transparency: Maintaining high standards of data integrity and transparency to ensure the credibility of research findings.
Informed Consent: Obtaining informed consent from human participants before involving them in any research study.
6. Translational Research: Bridging the Gap Between Bench and Bedside
Translating basic research findings into clinical applications is a critical goal of experimental medicine and biology. This section addresses:
Preclinical Studies: Conducting rigorous preclinical studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
Clinical Trials: Designing and conducting well-controlled clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new therapies in humans.
Regulatory Affairs: Navigating the regulatory landscape to obtain approval for new therapies.
7. Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them
Researchers often encounter various challenges during the research process. Recognizing these pitfalls and implementing preventive measures is crucial.
Publication Bias: The tendency to publish only positive results, leading to a skewed understanding of the true effect of interventions.
Data Fabrication and Falsification: Maintaining research integrity and ensuring ethical conduct is crucial.
Inappropriate Statistical Analysis: Using incorrect statistical methods can lead to misleading conclusions.
8. Future Directions: Emerging Trends in Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
The future of experimental medicine and biology is bright, with numerous exciting developments on the horizon. This section discusses:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Biomedical Research: AI is revolutionizing drug discovery and disease modeling.
Personalized Medicine: Tailoring treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup and other factors.
Regenerative Medicine: Developing new therapies to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs.
9. Conclusion
Advances in experimental medicine and biology are continuously reshaping our understanding of health and disease, driving the development of innovative therapies and diagnostic tools. By adhering to best practices, researchers can contribute to this exciting and impactful field, improving human health and well-being. This guide serves as a valuable resource for those seeking to navigate the complexities and ethical considerations associated with this rapidly advancing field.
FAQs
1. What are the ethical considerations in using animal models in research? Researchers must prioritize animal welfare, minimizing pain and distress while ensuring the study's scientific validity. Strict adherence to ethical guidelines and regulatory requirements is essential.
2. How can I design a robust experimental study? A well-defined hypothesis, appropriate sample size calculation, proper control groups, and randomization are crucial. Careful consideration of potential confounding variables is also necessary.
3. What are some common pitfalls in data analysis? Inappropriate statistical tests, selective reporting of results, and lack of transparency can lead to misleading conclusions. Thorough planning and rigorous analysis are vital.
4. What are the key steps in translating basic research into clinical applications? This involves preclinical studies to assess safety and efficacy, followed by well-designed clinical trials in humans, culminating in regulatory approval.
5. How can AI impact experimental medicine and biology? AI can accelerate drug discovery, improve disease diagnosis, and personalize treatments by analyzing massive datasets and identifying patterns that would be difficult for humans to detect.
6. What is the role of personalized medicine in the future of healthcare? Personalized medicine aims to tailor treatments to individual patients based on their unique genetic makeup and other factors, leading to more effective and safer therapies.
7. How can CRISPR-Cas9 technology advance experimental medicine? CRISPR-Cas9 allows precise gene editing, opening possibilities for correcting genetic defects responsible for many diseases.
8. What is the importance of open science in advances in experimental medicine and biology? Open science promotes transparency and collaboration, accelerating scientific progress by making data and research findings readily accessible.
9. What are some emerging trends in regenerative medicine? The field is exploring new approaches like 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs, stem cell therapies, and tissue engineering to repair or replace damaged tissues.
Related Articles:
1. "The Role of CRISPR-Cas9 in Gene Therapy": This article explores the applications of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology in treating genetic disorders.
2. "Advances in Organ-on-a-Chip Technology for Drug Discovery": This article reviews the use of organ-on-a-chip models as an alternative to animal testing in preclinical drug development.
3. "Ethical Considerations in Biomedical Research with Human Subjects": This article focuses on the ethical principles guiding research involving human participants.
4. "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Drug Discovery and Development": This article examines how AI is transforming the pharmaceutical industry.
5. "Personalized Medicine: Tailoring Treatments to Individual Patients": This article explores the principles and applications of personalized medicine.
6. "Advances in Bioimaging Techniques for Biomedical Research": This article reviews the latest advances in microscopy and other bioimaging techniques.
7. "The Future of Regenerative Medicine: Repairing and Replacing Damaged Tissues": This article explores the potential of regenerative medicine to treat a wide range of diseases and injuries.
8. "Statistical Methods for Analyzing Biomedical Data": This article provides a comprehensive guide to statistical techniques used in biomedical research.
9. "Navigating the Regulatory Landscape for New Therapies": This article discusses the process of obtaining regulatory approval for new drugs and medical devices.
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Advances in Biomedicine Mieczyslaw Pokorski, 2019-07-30 This book gathers multidisciplinary articles that present advances of our understanding of diseases and the effective treatment of patients. The authors share recent clinical and experimental research findings, highlighting poorly understood areas with uncertain treatment outcomes, such as giant-cell bone tumors and their propensity to metastasize to the lungs; subterranean rehabilitation in pulmonary disorders; male reproductive hormone regulation during physical exercise in hyperbaric, hyperoxic environments, like underwater diving; and amelioration of cognitive decline owing to increased cerebral blood transit time after internal carotid artery stenting. Other topics include new concepts and innovations in the treatment of diabetes in pregnancy, and leg ulcers in chronic venous insufficiency, as well as molecular research on the toxic effects of oxidative stress, impaired cell autophagy, and experimental conditions resembling air pollution. Featuring the latest interdisciplinary advances in biomedicine, this book is a valuable resource for medical professionals, both academics and practitioners, and all allied health-care workers. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Isotope labeling in Biomolecular NMR Hanudatta S. Atreya, 2012-10-18 NMR spectroscopy has undergone a revolution in recent years with the advent of several new methods overcoming the problems of sensitivity and resolution. Recent developments in biotechnology have made it easier and economical to introduce 13C, 15N and 2H into proteins and nucleic acids. At the same time, there has been an explosion in the number of NMR experiments that utilize such isotope labeled samples. Thus, a combination of isotopic labeling and multidimensional, multinuclear NMR has opened up new avenues for structural studies of proteins, nucleic acids and their complexes. This book will focus on recent developments in isotope labeling methods for structural studies of small molecules, peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. The aim of the book is to serve as a compendium of isotope labeling for the biomolecular NMR community providing comprehensive coverage of the existing methods and latest developments along with protocols and practical hints on the various experimental aspects. The book will cover a wide range of topics in isotope labeling under one title including emerging areas of metabolonomics and solid state NMR. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Neural Crest Induction and Differentiation Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet, 2006-08-28 Written by an international panel of recognized leaders in the field, Neural Crest Induction and Differentiation discusses all aspects of modern neural crest biology from its evolutionary significance to its specification, migration, plasticity and contribution to multiple lineages of the vertebrate body, to the pathologies associated with abnormal neural crest development and function. Abundant color figures enhance the text providing clear and attractive illustrations of central issues and concepts. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Oxygen Transport to Tissue XV International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue. Annual Meeting, 1994 This book comprises the proceedings from the 20th meeting of the International Symposium on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (ISOTT). This is volume 345 of a series in Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. The purpose is to publish the proceedings from the meeting of the ISOTT. This is an important work, providing synopses by experts in their fields of the current status of work on oxygen transport to tissue. As such, the objectives of the authors are met. The book is written for basic scientists, clinical scientists, and students with specialized interests. Each article is written by a credible author who is working on the specific topic. The quality of the book is attributable to the publication approach using photo-ready manuscripts provided by each author. The resultant differences in fonts, point size, spacing, justification, and graphics styles gives the book a lack of graphic continuity, although this is probably not important to the audience. The references are current and pertinent. The table of contents and index are adequate. The book quality is adequate. It is a logical and appropriate volume in this series. This book will serve best as a reference source for researchers. It would be a good addition to libraries. The book would probably only be of limited use for individual purchase. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Hypospadias and Genital Development Laurence S. Baskin, 2004 This book focuses on the current basic science research of hypospadias and genital development. Congenital anomalies of the genitalia are the second most common birth abnormality besides congenital heart defects. Genital anomalies come in many varieties with the most common abnormality being hypospadias. The etiology of hypospadias remains unknown and the incidence is doubling in western countries with no definable explanation. It therefore seems especially germane to study this common congenital anomaly with a baseline incidence of 1/125-250 newborn males. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Pediatric Gender Assignment Stephen A. Zderic, Douglas A. Canning, Michael C. Carr, Howard McC. Snyder III, 2003-01-31 This book represents the proceedings from a conference that took place in Dallas in the spring of 1999 which was entitled Pediatric Gender Assignment - A Critical Reappraisal. Some participants rightfully argued that the conference really focused on the issue of pediatric gender assignment, and that reassignment was not applied in most cases. Their comments were reflected in the title of this monograph. This multidisciplinary meeting was sponsored by a conference grant from the National Institutes of Health, and a broad inquiry into this complex topic took place from many points of view. Basic scientists offered insight into mechanisms of sexual differentiation of the gonads, physical phenotype and imprinting of the central nervous system. Endocrinologists reviewed their experience in diagnosis and management, surgeons described traditional as well as innovative approaches, and there was strong representation from the ethical and behavioral sciences. In putting together such a panel, it was essential that we identify a cast of speakers who could address their viewpoints with strong convictions, and yet not let their passions render the meeting counter productive. We were not disappointed. While many differing points of view were firmly expressed by the panelists and audience, all viewpoints were accorded the respect they deserved. The concept behind the meeting and this book really originated in 1997 shortly after Diamond and Sigmundson published their long term follow up study of the John/Joan case. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Bio-Applications of Nanoparticles Warren C.W. Chan, 2007-11-29 This edited book highlights the central players in the Bionanotechnology field - which are the nanostructures and biomolecules. It provides broad examples of current developments in Bionanotechnology research and is an excellent introduction to the field. The book describes how nanostructures are synthesized and details the wide variety of nanostructures available for biological research and applications. Examples of the unique properties of nanostructures are provided along with the current applications of these nanostructures in biology and medicine. The final chapters of the book describe the toxicity of nanostructures. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Lung Cancer and Personalized Medicine Aamir Ahmad, Shirish Gadgeel, 2015-12-14 This, the first of two volumes on personalized medicine in lung cancer, touches on the core issues related to the understanding of lung cancer—statistics and epidemiology of lung cancer—along with the incidence of lung cancer in non-smokers. A major focus of this volume is the state of current therapies against lung cancer—immune, targeted therapies against EGFR TKIs, KRAS, ALK, angiogenesis; the associated challenges, especially resistance mechanisms; and recent progress in targeted drug development based on metal chemistry. Chapters are written by some of the leading experts in the field, who provide a better understanding of lung cancer, the factors that make it lethal, and current research focused on developing personalized treatment plans. With a unique mix of topics, this volume summarizes the current state-of-knowledge on lung cancer and the available therapies. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Bioactive Components of Human Milk David S. Newburg, 2001-12-31 The major emphasis in this book is a compilation and definition of what is known about components of human milk, including glycoconjugates, that inhibit common pathogens of the infant. Also discussed are other bioactive constituents whose relevant biological roles are also beginning to be defined. Hormonal and cytokine activity, immunomodulating and autoinflammatory agents, xenobiotics, and conditionally essential nutrients in milk could have roles in the protection of the infant, but may also participate in digestive processes, maternal--infant communication, maturation of the gut, central nervous system, and other components of infant growth and development. Like the protective activities, these are discussed in terms of their presence in milk, structures, potential functions, and structure/function relationship. Components whose role is nutritional support during early development of the infant are also included. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19 Nima Rezaei, 2021-05-10 In December 2019, the world witnessed the occurrence of a new coronavirus to humanity. The disease spread quickly and became known as a pandemic globally, affecting both society and the health care system, both the elderly and young groups of people, and both the men’s and women’s groups. It was a universal challenge that immediately caused a surge in scientific research. Be a part of a world rising in fighting against the pandemic, the Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19 was depicted in the early days of the pandemic, but updated by more than 200 scientists and clinicians to include many facets of this new infectious pandemic, including i, characteristics, ecology, and evolution of coronaviruses; ii, epidemiology, genetics, and pathogenesis (immune responses and oxidative stress) of the disease; iii, diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical manifestations of the disease in pediatrics, geriatrics, pregnant women, and neonates; iv, challenges of co-occurring the disease with tropical infections, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and cancer and to the settings of dentistry, hematology, ophthalmology, and pharmacy; v, transmission, prevention, and potential treatments, ranging from supportive ventilator support and nutrition therapy to potential virus- and host-based therapies, immune-based therapies, photobiomodulation, antiviral photodynamic therapy, and vaccines; vi, the resulting consequences on social lives, mental health, education, tourism industry and economy; and vii, multimodal approaches to solve the problem by bioinformatic methods, innovation and ingenuity, globalization, social and scientific networking, interdisciplinary approaches, and art integration. We are approaching December 2020 and the still presence of COVID-19, asking us to call it COVID (without 19). |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Longevity Genes Gil Atzmon, PhD, 2015-04-27 The release of the complete version of the human genome sequence in 2003 has paved the way for defining gene function and genetic background for phenotypic variation in humans and allowed us to study the aging process in a new light. This new volume results from that research and focuses on the genetic and epigenetic process of aging. While the interpretation of the genome data is still in its initial stages, this new volume looks at the evolving understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in cellular processes, gene function associated with complex traits, epigenetic components involve in gene control and the creation of hypothesis-free genome-wide approaches. Longevity Genes: A Blueprint for Aging explores the genetic and genomic elements that can maintain a long life such as DNA damage mechanisms, epigenetics and the way we can use this knowledge to generate customized treatments. It touches on some of the multidisciplinary approaches as well as genomic-wide association technology used to analyze complex traits. This book describes the hunt for genes affecting complex traits using a high throughput technology, with adequate consideration for the selection of an appropriate population, applications of statistical genetics and computational biology, and most importantly, considering phenotype-genotype association studies. Longevity Genes provides coverage of not only established aspects of genetics and aging, but also new approaches and perceptions in this important area of research. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Metabolomics: From Fundamentals to Clinical Applications Alessandra Sussulini, 2017-01-28 This book provides a comprehensive view of metabolomics, from the basic concepts, through sample preparation and analytical methodologies, to data interpretation and applications in medicine. It is the first volume to cover metabolomics clinical applications while also emphasizing analytical and statistical features. Moreover, future trends and perspectives in clinical metabolomics are also presented. For researches already experienced in metabolomics, the book will be useful as an updated definitive reference. For beginners in the field and graduate students, the book will provide detailed information about concepts and experimental aspects in metabolomics, as well as examples and perspectives of applications of this strategy to clinical questions. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Drug Discovery from Mother Nature Subash Chandra Gupta, Sahdeo Prasad, Bharat B. Aggarwal, 2016-10-22 Second comprehensive volume focuses on anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals and their role in prevention and therapy of various chronic diseases. Food and drug administration (FDA) approved drugs such as steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), statins and metformin have been shown to modulate inflammatory pathways, but their long-term intake has been associated with numerous side effects. Thus dietary agents which can modulate inflammatory pathways in humans, are likely to exhibit enormous potential. Leading experts describe the latest results of anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals and their role in prevention and therapy of various chronic diseases. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Rare Diseases Epidemiology: Update and Overview Manuel Posada de la Paz, Domenica Taruscio, Stephen C. Groft, 2017-12-06 The fields of rare diseases research and orphan products development continue to expand with more products in research and development status. In recent years, the role of the patient advocacy groups has evolved into a research partner with the academic research community and the bio-pharmaceutical industry. Unique approaches to research and development require epidemiological data not previously available to assist in protocol study design and patient recruitment for clinical trials required by regulatory agencies prior to approval for access by patents and practicing physicians. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis Gobert Lee, Hiroshi Fujita, 2020-02-06 This book presents cutting-edge research and applications of deep learning in a broad range of medical imaging scenarios, such as computer-aided diagnosis, image segmentation, tissue recognition and classification, and other areas of medical and healthcare problems. Each of its chapters covers a topic in depth, ranging from medical image synthesis and techniques for muskuloskeletal analysis to diagnostic tools for breast lesions on digital mammograms and glaucoma on retinal fundus images. It also provides an overview of deep learning in medical image analysis and highlights issues and challenges encountered by researchers and clinicians, surveying and discussing practical approaches in general and in the context of specific problems. Academics, clinical and industry researchers, as well as young researchers and graduate students in medical imaging, computer-aided-diagnosis, biomedical engineering and computer vision will find this book a great reference and very useful learning resource. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Brain Development in Drosophila melanogaster Gerhard Martin Technau, 2009-01-08 The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model system to study processes of the central nervous system This book provides an overview of some major facets of recent research on Drosophila brain development. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Fatigue Patricia A. Pierce, 2013-06-29 This volume describes the current state of our knowledge on the neurobiology of muscle fatigue, with consideration also given to selected integrative cardiorespiratory mechanisms. Our charge to the authors of the various chapters was twofold: to provide a systematic review of the topic that could serve as a balanced reference text for practicing health-care professionals, teaching faculty, and pre-and postdoctoral trainees in the biomedi cal sciences; and to stimulate further experimental and theoretical work on neurobiology. Key issues are addressed in nine interrelated areas: fatigue of single muscle fibers, fatigue at the neuromuscular junction, fatigue of single motor units, metabolic fatigue studied with nuclear magnetic resonance, fatigue of the segmental motor system, fatigue involving suprasegmental mechanisms, the task dependency of fatigue mechanisms, integrative (largely cardiorespiratory) systems issues, and fatigue of adapted systems (due to aging, under-and overuse, and pathophysiology). The product is a volume that provides compre of processes that operate from the forebrain to the contractile proteins. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: The Biology of mRNA: Structure and Function Marlene Oeffinger, Daniel Zenklusen, 2019-12-06 The book provides an overview on the different aspects of gene regulation from an mRNA centric viewpoint, including how mRNA is assembled and self-assembles in a complex consisting of RNA and proteins, and how its ability to be translated at the right time and space depends on many processes acting on the mRNAs, leading to a properly folded complex. This book shows how new technologies have led to a better understanding of these processes and their connected diseases.The book is written for scientists in fundamental and applied biomedical research working on different aspects of gene regulation. It is also targeted to an audience that is not implicated in these fields directly, but wants to gain a better understanding of mRNA biology. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: The Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Uses of Curcumin in Health and Disease Bharat B. Aggarwal, Young-Joon Surh, S. Shishodia, 2007-08-06 The medicinal uses of Curcumin (also called turmeric) have been known and described for more than 5000 years. A large body of recent research suggests that curcumin is potentially useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, through modulation of numerous molecular targets. This is the first monograph to focus on the potential use of curcumin in the treatment of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, Alzheimer’s, psoriasis and more. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Advancements of Mass Spectrometry in Biomedical Research Alisa G. Woods, Costel C. Darie, 2014-06-20 This volume explores the use of mass spectrometry for biomedical applications. Chapters focus on specific therapeutic areas such as oncology, infectious disease and psychiatry. Additional chapters focus on methodology as well as new technologies and instrumentation. This volume provides readers with a comprehensive and informative manual that will allow them to appreciate mass spectrometry and proteomic research but also to initiate and improve their own work. Thus the book acts as a technical guide but also a conceptual guide to the newest information in this exciting field. Mass spectrometry is the central tool used in proteomic research today and is rapidly becoming indispensable to the biomedical scientist. With the completion of the human genome project and the genomic revolution, the proteomic revolution has followed closely behind. Understanding the human proteome has become critical to basic and clinical biomedical research and holds the promise of providing comprehensive understanding of human physiological processes. In addition, proteomics and mass spectrometry are bringing unprecedented biomarker discovery and are helping to personalize medicine. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: RUNX Proteins in Development and Cancer Yoram Groner, Yoshiaki Ito, Paul Liu, James C. Neil, Nancy A. Speck, Andre van Wijnen, 2017-03-15 This volume provides the reader with an overview of the diverse functions of the RUNX family of genes. As highlighted in the introduction and several of the 29 chapters, humans and other mammals have three RUNX genes that are known to play specific roles in blood, bone and neuronal development. However, their evolutionary history has recently been traced back to unicellular organisms and their involvement in many well-known signaling pathways (Wnt, TGFb, Notch, Hippo) is indicative of a more general function in cell biology. Their documented roles in cell fate decisions include control of proliferation, differentiation, survival, senescence and autophagy. The pleiotropic effects of RUNX in development are mirrored in cancer, where RUNX genes can function as oncogenes that collaborate strongly with Myc family oncogenes or as tumour suppressor genes. In the latter role, they display hallmarks of both ‘gatekeepers’ that modulate p53 responses and ‘caretakers’ that protect the genome from DNA damage. Several chapters focus on the importance of these genes in leukemia research, where RUNX1 and CBFB are frequently affected by chromosomal translocations that generate fusion oncoproteins, while recent studies suggest wider roles for RUNX modulation in solid cancers. Moreover, RUNX genes are intimately involved in the development and regulation of the immune system, while emerging evidence suggests a role in innate immunity to infectious agents, including HIV. At the biochemical level, the RUNX family can serve as activators or repressors of transcription and as stable mediators of epigenetic memory through mitosis. Not surprisingly, RUNX activity is controlled at multiple levels, this includes miRNAs and a plethora of post-translational modifications. Several chapters highlight the interplay between the three mammalian RUNX genes, where cross-talk and partial functional redundancies are evident. Finally, structural analysis of the RUNX/CBFB interaction has led to the development of small molecule inhibitors that provide exciting new tools to decipher the roles of RUNX in development and as targets for therapy. This volume provides a compendium and reference source that will be of broad interest to cancer researchers, developmental biologists and immunologists. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Brain Death and Disorders of Consciousness Calixto Machado, D. Alan Shewmon, 2004-03-31 Although some decades have passed, there are still worldwide controversies about a concept of human death on neurological grounds. There are also disagreements on the diagnostic criteria for brain death, whether clinical alone or clinical plus ancillary tests. Moreover, some scholars who were strong defenders of a brain-based standard of death are now favoring a circulatory-respiratory standard. The study of coma is extremely important because lesions of the brain are responsible for quality of life in patients or cause of death. The main goal of Brain Death and Disorders of Consciousness is to provide a suitable scientific platform to discuss all topics related to human death and coma. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Physiology and Pathology Anna N. Bukiya, 2019-07-22 The cannabinoid system plays a central role in a wide variety of physiological functions that touch upon cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, immune, and nervous systems. Cannabinoids also play a central role in developmental physiology, management of pain, and shaping of human behaviour. Recent movements towards legalization of marijuana use have bolstered scientific interest in the cannabinoid field and led to research efforts that would unveil multi-faceted effects and mechanisms of cannabinoid presence in different organs and at various stages of development. This book summarizes the recent advances in the field of cannabinoid research at multiple levels of resolution. It spans from systemic effects of cannabinoids on development, physiological function, and prevalent pathophysiological conditions to mechanisms that govern cannabinoid interaction with their relevant protein targets at atomic resolution. This book will be of interest to a specialized audience in the fields of biochemistry, pharmacology and developmental biology but alsoto a wider readership with interest in general physiology and cannabinoid signalling in biological systems. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Chemistry and Safety of Acrylamide in Food Mendel Friedman, Don Mottram, 2005-04-22 Interest in the chemistry, biochemistry, and safety of acrylamide is running high. These proceedings contain presentations by experts from eight countries on the chemistry, analysis, metabolism, pharmacology, and toxicology of the compound. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Physical Exercise for Human Health Junjie Xiao, 2020-04-27 This book shares the latest findings on exercise and its benefits in preventing and ameliorating numerous diseases that are of worldwide concern. Addressing the role of exercise training as an effective method for the prevention and treatment of various disease, the book is divided into eleven parts: 1) An Overview of the Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Health and Performance, 2) The Physiological Responses to Exercise, 3) Exercise and Metabolic Diseases, 4) Exercise and Cardiovascular Diseases, 5) Exercise and Musculoskeletal Diseases, 6) Exercise and Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases, 7) Exercise and the Respiration System, 8) Exercise and Immunity, 9) Exercise and HIV/AIDS, 10) Exercise and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, and 11) Future Prospects. Given its scope, the book will be particularly useful for researchers and students in the fields of physical therapy, physiology, medicine, genetics and cell biology, as well as researchers and physicians with a range of medical specialties. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Precision Medicine, CRISPR, and Genome Engineering Stephen H. Tsang, 2017-11-11 This book presents descriptive overviews of gene editing strategies across multiple species while also offering in-depth insight on complex cases of application in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Chapters feature contributions from leaders in stem cell therapy and biology, providing a comprehensive view of the application of gene therapy in numerous fields with an emphasis on ophthalmology, stem cells, and agriculture. The book also highlights recent major technological advances, including ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR. Precision Medicine, CRISPR, and Genome Engineering is part of the highly successful Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology series. It is an indispensable resource for researchers and students in genetics as well as clinicians. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Using NVIVO in Qualitative Research Lyn Richards, 1999-10-28 From getting started to completing your research project, this book provides a practical guide to using QSR NUD·IST NVivo, the latest qualitative software package. Written in clear language, the book is accompanied by a CD-ROM which carries a demonstration version of the software, together with six tutorials to use with your own data. Much more than a manual, the book offers advice with each section, addressing a range of research approaches and priorities. Each chapter starts with an overview and includes tips on design issues and ways of flexibly managing your project. QSR NVivo is distributed by Scolari, Sage Publications Software. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: The Emotional Cerebellum Michael Adamaszek, Mario Manto, Dennis J. L. G. Schutter, 2022-07-29 Emotions represent a critical aspect of daily life in humans. Our understanding of the mechanisms of regulation of emotions has increased exponentially these last two decades. This book evaluates the contribution of the cerebellum to emotion. It outlines the current clinical, imaging and neurophysiological findings on the role of the cerebellum in key aspects of emotional processing and its influence on motor and cognitive function and social behavior. In the first section, the reader is introduced to the contributions of the cerebellum to various emotion domains, from emotion perception and recognition to transmission and encoding. Subsequent chapters provide a comprehensive picture of the neurophysiology and topography of emotion in the cerebellum and illustrate the convergence of theoretical and empirical research. Additional chapters address the cerebellum's involvement in emotional learning, emotional pain, emotional aspects of body language and perception, and its relations to social cognition including morality, music, and art. Finally, neuropsychiatric aspects of the cerebellum's influence on mood disorders and the current state of therapeutic options, including noninvasive stimulation approaches, complete the overview. This is the first book summarizing the current state of knowledge on the contribution of the cerebellum to important aspects of emotion. It is an essential reference for students, trainees, neuroscientists, researchers, and clinicians in neuroscience, neurology, neurosurgery and psychology involved in the study of emotions. The authors are renowned scientists in the field of cerebellar research. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Heparanase Israel Vlodavsky, Ralph D. Sanderson, Neta Ilan, 2020-04-09 Written by internationally recognized leaders in Heparanase biology, the book’s eight chapters offer an opportunity for scientists, clinicians and advanced students in cell biology, tumor biology and oncology to obtain a comprehensive understanding of Heparanase’s multifaceted activities in cancer, inflammation, diabetes and other diseases, as well as its related clinical applications. Proteases and their involvement in cancer progression have been well addressed and documented; however, the emerging premise presented within this book is that Heparanase is a master regulator of aggressive cancer phenotypes and crosstalk with the tumor microenvironment. This endoglycosidase contributes to tumor-mediated remodeling of the extracellular matrix and cell surfaces, augmenting the bioavailability of pro-tumorigenic and pro-inflammatory growth factors and cytokines that are bound to Heparan sulfate. Compelling evidence ties Heparanase with all steps of tumor progression including tumor initiation, growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance, supporting the notion that Heparanase is an important contributor to the poor outcome of cancer patients and a validated target for therapy. Unlike Heparanase, heparanase-2, a close homolog of Heparanase, lacks enzymatic activity, inhibits Heparanase, and regulates selected genes that promote normal differentiation and tumor suppression. Written by internationally recognized leaders in Heparanase biology, this volume presents a comprehensive understanding of Heparanase’s multifaceted activities in cancer, inflammation, diabetes and other diseases, as well as its related clinical applications to scientists, clinicians and advanced students in cell biology, tumor biology and oncology. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: SUMO Regulation of Cellular Processes Van G. Wilson, 2017-02-13 This is the second edition of a very well received book that details how the sumoylation system functions and how it modulates numerous cellular activities. SUMO is a post-translational modifier in the ubiquitin super-family that has gained recognition over the last twenty years as an essential and prevalent regulatory molecule. Individual chapters explore the biochemistry, molecular biology, and cell biology of the sumoylation system and its substrate proteins. The book is divided into three themed parts: Molecular Functions (I), Cell Growth Regulation (II), and Diseases (III). Parts I and II focus on the contribution of sumoylation to cellular activities in both the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. The nuclear activities covered include nucleic acid metabolism (both RNA and DNA), chromosome structure and replication, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. Cytoplasmic processes presented include regulation of membrane ion channels, general metabolism, and apoptotic signalling. Topics in Part III include the role of sumoylation in developmental abnormalities (craniofacial and cardiovascular), diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and infections with viruses and bacteria. Each of the corresponding chapter authors is an active researcher who has made significant contributions to understanding sumoylation. This second edition provides updates and revisions to most of the original chapters plus adds six new chapters to address important developing areas of sumoylation research. This volume is intended for a scientific audience from undergraduates to independent researchers. The content will serve as both a solid introduction for the novice reader and an in depth treatment for the advanced scholar. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Biomedical Visualisation Paul M. Rea, 2019-03-27 This edited volume explores the use of technology to enable us to visualise the life sciences in a more meaningful and engaging way. It will enable those interested in visualisation techniques to gain a better understanding of the applications that can be used in imaging and analysis, education, engagement and training. The reader will be able to explore the utilisation of technologies from a number of fields to enable an engaging and meaningful visual representation of the life sciences. This use of technology-enhanced learning will be of benefit for the learner, trainer, in patient care and the wider field of education and engagement. By examining a range of techniques in image capture (photogrammetery, stereophotogrammetry, microphotogrammetry and autostereoscopy), this book will showcase the wide range of tools we can use. Researchers in this field will be able to find something suitable to apply to their work to enhance user engagement through improved visual means using the technologies we have available to us today. It will highlight the uses of these technologies to examine many aspects of the human body, and enable improved ways to enhance visual and tactile learning, including 3D printing. By demonstrating co-design processes, working directly with the end-stage users (including patients), it will also highlight successes in adopting tools like hand motion tracking rehabilitation for patients with conditions like multiple sclerosis. The book will also discuss the applications of immersive environments including virtual, augmented and mixed reality. The ultimate aim is to show how, by using these tools, we can enhance communication, mobile applications, health literacy and illustration of both normal and pathological processes in the body. By applying a wide range of tools and technologies, this volume will highlight the wide range of applications in education, training and learning both for students and faculty, but also for patient care and education. Therefore, the work presented here can be accessed by a wide range of users from faculty and students involved in the design and development of these processes, by examining the pedagogy around these technologies. Importantly, it presents material, which will be of benefit for the patient, engaging them to become more involved with techniques like physiotherapy. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Synaptic Plasticity Michael R. Kreutz, Carlo Sala, 2012-02-18 This book introduces the current concepts of molecular mechanisms in synaptic plasticity and provides a comprehensive overview of cutting-edge research technology used to investigate the molecular dynamics of the synapses. It explores current concepts on activity-dependent remodeling of the synaptic cytoskeleton and presents the latest ideas on the different forms of plasticity in synapses and dendrites. Synaptic Plasticity in Health and Disease not only supplies readers with extensive knowledge on the latest developments in research, but also with important information on clinical and applied aspects. Changes in spine synapses in different brain disease states, so-called synaptopathies, are explained and described by experts in the field. By outlining basic research findings as well as physiological and pathophysiological impacts on synaptic plasticity, the book represents an essential state-of-the-art work for scientists in the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology and the neurosciences, as well as for doctors in neurology and psychiatry alike. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Optogenetics Hiromu Yawo, Hideki Kandori, Amane Koizumi, Ryoichiro Kageyama, 2021-01-05 This book, now in a thoroughly revised second edition, offers a comprehensive review of the rapidly growing field of optogenetics, in which light-sensing proteins are genetically engineered into cells in order to acquire information on cellular physiology in optical form or to enable control of specific network in the brain upon activation by light. Light-sensing proteins of various living organisms are now available to be exogenously expressed in neurons and other target cells both in vivo and in vitro. Cellular functions can thus be manipulated or probed by light. The new edition documents fully the extensive progress since publication of the first edition to provide an up-to-date overview of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of light-sensing proteins and their application in biological systems, particularly in neuroscience but also in medicine and the optical sciences. Underlying principles are explained and detailed information provided on a wide range of optogenetic tools for the observation and control of cellular signaling and physiology, gene targeting technologies, and optical methods for biological applications. In presenting the current status of optogenetics and emerging directions, this milestone publication will be a “must read” for all involved in research in any way related to optogenetics. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Renal Fibrosis: Mechanisms and Therapies Bi-Cheng Liu, Hui-Yao Lan, Lin-Li Lv, 2019-08-09 This book systemically presents the latest research on renal fibrosis, covering all the major topics in the field, including the possible mechanisms, biomarkers, and strategies for prevention and treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Due to its high prevalence, CKD represents a huge global economic and social burden. Irrespective of the initial causes, CKD progresses to end stage kidney disease (ESKD) due to renal fibrosis, which is characterized by glomerulosclerosis, tubule atrophy and atresia, and the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the kidney. Unfortunately, an estimated 1%-2% of the adult population living with CKD will need renal replacement therapy at some point as a result of ESKD. As such, strategies for preventing or slowing CKD progression to ESKD are of utmost importance, and studies aiming to understand the mechanisms of renal fibrosis have been the focus of intensive research. Recently, novel insights into the pathophysiological processes have furthered our understanding of the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis, and more importantly, promoted studies on the early diagnosis and treatment of CKD. This book draws lessons from the extensive, state-of-the-art research in this field, elaborating the new theories and new techniques to offer readers a detailed and comprehensive understanding of renal fibrosis and as well as inspiration for future research directions. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Polyglutamine Disorders Clévio Nóbrega, Luís Pereira de Almeida, 2018-02-09 This book provides a cutting-edge review of polyglutamine disorders. It primarily focuses on two main aspects: (1) the mechanisms underlying the pathologies’ development and progression, and (2) the therapeutic strategies that are currently being explored to stop or delay disease progression. Polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders are a group of inherited neurodegenerative diseases with a fatal outcome that are caused by an abnormal expansion of a coding trinucleotide repeat (CAG), which is then translated in an abnormal protein with an elongated glutamine tract (Q). To date, nine polyQ disorders have been identified and described: dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA); Huntington’s disease (HD); spinal–bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA); and six spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 17). The genetic basis of polyQ disorders is well established and described, and despite important advances that have opened up the possibility of generating genetic models of the disease, the mechanisms that cause neuronal degeneration are still largely unknown and there is currently no treatment available for these disorders. Further, it is believed that the different polyQ may share some mechanisms and pathways contributing to neurodegeneration and disease progression. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Biomimicked Biomaterials Heung Jae Chun, Rui L. Reis, Antonella Motta, Gilson Khang, 2020-06-29 This book is the second of two volumes that together offer a comprehensive account of cutting-edge advances in the development of biomaterials for use within tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this volume, which is devoted to biomimetic biomaterials, the opening section discusses bone regeneration by means of duck’s feet-derived collagen scaffold and the use of decellularized extracellular matrices. The role of various novel biomimetic hydrogels in regenerative medicine is then considered in detail. The third section focuses on the control of stem cell fate by biomimetic biomaterials, covering exosome-integrated biomaterials for bone regeneration, cellular responses to materials for biomedical engineering, and the regulation of stem cell functions by micropatterned structures. Finally, the use of nano-intelligent biocomposites in regenerative medicine is addressed, with discussion of, for example, recent advances in biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics and blood-contacting polymeric biomaterials. The authors are recognized experts in the interdisciplinary field of regenerative medicine and the book will be of value for all with an interest in regenerative medicine based on biomaterials. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Advances in Cancer Biomarkers Roberto Scatena, 2015 At present there are a growing number of biomolecules under investigation to understand their potential role as cancer biomarker for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Intriguingly, the state of art on cancer biomarkers research shows interesting and promising results together to clamorous failures. Also from a clinical point of view, there are contradictory results on routine clinical use of the present cancer biomarkers. Some patients may be simply monitored in their course by a periodic blood sample, but sometimes this monitoring shows dramatic limits. A lot of patients show serious and extensive relapses without significant change in serum concentrations of biomarkers tested. Often the physician who should utilize these biomarker does not entirely know their limits and the total potential applications as well and sometimes this knowledge is influenced by economical and marketing strategies. This limited and polluted knowledge may have dramatic consequences for patient. The aim of this book is to diffuse all aspects of cancer biomarkers, from their biochemical peculiarities to all clinical implications by passing through their physiology and pathophysiology. This critical approach towards old and new cancer biomarkers should foster a deepened and useful understanding of the diagnostic and prognostic index of these fundamental parameters of laboratory medicine and in the same time facilitating the research of new and more sensitive-specific signals of the cancer cell proliferation. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Regulatory Aspects of Gene Therapy and Cell Therapy Products Maria Cristina Galli, Mercedes Serabian, 2015-09-15 This book discusses the different regulatory pathways for gene therapy (GT) and cell therapy (CT) medicinal products implemented by national and international bodies throughout the world (e.g. North and South America, Europe, and Asia). Each chapter, authored by experts from various regulatory bodies throughout the international community, walks the reader through the applications of nonclinical research to translational clinical research to licensure for these innovative products. More specifically, each chapter offers insights into fundamental considerations that are essential for developers of CT and GT products, in the areas of product manufacturing, pharmacology and toxicology, and clinical trial design, as well as pertinent must-know guidelines and regulations. Regulatory Aspects of Gene Therapy and Cell Therapy Products: A Global Perspective is part of the American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy sub-series of the highly successful Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology series. It is essential reading for graduate students, clinicians, and researchers interested in gene and cell therapy and the regulation of pharmaceuticals. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Protein Reviews M. Zouhair Atassi, 2021-03-01 The Protein Reviews series serves as a publication vehicle for reviews that focus on crucial contemporary and vital aspects of protein structure, function, evolution and genetics. Volumes are published online first, prior to publication in a printed book. Chapters are selected according to their importance to the understanding of biological systems, relevance to the unravelling of issues associated with health and disease, or impact on scientific or technological advances and developments. Volume 21 presents eight review chapters authored by experts in the related fields. The first chapter covers the enzyme squalene monooxygenase and lipid levels and its relevance in health and disease. Chapter two presents a systematic analysis of the structural and functional aspects of heteromeric solute carriers. The third chapter provides a review of the role of CI- in type IV collagen assembly, function, and disease, including future directions for studies. This is followed by a summary in chapter four about the recent progress on defining the roles of the Slit-Robo signaling in bone metabolism and the possible roles of the interaction between Robo and neural epidermal growth factor-like proteins. Chapter five discusses recent data about the evolutionary aspects on structural differences between humans and the nematode in relation to previous knowledge of core proteins and GAG-attachment sites in Chn and CS proteoglycans of C.elegans and humans. The sixth chapter summarizes the immunochemical character of the IGHV1-69-derived RFs and the recognition mechanism of the IGHV1-69-derived RFs. Chapter seven covers regulated alternative translocation and its role as an emerging mechanism to regulate transmembrane proteins. Finally, chapter eight reviews current progress on IL-36 protein and biology and novel investigative tools. This volume is intended for research scientists, clinicians, physicians and graduate students in the fields of biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, immunology and genetics. |
| advances in experimental medicine and biology: Beyond the Molecular Frontier National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Committee on Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century, 2003-03-19 Chemistry and chemical engineering have changed significantly in the last decade. They have broadened their scopeâ€into biology, nanotechnology, materials science, computation, and advanced methods of process systems engineering and controlâ€so much that the programs in most chemistry and chemical engineering departments now barely resemble the classical notion of chemistry. Beyond the Molecular Frontier brings together research, discovery, and invention across the entire spectrum of the chemical sciencesâ€from fundamental, molecular-level chemistry to large-scale chemical processing technology. This reflects the way the field has evolved, the synergy at universities between research and education in chemistry and chemical engineering, and the way chemists and chemical engineers work together in industry. The astonishing developments in science and engineering during the 20th century have made it possible to dream of new goals that might previously have been considered unthinkable. This book identifies the key opportunities and challenges for the chemical sciences, from basic research to societal needs and from terrorism defense to environmental protection, and it looks at the ways in which chemists and chemical engineers can work together to contribute to an improved future. |
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