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| apex predator definition biology: Trophic Cascades John Terborgh, James A Estes, 2013-06-25 Trophic cascades—the top-down regulation of ecosystems by predators—are an essential aspect of ecosystem function and well-being. Trophic cascades are often drastically disrupted by human interventions—for example, when wolves and cougars are removed, allowing deer and beaver to become destructive—yet have only recently begun to be considered in the development of conservation and management strategies. Trophic Cascades is the first comprehensive presentation of the science on this subject. It brings together some of the world’s leading scientists and researchers to explain the importance of large animals in regulating ecosystems, and to relate that scientific knowledge to practical conservation. Chapters examine trophic cascades across the world’s major biomes, including intertidal habitats, coastal oceans, lakes, nearshore ecosystems, open oceans, tropical forests, boreal and temperate ecosystems, low arctic scrubland, savannas, and islands. Additional chapters consider aboveground/belowground linkages, predation and ecosystem processes, consumer control by megafauna and fire, and alternative states in ecosystems. An introductory chapter offers a concise overview of trophic cascades, while concluding chapters consider theoretical perspectives and comparative issues. Trophic Cascades provides a scientific basis and justification for the idea that large predators and top-down forcing must be considered in conservation strategies, alongside factors such as habitat preservation and invasive species. It is a groundbreaking work for scientists and managers involved with biodiversity conservation and protection. |
| apex predator definition biology: Principal Component Analysis I.T. Jolliffe, 2013-03-09 Principal component analysis is probably the oldest and best known of the It was first introduced by Pearson (1901), techniques ofmultivariate analysis. and developed independently by Hotelling (1933). Like many multivariate methods, it was not widely used until the advent of electronic computers, but it is now weIl entrenched in virtually every statistical computer package. The central idea of principal component analysis is to reduce the dimen sionality of a data set in which there are a large number of interrelated variables, while retaining as much as possible of the variation present in the data set. This reduction is achieved by transforming to a new set of variables, the principal components, which are uncorrelated, and which are ordered so that the first few retain most of the variation present in all of the original variables. Computation of the principal components reduces to the solution of an eigenvalue-eigenvector problem for a positive-semidefinite symmetrie matrix. Thus, the definition and computation of principal components are straightforward but, as will be seen, this apparently simple technique has a wide variety of different applications, as weIl as a number of different deri vations. Any feelings that principal component analysis is a narrow subject should soon be dispelled by the present book; indeed some quite broad topics which are related to principal component analysis receive no more than a brief mention in the final two chapters. |
| apex predator definition biology: Fundamentals of Conservation Biology Malcolm L. Hunter, Jr., James P. Gibbs, 2009-03-12 In the new edition of this highly successful book, Malcolm Hunter and new co-author James Gibbs offer a thorough introduction to the fascinating and important field of conservation biology, focusing on what can be done to maintain biodiversity through management of ecosystems and populations. Starting with a succinct look at conservation and biodiversity, this book progresses to contend with some of the subject's most complex topics, such as mass extinctions, ecosystem degradation, and over exploitation. Discusses social, political, and economic aspects of conservation biology. Thoroughly revised with over six hundred new references and web links to many of the organizations involved in conservation biology, striking photographs and maps. Artwork from the book is available to instructors online at www.blackwellpublishing.com/hunter and by request on CD-ROM. |
| apex predator definition biology: The Bottlenose Dolphin Stephen Leatherwood, Randall R. Reeves, 2012-12-02 Because of their exposure in marine parks, movies, and television as well as their presence in tropical and warm-temperature waters around the world, bottlenose dolphins are among the most familiar of marine mammals. Since they are relatively easy to obtain and they thrive in captivity, these dolphins have been used in a great variety of studies. Work with the bottlenose has provided insight into the sensory mechanisms, communication systems, energetics, reproduction, anatomy, and other aspects of cetacean biology. This volume presents the most recent biological and behavioral discoveries of bottlenose dolphins from different regions and compares bottlenose dolphins as a group with other species of animals. |
| apex predator definition biology: Social Predation Guy Beauchamp, 2013-12-07 The classic literature on predation dealt almost exclusively with solitary predators and their prey. Going back to Lotka-Volterra and optimal foraging theory, the theory about predation, including predator-prey population dynamics, was developed for solitary species. Various consequences of sociality for predators have been considered only recently. Similarly, while it was long recognized that prey species can benefit from living in groups, research on the adaptive value of sociality for prey species mostly emerged in the 1970s. The main theme of this book is the various ways that predators and prey may benefit from living in groups. The first part focusses on predators and explores how group membership influences predation success rate, from searching to subduing prey. The second part focusses on how prey in groups can detect and escape predators. The final section explores group size and composition and how individuals respond over evolutionary times to the challenges posed by chasing or being chased by animals in groups. This book will help the reader understand current issues in social predation theory and provide a synthesis of the literature across a broad range of animal taxa. - Includes the whole taxonomical range rather than limiting it to a select few - Features in-depth analysis that allows a better understanding of many subtleties surrounding the issues related to social predation - Presents both models and empirical results while covering the extensive predator and prey literature - Contains extensive illustrations and separate boxes that cover more technical features, i.e., to present models and review results |
| apex predator definition biology: Carnivore Conservation John L. Gittleman, 2001-06-28 Carnivores are the focus of intense attention and resources in conservation biology. It is often argued that, because carnivores are at the top of the food chain, if they are protected, then other taxa will also be afforded adequate protection. Carnivores are also charismatic and compete with humans for dwindling space and environmental resources. In the past 10 years, theoretical and empirical studies on carnivores have developed very quickly. This volume reviews and summarises the current state of the field, describes limitations and opportunities for carnivore conservation, and offers a conceptual framework for future research and applied management. As such it will be of interest to students and researchers of conservation biology, mammalogy, animal behaviour, ecology and evolution. |
| apex predator definition biology: The Story of Life in 25 Fossils Donald R. Prothero, 2015-08-25 Every fossil tells a story. Best-selling paleontology author Donald R. Prothero describes twenty-five famous, beautifully preserved fossils in a gripping scientific history of life on Earth. Recounting the adventures behind the discovery of these objects and fully interpreting their significance within the larger fossil record, Prothero creates a riveting history of life on our planet. The twenty-five fossils portrayed in this book catch animals in their evolutionary splendor as they transition from one kind of organism to another. We witness extinct plants and animals of microscopic and immense size and thrilling diversity. We learn about fantastic land and sea creatures that have no match in nature today. Along the way, we encounter such fascinating fossils as the earliest trilobite, Olenellus; the giant shark Carcharocles; the fishibian Tiktaalik; the Frogamander and the Turtle on the Half-Shell; enormous marine reptiles and the biggest dinosaurs known; the first bird, Archaeopteryx; the walking whale Ambulocetus; the gigantic hornless rhinoceros Paraceratherium, the largest land mammal that ever lived; and the Australopithecus nicknamed Lucy, the oldest human skeleton. We meet the scientists and adventurers who pioneered paleontology and learn about the larger intellectual and social contexts in which their discoveries were made. Finally, we find out where to see these splendid fossils in the world's great museums. Ideal for all who love prehistoric landscapes and delight in the history of science, this book makes a treasured addition to any bookshelf, stoking curiosity in the evolution of life on Earth. |
| apex predator definition biology: Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht, 2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences. |
| apex predator definition biology: Animal Vigilance Guy Beauchamp, 2015-06-29 Animal Vigilance builds on the author's previous publication with Academic Press (Social Predation: How Group Living Benefits Predators and Prey) by developing several other themes including the development and mechanisms underlying vigilance, as well as developing more fully the evolution and function of vigilance. Animal vigilance has been at the forefront of research on animal behavior for many years, but no comprehensive review of this topic has existed. Students of animal behavior have focused on many aspects of animal vigilance, from models of its adaptive value to empirical research in the laboratory and in the field. The vast literature on vigilance is widely dispersed with often little contact between models and empirical work and between researchers focusing on different taxa such as birds and mammals. Animal Vigilance fills this gap in the available material. - Tackles vigilance from all angles, theoretical and empirical, while including the broadest range of species to underscore unifying themes - Discusses several newer developments in the area, such as vigilance copying and effect of food density - Highlights recent challenges to assumptions of traditional models of vigilance, such as the assumption that vigilance is independent among group members, which is reviewed during discussion of synchronization and coordination of vigilance in a group - Written by a top expert in animal vigilance |
| apex predator definition biology: Rewilding Nathalie Pettorelli, Sarah M. Durant, Johan T. du Toit, 2019-01-31 Discusses the benefits and risks, as well as the economic and socio-political realities, of rewilding as a novel conservation tool. |
| apex predator definition biology: Foraging David W. Stephens, Joel S. Brown, Ronald C. Ydenberg, 2008-09-15 Foraging is fundamental to animal survival and reproduction, yet it is much more than a simple matter of finding food; it is a biological imperative. Animals must find and consume resources to succeed, and they make extraordinary efforts to do so. For instance, pythons rarely eat, but when they do, their meals are large—as much as 60 percent larger than their own bodies. The snake’s digestive system is normally dormant, but during digestion metabolic rates can increase fortyfold. A python digesting quietly on the forest floor has the metabolic rate of thoroughbred in a dead heat. This and related foraging processes have broad applications in ecology, cognitive science, anthropology, and conservation biology—and they can be further extrapolated in economics, neurobiology, and computer science. Foraging is the first comprehensive review of the topic in more than twenty years. A monumental undertaking, this volume brings together twenty-two experts from throughout the field to offer the latest on the mechanics of foraging, modern foraging theory, and foraging ecology. The fourteen essays cover all the relevant issues, including cognition, individual behavior, caching behavior, parental behavior, antipredator behavior, social behavior, population and community ecology, herbivory, and conservation. Considering a wide range of taxa, from birds to mammals to amphibians, Foraging will be the definitive guide to the field. |
| apex predator definition biology: Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa Richard Primack, Johnny W. Wilson, 2019-09-10 Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa comprehensively explores the challenges and potential solutions to key conservation issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. Easy to read, this lucid and accessible textbook includes fifteen chapters that cover a full range of conservation topics, including threats to biodiversity, environmental laws, and protected areas management, as well as related topics such as sustainability, poverty, and human-wildlife conflict. This rich resource also includes a background discussion of what conservation biology is, a wide range of theoretical approaches to the subject, and concrete examples of conservation practice in specific African contexts. Strategies are outlined to protect biodiversity whilst promoting economic development in the region. Boxes covering specific themes written by scientists who live and work throughout the region are included in each chapter, together with recommended readings and suggested discussion topics. Each chapter also includes an extensive bibliography. Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa provides the most up-to-date study in the field. It is an essential resource, available on-line without charge, for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as a handy guide for professionals working to stop the rapid loss of biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere. |
| apex predator definition biology: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity Simon A. Levin, 2001 Includes articles on agriculture, ecology, forests, wetlands, and environment, as well as organisms |
| apex predator definition biology: The Biology of Chameleons Krystal A. Tolley, Anthony Herrel, 2013-11-16 They change color depending on their mood. They possess uniquely adapted hands and feet distinct from other tetrapods. They feature independently movable eyes. This comprehensive volume delves into these fascinating details and thorough research about one of the most charismatic families of reptilesÑChameleonidae. Written for professional herpetologists, scholars, researchers, and students, this book takes readers on a voyage across time to discover everything that is known about chameleon biology: anatomy, physiology, adaptations, ecology, behavior, biogeography, phylogeny, classification, and conservation. A description of the natural history of chameleons is given, along with the fossil record and typical characteristics of each genus. The state of chameleons in the modern world is also depicted, complete with new information on the most serious threats to these remarkable reptiles. |
| apex predator definition biology: Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives Jeffrey C. Carrier, Colin A. Simpfendorfer, Michael R. Heithaus, Kara E. Yopak, 2022-06-08 Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives is an award-winning and groundbreaking exploration of the fundamental elements of the taxonomy, systematics, physiology, and ecology of sharks, skates, rays, and chimera. This edition presents current research as well as traditional models, to provide future researchers with solid historical foundations in shark research as well as presenting current trends from which to develop new frontiers in their own work. Traditional areas of study such as age and growth, reproduction, taxonomy and systematics, sensory biology, and ecology are updated with contemporary research that incorporates emerging techniques including molecular genetics, exploratory techniques in artificial insemination, and the rapidly expanding fields of satellite tracking, remote sensing, accelerometry, and imaging. With two new editors and 90 contributors from the US, UK, South Africa, Portugal, France, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, India, Palau, United Arab Emirates, Micronesia, Sweden, Argentina, Indonesia, Cameroon, and the Netherlands, this third edition is the most global and comprehensive yet. It adds six new chapters representing extensive studies of health, stress, disease and pathology, and social structure, and continues to explore elasmobranch ecological roles and interactions with their habitats. The book concludes with a comprehensive review of conservation policies, management, and strategies, as well as consideration of the potential effects of impending climate change. Presenting cohesive and integrated coverage of key topics and discussing technological advances used in modern shark research, this revised edition offers a well-rounded picture for students and researchers. |
| apex predator definition biology: Ronald the Rhino Twinkl Originals, 2017-09-25 Meet the wiggliest, jiggliest rhino in the forest! Ronald the Rhino is so big and strong. In the Javan forest is where he belongs. Follow Ronald on his journey of discovery – a powerful story about embracing your uniqueness. Download the full eBook and explore supporting teaching materials at www.twinkl.com/originals Join Twinkl Book Club to receive printed story books every half-term at www.twinkl.co.uk/book-club (UK only). |
| apex predator definition biology: YOUMARES 8 – Oceans Across Boundaries: Learning from each other Simon Jungblut, Viola Liebich, Maya Bode, 2018-08-29 This open access book presents the proceedings volume of the YOUMARES 8 conference, which took place in Kiel, Germany, in September 2017, supported by the German Association for Marine Sciences (DGM). The YOUMARES conference series is entirely bottom-up organized by and for YOUng MARine RESearchers. Qualified early career scientists moderated the scientific sessions during the conference and provided literature reviews on aspects of their research field. These reviews and the presenters’ conference abstracts are compiled here. Thus, this book discusses highly topical fields of marine research and aims to act as a source of knowledge and inspiration for further reading and research. |
| apex predator definition biology: The Biology and Conservation of Elasmobranchs and Chimaeras Nuri Başusta , Elizabeth Grace Tunka Bengil, 2024-10-14 As aquatic predators since the Cretaceous period, Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, rays) and chimaeras, represent one of the oldest vertebrate groups, with very little morphological or physiological adaptations. Though they are remarkably ancient and praised as God-like creatures in some parts of the world, they are among the most feared in the public eye as a consequence of their negative portrayal throughout history. Unfortunately, as it is the case with many aquatic species, in recent years climate change and anthropogenic pressures such as food competition, pollution, and habitat degradation have significantly threatened their populations. On top of this, having low fecundity, late sexual maturation and slow growth rates as well as their opportunistic feeding behavior make them vulnerable to commercial fisheries even though, in most cases, they are not the target species. As a result, nowadays many species are endangered, some data-deficient or nearly extinct with the need for urgent knowledge for conservation actions. Producing science-based information on elasmobranchs and chimaeras is crucial for population sustainability, conservation and management actions. In this Research Topic, we invite author contributions on elasmobranchs and chimaeras biology and ecology (e.g., reproduction biology, feeding ecology, age and growth), distribution, migration and many other aspects to bring together this imperative knowledge to provide a base for conservation and management actions, locally or regionally. |
| apex predator definition biology: Encyclopedia of Ecology Brian D. Fath, 2014-11-03 The groundbreaking Encyclopedia of Ecology provides an authoritative and comprehensive coverage of the complete field of ecology, from general to applied. It includes over 500 detailed entries, structured to provide the user with complete coverage of the core knowledge, accessed as intuitively as possible, and heavily cross-referenced. Written by an international team of leading experts, this revolutionary encyclopedia will serve as a one-stop-shop to concise, stand-alone articles to be used as a point of entry for undergraduate students, or as a tool for active researchers looking for the latest information in the field. Entries cover a range of topics, including: Behavioral Ecology Ecological Processes Ecological Modeling Ecological Engineering Ecological Indicators Ecological Informatics Ecosystems Ecotoxicology Evolutionary Ecology General Ecology Global Ecology Human Ecology System Ecology The first reference work to cover all aspects of ecology, from basic to applied Over 500 concise, stand-alone articles are written by prominent leaders in the field Article text is supported by full-color photos, drawings, tables, and other visual material Fully indexed and cross referenced with detailed references for further study Writing level is suited to both the expert and non-expert Available electronically on ScienceDirect shortly upon publication |
| apex predator definition biology: The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology , 2009 |
| apex predator definition biology: Evolutionary Conservation Biology Régis Ferrière, Ulf Dieckmann, Denis Couvet, 2004-06-10 As anthropogenic environmental changes spread and intensify across the planet, conservation biologists have to analyze dynamics at large spatial and temporal scales. Ecological and evolutionary processes are then closely intertwined. In particular, evolutionary responses to anthropogenic environmental change can be so fast and pronounced that conservation biology can no longer afford to ignore them. To tackle this challenge, areas of conservation biology that are disparate ought to be integrated into a unified framework. Bringing together conservation genetics, demography, and ecology, this book introduces evolutionary conservation biology as an integrative approach to managing species in conjunction with ecological interactions and evolutionary processes. Which characteristics of species and which features of environmental change foster or hinder evolutionary responses in ecological systems? How do such responses affect population viability, community dynamics, and ecosystem functioning? Under which conditions will evolutionary responses ameliorate, rather than worsen, the impact of environmental change? |
| apex predator definition biology: Cougar Maurice Hornocker, Sharon Negri, 2009-12-15 The cougar is one of the most beautiful, enigmatic, and majestic animals in the Americas. Eliciting reverence for its grace and independent nature, it also triggers fear when it comes into contact with people, pets, and livestock or competes for hunters’ game. Mystery, myth, and misunderstanding surround this remarkable creature. The cougar’s range once extended from northern Canada to the tip of South America, and from the Pacific to the Atlantic, making it the most widespread animal in the western hemisphere. But overhunting and loss of habitat vastly reduced cougar numbers by the early twentieth century across much of its historical range, and today the cougar faces numerous threats as burgeoning human development encroaches on its remaining habitat. When Maurice Hornocker began the first long-term study of cougars in the Idaho wilderness in 1964, little was known about this large cat. Its secretive nature and rarity in the landscape made it difficult to study. But his groundbreaking research yielded major insights and was the prelude to further research on this controversial species. The capstone to Hornocker’s long career studying big cats, Cougar is a powerful and practical resource for scientists, conservationists, and anyone with an interest in large carnivores. He and conservationist Sharon Negri bring together the diverse perspectives of twenty-two distinguished scientists to provide the fullest account of the cougar’s ecology, behavior, and genetics, its role as a top predator, and its conservation needs. This compilation of recent findings, stunning photographs, and firsthand accounts of field research unravels the mysteries of this magnificent animal and emphasizes its importance in healthy ecosystem processes and in our lives. |
| apex predator definition biology: Out Of Control Kevin Kelly, 2009-04-30 Out of Control chronicles the dawn of a new era in which the machines and systems that drive our economy are so complex and autonomous as to be indistinguishable from living things. |
| apex predator definition biology: Ecology & Wonder in the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site Robert W. Sandford, 2010 Ecology and Wonder celebrates Western Canada's breathtaking landscape. The book makes several remarkable claims. The greatest cultural achievement in the mountain region of western Canada may be what has been preserved, not what has been developed. Protecting the spine of the Rocky Mountains will preserve crucial ecological functions. Because the process of ecosystem diminshment and species loss has been slowed, an ecological thermostat has been kept alive. This may well be an important defence against future impacts of climate change in the Canadian West. |
| apex predator definition biology: Conservation Biology for All Navjot S. Sodhi, Paul R. Ehrlich, 2010-01-08 Conservation Biology for All provides cutting-edge but basic conservation science to a global readership. A series of authoritative chapters have been written by the top names in conservation biology with the principal aim of disseminating cutting-edge conservation knowledge as widely as possible. Important topics such as balancing conversion and human needs, climate change, conservation planning, designing and analyzing conservation research, ecosystem services, endangered species management, extinctions, fire, habitat loss, and invasive species are covered. Numerous textboxes describing additional relevant material or case studies are also included. The global biodiversity crisis is now unstoppable; what can be saved in the developing world will require an educated constituency in both the developing and developed world. Habitat loss is particularly acute in developing countries, which is of special concern because it tends to be these locations where the greatest species diversity and richest centres of endemism are to be found. Sadly, developing world conservation scientists have found it difficult to access an authoritative textbook, which is particularly ironic since it is these countries where the potential benefits of knowledge application are greatest. There is now an urgent need to educate the next generation of scientists in developing countries, so that they are in a better position to protect their natural resources. |
| apex predator definition biology: General Biology, Archosauria, Chelonia Ulrich Joger, 2024-08-06 With more than 10,000 known species, recent reptiles (excluding birds) are the most specious tetrapod class. Their diversity is high, and many of them are frequently used as model organisms in phylogeographic and ecological studies. On the other hand, unique aspects of their biology are still being studied and important contributions to their understanding have just been issued. These aspects include the evolution of viviparity and of venom glands, metabolic regulation in poikilotherms, their ecophysiological tolerance and neurobiological and sensorial capacities such as infrared imaging and chemosensitivity. Genetic and developmental phenomena such as parthenogenesis and temperature-dependent sex determination are also special to reptiles. They are generally important for understanding evolutionary processes in vertebrates. The latest results of worldwide research on dinosaurs and other fossil reptiles, crocodiles and turtles conclude this first volume of Reptilia in the Handbook of Zoology. |
| apex predator definition biology: Mathematical Models in Biology Elizabeth Spencer Allman, John A. Rhodes, 2004 This introductory textbook on mathematical biology focuses on discrete models across a variety of biological subdisciplines. Biological topics treated include linear and non-linear models of populations, Markov models of molecular evolution, phylogenetic tree construction, genetics, and infectious disease models. The coverage of models of molecular evolution and phylogenetic tree construction from DNA sequence data is unique among books at this level. Computer investigations with MATLAB are incorporated throughout, in both exercises and more extensive projects, to give readers hands-on experience with the mathematical models developed. MATLAB programs accompany the text. Mathematical tools, such as matrix algebra, eigenvector analysis, and basic probability, are motivated by biological models and given self-contained developments, so that mathematical prerequisites are minimal. |
| apex predator definition biology: Music as Biology Dale Purves, 2017-02-01 The universality of musical tones has long fascinated philosophers, scientists, musicians, and ordinary listeners. Why do human beings worldwide find some tone combinations consonant and others dissonant? Why do we make music using only a small number of scales out of the billions that are possible? Why do differently organized scales elicit different emotions? Why are there so few notes in scales? In Music as Biology, Dale Purves argues that biology offers answers to these and other questions on which conventional music theory is silent. When people and animals vocalize, they generate tonal sounds—periodic pressure changes at the ear which, when combined, can be heard as melodies and harmonies. Human beings have evolved a sense of tonality, Purves explains, because of the behavioral advantages that arise from recognizing and attending to human voices. The result is subjective responses to tone combinations that are best understood in terms of their contribution to biological success over evolutionary and individual history. Purves summarizes evidence that the intervals defining Western and other scales are those with the greatest collective similarity to the human voice; that major and minor scales are heard as happy or sad because they mimic the subdued and excited speech of these emotional states; and that the character of a culture’s speech influences the tonal palette of its traditional music. Rethinking music theory in biological terms offers a new approach to centuries-long debates about the organization and impact of music. |
| apex predator definition biology: Ecology Charles J. Krebs, 2001 This best-selling majors ecology book continues to present ecology as a series of problems for readers to critically analyze. No other text presents analytical, quantitative, and statistical ecological information in an equally accessible style. Reflecting the way ecologists actually practice, the book emphasizes the role of experiments in testing ecological ideas and discusses many contemporary and controversial problems related to distribution and abundance. Throughout the book, Krebs thoroughly explains the application of mathematical concepts in ecology while reinforcing these concepts with research references, examples, and interesting end-of-chapter review questions. Thoroughly updated with new examples and references, the book now features a new full-color design and is accompanied by an art CD-ROM for instructors. The field package also includes The Ecology Action Guide, a guide that encourages readers to be environmentally responsible citizens, and a subscription to The Ecology Place (www.ecologyplace.com), a web site and CD-ROM that enables users to become virtual field ecologists by performing experiments such as estimating the number of mice on an imaginary island or restoring prairie land in Iowa. For college instructors and students. |
| apex predator definition biology: Ecology Michael Begon, Colin R. Townsend, 2020-11-17 A definitive guide to the depth and breadth of the ecological sciences, revised and updated The revised and updated fifth edition of Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems – now in full colour – offers students and practitioners a review of the ecological sciences. The previous editions of this book earned the authors the prestigious ‘Exceptional Life-time Achievement Award’ of the British Ecological Society – the aim for the fifth edition is not only to maintain standards but indeed to enhance its coverage of Ecology. In the first edition, 34 years ago, it seemed acceptable for ecologists to hold a comfortable, objective, not to say aloof position, from which the ecological communities around us were simply material for which we sought a scientific understanding. Now, we must accept the immediacy of the many environmental problems that threaten us and the responsibility of ecologists to play their full part in addressing these problems. This fifth edition addresses this challenge, with several chapters devoted entirely to applied topics, and examples of how ecological principles have been applied to problems facing us highlighted throughout the remaining nineteen chapters. Nonetheless, the authors remain wedded to the belief that environmental action can only ever be as sound as the ecological principles on which it is based. Hence, while trying harder than ever to help improve preparedness for addressing the environmental problems of the years ahead, the book remains, in its essence, an exposition of the science of ecology. This new edition incorporates the results from more than a thousand recent studies into a fully up-to-date text. Written for students of ecology, researchers and practitioners, the fifth edition of Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems is anessential reference to all aspects of ecology and addresses environmental problems of the future. |
| apex predator definition biology: The Metaphysics of Biology John Dupré, 2021-06-03 This Element is an introduction to the metaphysics of biology, a very general account of the nature of the living world. The first part of the Element addresses more traditionally philosophical questions - whether biological systems are reducible to the properties of their physical parts, causation and laws of nature, substantialist and processualist accounts of life, and the nature of biological kinds. The second half will offer an understanding of important biological entities, drawing on the earlier discussions. This division should not be taken too seriously, however: the topics in both parts are deeply interconnected. Although this does not claim to be a scientific work, it does aim to be firmly grounded in our best scientific knowledge; it is an exercise in naturalistic metaphysics. Its most distinctive feature is that argues throughout for a view of living systems as processes rather than things or, in the technical philosophical sense, substances. |
| apex predator definition biology: Man-eaters of Kumaon Jim Corbett, 2021-09-15 'Man-Eaters of Kumaon' is the best known of Corbett's books, one which offers ten fascinating and spine-tingling tales of pursuing and shooting tigers in the Indian Himalayas during the early years of this 19th Century. The stories also offer first-hand information about the exotic flora, fauna, and village life in this obscure and treacherous region of India, making it as interesting a travelogue as it is a compelling look at a bygone era of hunting. No one understood the ways of the Indian jungle better than Corbett. A skilled tracker, he preferred to hunt alone and on foot, sometimes accompanied by his small dog Robin. Corbett derived intense happiness from observing wildlife and he was a fervent conservationist as well as a tracker. He empathised with the impoverished people amongst whom he lived, in what is today Uttarakhand, and he established India's first tiger sanctuary there. Corbett's writing is as immediate and accessible today as it was when first published in 1944. |
| apex predator definition biology: The Biology of Caves and Other Subterranean Habitats David C. Culver, Tanja Pipan, 2019-04-01 The second edition of this widely cited textbook continues to provide a concise but comprehensive introduction to cave and subterranean biology, describing this fascinating habitat and its biodiversity. It covers a range of biological processes including ecosystem function, evolution and adaptation, community ecology, biogeography, and conservation. The authors draw on a global range of examples and case studies from both caves and non-cave subterranean habitats. One of the barriers to the study of subterranean biology has been the extraordinarily large number of specialized terms used by researchers; the authors explain these terms clearly and minimize the number that they use. This new edition retains the same 10 chapter structure of the original, but the content has been thoroughly revised and updated throughout to reflect the huge increase in publications concerning subterranean biology over the last decade. |
| apex predator definition biology: Coyotes Marc Bekoff, 2001-11-01 Originally published in 1978, this text pulls together much disparate research in coyote evolution, taxonomy, reproduction, communication, behavioral development, population dynamics, and ecological studies in the Southwest, Minnesota, Iowa, New England, and Wyoming. (Animals/Pets) |
| apex predator definition biology: Encyclopedia of Estuaries Michael J. Kennish, 2015-08-17 The Encyclopedia of Estuaries, part of Springer's Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, provides a single, state-of-the-art, comprehensive reference volume on estuaries for research scientists, educators, students, and others. Consisting of almost 270 subject entries in an easy-to-use format, this volume covers the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of estuaries. In total more than 225 authors from around the world have contributed to the encyclopedia on such diverse subjects as biotic communities, essential habitats, food webs, fisheries, hydrology, pollution, conservation, and many more. The Encyclopedia of Estuaries will meet the needs of professionals worldwide by supplying detailed information from world-class estuarine and marine scientists as well as experts from other fields of study. |
| apex predator definition biology: Them and Us Danny Vendramini, 2009 Put aside everything you thought you knew about being human - about how we got here and what it all means. Australian theoretical biologist Danny Vendramini has developed a theory of human origins that is stunning in its simplicity, yet breathtaking in its scope and importance. Them and Us: how Neanderthal predation created modern humans begins with a radical reassessment of Neanderthals. He shows they weren't docile omnivores, but savage, cannibalistic carnivores - top flight predators of the stone age. Neanderthal Predation (NP) theory reveals that Neanderthals were 'apex' predators - who resided at the top of the food chain, and everything else - including humans - was their prey. NP theory is one of those groundbreaking ideas that revolutionizes scientific thinking. It represents a quantum leap in our understanding of human origins. |
| apex predator definition biology: Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior , 2019-01-21 Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, Second Edition, Four Volume Set the latest update since the 2010 release, builds upon the solid foundation established in the first edition. Updated sections include Host-parasite interactions, Vertebrate social behavior, and the introduction of ‘overview essays’ that boost the book's comprehensive detail. The structure for the work is modified to accommodate a better grouping of subjects. Some chapters have been reshuffled, with section headings combined or modified. Represents a one-stop resource for scientifically reliable information on animal behavior Provides comparative approaches, including the perspective of evolutionary biologists, physiologists, endocrinologists, neuroscientists and psychologists Includes multimedia features in the online version that offer accessible tools to readers looking to deepen their understanding |
| apex predator definition biology: Predators and Parasitoids Opender Koul, G. S. Dhaliwal, 2003-03-13 Their natural enemies largely determine the population size and dynamic behavior of many plant-eating insects. Any reduction in enemy number can result in an insect outbreak. Applied biological control is thus one strategy for restoring functional biodiversity in many agroecosystems. Predators and Parasitoids addresses the role of natural enemies i |
| apex predator definition biology: Cave Biology Aldemaro Romero Díaz, 2009-07-23 A critical examination of current knowledge and ideas on cave biology, with emphasis on evolution, ecology, and conservation. |
| apex predator definition biology: Biology of the White Shark , 1985 |
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Apr 1, 2020 · Apex Predator: top of the food chain. Top predator, no other creatures prey upon them. Autotroph: produces food through photosynthesis (energy from sunlight) Biological …
Foundation Species, Non-trophic Interactions, and the Value …
white nodes (circles) represent apex predators (i.e., species that themselves have no predators), gray nodes represent intermediate consumers (i.e., species that are both predators of species …
17 Predator-Prey Models - Social Science Computing …
predator-prey models have a variety of useful social science applications. Finally, as we’ll see in Chapter xx, there is a deep mathematical connection between predator-prey models and the …
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This activity is appropriate for middle school life sciences and general high school biology. PRIOR KNOWLEDGE Students should know that predators eat prey and that most organisms have …
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Biology (9–1) Specification Pearson Edexcel International GCSE in Biology (4BI1) First teaching September 2017 First examination June 2019 Issue 3. About Pearson . We are the world’s …
Plasticity in the morphometrics and movements of an …
Plasticity in the morphometrics and movements of an Antarctic apex predator, the leopard seal Sarah S. Kienle1*, Michael E. Goebel2,3, Erin LaBrecque.4, Renato Borras-Chavez5,6, …
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Exotic Feline Enrichment - Purdue University
is Asia’s largest apex predator and can also be found in parts of India and Russia (Dinerstein et al., 2007). The African lion (Panthera leo leo) is known as “the king of the jungle” across …
Maintaining Apex Predators: A Case Study of - Oregon State …
Large predator –A predator is an animal that lives by killing and eating other animals. A “large predator” is one that normally exceeds 15 kg (33 lbs) at maturity. Plant community –A group of …
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CHAPTER 5 LESSON1 How Populations Grow READING TOOL Cause and Effect As you read this lesson, use the grapic organizer to take notes on how both types of population growth …
Loss of an apex predator in the wild induces physiological …
cal changes in prey from predator decline, and such responses are likely to increase given the scale and pace of apex predator declines globally. 1. Background Apex predators can alter …
Movement, Behavior, and Habitat Use of a Marine Apex …
Information on movement and habitat use of marine apex predators is needed to better understand population structure and to implement spatially explicit management strategies. …
Predation and Competition: The Interaction of Two Types of …
type in the predator's diet. If the predator does not show a numerical response, prey interact via the preda-tor's functional response alone, often in a (-,-) fash-ion. However, a (+,+) interaction …
Apex predators and the facilitation of resource partitioning …
facilitation of resource partitioning among mesopredators.
Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal
Morphological Traits of Apex Predator Barracuda Rodgers M. Stryjecki* Department of Agricultural Extension and Management, New York University, New York, USA …
Grouping behavior in a Triassic marine apex predator - Cell …
Dec 23, 2022 · Grouping behavior in a Triassic marine apex predator - Cell Press ... b) ...
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definition), produced by the apex predators or carnivores who have been extirpated from their ecosystems. Loss of ecosystem ... Borrowed from Latin predator, the English term ‘predator’ …
Keystone species and their impact on the ecosystem: Current …
removing a keystone predator can lead to a trophic cascade, where the absence of predation pressure allows herbivore populations to explode, resulting in overgrazing and habitat …
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May 29, 2022 · apex predator. Apex predator Guess: Apex predator Definition: Comprehension Questions: 1. A thylacine, or Tasmanian tiger, could be created using what technology? with. …
Introduction to Mollusca and the Class Gastropoda
Ecology and General Biology, Fourth Edition, 2015, 381-421 file-like radula used in feeding on the periphyton coverings of rocks or plants (Figure 18.1). Mussels and clams have a ... shell …
Measuring functional redundancy using generalized Hill …
when specific ecological roles (e.g. apex predator, primary pro-ducer) are played by more than one species/taxon (Rosenfeld,2002; Walker, 1992). The presence of functionally redundant …
Competition between apex predators? Brown bears …
apex predator, the brown bear (Ursus arctos). We used kill interval (i.e. the number of days between consecutive ungulate kills) as a proxy of kill rate. Although brown bears can …
Timber Rattlesnake Fact Sheet - Purdue University Fort Wayne
TIMBER RATTLESNAKE Crotalus horridus Identification, Status, Ecology, and Conservation ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
Humans Are Apex Predators - 45.79.9.118
Apex predator | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica Aug 4, 2022 · lion. tiger. apex predator, in ecology, any flesh-eating animal that has no natural predators or enemies. Apex predators …
herbivore - media.nationalgeographic.org
predator noun animal that hunts other animals for food. prey noun animal that is hunted and eaten by other animals. primary consumer noun organism that eats plants or other autotrophs. …
scavenger - media.nationalgeographic.org
predator noun animal that hunts other animals for food. prey noun animal that is hunted and eaten by other animals. primary consumer noun organism that eats plants or other autotrophs. …
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Revision Guide - WJEC
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Fear of humans as apex predators has landscape‐scale …
human ‘super predator’, or indeed any large apex predator, generates landscapes of fear with impacts across wildlife com-munities remains to be tested experimentally. A large number of …
Bibliography for Oceanic Whitetip Critical Habitat Determination
excursions by an oceanic apex predator. Ecology and Evolution 6: 5290-5304. Howey-Jordan LA, Brooks EJ, Abercrombie DL, Jordan LKB, Brooks A, Williams S, Gospodarczyk E, Chapman …
Top of the Food Chain (Apex Predators) - Turpentine Creek …
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Population dynamics of recovering apex predators: Golden …
ORIGINAL RESEARCH Population dynamics of recovering apex predators: Golden eagles in a Mediterranean landscape A. Fernandez-Gil´ 1, J. A. Lamas2, L. M. Ansola3, J. Roman´ 1, M. …
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White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) Scavenging on Whales …
White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) Scavenging on Whales and Its Potential Role in Further Shaping the Ecology of an Apex Predator Chris Fallows1, Austin J. Gallagher2,3, Neil …
Supplementary Material for - National Oceanic and …
Table S2. Metadata associated for SPOT-tagged tiger sharks, including shark ID, sex, size, and location of tagging. Tracking durations (i.e. days elapsed between tagging and last position date)
Definitions and Concepts for AQA Biology A-level
Predator: An organism that eats other organisms. Prey: An organism that is eaten by predators. Quadrat: A square grid of a known area used in sampling to determine the abundance of …
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Lecture 17: BIOLOGICAL CONTROL - DEFINITION - HISTORY …
1965 - Predator Platymeris laevicollis introduced from Zanzibar to control coconut Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros History, development, classical examples of biocontrol Till 1988 At …
Tracking apex marine predator movements in a dynamic …
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Ecosystem context and historical contingency in apex …
logical systems when seeking targets for apex predator recovery. APEX PREDATORS LIVE SLOW, RANGE WIDELY, AND DIE FAST There are a variety of reasons why apex predator …
What Is A Apex Predator - 45.79.9.118
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CARRYING CAPACITY and LIMITING FACTORS - Shawsheen …
b. Determine which is the predator and which is the prey. c. Regulate how many organisms live in an ecosystem. d. Determine which natural disasters will hit an area. 3. Which of the following …
Business Ecosystems: A Guide - ICAEW
keystone can be a large, powerful apex predator at the top of the system, but not necessarily, as for example it could be a species that is a strong interactor, like a small but crucial pollinating …
The rise of an apex predator following deglaciation
Aim: ttersSea o (Enhydra lutris) are an apex predator of the nearshore marine com‐ munity and nearly went extinct at the turn of the 20th century. Reintroductions and legal protection allowed …
Keystone species: Ecological architects of biodiversity and …
the presence of a keystone predator maintained species richness in intertidal ecosystems [1]. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 2024, 11(01), 1137–1152 ... Apex …
