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| application of vacuum technology: Vacuum Technology and Applications David J. Hucknall, 2013-10-22 Vacuum Technology and Applications reviews the most commonly encountered methods for the production, containment, and measurement of subatmospheric pressure. This book also outlines a number of very important applications of this technology. This text is organized into eight chapters and begins with a brief survey of the fundamental principles of vacuum technology. The succeeding chapters deal with the pumps used for the production of rough-medium and high-ultra-high vacua. These chapters specifically cover their principles, performance, and applications. These topics are followed by a discussion of the devices for residual gas analysis and partial pressure measurement. Other chapters consider the aspects of leak detection using He-specific mass spectrometer and the materials, components, and fabrication of vacuum devices. The final chapters explore the application of vacuum technology in critical areas of industrial activity, such as thin-film technology, semiconductor, metallurgy, and chemical industry. This book will prove useful to practicing mechanical, chemical, and design engineers. |
| application of vacuum technology: Vacuum Pramod K. Naik, 2018-03-22 Vacuum plays an important role in science and technology. The study of interaction of charged particles, neutrals and radiation with each other and with solid surfaces requires a vacuum environment for reliable investigations. Vacuum has contributed to major advancements made in nuclear science, space, metallurgy, electrical/electronic technology, chemical engineering, transportation, robotics and many other fields. This book is intended to assist students, scientists, technicians and engineers with understanding the basics of vacuum science and technology for application in their projects. The fundamental theories, concepts, devices, applications, and key inventions are discussed. |
| application of vacuum technology: Handbook of Vacuum Technology Karl Jousten, 2016-06-14 This comprehensive, standard work has been updated to remain an important resource for all those needing detailed knowledge of the theory and applications of vacuum technology. The text covers the existing knowledge on all aspects of vacuum science and technology, ranging from fundamentals to components and operating systems. It features many numerical examples and illustrations to help visualize the theoretical issues, while the chapters are carefully cross-linked and coherent symbols and notations are used throughout the book. The whole is rounded off by a user-friendly appendix of conversion tables, mathematical tools, material related data, overviews of processes and techniques, equipment-related data, national and international standards, guidelines, and much more. As a result, engineers, technicians, and scientists will be able to develop and work successfully with the equipment and environment found in a vacuum. |
| application of vacuum technology: Basic Vacuum Technology, 2nd edition A. Chambers, 1998-01-01 Vacuum technology is widely used in many manufacturing and developmental processes and its applications grow in scope and sophistication. It is an inter-disciplinary subject, embracing aspects of mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering, chemistry, and materials science while having a broad foundation in physics. In spite of its technological importance, and perhaps because of its cross-disciplinary nature, substantial teaching and training is not widely available. Basic Vacuum Technology aims to give readers a firm foundation of fundamental knowledge about the subject and the ability to apply it. This book is an introductory text on how to use vacuum techniques. It provides a good grounding in the basic scientific principles and concepts that underlie the production and measurement of vacua. The authors describe how these are applied in representative low, medium, high, and ultra-high vacuum systems and explain the most important practical aspects of the operation of a large variety of pumps, components, and measuring instrumentation. The book introduces numerical methods for analysis and prediction of the behavior of vacuum systems in terms of the properties of their individual elements and enables readers to recognize and resolve problems with malfunctioning systems. |
| application of vacuum technology: Vacuum Technique L.N. Rozanov, 2002-04-04 Vacuum technology finds itself in many areas of industry and research. These include materials handling, packaging, gas sampling, filtration, degassing of oils and metals, thin-film coating, electron microscopy, particle acceleration, and impregnation of electrical components. It is vital to design systems that are appropriate to the application, and with so many potential solutions this can become overwhelming. Vacuum Technique provides an overview of vacuum technology, its different design methodologies, and the underlying theory. The author begins with a summary of the properties of low-pressure gases, then moves on to describe mathematical modeling of gas transfer in the vacuum system, the operation of pumps and gauges, computer-aided synthesis and analysis of systems, and the design of different vacuum systems. In particular, the author discusses the structure and characteristics of low, middle, high, and superhigh vacuum systems, as well as the characteristics of joints, materials, movement inputs, and all aspects of production technology and construction standards. Using specific examples rather than describing the various elements, Vacuum Technique supplies engineers, technicians, researchers, and students with needed expertise and a comprehensive guide to designing, selecting, and using an appropriate vacuum system for a specific purpose. |
| application of vacuum technology: Handbook of Vacuum Technology Karl Jousten, 2016-08-22 Dieses gut eingeführte Standardwerk deckt Theorie und Anwendungen der Vakuumtechnik ab und wurde für die aktualisierte Neuauflage vollständig überarbeitet. Das Buch fasst den aktuellen Wissensstand der Vakuumtechnik zusammen, angefangen bei den Grundlagen über Bauteile bis hin zu vollständigen Vakuumsystemen. Zahlreiche Beispiele und Abbildungen illustrieren unterstützten den Transfer von Theorie zu Praxis, und eine durchgängig einheitliche Notation und Symbolik erleichtert das Verständnis. Abgerundet wird das Buch durch einen nutzerfreundlichen Anhang mit Umrechnungstabellen, mathematischen Hilfsmitteln, Materialkonstanten, Gerätedaten und Normen. |
| application of vacuum technology: A User's Guide to Vacuum Technology John F. O'Hanlon, 2005-02-18 In the decade and a half since the publication of the Second Edition of A User?s Guide to Vacuum Technology there have been many important advances in the field, including spinning rotor gauges, dry mechanical pumps, magnetically levitated turbo pumps, and ultraclean system designs. These, along with improved cleaning and assembly techniques have made contamination-free manufacturing a reality. Designed to bridge the gap in both knowledge and training between designers and end users of vacuum equipment, the Third Edition offers a practical perspective on today?s vacuum technology. With a focus on the operation, understanding, and selection of equipment for industrial processes used in semiconductor, optics, packaging, and related coating technologies, A User?s Guide to Vacuum Technology, Third Edition provides a detailed treatment of this important field. While emphasizing the fundamentals and touching on significant topics not adequately covered elsewhere, the text avoids topics not relevant to the typical user. |
| application of vacuum technology: Vacuum Technology Transactions C. Robert Meissner, 2016-04-20 Vacuum Technology Transactions covers the proceedings of the Sixth National Symposium on Vacuum Technology Transactions, held in Philadelphia on October 7-9, 1959, sponsored by the American Vacuum Society. This book is organized into eight parts encompassing 57 chapters. The opening part deals with the important role of spectroscopic studies in vacuum science, particularly in ultra-high-vacuum investigations. The next parts describe the production, design, and requirements of ultra-high-vacuum systems; methods of measurement and applications of vacuum systems; and the application of vacuum technology in various scientific fields. The remaining parts are devoted to thin films and their application, vacuum system components, as well as the design considerations and use of getter-ion pumps in vacuum systems. Non-specialized and specialized engineers will find this book rewarding. |
| application of vacuum technology: Vacuum Technology David J Hucknall, Alan Morris, 2019-05-16 An accessible and applicable guide to quantitative problem solving in vacuum technology, this book is aimed at newcomers, students and the experienced practitioner. It contains essential information and worked examples for those using vacuum technology in chemical applications and who are involved in the design and operation of vacuum equipment. Using step by step solutions of example calculations and formulae, Vacuum Technology: Calculations in Chemistry sets out to encourage readers to quantify their own systems so that they can ensure efficient operation and fault finding. Whilst emphasising the use of appropriate units in calculations and using well known expressions in vacuum technology throughout, the book includes: * formulae necessary for quantitative vacuum technology * commonly required data for common gases in tabulated form * schematic diagrams of systems and layouts This book is certain to be a confidence inspiring publication for use in both research and industry. |
| application of vacuum technology: Handbook of Vacuum Science and Technology Dorothy Hoffman, Bawa Singh, John H. Thomas III, 1997-10-29 The Handbook of Vacuum Technology consists of the latest innovations in vacuum science and technology with a strong orientation towards the vacuum practitioner. It covers many of the new vacuum pumps, materials, equipment, and applications. It also details the design and maintenance of modern vacuum systems. The authors are well known experts in their individual fields with the emphasis on performance, limitations, and applications rather than theory. There aremany useful tables, charts, and figures that will be of use to the practitioner. - User oriented with many useful tables, charts, and figures of use to the practitioner - Reviews new vacuum materials and equipment - Illustrates the design and maintenance of modern vacuum systems - Includes well referenced chapters |
| application of vacuum technology: Vacuum Engineering Calculations, Formulas, and Solved Exercises Armand Berman, 2012-12-02 This book was written with two main objectives in mind - to summarize and organize the vast material of vacuum technology in sets of useful formulas, and to provide a collection of worked out exercises showing how to use these formulas for solving technological problems. It is an ideal reference source for those with little time to devote to a full mathematical treatment of the many problems issued in vacuum practice, but who have a working knowledge of the essentials of vacuum technology, elementary physics, and mathematics. This time saving book employs a problem-solving approach throughout, providing the methodology for computing vacuum parameters. References and solved exercises are appended to the end of each chapter. - Presents the thermal transpiration effect in vacuum gauges with application to capacitance manometers in vacuum metrology - Covers analytical-statistical calculation of conductances of vacuum elements - Examines the molecular flow of gas through short pipes and channels - Explains chocked and nonchocked laminar flow of gas through vacuum elements |
| application of vacuum technology: Total Pressure Measurements in Vacuum Technology A. Berman, 2014-06-28 Total Pressure Measurements in Vacuum Technology focuses on the measurement of low total pressure in hostile environments or in the presence of magnetic fields. This book emphasizes the general processes and problems involved in measurement techniques and physical principles on which vacuum gauges operate, rather than on the detailed description of the gauges. The design and techniques involved in the use of special instruments that determine pressure or gas density, such as pressure converters or radioactive gauges, are also described. This publication is mainly intended for graduate students and research scientists who have a good general background in physics and engineering. |
| application of vacuum technology: Industrial Vacuum 101 - Second Edition Dan Bott, 2011-10-01 The first of a three-part series designed to highlight the principles of Vacuum Science and Technology. This book is written for those who are new to vacuum and covers many of the topics that are used in industrial rough vacuum applications such as: pressure conversions, flow conversions, pumpdown of closed systems, vacuum technologies, filtration and vacuum piping. Readers will gain a working fluency of the words, terms and concepts used in sizing and applying vacuum pumps to industrial and manufacturing processes. In addition, this book provides tips on the application and installation of vacuum pump accessories. This book is complete with a glossary of common terms and a chapter dedicated to sample problems on major topics. |
| application of vacuum technology: Handbook of Vacuum Arc Science & Technology Raymond L. Boxman, David M. Sanders, Philip J. Martin, 1996-12-31 This is a comprehensive text describing the basic physics and technological applications of vacuum arcs. Part I describes basic physics of the vacuum arc, beginning with a brief tutorial review of plasma and electrical discharge physics, then describes the arc ignition process, cathode and anode spots which serve as the locus for plasma generation, and resultant interelectrode plasma. Part II describes the applications of the vacuum arc for depositing thin films and coatings, refining metals, switching high power, and as sources of intense electron, ion, plasma, and x-ray beams. |
| application of vacuum technology: Ultrahigh Vacuum Practice G. F. Weston, 2013-10-22 Ultrahigh Vacuum Practice covers topics about components suitable for ultrahigh vacuum applications, their theory of operation, their assembly and use, and their performance and calibration. The book starts by discussing the fundamentals of vacuum science and technology. The text then describes the physical properties and methods of preparing the materials for ultrahigh vacuum and the various pumps and their performance and application to ultrahigh vacuum systems. The mechanism and performance of the various ultrahigh vacuum gauges and the problem of gauge calibration at low pressures, as well as the accuracy that can be expected are discussed as well. Partial pressure measurements, ultrahigh vacuum components, and liquid nitrogen replenisher are also considered. The book tackles the system requirements and applications, as well as methods for detecting leak. Users or potential users of ultrahigh vacuum equipment and expert vacuum engineers will find the book useful. |
| application of vacuum technology: Process Vacuum System Design and Operation James L. Ryans, Daniel L. Roper, 1986 |
| application of vacuum technology: The Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology Donald M. Mattox, 2018-08-21 The Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology, Second Edition, is a revised and expanded version of the first edition, which was published in 2003. The book reviews the histories of the various vacuum coating technologies and expands on the history of the enabling technologies of vacuum technology, plasma technology, power supplies, and low-pressure plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The melding of these technologies has resulted in new processes and products that have greatly expanded the application of vacuum coatings for use in our everyday lives. The book is unique in that it makes extensive reference to the patent literature (mostly US) and how it relates to the history of vacuum coating. The book includes a Historical Timeline of Vacuum Coating Technology and a Historical Timeline of Vacuum/Plasma Technology, as well as a Glossary of Terms used in the vacuum coating and surface engineering industries. - History and detailed descriptions of Vacuum Deposition Technologies - Review of Enabling Technologies and their importance to current applications - Extensively referenced text - Patents are referenced as part of the history - Historical Timelines for Vacuum Coating Technology and Vacuum/Plasma Technology - Glossary of Terms for vacuum coating |
| application of vacuum technology: The Vacuum Interrupter Paul G. Slade, 2020-11-29 Title: The Vacuum Interrupter: Theory, Design, and ApplicationShelving guide: Electrical Engineering Dr. Paul Slade draws from his nearly six decades of active experience to develop this second edition of The Vacuum Interrupter: Theory, Design, and Application. This book begins by discussing the design requirements for high voltage vacuum interrupters and then the contact requirements to interrupt the vacuum arc. It then continues by describing the various applications in which the vacuum interrupter is generally utilized. Part 1 of this book begins with a detailed review of the vacuum breakdown process. It continues by covering the steps necessary for the design and the manufacture of a successful vacuum interrupter. The vacuum arc is then discussed, including how it is affected as a function of current. An overview of the development and use of practical contact materials, along with their advantages and disadvantages, follows. Contact designs that are introduced to control the high current vacuum arc are also analyzed. Part 2, on application, begins with a discussion of the arc interruption process for low current and high current vacuum arcs. It examines the voltage escalation phenomenon that can occur when interrupting inductive circuits. The occurrence of contact welding for closed contacts subjected to the passage of high currents, and for contacts when closing on high currents, is explored. The general requirements for the successful manufacture and testing of vacuum circuit breakers is then presented. The general application of vacuum interrupters to switch load currents, especially when applied to capacitor circuits, is also given. The interruption of high short circuit currents is presented along with the expected performance of the two major contact designs. Owing to the ever-increasing need for environmentally friendly circuit protection devices, the development and application of the vacuum interrupter will only increase in the future. At present the vacuum circuit breaker is the technology of choice for distribution circuits (5kV to 40.5kV). It is increasingly being applied to transmission circuits (72.5kV to 242kV). In the future, its application for protecting high voltage DC networks is assured. Audience This is a practical source book for engineers and scientists interested in studying the development and application of the vacuum interrupter Research scientists in industry and universities Graduate students beginning their study of vacuum interrupter phenomena Design engineers applying vacuum interrupters in vacuum switches, vacuum contactors, vacuum circuit breakers, and vacuum contactors It provides a unique and comprehensive review of all aspects of vacuum interrupter technology for those new to the subject and for those who wish to obtain a deeper understanding of its science and application Scientists and engineers, who are beginning their research into vacuum breakdown and aspects of the vacuum arc, will find the extensive bibliography and phenomenological descriptions to be a useful introduction |
| application of vacuum technology: Vacuum Science and Technology Paul A. Redhead, 1997-05-27 Market: Researchers and technicians in vacuum science, and those interested in the field. This comprehensive overview of the groundbreaking work in vacuum science from 1910 to 1960 presents original biographies of the scientists and engineers at the vanguard of vacuum technology. It also features papers now regarded as milestones. Among these are Saul Dushman's Theory and Use of the Molecular Gauge (1915), Pieter Clausing's The Flow of Highly Rarefied Gases through Tubes of Arbitrary Length (1932), and L.D. Hall's Electronic Ultra-High Vacuum Pump (1932). |
| application of vacuum technology: A Users Guide to Vacuum Technology John F. O'Hanlon, Timothy A. Gessert, 2023-10-16 A USERS GUIDE TO VACUUM TECHNOLOGY Choose and understand the vacuum technology that fits your project’s needs with this indispensable guide Vacuum technology is used to provide process environments for other kinds of engineering technology, making it an unsung cornerstone of hundreds of projects incorporating analysis, research and development, manufacturing, and more. Since it is very often a secondary technology, users primarily interested in processes incorporating it will frequently only encounter vacuum technology when purchasing or troubleshooting. There is an urgent need for a guide to vacuum technology made with these users in mind. For decades, A User’s Guide to Vacuum Technology has met this need, with a user-focused introduction to vacuum technology as it is incorporated into semiconductor, optics, solar sell, and other engineering processes. With an emphasis on otherwise neglected subjects and on accessibility to the secondary user of vacuum technology, it balances treatment of older systems that are still in use with a survey of the latest cutting-edge technologies. The result promises to continue as the essential guide to vacuum systems. Readers of the fourth edition of A User’s Guide to Vacuum Technology will also find: Expanded treatment of gauges, pumps, materials, systems, and best??operating practices Detailed discussion of cutting-edge topics like ultraclean vacuum and contamination control An authorial team with decades of combined research and engineering experience A User’s Guide to Vacuum Technology is essential for those entering emerging STEM programs, engineering professionals and graduate students working with a huge range of engineering technologies. |
| application of vacuum technology: Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources Richard G. Carter, 2018-04-12 Get up-to-speed on the theory, principles and design of vacuum electron devices. |
| application of vacuum technology: Handbook of Vacuum Technology Karl Jousten, 2008-11-24 A comprehensive standard work and important resource for both students and professionals in research and industry who need detailed knowledge of the theory and applications. Many numerical examples and numerous illustrations visualize the theoretical issues, backed by many useful tables and charts, plus over 500 illustrations. The Handbook discusses the latest developments in vacuum measurement techniques and leak detection in vacuum systems, as well as the connection of vacuum systems to computerized control systems. |
| application of vacuum technology: Vacuum Sealing Techniques Alexander Roth, 1994 Market: Scientists, engineers, and graduate students in vacuum technology. This volume presents numerous techniques developed in the early 1960s for the efficient construction of reliable vacuum seals, and provides critical insights into the design, construction, and assembly of vacuum systems. Extensively researched, this work covers a variety of sealing techniques and design concepts that remain as technologically relevant now as they were nearly three decades ago. |
| application of vacuum technology: Vacuum Heat Treatment Daniel Herring, BNP Media, 2012-09-01 Vacuum Heat Treatment is a comprehensive introduction and technical resource for vacuum processes and equipment, focusing on subjects that engineers, heat treaters, quality assurance personnel and metallurgists need to know. This book also serves as a practical guide by offering numerous tips and techniques on vacuum operation, vacuum controls, vacuum component operation and vacuum maintenance/repair. Each topic is covered in sufficient depth so that the reader understands why the subject is important and how to use this information in determining equipment choices, how furnaces should be run, how process recipes are designed, and what troubleshooting steps are needed. |
| application of vacuum technology: Osmotic Dehydration and Vacuum Impregnation Pedro Fito, Amparo Chiralt, Jose Manuel Barat, Walter E. L. Spiess, Diana Behsnilian, 2019-04-23 This volume in the Food Preservation Technology Series presents the latest developments in the application of two solid-liquid operations, Osmotic Dehydration (OD) and Vacuum Impregnation (VI), to the food industry. An international group of experts report on the improvement of osmotic processes at atmospheric pressure for fruits and vegetables, cu |
| application of vacuum technology: Vacuum Electronics Joseph A. Eichmeier, Manfred Thumm, 2008-03-04 Nineteen experts from the electronics industry, research institutes and universities have joined forces to prepare this book. It does nothing less than provide a complete overview of the electrophysical fundamentals, the present state of the art and applications, as well as the future prospects of microwave tubes and systems. The book does the same for optoelectronics vacuum devices, electron and ion beam devices, light and X-ray emitters, particle accelerators and vacuum interrupters. |
| application of vacuum technology: Vacuum Technology and Space Simulation D.J. Santeler, D.H. Hokeboer, D.W. Jones, F. Pagano, 1992-12-31 Market: Those involved in vacuum technology and complex vacuum facilities. While specific projects have changed in the 30 years since this book was first published, the need for large complex vacuum facilities has not. And despite new developments in pumping, measurement, and outgassing, this book will remain for many years to come the standard of practical vacuum operation. |
| application of vacuum technology: Modern Developments in Vacuum Electron Sources Georg Gaertner, Wolfram Knapp, Richard G. Forbes, 2020-10-09 This book gives an overview of modern cathodes and electron emitters for vacuum tubes and vacuum electron devices in general. It covers the latest developments in field emission theory as well as new methods towards improving thermionic and cold cathodes. It addresses thermionic cathodes, such as oxide cathodes, impregnated and scandate cathodes, as well as photocathodes and field emitters – the latter comprising carbon nanotubes, graphene and Spindt-type emitter arrays. Despite the rise and fall of the once dominant types of vacuum tubes, such as radio valves and cathode ray tubes, cathodes are continually being improved upon as new applications with increased demands arise, for example in electron beam lithography, high-power and high-frequency microwave tubes, terahertz imaging and electron sources for accelerators. Written by 17 experts in the field, the book presents the latest developments in cathodes needed for these applications, discussing the state of the art and addressing future trends. |
| application of vacuum technology: Electron Physics of Vacuum and Gaseous Devices Miroslav Sedlacek, 1996-04-05 However, the electron tube has continued as the component of choice in a wide range of important devices and applications where semiconductors simply will not do: televisions, electron microscopes, spectrometers, X-ray equipment, accelerators, devices using freely charged particles, and microwave devices, to name a few. |
| application of vacuum technology: Vacuum Technology in the Chemical Industry Wolfgang Jorisch, 2015-02-27 Based on the very successful German edition and a seminar held by the German Engineers` Association (VDI) on a regular basis for years now, this English edition has been thoroughly updated and revised to reflect the latest developments. It supplies in particular the special aspects of vacuum technology, applied vacuum pump types and vacuum engineering in the chemical, pharmaceutical and process industry application-segments. The text includes chapters dedicated to latest European regulations for operating in hazardous zones with vacuum systems, methods for process pressure control and regulation and leak detection. All of the authors work or did work at a selection of the most important German companies involved in vacuum technology, and their expertise is disseminated here for engineers working in vacuum technology, chemical process design, plant operation, and mechanical engineering. |
| application of vacuum technology: Vacuum Drying for Extending Food Shelf-Life Felipe Richter Reis, 2014-07-08 In this book, suitable examples of how to increase the shelf life of food materials while preserving their desirable original features are provided. |
| application of vacuum technology: Application of Tap changers to Transformers T. V. Sridhar, 2020-07-01 This book focuses on the role and application of tap changers to power transformers and the power transmission industry in general. Starting with an elementary introduction to the fundamentals of tap changers, the book discusses the evolution of resistance tap changers and their current applications. It also includes the most recent technologies in the field like the vacuum and reactor tap changers, and discusses the driving mechanisms, operations and maintenance. This book can be a very useful reference for power systems professionals, engineering consultants, transformer manufacturers, and R&D organizations in the specification, installation, operation and maintenance of tap changers. |
| application of vacuum technology: Advanced Welding Processes J Norrish, 2006-10-11 Advanced welding processes provides an excellent introductory review of the range of welding technologies available to the structural and mechanical engineer. The book begins by discussing general topics such power sources, filler materials and gases used in advanced welding. A central group of chapters then assesses the main welding techniques: gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), high energy density processes and narrow-gap welding techniques. Two final chapters review process control, automation and robotics.Advanced welding processes is an invaluable guide to selecting the best welding technology for mechanical and structural engineers. - An essential guide to selecting the best welding technology for mechanical and structural engineers - Provides an excellent introductory review of welding technologies - Topics include gas metal arc welding, laser welding and narrow gap welding methods |
| application of vacuum technology: New Technologies, Development and Application II Isak Karabegović, 2019-04-23 This book features papers focusing on the implementation of new and future technologies, which were presented at the International Conference on New Technologies, Development and Application, held at the Academy of Science and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo on 27th–29th June 2019. It covers a wide range of future technologies and technical disciplines, including complex systems such as Industry 4.0; robotics; mechatronics systems; automation; manufacturing; cyber-physical and autonomous systems; sensors; networks; control, energy, automotive and biological systems; vehicular networking and connected vehicles; effectiveness and logistics systems, smart grids, as well as nonlinear, power, social and economic systems. We are currently experiencing the Fourth Industrial Revolution “Industry 4.0”, and its implementation will improve many aspects of human life in all segments, and lead to changes in business paradigms and production models. Further, new business methods are emerging, transforming production systems, transport, delivery, and consumption, which need to be monitored and implemented by every company involved in the global market. |
| application of vacuum technology: Optical Tweezers Philip H. Jones, Onofrio M. Marag-, Giovanni Volpe, 2015-12-03 A comprehensive guide to the theory, practice and applications of optical tweezers, combining state-of-the-art research with a strong pedagogic approach. |
| application of vacuum technology: Modern Vacuum Physics Austin Chambers, 2004-08-30 Modern Vacuum Physics presents the principles and practices of vacuum science and technology along with a number of applications in research and industrial production. The first half of the book builds a foundation in gases and vapors under rarefied conditions, The second half presents examples of the analysis of representative systems and describe |
| application of vacuum technology: Ground Improvement Professor Jian Chu, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn, Buddhima Indraratna, 2005-11-07 - The first book of its kind, providing over thirty real-life case studies of ground improvement projects selected by the worlds top experts in ground improvement from around the globe. - Volume 3 of the highly regarded Elsevier Geo-engineering book series coordinated by the Series Editor: Professor John A Hudson FREng. - An extremely reader friendly chapter format. - Discusses wider economical and environmental issues facing scientists in the ground improvement.Ground improvement has been both a science and art, with significant developments observed through ancient history. From the use of straw as blended infill with soils for additional strength during the ancient Roman civilizations, and the use of elephants for compaction of earth dams during the early Asian civilizations, the concepts of reinforced earth with geosynthetics, use of electrokinetics and thermal modifications of soils have come a long way. The use of large and stiff stone columns and subsequent sand drains in the past has now been replaced by quicker to install and more effective prefabricated vertical drains, which have also eliminated the need for more expensive soil improvement methods.The early selection and application of the most appropriate ground improvement techniques can improve considerably not only the design and performance of foundations and earth structures, including embankments, cut slopes, roads, railways and tailings dams, but also result in their cost-effectiveness. Ground improvement works have become increasingly challenging when more and more problematic soils and marginal land have to be utilized for infrastructure development.This edited compilation contains a collection of Chapters from invited experts in various areas of ground improvement, who have illustrated the basic concepts and the applications of different ground improvement techniques using real projects that they have been involved in. The case histories from many countries ranging from Asia, America, Australia and Europe are addressed. |
| application of vacuum technology: Modern Vacuum Practice Nigel S. Harris, 2007 |
| application of vacuum technology: The Physical Basis of Ultrahigh Vacuum P.A. Redhead, J.P. Hobson, E.V. Kornelsen, 1997-08-01 Market: Those involved in the design and use of UHV component systems. Written 25 years ago, this book explains both the design and use of UHV systems and components, as well as the underlying physical principles on which the performance of the equipment depends. Because of its close association of these underlying physical principles with the practical problems inherent in UHV equipment, the book retains its value to this day. |
| application of vacuum technology: Vacuum Technology A. Roth, 2012-12-02 This third updated and enlarged edition includes about 350 new papers added to the previous list of references. The contents have been revised and updated in the areas of: Thermonuclear pumping; Throughput; Transmission probability; Electronic circuit simulation; Sorption on charcoal; Desorption from porous materials; Desorption from stainless steel, A1 alloys (outgassing rates); Ion bombardment (glow discharge) cleaning; Clay - type pumps; Turbomolecular pumps-improvements; Cryosorption; NEG (Nonevaporable getter) linear pumps; Standards for measurement of pumping speed (Recommended practice, test domes); Spinning rotor gauges; Quartz friction gauges; Increase of sensitivity of thermocouple gauges; Lubrication in vacuum; Calibration of diffusion leaks; Improvements in leak detection. Besides its role in educational activities, the book will also serve as a handbook for those working in this field, or in fields connected to Vacuum Technology.Comments from the press on the second edition:A valuable reference work for undergraduate libraries...well organized and clearly written and strikes an appropriate balance between completeness and attention to fundamentals. The index and references are unusually complete. Recommended. (Choice) Roth's new book contains a comprehensive collection of information on rarefied-gas flow, physical and chemical phenomena associated with vacuum technology, the production and measurement of high vacuum and sealing and leak-detection techniques. One finds a wealth of equations, numerical examples, tables, graphs and monographs. The book is more a handbook than a source book of latest developments. It is suitable for teaching, but the wealth of organized data should also make the book highly useful to engineers... (Physics Today) |
软件（software）和应用程序（application）有什么区别？
App 其实是 Application Software （应用程序）的简称。 因为在之前的计算机时代，人们不但需要懂软件层的Software，也要关心硬件层的 Hardware 是否支持、是否兼容，所以用软件来与硬件区别，这个叫法就沿用至今。
你们说的ABI，Application Binary Interface到底是什么东西？
ABI（Application Binary Interface）是编译器和链接器遵守的一组规则，使编译后的程序可以正常工作。
epub怎么打开？ - 知乎
在iPhone上面看，epub的格式用什么软件打开呢，电脑上呢
WPS 如何卸载干净？ - 知乎
7、打开我的电脑，C盘，依次打开Documents and Settings\Administrator\Application Data\Kingsoft\。注意上述Administrator是计算机管理员的用户名，如果你的电脑管 …
win11内存完整性打不开，显示PassGuard_x64.sys驱动不兼容…
sys 是驱动程序的可执行代码，扩展名为.sys,一般是在C:\Windows\System32\drivers里 …
软件（software）和应用程序（application）有什么区别？ - 知乎
App 其实是 Application Software （应用程序）的简称。 因为在之前的计算机时代，人们不但需要懂软件层的Software，也要关心硬件层的 Hardware 是否支持、是否兼容，所以用软件来与硬 …
你们说的ABI，Application Binary Interface到底是什么东西？
ABI（Application Binary Interface）是编译器和链接器遵守的一组规则，使编译后的程序可以正常工作。
epub怎么打开？ - 知乎
在iPhone上面看，epub的格式用什么软件打开呢，电脑上呢
WPS 如何卸载干净？ - 知乎
7、打开我的电脑，C盘，依次打开Documents and Settings\Administrator\Application Data\Kingsoft\。注意上述Administrator是计算机管理员的用户名，如果你的电脑管理员用户名 …
win11内存完整性打不开，显示PassGuard_x64.sys驱动不兼容，这 …
sys 是驱动程序的可执行代码，扩展名为.sys,一般是在C:\Windows\System32\drivers里面，找到之后就可以删除啦。
Edge浏览器主页被360劫持怎么办 - 知乎
2021年7月21日实测有效： 右击快捷方式，属性，将目标中的内容替换为 "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge_proxy.exe"
如何打开mobi为后缀的文件？ - 知乎
我补充个PC上的软件，借用其首页上的介绍. Sumatra PDF is a PDF, ePub, MOBI, CHM, XPS, DjVu, CBZ, CBR reader for Windows
如何解决Windows更新导致AMD Radeon Software等软件无法正常 …
每次Windows更新之后（Advanced micro devices, inc, -Display -27.20.11028.5001），双击AMD Radeon Sof…
expert systems with applications这个期刊怎么样 ？有投过的么。 …
《expert systems with applications》学术影响力没得说，if=7.5，位于中科院1区，jcr q1，但审核速度在14个月左右，将近1年多的时间，周期太不稳定，时间紧迫的学者千万不要投稿，否则 …
F12如何查看cookie? - 知乎
May 4, 2023 · 在F12开发者工具中，切换到“ Application ”（或“应用程序”）选项卡； 在左侧的菜单中，点击“ Cookies ”（或“Cookie”）选项； 在右侧的面板中，可以查看当前网站的Cookie信 …
