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| bias definition in literature: Personal Bias in Literary Criticism Nagendra Prasad, 2002 Study on the works of Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784, Mattew Arnold, 1822-1888 and T.S. Eliot, 1888-1965, English litterateurs. |
| bias definition in literature: The Oxford Handbook of the Science of Science Communication Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, Dietram Scheufele, 2017 On topics from genetic engineering and mad cow disease to vaccination and climate change, this Handbook draws on the insights of 57 leading science of science communication scholars who explore what social scientists know about how citizens come to understand and act on what is known by science. |
| bias definition in literature: Foundations of Epidemiology Marit L. Bovbjerg, 2020-10 Foundations of Epidemiology is an open access, introductory epidemiology text intended for students and practitioners in public or allied health fields. It covers epidemiologic thinking, causality, incidence and prevalence, public health surveillance, epidemiologic study designs and why we care about which one is used, measures of association, random error and bias, confounding and effect modification, and screening. Concepts are illustrated with numerous examples drawn from contemporary and historical public health issues. |
| bias definition in literature: Implicit Racial Bias Across the Law Justin D. Levinson, Robert J. Smith, 2012-04-23 This book explores how scientific evidence on the human mind might help to explain why racial equality is so elusive. Through the lens of powerful and pervasive implicit racial attitudes and stereotypes, it examines both the continued subordination of historically disadvantaged groups and the legal system's complicity in the subordination. |
| bias definition in literature: The Politics of Evidence Justin Parkhurst, 2016-10-04 The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com/, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. There has been an enormous increase in interest in the use of evidence for public policymaking, but the vast majority of work on the subject has failed to engage with the political nature of decision making and how this influences the ways in which evidence will be used (or misused) within political areas. This book provides new insights into the nature of political bias with regards to evidence and critically considers what an ‘improved’ use of evidence would look like from a policymaking perspective. Part I describes the great potential for evidence to help achieve social goals, as well as the challenges raised by the political nature of policymaking. It explores the concern of evidence advocates that political interests drive the misuse or manipulation of evidence, as well as counter-concerns of critical policy scholars about how appeals to ‘evidence-based policy’ can depoliticise political debates. Both concerns reflect forms of bias – the first representing technical bias, whereby evidence use violates principles of scientific best practice, and the second representing issue bias in how appeals to evidence can shift political debates to particular questions or marginalise policy-relevant social concerns. Part II then draws on the fields of policy studies and cognitive psychology to understand the origins and mechanisms of both forms of bias in relation to political interests and values. It illustrates how such biases are not only common, but can be much more predictable once we recognise their origins and manifestations in policy arenas. Finally, Part III discusses ways to move forward for those seeking to improve the use of evidence in public policymaking. It explores what constitutes ‘good evidence for policy’, as well as the ‘good use of evidence’ within policy processes, and considers how to build evidence-advisory institutions that embed key principles of both scientific good practice and democratic representation. Taken as a whole, the approach promoted is termed the ‘good governance of evidence’ – a concept that represents the use of rigorous, systematic and technically valid pieces of evidence within decision-making processes that are representative of, and accountable to, populations served. |
| bias definition in literature: Algorithms of Oppression Safiya Umoja Noble, 2018-02-20 Acknowledgments -- Introduction: the power of algorithms -- A society, searching -- Searching for Black girls -- Searching for people and communities -- Searching for protections from search engines -- The future of knowledge in the public -- The future of information culture -- Conclusion: algorithms of oppression -- Epilogue -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the author |
| bias definition in literature: The Passage of Literature Christopher GoGwilt, 2010-12-29 Joseph Conrad, Jean Rhys, and Pramoedya Ananta Toer are writers renowned for crafting narratives of great technical skill that resonate with potent truths on the colonial condition. Yet given the generational and geographical boundaries that separated them, they are seldom considered in conjunction with one another. The Passage of Literature unites the three in a bracing comparative study that breaks away from traditional conceptions of modernism, going beyond temporal periodization and the entrenched Anglo-American framework that undergirds current scholarship. This study nimbly traces a trio of distinct yet interrelated modernist genealogies. English modernism as exemplified by Conrad's Malay trilogy is productively paired with the hallmark work of Indonesian modernism, Pramoedya's Buru quartet. The two novel sequences, penned years apart, narrate overlapping histories of imperialism in the Dutch East Indies, and both make opera central for understanding the cultural dynamic of colonial power. Creole modernism--defined not only by the linguistic diversity of the Caribbean but also by an alternative vision of literary history--provides a transnational context for reading Rhys's Good Morning, Midnight and Wide Sargasso Sea, each novel mapped in relation to the colonial English and postcolonial Indonesian coordinates of Conrad's The Shadow-Line and Pramoedya's This Earth of Mankind. All three modernisms-English, Creole, and Indonesian-converge in a discussion of the Indonesian figure of the nyai, a concubine or house servant, who represents the traumatic core of transnational modernism. Throughout the study, Pramoedya's extraordinary effort to reconstruct the lost record of Indonesia's emergence as a nation provides a model for reading each fragmentary passage of literature as part of an ongoing process of decolonizing tradition. Drawing on translated and un-translated works of fiction and nonfiction, GoGwilt effectively reexamines the roots of Anglophone modernist studies, thereby laying out the imperatives of a new postcolonial philology even as he resituates European modernism within the literary, linguistic, and historical context of decolonization. |
| bias definition in literature: A Dictionary of Business Research Methods John Duignan, 2016-02-18 This accessible new dictionary provides clear and authoritative definitions of terms, approaches, and techniques in the area of business research methods. It covers research philosophies including research design and qualitative and quantitative methods, types of data and data collection techniques, and organizing and reporting research finding. It is an invaluable resource for students, academics, and professionals learning about research methods as part of a business degree, and undertaking research in many fields including sociology, psychology, and marketing. |
| bias definition in literature: Handbook of Technical Writing Charles T. Brusaw, 1997-08-15 New to this edition: Up-to-date information on on-line research and computer resources. A unique four-way access system enables users of the Handbook of Technical Writing to find what they need quickly and get on with the job of writing: 1. The hundreds of entries in the body of the Handbook are alphabetically arranged, so you can flip right to the topic at hand. Words and phrases in bold type provide cross-references to related entries. 2. The topical key groups alphabetical entries and page numbers under broader topic categories. This topical table of contents allows you to check broader subject areas for the specific topic you need. 3. The checklist of the writing process summarizes the opening essay on Five Steps to Successful Writing in checklist form with page references to related topics, making it easy to use the Handbook as a writing text. 4. The comprehensive index provides an exhaustive listing of related and commonly confused topics, so you can easily locate information even when you don't know the exact term you're looking for. |
| bias definition in literature: Blindspot Mahzarin R. Banaji, Anthony G. Greenwald, 2016-08-16 “Accessible and authoritative . . . While we may not have much power to eradicate our own prejudices, we can counteract them. The first step is to turn a hidden bias into a visible one. . . . What if we’re not the magnanimous people we think we are?”—The Washington Post I know my own mind. I am able to assess others in a fair and accurate way. These self-perceptions are challenged by leading psychologists Mahzarin R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald as they explore the hidden biases we all carry from a lifetime of exposure to cultural attitudes about age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, social class, sexuality, disability status, and nationality. “Blindspot” is the authors’ metaphor for the portion of the mind that houses hidden biases. Writing with simplicity and verve, Banaji and Greenwald question the extent to which our perceptions of social groups—without our awareness or conscious control—shape our likes and dislikes and our judgments about people’s character, abilities, and potential. In Blindspot, the authors reveal hidden biases based on their experience with the Implicit Association Test, a method that has revolutionized the way scientists learn about the human mind and that gives us a glimpse into what lies within the metaphoric blindspot. The title’s “good people” are those of us who strive to align our behavior with our intentions. The aim of Blindspot is to explain the science in plain enough language to help well-intentioned people achieve that alignment. By gaining awareness, we can adapt beliefs and behavior and “outsmart the machine” in our heads so we can be fairer to those around us. Venturing into this book is an invitation to understand our own minds. Brilliant, authoritative, and utterly accessible, Blindspot is a book that will challenge and change readers for years to come. Praise for Blindspot “Conversational . . . easy to read, and best of all, it has the potential, at least, to change the way you think about yourself.”—Leonard Mlodinow, The New York Review of Books “Banaji and Greenwald deserve a major award for writing such a lively and engaging book that conveys an important message: Mental processes that we are not aware of can affect what we think and what we do. Blindspot is one of the most illuminating books ever written on this topic.”—Elizabeth F. Loftus, Ph.D., distinguished professor, University of California, Irvine; past president, Association for Psychological Science; author of Eyewitness Testimony |
| bias definition in literature: Practical Psychiatric Epidemiology Jayati Das-Munshi, Tamsin Ford, Matthew Hotopf, Martin Prince, Robert Stewart, 2020-04-30 Epidemiology has been defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health states or events in defined populations and its application to the control of health problems. Psychiatric epidemiology has continued to develop and apply these core principles in relation to mental health and mental disorders. This long-awaited second edition of Practical Psychiatric Epidemiology covers all of the considerable new developments in psychiatric epidemiology that have occurred since the first edition was published. It includes new content on key topics such as life course epidemiology, gene/environment interactions, bioethics, patient and public involvement in research, mixed methods research, new statistical methods, case registers, policy, and implementation. Looking to the future of this rapidly evolving scientific discipline and how it will to respond to the emerging opportunities and challenges posed by 'big data', new technologies, open science and globalisation, this new edition will continue to serve as an invaluable reference for clinicians in practice and in training. It will also be of interest to researchers in mental health and people studying or teaching psychiatric epidemiology at undergraduate or postgraduate level. |
| bias definition in literature: Concepts of Epidemiology Raj S. Bhopal, 2016 First edition published in 2002. Second edition published in 2008. |
| bias definition in literature: Anti-Bias Education for Young Children and Ourselves Louise Derman-Sparks, Julie Olsen Edwards, 2020-04-07 Anti-bias education begins with you! Become a skilled anti-bias teacher with this practical guidance to confronting and eliminating barriers. |
| bias definition in literature: The Optimism Bias Tali Sharot, 2011-06-14 Psychologists have long been aware that most people maintain an irrationally positive outlook on life—but why? Turns out, we might be hardwired that way. In this absorbing exploration, Tali Sharot—one of the most innovative neuroscientists at work today—demonstrates that optimism may be crucial to human existence. The Optimism Bias explores how the brain generates hope and what happens when it fails; how the brains of optimists and pessimists differ; why we are terrible at predicting what will make us happy; how emotions strengthen our ability to recollect; how anticipation and dread affect us; how our optimistic illusions affect our financial, professional, and emotional decisions; and more. Drawing on cutting-edge science, The Optimism Bias provides us with startling new insight into the workings of the brain and the major role that optimism plays in determining how we live our lives. |
| bias definition in literature: Why I Write George Orwell, 2021-01-01 George Orwell set out ‘to make political writing into an art’, and to a wide extent this aim shaped the future of English literature – his descriptions of authoritarian regimes helped to form a new vocabulary that is fundamental to understanding totalitarianism. While 1984 and Animal Farm are amongst the most popular classic novels in the English language, this new series of Orwell’s essays seeks to bring a wider selection of his writing on politics and literature to a new readership. In Why I Write, the first in the Orwell’s Essays series, Orwell describes his journey to becoming a writer, and his movement from writing poems to short stories to the essays, fiction and non-fiction we remember him for. He also discusses what he sees as the ‘four great motives for writing’ – ‘sheer egoism’, ‘aesthetic enthusiasm’, ‘historical impulse’ and ‘political purpose’ – and considers the importance of keeping these in balance. Why I Write is a unique opportunity to look into Orwell’s mind, and it grants the reader an entirely different vantage point from which to consider the rest of the great writer’s oeuvre. 'A writer who can – and must – be rediscovered with every age.' — Irish Times |
| bias definition in literature: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Julian P. T. Higgins, Sally Green, 2008-11-24 Healthcare providers, consumers, researchers and policy makers are inundated with unmanageable amounts of information, including evidence from healthcare research. It has become impossible for all to have the time and resources to find, appraise and interpret this evidence and incorporate it into healthcare decisions. Cochrane Reviews respond to this challenge by identifying, appraising and synthesizing research-based evidence and presenting it in a standardized format, published in The Cochrane Library (www.thecochranelibrary.com). The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains methodological guidance for the preparation and maintenance of Cochrane intervention reviews. Written in a clear and accessible format, it is the essential manual for all those preparing, maintaining and reading Cochrane reviews. Many of the principles and methods described here are appropriate for systematic reviews applied to other types of research and to systematic reviews of interventions undertaken by others. It is hoped therefore that this book will be invaluable to all those who want to understand the role of systematic reviews, critically appraise published reviews or perform reviews themselves. |
| bias definition in literature: Unconscious Bias in Schools Tracey A. Benson, Sarah E. Fiarman, 2020-07-22 In Unconscious Bias in Schools, two seasoned educators describe the phenomenon of unconscious racial bias and how it negatively affects the work of educators and students in schools. “Regardless of the amount of effort, time, and resources education leaders put into improving the academic achievement of students of color,” the authors write, “if unconscious racial bias is overlooked, improvement efforts may never achieve their highest potential.” In order to address this bias, the authors argue, educators must first be aware of the racialized context in which we live. Through personal anecdotes and real-life scenarios, Unconscious Bias in Schools provides education leaders with an essential roadmap for addressing these issues directly. The authors draw on the literature on change management, leadership, critical race theory, and racial identity development, as well as the growing research on unconscious bias in a variety of fields, to provide guidance for creating the conditions necessary to do this work—awareness, trust, and a “learner’s stance.” Benson and Fiarman also outline specific steps toward normalizing conversations about race; reducing the influence of bias on decision-making; building empathic relationships; and developing a system of accountability. All too often, conversations about race become mired in questions of attitude or intention–“But I’m not a racist!” This book shows how information about unconscious bias can help shift conversations among educators to a more productive, collegial approach that has the potential to disrupt the patterns of perception that perpetuate racism and institutional injustice. Tracey A. Benson is an assistant professor of educational leadership at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Sarah E. Fiarman is the director of leadership development for EL Education, and a former public school teacher, principal, and lecturer at Harvard Graduate School of Education. |
| bias definition in literature: The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice Fiona Kate Barlow, Chris G. Sibley, 2018-10-11 This concise student edition of The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice includes new pedagogical features and instructor resources. |
| bias definition in literature: The Wave Todd Strasser, 2013-01-08 This novel dramatizes an incident that took place in a California school in 1969. A teacher creates an experimental movement in his class to help students understand how people could have followed Hitler. The results are astounding. The highly disciplined group, modeled on the principles of the Hilter Youth, has its own salute, chants, and special ways of acting as a unit and sweeps beyond the class and throughout the school, evolving into a society willing to give up freedom for regimentation and blind obedience to their leader. All will learn a lesson that will never be forgotten. |
| bias definition in literature: Analyzing the Role of Cognitive Biases in the Decision-Making Process Juárez Ramos, Verónica, 2018-11-16 Decision making or making judgments is an essential function in the ordinary life of any individual. Decisions can often be made easily, but sometimes, it can be difficult due to conflict, uncertainty, or ambiguity of the variables required to make the decision. As human beings, we constantly have to decide between different activities such as occupational, recreational, political, economic, etc. These decisions can be transcendental or inconsequential. Analyzing the Role of Cognitive Biases in the Decision-Making Process presents comprehensive research focusing on cognitive shortcuts in the decision-making process. While highlighting topics including jumping to conclusion bias, personality traits, and theoretical models, this book is ideally designed for mental health professionals, psychologists, sociologists, managers, academicians, researchers, and upper-level students seeking current research on cognitive biases that affect individual decision making in daily life. |
| bias definition in literature: Racial Innocence Tanya Katerí Hernández, 2022-08-23 “Profound and revelatory, Racial Innocence tackles head-on the insidious grip of white supremacy on our communities and how we all might free ourselves from its predation. Tanya Katerí Hernández is fearless and brilliant . . . What fire!”—Junot Díaz The first comprehensive book about anti-Black bias in the Latino community that unpacks the misconception that Latinos are “exempt” from racism due to their ethnicity and multicultural background Racial Innocence will challenge what you thought about racism and bias and demonstrate that it’s possible for a historically marginalized group to experience discrimination and also be discriminatory. Racism is deeply complex, and law professor and comparative race relations expert Tanya Katerí Hernández exposes “the Latino racial innocence cloak” that often veils Latino complicity in racism. As Latinos are the second-largest ethnic group in the US, this revelation is critical to dismantling systemic racism. Basing her work on interviews, discrimination case files, and civil rights law, Hernández reveals Latino anti-Black bias in the workplace, the housing market, schools, places of recreation, the criminal justice system, and Latino families. By focusing on racism perpetrated by communities outside those of White non-Latino people, Racial Innocence brings to light the many Afro-Latino and African American victims of anti-Blackness at the hands of other people of color. Through exploring the interwoven fabric of discrimination and examining the cause of these issues, we can begin to move toward a more egalitarian society. |
| bias definition in literature: An Introduction to Implicit Bias Erin Beeghly, Alex Madva, 2020-03-27 Written by a diverse range of scholars, this accessible introductory volume asks: What is implicit bias? How does implicit bias compromise our knowledge of others and social reality? How does implicit bias affect us, as individuals and participants in larger social and political institutions, and what can we do to combat biases? An interdisciplinary enterprise, the volume brings together the philosophical perspective of the humanities with the perspective of the social sciences to develop rich lines of inquiry. Its twelve chapters are written in a non-technical style, using relatable examples that help readers understand what implicit bias is, its significance, and the controversies surrounding it. Each chapter includes discussion questions and additional annotated reading suggestions, and a companion webpage contains teaching resources. The volume is an invaluable resource for students—and researchers—seeking to understand criticisms surrounding implicit bias, as well as how one might answer them by adopting a more nuanced understanding of bias and its role in maintaining social injustice. |
| bias definition in literature: Processes of Prejudice Dominic Abrams, Great Britain. Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2010 |
| bias definition in literature: The SAGE Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination John F Dovidio, 2010-08-05 The SAGE Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination provides comprehensive coverage on the state of research, critical analysis and promising avenues for further study on prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination. Each chapter presents in-depth reviews of specific topics, describing the current state of knowledge and identifying the most productive new directions for future research. Representing both traditional and emerging perspectives, this multi-disiplinary and truly international volume will serve as a seminal resource for students and scholars. |
| bias definition in literature: Cultural Competency for Public Administrators Kristen A. Norman-Major, Susan T Gooden, 2014-12-17 With a focus on a broad spectrum of topics--race, ethnicity, gender, disability, and sexual orientation at the federal, tribal, state, and local levels--this book equips readers to better understand the complex, real-world challenges public administrators confront in serving an increasingly diverse society. The book's main themes include: What is cultural competency and why is it important? Building culturally competent public agencies; Culturally competent public policy; Building culturally competent public servants; How do agencies assess their cultural competency and what is enough? PA scholars will appreciate the attention given to the role of cultural competency in program accreditation, and to educational approaches to deliver essential instruction on this important topic. Practitioners will value the array of examples that reflect many of the common trade offs public administrators face when trying to deliver comprehensive programs and services within a context of fiscal realities. |
| bias definition in literature: Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.), 2013-02-21 This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov) |
| bias definition in literature: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Action Christine Bombaro, 2020-10-27 All too often, in a hurried attempt to “catch up,” diversity training can create division among staff or place undue burdens on a handful of employees. Instead, academic libraries need approaches to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) that position these priorities as ongoing institutional and professional goals. This book’s model programs will help academic libraries do exactly that, sharing a variety of initiatives that possess clear goals, demonstrable outcomes, and reproducible strategies. Librarians, administrators, and directors will all benefit from the programs detailed inside, which include such topics as a university library’s community of practice for interactions and learning around DEI; cultural competency training to create more welcoming instruction spaces; student workshops on literature searches that mitigate bias; overcoming the historic tendency to marginalize LGBTQ+ representation in archives; a curriculum and design workshop that moved from discussing social values to embedding them in actions; the founding of a library-led LGBT club for students at a rural community college; a liberal arts college’s retention-boosting program for first-generation students; tailoring a collection and library services to the unique needs of student veterans; and a framework for moving from diversity to equity and inclusion, toward a goal of social justice. |
| bias definition in literature: Revealing Media Bias in News Articles Felix Hamborg, 2023-02-24 This open access book presents an interdisciplinary approach to reveal biases in English news articles reporting on a given political event. The approach named person-oriented framing analysis identifies the coverage’s different perspectives on the event by assessing how articles portray the persons involved in the event. In contrast to prior automated approaches, the identified frames are more meaningful and substantially present in person-oriented news coverage. The book is structured in seven chapters: Chapter 1 presents a few of the severe problems caused by slanted news coverage and identifies the research gap that motivated the research described in this thesis. Chapter 2 discusses manual analysis concepts and exemplary studies from the social sciences and automated approaches, mostly from computer science and computational linguistics, to analyze and reveal media bias. This way, it identifies the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches for identifying and revealing media bias. Chapter 3 discusses the solution design space to address the identified research gap and introduces person-oriented framing analysis (PFA), a new approach to identify substantial frames and to reveal slanted news coverage. Chapters 4 and 5 detail target concept analysis and frame identification, the first and second component of PFA. Chapter 5 also introduces the first large-scale dataset and a novel model for target-dependent sentiment classification (TSC) in the news domain. Eventually, Chapter 6 introduces Newsalyze, a prototype system to reveal biases to non-expert news consumers by using the PFA approach. In the end, Chapter 7 summarizes the thesis and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the thesis to derive ideas for future research on media bias. This book mainly targets researchers and graduate students from computer science, computational linguistics, political science, and further social sciences who want to get an overview of the relevant state of the art in the other related disciplines and understand and tackle the issue of bias from a more effective, interdisciplinary viewpoint. |
| bias definition in literature: The Bias That Divides Us Keith E. Stanovich, 2021-08-31 Why we don't live in a post-truth society but rather a myside society: what science tells us about the bias that poisons our politics. In The Bias That Divides Us, psychologist Keith Stanovich argues provocatively that we don't live in a post-truth society, as has been claimed, but rather a myside society. Our problem is not that we are unable to value and respect truth and facts, but that we are unable to agree on commonly accepted truth and facts. We believe that our side knows the truth. Post-truth? That describes the other side. The inevitable result is political polarization. Stanovich shows what science can tell us about myside bias: how common it is, how to avoid it, and what purposes it serves. Stanovich explains that although myside bias is ubiquitous, it is an outlier among cognitive biases. It is unpredictable. Intelligence does not inoculate against it, and myside bias in one domain is not a good indicator of bias shown in any other domain. Stanovich argues that because of its outlier status, myside bias creates a true blind spot among the cognitive elite--those who are high in intelligence, executive functioning, or other valued psychological dispositions. They may consider themselves unbiased and purely rational in their thinking, but in fact they are just as biased as everyone else. Stanovich investigates how this bias blind spot contributes to our current ideologically polarized politics, connecting it to another recent trend: the decline of trust in university research as a disinterested arbiter. |
| bias definition in literature: Cognitive Biases in Visualizations Geoffrey Ellis, 2018-09-27 This book brings together the latest research in this new and exciting area of visualization, looking at classifying and modelling cognitive biases, together with user studies which reveal their undesirable impact on human judgement, and demonstrating how visual analytic techniques can provide effective support for mitigating key biases. A comprehensive coverage of this very relevant topic is provided though this collection of extended papers from the successful DECISIVe workshop at IEEE VIS, together with an introduction to cognitive biases and an invited chapter from a leading expert in intelligence analysis. Cognitive Biases in Visualizations will be of interest to a wide audience from those studying cognitive biases to visualization designers and practitioners. It offers a choice of research frameworks, help with the design of user studies, and proposals for the effective measurement of biases. The impact of human visualization literacy, competence and human cognition on cognitive biases are also examined, as well as the notion of system-induced biases. The well referenced chapters provide an excellent starting point for gaining an awareness of the detrimental effect that some cognitive biases can have on users’ decision-making. Human behavior is complex and we are only just starting to unravel the processes involved and investigate ways in which the computer can assist, however the final section supports the prospect that visual analytics, in particular, can counter some of the more common cognitive errors, which have been proven to be so costly. |
| bias definition in literature: Malingering, Feigning, and Response Bias in Psychiatric/ Psychological Injury Gerald Young, 2014-02-11 This book is a comprehensive analysis of the definitions, concepts, and recent research on malingering, feigning, and other response biases in psychological injury/ forensic disability populations. It presents a new model of malingering and related biases, and develops a “diagnostic” system based on it that is applicable to PTSD, chronic pain, and TBI. Included are suggestions for effective practice and future research based on the literature reviews and the new systems, which are useful also because they can be used readily by psychiatrists as much as psychologists. In Malingering, Feigning, and Response Style Assessment in Psychiatric/Psychological Injury, Dr. Young ambitiously sets out to articulate and synthesize the polarities involved in the assessment of response styles in psychological disabilities, including PTSD, pain, and TBI. He does so thoroughly and very even-handedly, neither minimizing the degree that outright faking can be found in substantial numbers of examinees, nor disregarding the possibility that there can be causes for validity test failure other than malingering. He reviews the prior systems for classifying evidence of malingering, and proposes his own criteria for feigned PTSD. These are conservative and well-grounded in the prior literature. Finally, the book contains dozens of very recent references, giving testament to Dr. Young's immersion in the personal injury literature, as might be expected from his experience as founder and Editor in Chief for Psychological Injury and the Law. Reviewer: Steve Rubenzer, Ph.D., ABPP Board Certified Forensic Psychologist |
| bias definition in literature: Handbook for Clinical Research Flora Hammond, MD, James F. Malec, Todd Nick, Ralph Buschbacher, MD, 2014-08-26 With over 80 information-packed chapters, Handbook for Clinical Research delivers the practical insights and expert tips necessary for successful research design, analysis, and implementation. Using clear language and an accessible bullet point format, the authors present the knowledge and expertise developed over time and traditionally shared from mentor to mentee and colleague to colleague. Organized for quick access to key topics and replete with practical examples, the book describes a variety of research designs and statistical methods and explains how to choose the best design for a particular project. Research implementation, including regulatory issues and grant writing, is also covered. The book opens with a section on the basics of research design, discussing the many ways in which studies can be organized, executed, and evaluated. The second section is devoted to statistics and explains how to choose the correct statistical approach and reviews the varieties of data types, descriptive and inferential statistics, methods for demonstrating associations, hypothesis testing and prediction, specialized methods, and considerations in epidemiological studies and measure construction. The third section covers implementation, including how to develop a grant application step by step, the project budget, and the nuts and bolts of the timely and successful completion of a research project and documentation of findings: procedural manuals and case report forms collecting, managing and securing data operational structure and ongoing monitoring and evaluation and ethical and regulatory concerns in research with human subjects. With a concise presentation of the essentials for successful research, the Handbook for Clinical Research is a valuable addition to the library of any student, research professional, or clinician interested in expanding the knowledge base of his or her field. Key Features: Delivers the essential elements, practical insights, and trade secrets for ensuring successful research design, analysis, and implementation Presents the nuts and bolts of statistical analysis Organized for quick access to a wealth of information Replete with practical examples of successful research designs Û from single case designs to meta-analysis - and how to achieve them Addresses research implementation including regulatory issues and grant writing |
| bias definition in literature: Guidelines for Selecting Bias-free Textbooks and Storybooks Council on Interracial Books for Children, 1989 |
| bias definition in literature: Advances in Bias and Fairness in Information Retrieval Ludovico Boratto, Stefano Faralli, Mirko Marras, Giovanni Stilo, 2023-08-22 This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Algorithmic Bias in Search and Recommendation, BIAS 2023, held in Dublin, Ireland, in April 2023. The 10 full papers and 4 short papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 36 submissions. The present recent research in the following topics: biases exploration and assessment; mitigation strategies against biases; biases in newly emerging domains of application, including healthcare, Wikipedia, and news, novel perspectives; and conceptualizations of biases in the context of generative models and graph neural networks. |
| bias definition in literature: Good Research Practice in Non-Clinical Pharmacology and Biomedicine Anton Bespalov, Martin C. Michel, Thomas Steckler, 2020-01-01 This open access book, published under a CC BY 4.0 license in the Pubmed indexed book series Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, provides up-to-date information on best practice to improve experimental design and quality of research in non-clinical pharmacology and biomedicine. |
| bias definition in literature: Handbook of Meta-analysis in Ecology and Evolution Julia Koricheva, Jessica Gurevitch, Kerrie Mengersen, 2013-04-21 Meta-analysis is a powerful statistical methodology for synthesizing research evidence across independent studies. This is the first comprehensive handbook of meta-analysis written specifically for ecologists and evolutionary biologists, and it provides an invaluable introduction for beginners as well as an up-to-date guide for experienced meta-analysts. The chapters, written by renowned experts, walk readers through every step of meta-analysis, from problem formulation to the presentation of the results. The handbook identifies both the advantages of using meta-analysis for research synthesis and the potential pitfalls and limitations of meta-analysis (including when it should not be used). Different approaches to carrying out a meta-analysis are described, and include moment and least-square, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches, all illustrated using worked examples based on real biological datasets. This one-of-a-kind resource is uniquely tailored to the biological sciences, and will provide an invaluable text for practitioners from graduate students and senior scientists to policymakers in conservation and environmental management. Walks you through every step of carrying out a meta-analysis in ecology and evolutionary biology, from problem formulation to result presentation Brings together experts from a broad range of fields Shows how to avoid, minimize, or resolve pitfalls such as missing data, publication bias, varying data quality, nonindependence of observations, and phylogenetic dependencies among species Helps you choose the right software Draws on numerous examples based on real biological datasets |
| bias definition in literature: Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis Hannah R. Rothstein, Alexander J. Sutton, Michael Borenstein, 2005-11-18 Publication bias is the tendency to decide to publish a study based on the results of the study, rather than on the basis of its theoretical or methodological quality. It can arise from selective publication of favorable results, or of statistically significant results. This threatens the validity of conclusions drawn from reviews of published scientific research. Meta-analysis is now used in numerous scientific disciplines, summarizing quantitative evidence from multiple studies. If the literature being synthesised has been affected by publication bias, this in turn biases the meta-analytic results, potentially producing overstated conclusions. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis examines the different types of publication bias, and presents the methods for estimating and reducing publication bias, or eliminating it altogether. Written by leading experts, adopting a practical and multidisciplinary approach. Provides comprehensive coverage of the topic including: Different types of publication bias, Mechanisms that may induce them, Empirical evidence for their existence, Statistical methods to address them, Ways in which they can be avoided. Features worked examples and common data sets throughout. Explains and compares all available software used for analysing and reducing publication bias. Accompanied by a website featuring software, data sets and further material. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis adopts an inter-disciplinary approach and will make an excellent reference volume for any researchers and graduate students who conduct systematic reviews or meta-analyses. University and medical libraries, as well as pharmaceutical companies and government regulatory agencies, will also find this invaluable. |
| bias definition in literature: The Harms of Crime Media Denise L. Bissler, Joan L. Conners, 2014-01-10 A scan of today's television programming reveals numerous media stories, factual and fictional, featuring some aspect of crime. These depictions can stray far from reality, with the effect of creating and reinforcing distorted impressions. This collection offers a sociological analysis of race, class, and gender stereotypes within crime media. Essays discuss particular examples of inequalities and stereotypes, consider the implications of such portrayals, and demonstrate how they influence the public's expectations and beliefs about real-world crime. |
| bias definition in literature: The Routledge Companion to Literature and Emotion Patrick Colm Hogan, Bradley J. Irish, Lalita Pandit Hogan, 2022-04-05 The Routledge Companion to Literature and Emotion shows how the affective turn in the humanities applies to literary studies. Deftly combining the scientific elements with the literary, the book provides a theoretical and topical introduction to reading literature and emotion. Looking at a variety of formats, including novels, drama, film, graphic fiction, and lyric poetry, the book also includes focus on specific authors such as Shakespeare, Chaucer, Jane Austen, Virginia Woolf, and Viet Thanh Nguyen. The volume introduces the theoretical groundwork, covering such categories as affect theory, affective neuroscience, cognitive science, evolution, and history of emotions. It examines the range of emotions that play a special role in literature, including happiness, fear, aesthetic delight, empathy, and sympathy, as well as aspects of literature (style, narrative voice, and others) that bear on emotional response. Finally, it explores ethical and political concerns that are often intertwined with emotional response, including racism, colonialism, disability, ecology, gender, sexuality, and trauma. This is a crucial guide to the ways in which new, interdisciplinary understandings of emotion and affect—in fields from neuroscience to social theory—are changing the study of literature and of the ways those new understandings are impacted by work on literature also. |
| bias definition in literature: Developing Theories of Mind Janet W. Astington, Paul L. Harris, David R. Olson, 1988 A collection of empirical reports and conceptual analyses written by leading researchers in an exciting new area of the cognitive sciences. The book examines a fundamental change that occurs in children's cognition between the ages of two and six. |
BIAS - Miami Dade College
Critical reading requires that a reader recognize bias in writing. Without this recognition, the reader may become the victim of the writer’s propaganda. To identify bias in a passage or …
Author's Tone and Bias - Wake County Public School System
What is Bias? Bias in writing can be defined as: A prejudice against something an author is writing about. Favoritism for something an author is writing about. An author letting feelings or …
BIAS LITERACY – A Review of Core Concepts (Paper)
Jun 23, 2003 · There are a few key words and phrases that occur often in the discourse about discrimination. BIAS. The definition of bias is inherently negative. It is to favor a view or group …
Tools and Guidance for Evaluating Bias in Instructional …
resources for evaluating bias in instructional materials. After identifying the focus, we explored a variety of resources, research, and other publicly available materials focused on evaluating bias.
Bias, Overview - rossisanusi.wordpress.com
Bias is defined as the “deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation” [12]. In other words, it is the extent to which the expected value of an estimator …
Critical Reading IV: Detecting Bias - Valencia College
Bias refers to a writer’s prejudice for one side of a particular issue. A reader can identify bias by looking carefully at the following elements of a text:
Bias in Historical Description, Interpretation, and Explanation
There are four common ways in which historical writing can be biased. First, historians sometimes misinterpret evidence, so that they are not justified in asserting that the inferences they draw …
BIAS Definition Distinctive Features - SAGE Publications Inc
Thus, quantitative researchers refer to ‘mea-surement bias’ and to ‘sampling bias’, by which they mean systematic failure in measurement or sampling procedures that produces erro-neous …
The Structure of Bias - Gabbrielle M Johnson
In this paper, I develop a concept of psychological social bias that is specially designed to incorporate not only these known kinds of bias, but also other forms of bias so far neglected in …
Confirmation Bias Effects on Healthcare & Patients: A …
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms preexisting beliefs, and significantly impacts healthcare and patient outcomes. This literature …
Publication bias: what is it? How do we measure it? How do …
Abstract: Publication bias occurs when results of published studies are systematically different from results of unpublished studies.
Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises
Confirmation bias, as the term is typically used in the psychological literature, connotes the seeking or interpreting of evidence in ways that are partial to existing beliefs, expectations, or a …
Journal of Information Literacy - ed
Nov 18, 2015 · Based on work done from several fields—argumentation theory, media bias, media literacy, and history education—this paper proposes an operational definition of bias and a …
Decoding of Bias in Qualitative Research in Disability Cultures: …
This article is a review of bias in social research, with a special emphasis on bias in the planning of qualitative research and ethnographic field practice in vulnerable groups, including disability.
Unconscious Bias: Definition and Significance - Current …
This study aims to address current developments and debates on unconscious bias, depending on the psychology, social psychology and partly sociology literature on the concept of …
Bias, Discrimination, and the Importance of Cultural Sensitivity
Bias is defined as an individual’s opinion or point of view that is reflected in a hostile, antagonistic, and prejudicial attitude toward differences and diversity (Arrocha, 2019; Cloke, 2012).
The concepts of bias, precision and accuracy, and their use in …
In measurement or sampling situations, bias is ‘‘the difference between a population mean of the measurements or test results and an accepted reference or true value’’ (Bainbridge 1985). …
The Difference of Cognitive Bias and Emotional Bias (Study …
Nov 10, 2021 · Behavioral bias is the tendency of prediction error. Behavioral bias consists of cognitive and emotional factors from within each individual that can influence it in making …
Writing a literature review - SAGE Journals
Feb 4, 2016 · Writing a literature review requires a range of skills to gather, sort, evaluate and summarise peer-reviewed published data into a relevant and informative unbiased narrative.
Implicit Bias in Nursing Care: A Walker and Avant Concept …
Contrasting explicit bias and implicit bias, Persaud (2019) shares that explicit biases occur “when people are aware of their evaluations of specific groups, believe that they are correct, and act …
BIAS - Miami Dade College
Critical reading requires that a reader recognize bias in writing. Without this recognition, the reader may become the victim of the writer’s propaganda. To identify bias in a passage or article, the …
Author's Tone and Bias - Wake County Public School System
What is Bias? Bias in writing can be defined as: A prejudice against something an author is writing about. Favoritism for something an author is writing about. An author letting feelings or emotions …
BIAS LITERACY – A Review of Core Concepts (Paper)
Jun 23, 2003 · There are a few key words and phrases that occur often in the discourse about discrimination. BIAS. The definition of bias is inherently negative. It is to favor a view or group …
Tools and Guidance for Evaluating Bias in Instructional …
resources for evaluating bias in instructional materials. After identifying the focus, we explored a variety of resources, research, and other publicly available materials focused on evaluating bias.
Bias, Overview - rossisanusi.wordpress.com
Bias is defined as the “deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation” [12]. In other words, it is the extent to which the expected value of an estimator differs …
Critical Reading IV: Detecting Bias - Valencia College
Bias refers to a writer’s prejudice for one side of a particular issue. A reader can identify bias by looking carefully at the following elements of a text:
Bias in Historical Description, Interpretation, and Explanation
There are four common ways in which historical writing can be biased. First, historians sometimes misinterpret evidence, so that they are not justified in asserting that the inferences they draw …
BIAS Definition Distinctive Features - SAGE Publications Inc
Thus, quantitative researchers refer to ‘mea-surement bias’ and to ‘sampling bias’, by which they mean systematic failure in measurement or sampling procedures that produces erro-neous …
The Structure of Bias - Gabbrielle M Johnson
In this paper, I develop a concept of psychological social bias that is specially designed to incorporate not only these known kinds of bias, but also other forms of bias so far neglected in …
Confirmation Bias Effects on Healthcare & Patients: A …
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms preexisting beliefs, and significantly impacts healthcare and patient outcomes. This literature …
Publication bias: what is it? How do we measure it? How do we …
Abstract: Publication bias occurs when results of published studies are systematically different from results of unpublished studies.
Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises
Confirmation bias, as the term is typically used in the psychological literature, connotes the seeking or interpreting of evidence in ways that are partial to existing beliefs, expectations, or a …
Journal of Information Literacy - ed
Nov 18, 2015 · Based on work done from several fields—argumentation theory, media bias, media literacy, and history education—this paper proposes an operational definition of bias and a …
Decoding of Bias in Qualitative Research in Disability Cultures: …
This article is a review of bias in social research, with a special emphasis on bias in the planning of qualitative research and ethnographic field practice in vulnerable groups, including disability.
Unconscious Bias: Definition and Significance - Current …
This study aims to address current developments and debates on unconscious bias, depending on the psychology, social psychology and partly sociology literature on the concept of unconscious …
Bias, Discrimination, and the Importance of Cultural Sensitivity
Bias is defined as an individual’s opinion or point of view that is reflected in a hostile, antagonistic, and prejudicial attitude toward differences and diversity (Arrocha, 2019; Cloke, 2012).
The concepts of bias, precision and accuracy, and their use in …
In measurement or sampling situations, bias is ‘‘the difference between a population mean of the measurements or test results and an accepted reference or true value’’ (Bainbridge 1985). …
The Difference of Cognitive Bias and Emotional Bias (Study …
Nov 10, 2021 · Behavioral bias is the tendency of prediction error. Behavioral bias consists of cognitive and emotional factors from within each individual that can influence it in making …
Writing a literature review - SAGE Journals
Feb 4, 2016 · Writing a literature review requires a range of skills to gather, sort, evaluate and summarise peer-reviewed published data into a relevant and informative unbiased narrative.
Implicit Bias in Nursing Care: A Walker and Avant Concept …
Contrasting explicit bias and implicit bias, Persaud (2019) shares that explicit biases occur “when people are aware of their evaluations of specific groups, believe that they are correct, and act on …
