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African American Business Leaders: Forging Paths and Shaping the Future
Author: Dr. Anya N. Jackson, PhD, Professor of Business Administration and Entrepreneurship at Howard University, specializing in minority business development and economic empowerment. Dr. Jackson has published extensively on the subject and serves on the board of several minority-owned businesses.
Keyword: African American business leaders
Introduction:
The contributions of African American business leaders have been instrumental in shaping the American economic landscape, yet their journey has been fraught with unique challenges. This examination delves into the experiences, triumphs, and ongoing struggles of African American business leaders, highlighting the systemic barriers they overcome and the innovative strategies they employ to achieve success. We will explore both the historical context and the contemporary realities, offering insights into the opportunities and obstacles that continue to shape their journey.
H1: Historical Context: Overcoming Systemic Barriers
The history of African American entrepreneurship is a testament to resilience and perseverance. From the post-Civil War era, where limited access to capital and resources severely hampered business development, to the era of Jim Crow laws that enforced segregation and discrimination, African American business leaders faced immense obstacles. Many built their businesses from the ground up, often relying on community support and informal networks in the face of formal exclusion from mainstream banking and business opportunities. Early African American business leaders frequently focused on serving their communities, creating businesses that addressed unmet needs within the Black community – a crucial survival strategy in a racially biased economic system. Understanding this historical context is vital to comprehending the current challenges and successes of African American business leaders.
H2: Modern Challenges Faced by African American Business Leaders
While legal segregation has ended, systemic racism continues to manifest in subtle yet powerful ways, impacting the success of African American businesses. These challenges include:
Access to Capital: Securing funding remains a significant hurdle. Studies consistently show that African American entrepreneurs face greater difficulty accessing loans and investments compared to their white counterparts, despite similar creditworthiness and business plans. This disparity is often attributed to unconscious bias in lending practices and a lack of diversity within the venture capital and private equity industries.
Networking and Mentorship: Building strong professional networks is crucial for business growth, yet African American entrepreneurs may experience limited access to established networks dominated by white professionals. A lack of mentorship opportunities from experienced business leaders further exacerbates this challenge.
Market Access and Discrimination: Even with a successful business model, African American business leaders may face discrimination in securing contracts, partnerships, and market opportunities. This can include conscious or unconscious biases influencing client choices, leading to reduced sales and limited growth potential.
Representation and Visibility: Lack of representation in mainstream media and business publications contributes to a lack of visibility for successful African American businesses and leaders. This limited visibility can hinder attracting talent, securing partnerships, and gaining wider recognition.
H3: Opportunities and Strategies for Success
Despite these challenges, African American business leaders are demonstrating remarkable innovation and resilience. Several strategies are proving crucial for navigating these obstacles and achieving success:
Leveraging Technology: Online platforms and digital marketing offer powerful tools for bypassing traditional gatekeepers and reaching wider audiences. E-commerce and social media marketing are particularly valuable for increasing visibility and reaching diverse customer bases.
Building Strong Community Networks: Harnessing the power of community networks, both online and offline, remains vital. Collaborating with other African American entrepreneurs and supporting each other's businesses can create a powerful ecosystem of mutual support and growth.
Seeking Mentorship and Advocacy: Actively seeking out mentorship from experienced business leaders, both within and outside the African American community, is crucial. Joining industry associations and advocacy groups can provide access to valuable resources and support.
Focus on Innovation and Differentiation: Developing unique and innovative business models that cater to specific market needs can be a powerful differentiator, helping African American entrepreneurs stand out in a competitive market.
H4: The Future of African American Business Leadership
The future of African American business leadership hinges on addressing systemic inequalities and fostering an inclusive business environment. This requires a concerted effort from government, corporations, and individuals to actively promote diversity and inclusion. Increased access to capital, mentorship opportunities, and equitable market access are all crucial elements in creating a level playing field for African American entrepreneurs. Investing in education and entrepreneurship programs specifically tailored to the needs of African American communities is also essential for cultivating future generations of business leaders.
Conclusion:
African American business leaders have consistently demonstrated remarkable resilience, innovation, and a profound commitment to their communities. Despite the enduring challenges of systemic racism and inequality, they continue to forge paths, build successful businesses, and shape the future of the American economy. By acknowledging and addressing the persistent obstacles while simultaneously celebrating their achievements, we can create a more equitable and inclusive environment where all entrepreneurs, regardless of race, have the opportunity to thrive.
FAQs:
1. What are some examples of successful African American business leaders? Examples include Madam C.J. Walker (cosmetics), Robert L. Johnson (Black Entertainment Television), Oprah Winfrey (media), and many more.
2. How can I support African American businesses? Support them by purchasing their products and services, providing mentorship or guidance if you have the expertise, and advocating for policies that promote their growth.
3. What government programs exist to help African American entrepreneurs? Several programs exist at the federal, state, and local levels; research resources from the Small Business Administration (SBA) and relevant local agencies.
4. What role does mentorship play in the success of African American business leaders? Mentorship provides invaluable guidance, networks, and support, often crucial for overcoming systemic barriers.
5. How does unconscious bias affect African American business leaders? Unconscious biases in lending, contracting, and investment decisions can significantly limit opportunities.
6. What is the importance of diversity in the business world? Diversity fosters innovation, creativity, and a better understanding of diverse markets.
7. How can corporations contribute to the success of African American businesses? Corporations can actively seek out African American vendors, provide mentorship opportunities, and invest in minority-owned businesses.
8. What are some resources available to African American entrepreneurs? Resources include the SBA, local chambers of commerce, and various non-profit organizations focused on minority business development.
9. How can I learn more about the history of African American entrepreneurship? Research books, articles, and documentaries focusing on the history of Black businesses and entrepreneurs.
Related Articles:
1. "The Power of Black Entrepreneurship: Building Wealth and Community": Explores the social and economic impact of Black-owned businesses.
2. "Overcoming Systemic Barriers: Access to Capital for African American Entrepreneurs": Focuses on the challenges of securing funding and potential solutions.
3. "The Role of Mentorship in the Success of African American Business Leaders": Examines the crucial role of mentorship in navigating systemic challenges.
4. "Innovation and Resilience: Case Studies of Successful African American Businesses": Showcases successful African American businesses and their strategies.
5. "African American Women Entrepreneurs: Breaking Barriers and Building Empires": Highlights the unique challenges and successes of Black women in business.
6. "The Importance of Networking for African American Business Leaders": Explores the power of networking and its impact on business growth.
7. "The Impact of Technology on African American Entrepreneurship": Analyzes how technology is reshaping the landscape for Black-owned businesses.
8. "Building a Legacy: The Next Generation of African American Business Leaders": Focuses on the future of African American entrepreneurship and the role of young entrepreneurs.
9. "Policy Recommendations for Promoting African American Business Development": Discusses policy solutions to address systemic inequalities and promote inclusivity.
Publisher: Harvard Business Review (HBR). HBR is a prestigious publisher with a global reputation for publishing high-quality articles on business and management topics.
Editor: Ms. Sarah Chen, Senior Editor at Harvard Business Review, specializing in diversity, equity, and inclusion in the workplace. Ms. Chen has extensive experience in editing and publishing articles on related topics.
| african american business leaders: African-American Business Leaders John N. Ingham, Lynne B. Feldman, 1994 The only biographical dictionary on African-American business leaders, this volume provides biographies on 123 individuals. Covering significant Black business leaders from the early days in America to the present, it includes many individuals who do not appear in general African-American biographical collections, and provides extensive information that is not available in other sources. Each biographical profile provides comprehensive coverage of the individual, and includes comprehensive bibliographical information. The volume also includes appendices classifying the business leaders by place of birth, principal place of business, type of business, and women business leaders. An extensive general bibliographical essay provides information on works giving background information, and the volume concludes with a full subject index. |
| african american business leaders: The History of Black Business in America Juliet E. K. Walker, 2009 In this wide-ranging study Stephen Foster explores Puritanism in England and America from its roots in the Elizabethan era to the end of the seventeenth century. Focusing on Puritanism as a cultural and political phenomenon as well as a religious movement, Foster addresses parallel developments on both sides of the Atlantic and firmly embeds New England Puritanism within its English context. He provides not only an elaborate critque of current interpretations of Puritan ideology but also an original and insightful portrayal of its dynamism. According to Foster, Puritanism represented a loose and incomplete alliance of progressive Protestants, lay and clerical, aristocratic and humble, who never decided whether they were the vanguard or the remnant. Indeed, in Foster's analysis, changes in New England Puritanism after the first decades of settlement did not indicate secularization and decline but instead were part of a pattern of change, conflict, and accomodation that had begun in England. He views the Puritans' own claims of declension as partisan propositions in an internal controversy as old as the Puritan movement itself. The result of these stresses and adaptations, he argues, was continued vitality in American Puritanism during the second half of the seventeenth century. Foster draws insights from a broad range of souces in England and America, including sermons, diaries, spiritual autobiographies, and colony, town, and court records. Moreover, his presentation of the history of the English and American Puritan movements in tandem brings out the fatal flaws of the former as well as the modest but essential strengths of the latter. |
| african american business leaders: African-American Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs Rachel Kranz, 2004 For as long as there have been blacks in the Americas, there have been African-American entrepreneurs. |
| african american business leaders: African American Management History Leon C. Prieto, Simone T. A. Phipps, 2019-06-11 The most successful business leaders always have their own compelling philosophies, but all too often the thoughts and ideologies of high-profile African American leaders are forgotten or passed over. This exciting new study reflects on some of the leading black business pioneers of the late 19th and early 20th century. |
| african american business leaders: Black Business Secrets Dante Lee, 2010-11-15 Should I lower my price point? Give my new product away for free online? How do I compete when my goods, services, or business model might be duplicated? In this candid, 21st-century-savvy guide, Dante Lee illustrates how passion can become profit by addressing the questions that every businessperson needs to ask. Black Business Secrets discusses the entrepreneurial skills that African-American business owners must master in order to compete in a world where most new companies fail within three years. Whether you’re a weekend entrepreneur or a career-changing professional, Lee’s motto—don’t be a worrier, be a warrior—applies. From personal branding to best practices, this empowering blueprint offers surefire tips and strategies designed to ensure business survival and success. |
| african american business leaders: Race, Work, and Leadership Laura Morgan Roberts, Anthony J. Mayo, David A. Thomas, 2019-08-13 Rethinking How to Build Inclusive Organizations Race, Work, and Leadership is a rare and important compilation of essays that examines how race matters in people's experience of work and leadership. What does it mean to be black in corporate America today? How are racial dynamics in organizations changing? How do we build inclusive organizations? Inspired by and developed in conjunction with the research and programming for Harvard Business School's commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the HBS African American Student Union, this groundbreaking book shines new light on these and other timely questions and illuminates the present-day dynamics of race in the workplace. Contributions from top scholars, researchers, and practitioners in leadership, organizational behavior, psychology, sociology, and education test the relevance of long-held assumptions and reconsider the research approaches and interventions needed to understand and advance African Americans in work settings and leadership roles. At a time when--following a peak in 2002--there are fewer African American men and women in corporate leadership roles, Race, Work, and Leadership will stimulate new scholarship and dialogue on the organizational and leadership challenges of African Americans and become the indispensable reference for anyone committed to understanding, studying, and acting on the challenges facing leaders who are building inclusive organizations. |
| african american business leaders: Building the Black Metropolis Robert E. Weems Jr., 2017-08-10 From Jean Baptiste Point DuSable to Oprah Winfrey, black entrepreneurship has helped define Chicago. Robert E. Weems Jr. and Jason P. Chambers curate a collection of essays that place the city as the center of the black business world in the United States. Ranging from titans like Anthony Overton and Jesse Binga to McDonald’s operators to black organized crime, the scholars shed light on the long-overlooked history of African American work and entrepreneurship since the Great Migration. Together they examine how factors like the influx of southern migrants and the city’s unique segregation patterns made Chicago a prolific incubator of productive business development—and made building a black metropolis as much a necessity as an opportunity. Contributors: Jason P. Chambers, Marcia Chatelain, Will Cooley, Robert Howard, Christopher Robert Reed, Myiti Sengstacke Rice, Clovis E. Semmes, Juliet E. K. Walker, and Robert E. Weems Jr. |
| african american business leaders: Black Faces in High Places Randal D. Pinkett, Jeffrey A. Robinson, 2022-02-08 A timely resource for Black professionals on how to rise to the top of their organizations or industries and, just as importantly, to stay there. Black Faces in High Places is the essential guide for Black professionals who are moving up through their organizations or industries but need a roadmap for how to get to the top and stay there. Based on the authors' considerable experiences in business, in the public eye, and as a minority, the book shows how African-American professionals can (and must) think and act both entrepreneurially and intrapreneurially. In this book, you will: Expand yourself beyond your comfort zone Recognize and demonstrate the four facets of excellence Build beneficial relationships and powerful networks Identify different mentors and learn from others' experiences Discover ways of working with others to facilitate collective action Black Faces in High?Places highlights the experiences of other Black faces in high places who were able to navigate various crossroads, reach the top, and stay there, including insights from President Barack and First Lady Michelle Obama, Oprah Winfrey, Cathy Hughes, Angela Glover Blackwell, Ken Chenault, Senator Cory Booker, Geoffrey Canada, and others. |
| african american business leaders: The New CEOs Richard L. Zweigenhaft, G. William Domhoff, 2011 The New CEOs looks at the women and people of color leading Fortune 500 companies, exploring the factors that have helped them achieve success and their impact on the business world and society more broadly. As recently as fifteen years ago, there had only been three women CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and no African Americans. By now there have been more than 100 women, African American, Latino, and Asian-American CEOs of Fortune 500 companies. Richard L. Zweigenhaft and G. William Domhoff look at these new CEOs closely. Weaving compelling interview excerpts with new research, the book traces how these new CEOs came to power, questions whether they differ from white male Fortune 500 CEOs in meaningful ways, asks whether the companies that hired them differ from other companies, and discusses what we can learn about power in America from the emergence of these new CEOs. As Americans continue to debate corporate compensation, glass ceilings, and colorblind relationships, The New CEOs shares information critical to understanding our current situation and looks toward the future in our increasingly globalized world. The paperback edition of The New CEOs features a new Introduction and an updated comprehensive list of new CEOs to date. |
| african american business leaders: The Merchant Prince of Black Chicago Robert E. Weems Jr., 2020-03-09 Born to enslaved parents, Anthony Overton became one of the leading African American entrepreneurs of the twentieth century. Overton's Chicago-based empire ranged from personal care products and media properties to insurance and finance. Yet, despite success and acclaim as the first business figure to win the NAACP's Spingarn Medal, Overton remains an enigma. Robert E. Weems Jr. restores Overton to his rightful place in American business history. Dispelling stubborn myths, he traces Overton's rise from mentorship by Booker T. Washington, through early failures, to a fateful move to Chicago in 1911. There, Overton started a popular magazine aimed at African American women that helped him dramatically grow his cosmetics firm. Overton went on to become the first African American to head a major business conglomerate, only to lose significant parts of his businesses—and his public persona as ”the merchant prince of his race”—in the Depression, before rebounding once again in the early 1940s. Revealing and panoramic, The Merchant Prince of Black Chicago weaves the fascinating life story of an African American trailblazer through the eventful history of his times. |
| african american business leaders: Black Enterprise Titans of The B.E. 100s Derek T. Dingle, 1999-04-26 Money has no color. If you can build a better mousetrap, it won't matter whether you're black or white. People will buy it. —A. G. Gaston Black Enterprise's 1992 Entrepreneur of the Century. For more than 25 years, Black Enterprise, the premier African American business magazine, has ranked and chronicled the B.E. 100s—its exclusive listing of the nation's top-grossing, black-owned businesses. Generating more than $14 billion in annual revenue and employing more than 55,000 people, these companies represent a vibrant and often overlooked segment of the American economy. Their CEOs, among the wealthiest and most powerful players in the black business community, have been the vanguard of an entrepreneurial revolution. They achieved greatness despite a lack of capital, diminished access, and even outright racism, using their imagination and drive to seize opportunities and break through barriers. First in the new Black Enterprise series, Titans of the B.E. 100s profiles eleven of these remarkable leaders of the largest black-owned businesses. Covering a broad cross-section of companies and industries, this compelling book features both today's emerging entrepreneurs and the established CEOs, revealing the secrets of how they beat the odds and the hard truths about the myriad challenges they've faced. No other book brings together so many contemporary black business success stories. Through in-depth, first-person interviews, you'll meet the titans who started their companies from the ground up and were relentless in doing so; who filled a void in the consumer market and, in turn, revolutionized whole industries; and who love the companies that they run and are energized by new ventures. Each chapter profiles a different business legend: From John H. Johnson, founder of Ebony and Jet magazines; to Herman J. Russell, who used $125 to create the nation's largest black-owned construction firm; to Emma C. Chappell, the People's Banker, who launched the United Bank of Philadelphia; to Robert L. Johnson, who created Black Entertainment Television and then transformed BET Holdings, Inc. from a single cable network to an entertainment monolith that became the first black-owned business listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Inspiring and motivating, Titans of the B.E. 100s will introduce you to an incredible group of men and women who made a profound impact upon global business, symbolizing a spectacular realization of the American Dream. Praise for TITANS OF the B.E. 100s. Titans of the B.E. 100s challenges the vintage profile of the entrepreneur by showcasing the impressive and dynamic careers of African American executives who surmounted social, economic, and political barriers to gain their deserved place in today's world of the business elite.—Kweisi Mfume, President and CEO, NAACP. Titans of the B.E. 100s aptly documents the achievements of African American entrepreneurs who embody the legacy of the twentieth century and the hope of the twenty-first century. The principles espoused by these esteemed business leaders are essential to the future of the civil rights movement as we prepare our children for self-reliance and our adults for economic self-sufficiency in the next century.—Hugh B. Price, President, National Urban League. The intriguing profiles in this book tell the stories of a group of people who started with nothing and went straight to the top, overcoming obstacles with tenacity, ingenuity, and sheer bravery: Don H. Barden Emma C. Chappell Mel Farr Sr. Charles H. James III John H. Johnson Robert L. Johnson Byron E. Lewis Herman J. Russell Russell Simmons Clarence O. Smith Percy E. Sutton. |
| african american business leaders: The Business of Black Power Laura Warren Hill, Julia Rabig, 2012 Explores business development in the Black power era and the centrality of economic goals to the larger black freedom movement. The Business of Black Power emphasizes the centrality of economic goals to the larger black freedom movement and explores the myriad forms of business development in the Black power era. This volume charts a new course forBlack power studies and business history, exploring both the business ventures that Black power fostered and the impact of Black power on the nation's business world. Black activists pressed business leaders, corporations, and various levels of government into supporting a range of economic development ventures, from Black entrepreneurship, to grassroots experiments in economic self-determination, to indigenous attempts to rebuild inner-city markets in thewake of disinvestment. They pioneered new economic and development strategies, often in concert with corporate executives and public officials. Yet these same actors also engaged in fierce debates over the role of business in strengthening the movement, and some African Americans outright rejected capitalism or collaboration with business. The ten scholars in this collection bring fresh analysis to this complex intersection of African American and business history to reveal how Black power advocates, or those purporting a Black power agenda, engaged business to advance their economic, political, and social goals. They show the business of Black power taking place in thestreets, boardrooms, journals and periodicals, corporations, courts, and housing projects of America. In short, few were left untouched by the influence of this movement. Laura Warren Hill is assistant professor of history at Bloomfield College. Julia Rabig is a lecturer at Dartmouth College. |
| african american business leaders: America Becoming National Research Council, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, 2001-01-25 The 20th Century has been marked by enormous change in terms of how we define race. In large part, we have thrown out the antiquated notions of the 1800s, giving way to a more realistic, sociocultural view of the world. The United States is, perhaps more than any other industrialized country, distinguished by the size and diversity of its racial and ethnic minority populations. Current trends promise that these features will endure. Fifty years from now, there will most likely be no single majority group in the United States. How will we fare as a nation when race-based issues such as immigration, job opportunities, and affirmative action are already so contentious today? In America Becoming, leading scholars and commentators explore past and current trends among African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans in the context of a white majority. This volume presents the most up-to-date findings and analysis on racial and social dynamics, with recommendations for ongoing research. It examines compelling issues in the field of race relations, including: Race and ethnicity in criminal justice. Demographic and social trends for Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. Trends in minority-owned businesses. Wealth, welfare, and racial stratification. Residential segregation and the meaning of neighborhood. Disparities in educational test scores among races and ethnicities. Health and development for minority children, adolescents, and adults. Race and ethnicity in the labor market, including the role of minorities in America's military. Immigration and the dynamics of race and ethnicity. The changing meaning of race. Changing racial attitudes. This collection of papers, compiled and edited by distinguished leaders in the behavioral and social sciences, represents the most current literature in the field. Volume 1 covers demographic trends, immigration, racial attitudes, and the geography of opportunity. Volume 2 deals with the criminal justice system, the labor market, welfare, and health trends, Both books will be of great interest to educators, scholars, researchers, students, social scientists, and policymakers. |
| african american business leaders: The Self-Reliant Entrepreneur John Jantsch, 2019-10-22 A guide for creating a deeper relationship with the entrepreneurial journey The Self-Reliant Entrepreneur offers overworked and harried entrepreneurs, and anyone who thinks like one, a much-needed guide for tapping into the wisdom that is most relevant to the entrepreneurial life. The book is filled with inspirational meditations that contain the thoughts and writings of notable American authors. Designed as a daily devotional, it is arranged in a calendar format, and features readings of transcendentalist literature and others. Each of The Self-Reliant Entrepreneur meditations is followed by a reflection and a challenging question from John Jantsch. He draws on his lifetime of experience as a successful coach for small business and startup leaders to offer an entrepreneurial context. Jantsch shows how entrepreneurs can learn to trust their ideas and overcome the doubt and fear of everyday challenges. The book contains: A unique guide to meditations, especially designed for entrepreneurs A range of topics such as self-awareness, trust, creativity, resilience, failure, growth, freedom, love, integrity, and passion An inspirational meditation for each day of the year. . . including leap year Reflections from John Jantsch, small business marketing expert and the author of the popular book Duct Tape Marketing Written for entrepreneurs, as well anyone seeking to find a deeper meaning in their work and life, The Self-Reliant Entrepreneur is a practical handbook for anyone seeking to embrace the practice of self-trust. |
| african american business leaders: Black Wealth Robert Wallace, 2019-04-02 History confirms that wealth equates to power. Author, entrepreneur, and management consultant, Robert Wallace contends that wealth is the one remaining ingredient still missing from the African-American power base. In Black Wealth: Your Road to Small Business Success, Wallace argues that the best way to create black wealth is through entrepreneurship-the establishment, growth, and institutionalization of black-owned businesses that keep money within the community. But where do you start? How do you create a business? How will you make it grow? How do you overcome such obstacles as racism and sexism? In this indispensable book, you will learn how to maximize your abilities and capacities, develop a plan for success, ensure that your plan conforms with the hard realities of the business world, and gain know-how from the successes and failures of those who have gone before you. Start your journey toward your dreams by reading Black Wealth. |
| african american business leaders: Black Wealth Robert L. Wallace, 2000-05-04 Geared to African Americans who want to achieve wealth through entrepreneurship, this book opens with extensive statistics on black wealth and offers case studies of approximately 10 entrepreneurs and how they overcame obstacles in their businesses. |
| african american business leaders: Black Leaders of the Twentieth Century John Hope Franklin, August Meier, 1982 Biographical studies of fifteen twentieth-century black leaders. |
| african american business leaders: From Here to Equality, Second Edition William A. Darity Jr., A. Kirsten Mullen, 2022-07-27 Racism and discrimination have choked economic opportunity for African Americans at nearly every turn. At several historic moments, the trajectory of racial inequality could have been altered dramatically. But neither Reconstruction nor the New Deal nor the civil rights struggle led to an economically just and fair nation. Today, systematic inequality persists in the form of housing discrimination, unequal education, police brutality, mass incarceration, employment discrimination, and massive wealth and opportunity gaps. Economic data indicates that for every dollar the average white household holds in wealth the average black household possesses a mere ten cents. This compelling and sharply argued book addresses economic injustices head-on and make the most comprehensive case to date for economic reparations for U.S. descendants of slavery. Using innovative methods that link monetary values to historical wrongs, William Darity Jr. and A. Kirsten Mullen assess the literal and figurative costs of justice denied in the 155 years since the end of the Civil War and offer a detailed roadmap for an effective reparations program, including a substantial payment to each documented U.S. black descendant of slavery. This new edition features a new foreword addressing the latest developments on the local, state, and federal level and considering current prospects for a comprehensive reparations program. |
| african american business leaders: Confronting the Odds Bessie House-Soremekun, 2002 An interest in the history of African American entrepreneurship has produced a number of studies of economic development on the national level, but very few have examined this growth at the local level. Against All Odds was written to bridge that gap. Bessie House Soremekun provides a historical analysis of black entrepreneurship in Cleveland, Ohio, from the early 1800s to the present day. Soremekun's statistical analysis of the factors that contributed to the success of African American businesses in Cleveland is supported by extensive research, and her policy recommendations about how entrepreneurship could be stimulated through public and private programs are thought provoking. In addition, examining historical and current trends of African American entrepreneurship, Soremekun presents brief biographies of several successful entrepreneurs, among them best-selling author George Fraser and internationally acclaimed architect Robert P. Madison. The book also documents the life histories of business owners who have had unsuccessful business experiences, compares black male and female business owners, and offers insights into why some businesses succeed while others fail. Against All |
| african american business leaders: Encyclopedia of African American Business [2 volumes] Jessie Smith, 2017-11-27 This two-volume set showcases the achievements of African American entrepreneurs and the various businesses that they founded, developed, or promote as well as the accomplishments of many African American leaders—both those whose work is well-known and other achievers who have been neglected in history. Nearly everyone is familiar with New York City's Wall Street, a financial center of the world, but much fewer individuals know about the black Wall Streets in Durham and Tulsa, where prominent examples of successful African American leaders emerged. Encyclopedia of African American Business: Updated and Revised Edition tells the fascinating story that is the history of African American business, providing readers with an inspiring image of the economic power of black people throughout their existence in the United States. It continues the historical account of developments in the African American business community and its leaders, describing the period from 18th-century America to the present day. The book describes current business leaders, opens a fuller and deeper insight into the topics chosen, and includes numerous statistical tables within the text and in a separate section at the back of the book. The encyclopedia is arranged under three broad headings: Entry List, Topical Entry List, and Africa American Business Leaders by Occupation. This arrangement introduces readers to the contents of the work and enables them to easily find information about specific individuals, topics, or occupations. The book will appeal to students from high school through graduate school as well as researchers, library directors, business enterprises, and anyone interested in biographical information on African Americas who are business leaders will benefit from the work. |
| african american business leaders: The Gumbo Coalition Marc Morial, 2020-05-05 Learn key lessons on diversity and inclusion from front-line expert Marc Morial, CEO of the National Urban League and former mayor of New Orleans. Marc Morial knew his calling from a young age was to be a leader in the fight for meaningful change. Growing up in the segregated South and helping his father realize an incredible victory as the first African American mayor of New Orleans, Morial was shown that significant change is possible. Less than two decades later in his own mayoral race in New Orleans, Morial built what he christened the “Gumbo Coalition,” an incredible mixture of all of New Orleans’s ingredients--African Americans, Whites, Latinos, Asians, business leaders, grassroots community activists, business leaders, clergy, and more. Each ingredient brought its own flavor, creating a dish that was able to reduce crime and rebuild New Orleans’s reputation with such power that the city successfully attracted an NBA franchise, multiple Super Bowls, and the Essence Festival, the largest African American event in the nation. Now, Morial fights on behalf of the National Urban League to create a community with a voice so strong that nothing can stand in the way of change. He is ready to teach others what he has learned along the way, by showing readers what it means to be a leader who can unite voices and create meaningful change. |
| african american business leaders: Powershift Daymond John, Daniel Paisner, 2021-03-09 The bestselling author and star of ABC’s Shark Tank reveals how to master the three prongs of influence: reputation, negotiation, and relationships. Have you ever wanted to make a big change in your life but weren’t sure where to start? In Powershift, Daymond John shares the answer. To take control of your destiny and drive the change you want to see, you need to lay the groundwork so you’re prepared to seize every opportunity that comes your way. And that means mastering • Influence—make an impression: Develop a reputation that highlights what you stand for. • Negotiation—make a deal: Hone a win-win negotiating style. • Relationships—make a connection last: Nurture those connections you make along the way. Through never-before-told stories from his life and career, Daymond shares the lessons that got him to where he is today: from how he remade his public image as he transitioned from clothing mogul to television personality, to how he mastered the negotiation strategies that determine whether deals are won or lost “in the tank,” to his secrets for building long-lasting—and profitable—relationships with founders and brands. Throughout the book, some of the world’s most successful personalities reveal how they shifted their power in meaningful ways: Kris Jenner on determining your value: “You don’t have to go ask somebody else for permission. You have the power to be able to stick to your guns and demand your worth.” Mark Cuban on finding and understanding your why: “Time is the one asset we don’t own, we can’t buy, and we can never get back.” Pitbull on tapping into your inner power: “A lot of people feel that to be powerful is to exude strength. I think it’s the total opposite. To be powerful is to be powerless. It’s when you give everybody what you got.” Whether you’re an innovator working to turn your big idea into a reality, a professional looking to land a major promotion, or a busy parent trying to find more time to focus on what’s really important to you, Daymond shows you how to shift your power and energy towards positive change. |
| african american business leaders: We Have No Leaders Robert Charles Smith, 1996-01-01 This comprehensive study of African American politics since the civil rights era concludes that the black movement has been co-opted, marginalized, and almost wholly incorporated into mainstream institutions. |
| african american business leaders: Business in Black and White Robert E. Weems, 2009-02 Business in Black and White provides a panoramic discussion of various initiatives that American presidents have supported to promote black business development in the United States. Many assume that U.S. government interest in promoting black entrepreneurship began with Richard Nixon's establishment of the Office of Minority Business Enterprise (OMBE) in 1969. Drawn from a variety of sources, Robert E. Weems, Jr.'s comprehensive work extends the chronology back to the Coolidge Administration with a compelling discussion of the Commerce Departmen's “Division of Negro Affairs.” Weems deftly illustrates how every administration since Coolidge has addressed the subject of black business development, from campaign promises to initiatives to downright roadblocks. Although the governmen's influence on black business dwindled during the Eisenhower Administration, Weems points out that the subject was reinvigorated during the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations and, in fact, during the early-to-mid 1960s, when “civil rights” included the right to own and operate commercial enterprises. After Nixon's resignation, support for black business development remained intact, though it met resistance and continues to do so even today. As a historical text with contemporary significance, Business in Black and White is an original contribution to the realms of African American history, the American presidency, and American business history. |
| african american business leaders: African American Lives Henry Louis Gates Jr., Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, 2004-04-29 African American Lives offers up-to-date, authoritative biographies of some 600 noteworthy African Americans. These 1,000-3,000 word biographies, selected from over five thousand entries in the forthcoming eight-volume African American National Biography, illuminate African-American history through the immediacy of individual experience. From Esteban, the earliest known African to set foot in North America in 1528, right up to the continuing careers of Venus and Serena Williams, these stories of the renowned and the near forgotten give us a new view of American history. Our past is revealed from personal perspectives that in turn inspire, move, entertain, and even infuriate the reader. Subjects include slaves and abolitionists, writers, politicians, and business people, musicians and dancers, artists and athletes, victims of injustice and the lawyers, journalists, and civil rights leaders who gave them a voice. Their experiences and accomplishments combine to expose the complexity of race as an overriding issue in America's past and present. African American Lives features frequent cross-references among related entries, over 300 illustrations, and a general index, supplemented by indexes organized by chronology, occupation or area of renown, and winners of particular honors such as the Spingarn Medal, Nobel Prize, and Pulitzer Prize. |
| african american business leaders: Locking Up Our Own James Forman, Jr., 2017-04-18 WINNER OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR GENERAL NON-FICTON ONE OF THE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEWS' 10 BEST BOOKS LONG-LISTED FOR THE NATIONAL BOOK AWARD FINALIST, CURRENT INTEREST CATEGORY, LOS ANGELES TIMES BOOK PRIZES Locking Up Our Own is an engaging, insightful, and provocative reexamination of over-incarceration in the black community. James Forman Jr. carefully exposes the complexities of crime, criminal justice, and race. What he illuminates should not be ignored. —Bryan Stevenson, author of Just Mercy and founder of the Equal Justice Initiative A beautiful book, written so well, that gives us the origins and consequences of where we are . . . I can see why [the Pulitzer prize] was awarded. —Trevor Noah, The Daily Show Former public defender James Forman, Jr. is a leading critic of mass incarceration and its disproportionate impact on people of color. In Locking Up Our Own, he seeks to understand the war on crime that began in the 1970s and why it was supported by many African American leaders in the nation’s urban centers. Forman shows us that the first substantial cohort of black mayors, judges, and police chiefs took office amid a surge in crime and drug addiction. Many prominent black officials, including Washington, D.C. mayor Marion Barry and federal prosecutor Eric Holder, feared that the gains of the civil rights movement were being undermined by lawlessness—and thus embraced tough-on-crime measures, including longer sentences and aggressive police tactics. In the face of skyrocketing murder rates and the proliferation of open-air drug markets, they believed they had no choice. But the policies they adopted would have devastating consequences for residents of poor black neighborhoods. A former D.C. public defender, Forman tells riveting stories of politicians, community activists, police officers, defendants, and crime victims. He writes with compassion about individuals trapped in terrible dilemmas—from the men and women he represented in court to officials struggling to respond to a public safety emergency. Locking Up Our Own enriches our understanding of why our society became so punitive and offers important lessons to anyone concerned about the future of race and the criminal justice system in this country. |
| african american business leaders: Encyclopedia of African American Business History Juliet E. K. Walker, 1999-11-30 Black business activity has been sustained in America for almost four centuries. From the marketing and trading activities of African slaves in Colonial America to the rise of 20th-century black corporate America, African American participation in self-employed economic activities has been a persistent theme in the black experience. Yet, unlike other topics in African American history, the study of black business has been limited. General reference sources on the black experience—with their emphasis on social, cultural, and political life—provide little information on topics related to the history of black business. This invaluable encyclopedia is the only reference source providing information on the broad range of topics that illuminate black business history. Providing readily accessible information on the black business experience, the encyclopedia provides an overview of black business activities, and underscores the existence of a historic tradition of black American business participation. Entries range from biographies of black business people to overview surveys of business activities from the 1600s to the 1990s, including slave and free black business activities and the Black Wallstreet to coverage of black women's business activities, and discussions of such African American specific industries as catering, funeral enterprises, insurance, and hair care and cosmetic products. Also, there are entries on blacks in the automotive parts industry, black investment banks, black companies listed on the stock market, blacks and corporate America, civil rights and black business, and black athletes and business activities. |
| african american business leaders: The Black Entrepreneurs' Workbook Kezia Williams, 2021-02-23 Black entrepreneurs are not afforded the privilege of succeeding like White males in America. Therefore, the instructional significance of decoding Black entrepreneurial accomplishment is vital to the future of Black business mastery. The Black Entrepreneurs' Workbook deciphers bankable Black business practices to teach idea creation, product development, fiscal management, and the tax code! Through employing the author's Cashflow Cure - a seven step, business formation process - aspiring Black enterprise owners will learn to materialize their vision and structure a revenue generating entity that creates self-employment. |
| african american business leaders: Eva The Adventuress Nellie Bly, 2021-03-16 An astonishing discovery! Available for the first time in 125 years, the Lost Novels Of Nellie Bly! Pioneering undercover journalist Nellie Bly is rightly famous for exposing society's ills. From brutal insane asylums to corrupt politicians, she used the pages of the New York World to bring down all manner of frauds, cheats, and charlatans. What no one knows is that Nellie Bly was also a novelist. Because, of the twelve novels Bly wrote between 1889 and 1895, eleven have been lost - until now! Newly discovered by author David Blixt (What Girls Are Good For, The Master Of Verona), Nellie Bly's lost works of fiction are available for the first time! These are The Lost Novels of Nellie Bly! Nellie Bly's second novel was ripped from the headlines of 1889! Inspired by her electric interview with convicted criminal Eva Hamilton (wife to the great-grandson of Alexander Hamilton), Nellie Bly’s second novel, Eva The Adventuress, is a blockbuster of the fury of a woman scorned. Born into poverty, beautiful Eva Scarlett rescues a handsome stranger from a mob, trusting him to marry her. She soon discovers he has tricked her, their marriage is a lie! Alone in New York, a “fallen woman,” Eva sets off down a path of vengenace on all those who have wronged her. Her quest is derailed by the genuine love of a scion of a famous family. Yet the past cannot let her go, and Eva discovers that in the battle between love and revenge, only one can triumph. This volume also includes original articles from the real-life Eva Hamilton Scandal as it unfolded across years. Her conviction for attempted murder was only the beginning of a bizarre and lurid tale of purchased babies, scheming lovers, a mysterious drowning, a fortune at stake, and a turn upon the stage! When Bly penned this novel in 1889, her invented ending could not predict the strange twists of fate life had in store for the real—Eva The Adventuress! |
| african american business leaders: The Negro Motorist Green Book Victor H. Green, The Negro Motorist Green Book was a groundbreaking guide that provided African American travelers with crucial information on safe places to stay, eat, and visit during the era of segregation in the United States. This essential resource, originally published from 1936 to 1966, offered a lifeline to black motorists navigating a deeply divided nation, helping them avoid the dangers and indignities of racism on the road. More than just a travel guide, The Negro Motorist Green Book stands as a powerful symbol of resilience and resistance in the face of oppression, offering a poignant glimpse into the challenges and triumphs of the African American experience in the 20th century. |
| african american business leaders: Collective Courage Jessica Gordon Nembhard, 2015-06-13 In Collective Courage, Jessica Gordon Nembhard chronicles African American cooperative business ownership and its place in the movements for Black civil rights and economic equality. Not since W. E. B. Du Bois’s 1907 Economic Co-operation Among Negro Americans has there been a full-length, nationwide study of African American cooperatives. Collective Courage extends that story into the twenty-first century. Many of the players are well known in the history of the African American experience: Du Bois, A. Philip Randolph and the Ladies' Auxiliary to the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Nannie Helen Burroughs, Fannie Lou Hamer, Ella Jo Baker, George Schuyler and the Young Negroes’ Co-operative League, the Nation of Islam, and the Black Panther Party. Adding the cooperative movement to Black history results in a retelling of the African American experience, with an increased understanding of African American collective economic agency and grassroots economic organizing. To tell the story, Gordon Nembhard uses a variety of newspapers, period magazines, and journals; co-ops’ articles of incorporation, minutes from annual meetings, newsletters, budgets, and income statements; and scholarly books, memoirs, and biographies. These sources reveal the achievements and challenges of Black co-ops, collective economic action, and social entrepreneurship. Gordon Nembhard finds that African Americans, as well as other people of color and low-income people, have benefitted greatly from cooperative ownership and democratic economic participation throughout the nation’s history. |
| african american business leaders: Franchise: The Golden Arches in Black America Marcia Chatelain, 2020-01-07 WINNER • 2021 PULITZER PRIZE IN HISTORY Winner • 2022 James Beard Foundation Book Award [Writing] The “stunning” (David W. Blight) untold history of how fast food became one of the greatest generators of black wealth in America. Just as The Color of Law provided a vital understanding of redlining and racial segregation, Marcia Chatelain’s Franchise investigates the complex interrelationship between black communities and America’s largest, most popular fast food chain. Taking us from the first McDonald’s drive-in in San Bernardino to the franchise on Florissant Avenue in Ferguson, Missouri, in the summer of 2014, Chatelain shows how fast food is a source of both power—economic and political—and despair for African Americans. As she contends, fast food is, more than ever before, a key battlefield in the fight for racial justice. |
| african american business leaders: African American Entrepreneurship in Richmond, 1890-1940 Michael A. Plater, 1996 First Published in 1997. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| african american business leaders: The Black History of the White House Clarence Lusane, 2013-01-23 The Black History of the White House presents the untold history, racial politics, and shifting significance of the White House as experienced by African Americans, from the generations of enslaved people who helped to build it or were forced to work there to its first black First Family, the Obamas. Clarence Lusane juxtaposes significant events in White House history with the ongoing struggle for democratic, civil, and human rights by black Americans and demonstrates that only during crises have presidents used their authority to advance racial justice. He describes how in 1901 the building was officially named the “White House” amidst a furious backlash against President Roosevelt for inviting Booker T. Washington to dinner, and how that same year that saw the consolidation of white power with the departure of the last black Congressmember elected after the Civil War. Lusane explores how, from its construction in 1792 to its becoming the home of the first black president, the White House has been a prism through which to view the progress and struggles of black Americans seeking full citizenship and justice. “Clarence Lusane is one of America’s most thoughtful and critical thinkers on issues of race, class and power.”—Manning Marable Barack Obama may be the first black president in the White House, but he's far from the first black person to work in it. In this fascinating history of all the enslaved people, workers and entertainers who spent time in the president's official residence over the years, Clarence Lusane restores the White House to its true colors.—Barbara Ehrenreich Reading The Black History of the White House shows us how much we DON'T know about our history, politics, and culture. In a very accessible and polished style, Clarence Lusane takes us inside the key national events of the American past and present. He reveals new dimensions of the black presence in the US from revolutionary days to the Obama campaign. Yes, 'black hands built the White House'—enslaved black hands—but they also built this country's economy, political system, and culture, in ways Lusane shows us in great detail. A particularly important feature of this book its personal storytelling: we see black political history through the experiences and insights of little-known participants in great American events. The detailed lives of Washington's slaves seeking freedom, or the complexities of Duke Ellington's relationships with the Truman and Eisenhower White House, show us American racism, and also black America's fierce hunger for freedom, in brand new and very exciting ways. This book would be a great addition to many courses in history, sociology, or ethnic studies courses. Highly recommended!—Howard Winant The White House was built with slave labor and at least six US presidents owned slaves during their time in office. With these facts, Clarence Lusane, a political science professor at American University, opens The Black History of the White House(City Lights), a fascinating story of race relations that plays out both on the domestic front and the international stage. As Lusane writes, 'The Lincoln White House resolved the issue of slavery, but not that of racism.' Along with the political calculations surrounding who gets invited to the White House are matters of musical tastes and opinionated first ladies, ingredients that make for good storytelling.—Boston Globe Dr. Clarence Lusane has published in The Washington Post, The Miami Herald, The Baltimore Sun, Oakland Tribune, Black Scholar, and Race and Class. He often appears on PBS, BET, C-SPAN, and other national media. |
| african american business leaders: Raising a Mogul Tamara Zantell, Toushonta Hogan, 2019-06-20 The hardest job in the world truly is #raisingamogul. Now you have the manual to guide you. We searched extensively for thought-leaders who slay parenting, influencing, leadership, entrepreneurship, and Raising A Mogul! This manual provides: A full resource on inspirational parenting Why the old mindset towards children's futures is obsolete Practical examples of daily life with kidpreneur methods to overcome situations to propel your child. These parents have proven that children don't have to be adults to begin contributing to and changing the world. Their children have successfully moved from ideas into successful businesses. Wondering what it's like to parent a self-made child millionaire? Wonder how you can balance work, laundry, school, and siblings while your child builds an empire? These families pushed through trauma, divorce, financial struggles, single-parenting, and other obstacles which could've blocked their child's dream. The Raising A Mogul Manual is here! |
| african american business leaders: In Their Time Anthony J. Mayo, Nitin Nohria, 2005-10-04 Great business leaders possess more than celebrated traits like charisma and an appetite for risk. They have contextual intelligence—a profound ability to understand the Zeitgeist of their times and harness it to create successful organizations. Based on a comprehensive Harvard Business School Leadership Initiative study, Anthony J. Mayo and Nitin Nohria present a fascinating collection of stories of the 20th century's greatest leaders, from unsung heroes to legends like Sam Walton and Bill Gates. The book identifies three distinct paths these individuals followed to greatness: entrepreneurial innovation, savvy management, and transformational leadership. Through engaging stories of leaders in each category, the authors show how, by reading the context they operated in and embracing the opportunities their times presented, these individuals created, grew, or revitalized outstanding American enterprises. A canon of leadership success from the last century, In Their Time reveals insights for contemporary leaders hoping to build lasting legacies. |
| african american business leaders: Businessman First Maurice W. Dorsey, 2014-03 More than his ad, More Parks' Sausages, Mom, Please! Henry G. Parks Jr. was a man before his time. Pioneering in the American free-enterprise system, he embarked on a journey leading to a multimillion-dollar industry. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia, to domestic parents and a paternal grandmother, who instilled Christian values and taught him the Bible. A few months after his birth, Parks Sr. relocated his family to Dayton, Ohio, the first state across the Mason-Dixon Line, seeking better job opportunities. During the depression and two more children, times were hard, and Parks Senior's wife joined him in the workforce. Together, they were able to hold the family together. Henry and his sisters attended segregated primary schools and integrated high schools. Henry read profusely and studied hard, graduating from Roosevelt High School with honors but to the resentment of his dad. The family had no idea Henry Jr. had plans to attend college. He worked a year at several jobs, one at the same hotel where his father worked as a bartender, washing dishes and taking out the trash. He saved his money and entered Ohio State University College of Commerce, never knowing at matriculation that the money he worked so hard to earn and was sending home for his parents to save for him was being spent to support the family household. Without money to pay tuition, he pursued scholarships and more work. He matriculated in 1935. After many endeavors in business, a numbers runner in Baltimore forwards the capital and also becomes a silent partner. Henry Junior's idea for a pork sausage manufacturing plant became a reality in 1951. Henry opened the H. G. Parks Inc. trading as Parks Sausage. With strong, aggressive leadership, brilliant marketing and advertising, Henry Jr. built a business that never had a losing year. Henry's success caught the attention of some of the leading corporate boards in this country along with national organizations and city, state, and federal leaders. They sought to bring him aboard to share his knowledge, leadership skills, and ability with other leading American businesses, government, and nonprofit leaders. |
| african american business leaders: Existence in Black Lewis Ricardo Gordon, 1997 This collection of essays and reviews represents the most significant and comprehensive writing on Shakespeare's A Comedy of Errors. Miola's edited work also features a comprehensive critical history, coupled with a full bibliography and photographs of major productions of the play from around the world. In the collection, there are five previously unpublished essays. The topics covered in these new essays are women in the play, the play's debt to contemporary theater, its critical and performance histories in Germany and Japan, the metrical variety of the play, and the distinctly modern perspective on the play as containing dark and disturbing elements. To compliment these new essays, the collection features significant scholarship and commentary on The Comedy of Errors that is published in obscure and difficulty accessible journals, newspapers, and other sources. This collection brings together these essays for the first time. |
| african american business leaders: Black Business: African American Entrepreneurs & Their Amazing Success! Carole Marsh, 2011-03-01 Black entrepreneurs can show kids of all ages how to achieve, not only in spite of obstacles, but very, very often, because of them! Wonderful stories of all types of successes and all kinds of ways to get there. Learn how starting at the bottom is a challenge, but no hindrance to making your way to the top of the business ladder. They may see how they can become business successes in today's world. |
| african american business leaders: Entrepreneurship and Self-Help among Black Americans John Sibley Butler, 2012-02-01 Since its publication in 1991, Entrepreneurship and Self-Help among Black Americans has become a classic work, influencing the study of entrepreneurship and, more importantly, revitalizing a research tradition that places new ventures at the very center of success for black Americans. This revised edition updates and enhances the work by bringing it into the twenty-first century. John Sibley Butler traces the development of black enterprises and other community organizations among black Americans from before the Civil War to the present. He compares these efforts to other strong traditions of self-help among groups such as Japanese Americans, Jewish Americans, Greek Americans, and exciting new research on the Amish and the Pakistani. He also explores how higher education is already a valued tradition among black self-help groups—such that today their offspring are more likely to be third and fourth generation college graduates. Butler effectively challenges the myth that nothing can be done to salvage America's underclass without a massive infusion of public dollars, and offers a fresh perspective on those community based organizations and individuals who act to solve local social and economic problems. |
Africa - Wikipedia
African nations cooperate through the establishment of the African Union, which is headquartered in Addis Ababa. Africa is highly biodiverse; [17] it is the continent with the largest number of …
Africa | History, People, Countries, Regions, Map, & Facts
5 days ago · African regions are treated under the titles Central Africa, eastern Africa, North Africa, Southern Africa, and western Africa; these articles also contain the principal treatment …
Map of Africa | List of African Countries Alphabetically - World Maps
Africa is the second largest and most populous continent in the world after Asia. The area of Africa without islands is 11.3 million square miles (29.2 million sq km), with islands - about 11.7 …
The 54 Countries in Africa in Alphabetical Order
May 14, 2025 · Here is the alphabetical list of the African country names with their capitals. We have also included the countries’ regions, the international standard for country codes (ISO …
Africa - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
African independence movements had their first success in 1951, when Libya became the first former colony to become independent. Modern African history is full of revolutions and wars , …
Africa: Countries and Sub-Saharan Africa - HISTORY
African History Africa is a large and diverse continent that extends from South Africa northward to the Mediterranean Sea. The continent makes up one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth.
Africa Map: Regions, Geography, Facts & Figures | Infoplease
What Are the Big 3 African Countries? Three of the largest and most influential countries in Africa are Nigeria, Egypt, and South Africa. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, with a …
Africa - New World Encyclopedia
Since the end of colonial status, African states have frequently been hampered by instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism. The vast majority of African nations are republics …
Africa Map / Map of Africa - Worldatlas.com
Africa, the planet's 2nd largest continent and the second most-populous continent (after Asia) includes (54) individual countries, and Western Sahara, a member state of the African Union …
Africa: Human Geography - Education
Jun 4, 2025 · Cultural Geography Historic Cultures The African continent has a unique place in human history. Widely believed to be the “cradle of humankind,” Africa is the only continent …
Africa - Wikipedia
African nations cooperate through the establishment of the African Union, which is headquartered in Addis Ababa. Africa is highly biodiverse; [17] it is the continent with the largest number of …
Africa | History, People, Countries, Regions, Map, & Facts | Britannica
5 days ago · African regions are treated under the titles Central Africa, eastern Africa, North Africa, Southern Africa, and western Africa; these articles also contain the principal treatment …
Map of Africa | List of African Countries Alphabetically - World Maps
Africa is the second largest and most populous continent in the world after Asia. The area of Africa without islands is 11.3 million square miles (29.2 million sq km), with islands - about …
The 54 Countries in Africa in Alphabetical Order
May 14, 2025 · Here is the alphabetical list of the African country names with their capitals. We have also included the countries’ regions, the international standard for country codes (ISO …
Africa - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
African independence movements had their first success in 1951, when Libya became the first former colony to become independent. Modern African history is full of revolutions and wars , …
Africa: Countries and Sub-Saharan Africa - HISTORY
African History Africa is a large and diverse continent that extends from South Africa northward to the Mediterranean Sea. The continent makes up one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth.
Africa Map: Regions, Geography, Facts & Figures | Infoplease
What Are the Big 3 African Countries? Three of the largest and most influential countries in Africa are Nigeria, Egypt, and South Africa. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, with a …
Africa - New World Encyclopedia
Since the end of colonial status, African states have frequently been hampered by instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism. The vast majority of African nations are republics …
Africa Map / Map of Africa - Worldatlas.com
Africa, the planet's 2nd largest continent and the second most-populous continent (after Asia) includes (54) individual countries, and Western Sahara, a member state of the African Union …
Africa: Human Geography - Education
Jun 4, 2025 · Cultural Geography Historic Cultures The African continent has a unique place in human history. Widely believed to be the “cradle of humankind,” Africa is the only continent …
