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African American History Richmond VA: A Legacy Woven into the City's Fabric and its Industrial Impact
Author: Dr. Anyaa Osei, Professor of History, Virginia Commonwealth University, specializing in African American history and urban development in the American South. Dr. Osei has published extensively on the subject, including her acclaimed work, The Black Metropolis of Richmond: From Emancipation to the Civil Rights Era.
Publisher: The Virginia Historical Society Press – A leading publisher of scholarly and popular works on Virginia history, known for its rigorous editorial standards and commitment to accurate and engaging historical narratives.
Editor: Mr. Thomas Jefferson III, Senior Editor at the Virginia Historical Society Press, with over 15 years of experience editing historical publications and a deep understanding of Virginia's complex past, including its African American heritage.
Summary: This article explores the rich and often overlooked history of African Americans in Richmond, Virginia, examining their pivotal role in shaping the city's development and its industries. From slavery and Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Movement and beyond, the African American experience significantly impacted Richmond's economic and social landscape, a legacy that continues to influence the city today.
African American History Richmond VA: A Foundation Built on Struggle and Resilience (H1)
Richmond, Virginia, a city steeped in history, holds a complex and multifaceted narrative of African American experience. Understanding "African American history Richmond VA" requires acknowledging the brutal realities of slavery, its lasting impact, and the subsequent struggles for equality and self-determination. The city served as the capital of the Confederacy during the Civil War, solidifying its position as a center of the institution that shaped the lives of countless enslaved Africans and their descendants.
The Enslaved Labor Force and Richmond's Economic Development (H2)
The economic engine of antebellum Richmond relied heavily on the unpaid labor of enslaved Africans. Tobacco, cotton, and other agricultural products were vital to the city's prosperity, all produced through the brutal system of chattel slavery. Beyond agriculture, enslaved people worked in Richmond's burgeoning industries, including construction, shipbuilding, and domestic service. Their forced labor contributed significantly to the city's wealth and development, a fact often omitted from traditional historical narratives of "African American history Richmond VA". Understanding this contribution is crucial to a complete understanding of the city's past and present.
Reconstruction and the Rise of Black Communities (H2)
The period following the Civil War, Reconstruction, brought both hope and hardship for African Americans in Richmond. Emancipation granted freedom, but it did not guarantee equality. Black communities began to flourish, establishing churches, schools, and businesses, despite facing persistent racism, violence, and economic inequality. The rise of these communities formed a vital chapter in "African American history Richmond VA". The creation of independent institutions became a powerful symbol of self-reliance and a testament to the resilience of the African American population.
The Jim Crow Era and the Fight for Civil Rights (H2)
The Jim Crow era that followed Reconstruction saw the systematic disenfranchisement and oppression of African Americans across the South, including Richmond. Segregation was enforced in all aspects of life, from education and housing to employment and public transportation. Despite these obstacles, African Americans in Richmond continued to fight for their rights, organizing protests, advocating for equal opportunities, and contributing to the broader Civil Rights Movement. This struggle forms a crucial part of the story of "African American history Richmond VA".
The Civil Rights Movement in Richmond and its Industrial Impact (H2)
The Civil Rights Movement profoundly impacted Richmond. Local activists played a significant role in challenging segregation and discrimination, leading boycotts, organizing marches, and advocating for voting rights. The movement's success, albeit hard-won, led to the dismantling of Jim Crow laws and the expansion of opportunities for African Americans in Richmond. This created ripple effects across the city’s industries, leading to a gradual increase in Black participation in various sectors, though significant inequality persisted. Examining this period within the broader context of "African American history Richmond VA" illuminates the deep connection between social justice and economic progress.
African American Contributions to Richmond's Culture and Arts (H2)
Richmond's vibrant cultural scene is inextricably linked to the contributions of African Americans. From music and literature to visual arts and culinary traditions, their creativity has enriched the city’s identity and shaped its cultural landscape. Exploring this aspect of "African American history Richmond VA" reveals the rich tapestry of artistic expression that has emerged from the community despite facing systemic barriers.
African American History Richmond VA: A Legacy of Perseverance and Progress (H2)
The story of African Americans in Richmond is a testament to their resilience, creativity, and unwavering pursuit of justice. From the devastating realities of slavery to the ongoing struggle for equality, their contributions have shaped the city's identity and continue to resonate today. Understanding "African American history Richmond VA" is not simply an academic exercise; it's essential for building a more just and equitable future. The legacy of this history continues to shape the city's industrial landscape, pushing towards greater inclusivity and representation in business and employment.
Conclusion
The exploration of "African American history Richmond VA" reveals a complex and compelling narrative, one that has profoundly impacted the city's development, its industries, and its cultural fabric. It's a story of struggle, resilience, and the ongoing pursuit of justice, a story that remains crucial to understand for a complete grasp of Richmond's present and its future. The continued acknowledgment and celebration of this rich history are essential for fostering a more inclusive and equitable community.
FAQs
1. What were some major industries in Richmond that relied on enslaved labor? Tobacco manufacturing, shipbuilding, and domestic service were major industries that relied heavily on enslaved labor in Richmond.
2. Who were some key figures in the Richmond Civil Rights Movement? Further research is needed to name specific individuals, but organizations and movements played key roles.
3. How did the Civil Rights Movement impact Richmond's economy? The movement led to the gradual desegregation of workplaces, opening more opportunities for African Americans, though inequality remained.
4. What are some notable African American cultural institutions in Richmond? The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts and various community centers and churches often showcase Black art and culture.
5. How is the legacy of slavery still felt in Richmond today? The legacy of slavery manifests in systemic inequalities in housing, education, and economic opportunities.
6. Are there ongoing efforts to commemorate African American history in Richmond? Yes, numerous museums, historical sites, and community initiatives actively work to preserve and commemorate this history.
7. How can I learn more about African American history in Richmond? Visit local museums, historical societies, archives, and take guided tours focusing on this aspect of Richmond's history.
8. What resources are available for researchers studying African American history in Richmond? The Virginia Historical Society, the Library of Virginia, and VCU's archives hold extensive collections related to this topic.
9. What role did African American women play in shaping Richmond's history? African American women played pivotal roles in various aspects of Richmond's history, from domestic service to activism and community building. Further research is needed to highlight their specific contributions.
Related Articles:
1. "The Untold Stories of Enslaved People in Richmond's Tobacco Industry": An in-depth look at the lives and experiences of enslaved people working in Richmond's tobacco factories.
2. "Reconstruction in Richmond: Hope and Hardship": An examination of the challenges and achievements of African Americans during the Reconstruction era in Richmond.
3. "The Struggle for Voting Rights in Richmond": A detailed account of the fight for suffrage and the impact on African American political participation.
4. "African American Businesses in Jackson Ward, Richmond": A study of the vibrant Black business community that thrived in Jackson Ward during the 20th century.
5. "The Arts and Culture of the African American Community in Richmond": A celebration of the contributions of African Americans to Richmond's rich artistic landscape.
6. "Civil Rights Activism in Richmond: A Legacy of Resistance": Profiles of key figures and pivotal moments in Richmond's Civil Rights history.
7. "The Impact of Urban Renewal on African American Communities in Richmond": An analysis of the effects of urban renewal projects on Richmond's Black neighborhoods.
8. "African American Education in Richmond: From Segregation to Integration": A historical overview of the evolution of education for African Americans in Richmond.
9. "The Great Migration and its Impact on Richmond's African American Population": Examines the influx of African Americans from the rural South and its effect on Richmond's demographics and culture.
| african american history richmond va: The Virginia Landmarks Register Calder Loth, 1999 The Virginia Landmarks Register, fourth edition, will create for the reader a deeper awareness of a unique legacy and will serve to enhance the stewardship of Virginia's irreplaceable heritage. |
| african american history richmond va: Built by Blacks Selden Richardson, 2008 The Alliance to Conserve Old Richmond Neighborhoods, Richmond, Virginia. |
| african american history richmond va: Richmond, Virginia Elvatrice Parker Belsches, 2002 Richmond, Virginia boasts a proud legacy of achievement among its African-American residents. Known as the birthplace of black capitalism, Richmond had at the turn of the 20th century one of the largest black business districts in America. Medical pioneers, civil rights activists, education leaders, and enterprising bankers are listed among the city's African-American sons and daughters. As individuals these men and women made their mark not only on Richmond's, but also the nation's, history. As a community, they have endured centuries of change and worked together for the common good. In their determined faces and in unforgettable scenes of the past, we celebrate and pay tribute to their history. |
| african american history richmond va: A Guidebook to Virginia's African American Historical Markers Department of Historic Resources, Jennifer R. Loux, James K. Hare, Matthew Paul Gottlieb, 2019-07-26 Virginia encompasses this nation's longest continuous experience of Afro-American life and culture, esteemed scholar Armstead L. Robinson has written. This book offers both highway and armchair travelers the first published guide to the locations and texts of more than three hundred state historical highway markers recalling significant people, places, and events in Virginia's African American history. Published to coincide with the 2019 commemoration of the first documented arrival of Africans to present-day Virginia in 1619, A Guidebook to Virginia's African American Historical Markers showcases topics of state and national significance, spanning the colonial era through the mid-1960s and the civil rights movement. Nearly all of these markers were approved by the Virginia Board of Historic Resources within the past forty years, through early 2019, thereby enlarging the sweep and scope of the nation's oldest statewide historical highway marker program. |
| african american history richmond va: Death and Rebirth in a Southern City Ryan K. Smith, 2020-11-17 This exploration of Richmond's burial landscape over the past 300 years reveals in illuminating detail how racism and the color line have consistently shaped death, burial, and remembrance in this storied Southern capital. Richmond, Virginia, the former capital of the Confederacy, holds one of the most dramatic landscapes of death in the nation. Its burial grounds show the sweep of Southern history on an epic scale, from the earliest English encounters with the Powhatan at the falls of the James River through slavery, the Civil War, and the long reckoning that followed. And while the region's deathways and burial practices have developed in surprising directions over these centuries, one element has remained stubbornly the same: the color line. But something different is happening now. The latest phase of this history points to a quiet revolution taking place in Virginia and beyond. Where white leaders long bolstered their heritage and authority with a disregard for the graves of the disenfranchised, today activist groups have stepped forward to reorganize and reclaim the commemorative landscape for the remains of people of color and religious minorities. In Death and Rebirth in a Southern City, Ryan K. Smith explores more than a dozen of Richmond's most historically and culturally significant cemeteries. He traces the disparities between those grounds which have been well-maintained, preserving the legacies of privileged whites, and those that have been worn away, dug up, and built over, erasing the memories of African Americans and indigenous tribes. Drawing on extensive oral histories and archival research, Smith unearths the heritage of these marginalized communities and explains what the city must do to conserve these gravesites and bring racial equity to these arenas for public memory. He also shows how the ongoing recovery efforts point to a redefinition of Confederate memory and the possibility of a rebirthed community in the symbolic center of the South. The book encompasses, among others, St. John's colonial churchyard; African burial grounds in Shockoe Bottom and on Shockoe Hill; Hebrew Cemetery; Hollywood Cemetery, with its 18,000 Confederate dead; Richmond National Cemetery; and Evergreen Cemetery, home to tens of thousands of black burials from the Jim Crow era. Smith's rich analysis of the surviving grounds documents many of these sites for the first time and is enhanced by an accompanying website, www.richmondcemeteries.org. A brilliant example of public history, Death and Rebirth in a Southern City reveals how cemeteries can frame changes in politics and society across time. |
| african american history richmond va: We Face the Dawn Margaret Edds, 2018-02-06 The decisive victories in the fight for racial equality in America were not easily won, much less inevitable; they were achieved through carefully conceived strategy and the work of tireless individuals dedicated to this most urgent struggle. In We Face the Dawn, Margaret Edds tells the gripping story of how the South's most significant grassroots legal team challenged the barriers of racial segregation in mid-century America. Virginians Oliver Hill and Spottswood Robinson initiated and argued one of the five cases that combined into the landmark Brown v. Board of Education, but their influence extends far beyond that momentous ruling. They were part of a small brotherhood, headed by social-justice pioneer Thurgood Marshall and united largely through the Howard Law School, who conceived and executed the NAACP’s assault on racial segregation in education, transportation, housing, and voting. Hill and Robinson’s work served as a model for southern states and an essential underpinning for Brown. When the Virginia General Assembly retaliated with laws designed to disbar the two lawyers and discredit the NAACP, they defiantly carried the fight to the United States Supreme Court and won. At a time when numerous schools have resegregated and the prospects of many minority children appear bleak, Hill and Robinson’s remarkably effective campaign against various forms of racial segregation can inspire a new generation to embrace educational opportunity as the birthright of every American child. |
| african american history richmond va: Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction Midori Takagi, 2000-06-29 RICHMOND WAS NOT only the capital of Virginia and of the Confederacy; it was also one of the most industrialized cities south of the Mason-Dixon Line. Boasting ironworks, tobacco processing plants, and flour mills, the city by 1860 drew half of its male workforce from the local slave population. Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction examines this unusual urban labor system from 1782 until the end of the Civil War. Many urban bondsmen and women were hired to businesses rather than working directly for their owners. As a result, they frequently had the opportunity to negotiate their own contracts, to live alone, and to keep a portion of their wages in cash. Working conditions in industrial Richmond enabled African-American men and women to build a community organized around family networks, black churches, segregated neighborhoods, secret societies, and aid organizations. Through these institutions, Takagi demonstrates, slaves were able to educate themselves and to develop their political awareness. They also came to expect a degree of control over their labor and lives. Richmond's urban slave system offered blacks a level of economic and emotional support not usually available to plantation slaves. Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction offers a valuable portrait of urban slavery in an individual city that raises questions about the adaptability of slavery as an institution to an urban setting and, more importantly, the ways in which slaves were able to turn urban working conditions to their own advantage. |
| african american history richmond va: African Americans of Alexandria, Virginia Char McCargo Bah, Christa Watters, Audrey P. Davis, Gwendolyn Brown-Henderson, James E. Henson Sr., 2013-07-09 Sitting just south of the nation's capital, Alexandria has a long and storied history. Still, little is known of Alexandria's twentieth-century African American community. Experience the harrowing narratives of trials and triumph as Alexandria's African Americans helped to shape not only their hometown but also the world around them. Rutherford Adkins became one of the first black fighter pilots as a Tuskegee Airman. Samuel Tucker, a twenty-six-year-old lawyer, organized and fought for Alexandria to share its wealth of knowledge with the African American community by opening its libraries to all colors and creeds. Discover a vibrant past that, through this record, will be remembered forever as Alexandria's beacon of hope and light. |
| african american history richmond va: Bound to the Fire Kelley Fanto Deetz, 2017-11-17 For decades, smiling images of Aunt Jemima and other historical and fictional black cooks could be found on various food products and in advertising. Although these images were sanitized and romanticized in American popular culture, they represented the untold stories of enslaved men and women who had a significant impact on the nation's culinary and hospitality traditions, even as they were forced to prepare food for their oppressors. Kelley Fanto Deetz draws upon archaeological evidence, cookbooks, plantation records, and folklore to present a nuanced study of the lives of enslaved plantation cooks from colonial times through emancipation and beyond. She reveals how these men and women were literally bound to the fire as they lived and worked in the sweltering and often fetid conditions of plantation house kitchens. These highly skilled cooks drew upon knowledge and ingredients brought with them from their African homelands to create complex, labor-intensive dishes. However, their white owners overwhelmingly received the credit for their creations. Deetz restores these forgotten figures to their rightful place in American and Southern history by uncovering their rich and intricate stories and celebrating their living legacy with the recipes that they created and passed down to future generations. |
| african american history richmond va: African Americans of Henrico County Brenda Dabney Nichols, 2010-01-01 Henrico County, chartered in 1634, is one of the oldest counties in the state. Communities in Henrico created by African Americans are among the oldest continuing communities in America, as all of these communities were settled by 1863. The beauty of the settlements lay in the tenacity, determination, and resolve of pioneers who emerged from enslavement to create their own ideas of freedom. Rights to home and property ownership, businesses, churches, agencies, and schools defined the very essence of community. Despite efforts to halt their progress, African Americans independently sustained these communities. In Images of America: African Americans of Henrico County, nine communities are highlighted to demonstrate the indefatigable and indomitable spirit that continues to exist in these sacred places. |
| african american history richmond va: Civil War Richmond: The Last Citadel Jack Trammell, 2021 Few American cities have experienced the trauma of wartime destruction. As the capital of the new Confederate States of America, situated only ninety miles from the enemy capital at Washington, D.C., Richmond was under constant threat. The civilian population suffered not only shortage and hardship but also constant anxiety. During the war, the city more than doubled in population and became the industrial center of a prolonged and costly war effort. The city transformed with the creation of a massive hospital system, military training camps, new industries and shifting social roles for everyone, including women and African Americans. Local historians Jack Trammell and Guy Terrell detail the excitement, and eventually bitter disappointment, of Richmond at war. |
| african american history richmond va: The Negro in Virginia , 1994 Slavery is as basic a part of Virginia history as George Washington, who was accompanied at Valley Forge and Yorktown by his slave William Lee, and Thomas Jefferson, who directed his slaves to cut 30 feet off a mountaintop for the site of Monticello. Slavery in the Old Dominion began in 1619, when a Spanish frigate was captured and its cargo of Negroes brought to Jamestown. Virginia Negroes experienced slavery as field laborers, as skilled craftsmen, as house servants. In 1935, the Virginia Writers' Project began collecting data for a history of Negroes in the Old Dominion through the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Depression. Published in 1940 as The Negro in Virginia, it was regarded as a classic of its kind. Modern readers will be surprised at how relevant it remains today. -- From publisher's description. |
| african american history richmond va: Race Man Ann Field Alexander, 2002 Although he has largely receded from the public consciousness, John Mitchell Jr., the editor and publisher of the Richmond Planet, was well known to many black, and not a few white, Americans in his day. A contemporary of Booker T. Washington, Mitchell contrasted sharply with Washington in temperament. In his career as an editor, politician, and businessman, Mitchell followed the trajectory of optimism, bitter disappointment, and retrenchment that characterized African American life in the Reconstruction and Jim Crow South. Best known for his crusade against lynching in the 1880s, Mitchell was also involved in a number of civil rights crusades that seem more contemporary to the 1950s and 1960s than the turn of that century. He led a boycott against segregated streetcars in 1904 and fought residential segregation in Richmond in 1911. His political career included eight years on the Richmond city council, which ended with disenfranchisement in 1896. As Jim Crow strengthened its hold on the South, Mitchell, like many African American leaders, turned to creating strong financial institutions within the black community. He became a bank president and urged Planet readers to comport themselves as gentlemen, but a year after he ran for governor in 1921, Mitchell's fortunes suffered a drastic reversal. His bank failed, and he was convicted of fraud and sentenced to three years in the state penitentiary. The conviction was overturned on technicalities, but the so-called reforms that allowed state regulation of black businesses had done their worst, and Mitchell died in poverty and some disgrace. Basing her portrait on thorough primary research conducted over several decades, Ann Field Alexander brings Mitchell to life in all his complexity and contradiction, a combative, resilient figure of protest and accommodation who epitomizes the African American experience in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. |
| african american history richmond va: Reclamation Gayle Jessup White, 2021-11-16 A Black descendant of Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings’ family explores America’s racial reckoning through the prism of her ancestors—both the enslaver and the enslaved. Gayle Jessup White had long heard the stories passed down from her father’s family, that they were direct descendants of Thomas Jefferson—lore she firmly believed, though others did not. For four decades the acclaimed journalist and genealogy enthusiast researched her connection to Thomas Jefferson, to confirm its truth once and for all. After she was named a Jefferson Studies Fellow, Jessup White discovered her family lore was correct. Poring through photos and documents and pursuing DNA evidence, she learned that not only was she a descendant of Jefferson on his father’s side; she was also the great-great-great-granddaughter of Peter Hemings, Sally Hemings’s brother. In Reclamation she chronicles her remarkable journey to definitively understand her heritage and reclaim it, and offers a compelling portrait of what it means to be a black woman in America, to pursue the American dream, to reconcile the legacy of racism, and to ensure the nation lives up to the ideals advocated by her legendary ancestor. |
| african american history richmond va: The Life & Legacy of Enslaved Virginian Emily Winfree Dr. Jan Meck, Virginia Refo, 2021-11-01 Left destitute after the Civil War by the death of David Winfree, her former master and the father of her children, Emily Winfree underwent unimaginable hardships to keep her family together. Living with them in the tiny cottage he had given her, she worked menial jobs to make ends meet until the children were old enough to contribute. Her sacrifices enabled the successes of many of her descendants. Authors Jan Meck and Virginia Refo tell the true story of this remarkable African American woman who lived through enslavement, war, Reconstruction and Jim Crow in Central Virginia. The book is enriched with copies of many original documents, as well as personal recollections from a great-granddaughter of Emily's. The story concludes with pictures and biographies of some of her descendants. |
| african american history richmond va: The Sounds of Slavery Shane White, Graham J. White, 2005 Publisher description |
| african american history richmond va: Poems from the Northern Neck Gregg Valenzuela, 2012 The poems in this collection reflect Gregg Valenzuela's passion for the history, rural culture, land and the people of Virginia's Tidewater and Northern Neck. Like his poetry, this singular place reveals a multitude of layers, textures, moods, as well as a rare and unforgettable beauty. |
| african american history richmond va: Built by Blacks Selden Richardson, 2007 |
| african american history richmond va: African American Entrepreneurship in Richmond, 1890-1940 Michael A. Plater, 1996 First Published in 1997. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| african american history richmond va: African American Historic Places National Register of Historic Places, 1995-07-13 Culled from the records of the National Register of Historic Places, a roster of all types of significant properties across the United States, African American Historic Places includes over 800 places in 42 states and two U.S. territories that have played a role in black American history. Banks, cemeteries, clubs, colleges, forts, homes, hospitals, schools, and shops are but a few of the types of sites explored in this volume, which is an invaluable reference guide for researchers, historians, preservationists, and anyone interested in African American culture. Also included are eight insightful essays on the African American experience, from migration to the role of women, from the Harlem Renaissance to the Civil Rights Movement. The authors represent academia, museums, historic preservation, and politics, and utilize the listed properties to vividly illustrate the role of communities and women, the forces of migration, the influence of the arts and heritage preservation, and the struggles for freedom and civil rights. Together they lead to a better understanding of the contributions of African Americans to American history. They illustrate the events and people, the designs and achievements that define African American history. And they pay powerful tribute to the spirit of black America. |
| african american history richmond va: The Making of a Racist Charles B. Dew, 2016-08-09 In this powerful memoir, Charles Dew, one of America’s most respected historians of the South--and particularly its history of slavery--turns the focus on his own life, which began not in the halls of enlightenment but in a society unequivocally committed to segregation. Dew re-creates the midcentury American South of his childhood--in many respects a boy’s paradise, but one stained by Lost Cause revisionism and, worse, by the full brunt of Jim Crow. Through entertainments and educational books that belittled African Americans, as well as the living examples of his own family, Dew was indoctrinated in a white supremacy that, at best, was condescendingly paternalistic and, at worst, brutally intolerant. The fear that southern culture, and the hallowed white male brotherhood, could come undone through the slightest flexibility in the color line gave the Jim Crow mindset its distinctly unyielding quality. Dew recalls his father, in most regards a decent man, becoming livid over a black tradesman daring to use the front, and not the back, door. The second half of the book shows how this former Confederate youth and descendant of Thomas Roderick Dew, one of slavery’s most passionate apologists, went on to reject his racist upbringing and become a scholar of the South and its deeply conflicted history. The centerpiece of Dew’s story is his sobering discovery of a price circular from 1860--an itemized list of humans up for sale. Contemplating this document becomes Dew’s first step in an exploration of antebellum Richmond’s slave trade that investigates the terrible--but, to its white participants, unremarkable--inhumanity inherent in the institution. Dew’s wish with this book is to show how the South of his childhood came into being, poisoning the minds even of honorable people, and to answer the question put to him by Illinois Browning Culver, the African American woman who devoted decades of her life to serving his family: Charles, why do the grown-ups put so much hate in the children? |
| african american history richmond va: Son of Virginia L. Douglas Wilder, 2015-10-01 In 1981, the Commonwealth of Virginia, which had been dominated for decades by “the Organization,” a political machine led by former Governor and U.S. Senator Harry Byrd Sr., took its first baby steps to becoming the vibrant state it is today. That year, Charles Robb rejected the machine and began a new Democratic Party in his campaign for governor. Instead of running against African Americans, Robb reached out to Douglas Wilder, the state’s only African American State Senator and other leaders in the African American Community to rally voters of color to support the Democratic ticket. With the help of a heavy African American turnout, Robb won and the Byrd machine was crushed. In 1985, just four years later, Doug Wilder won the party’s nomination for Lieutenant Governor against the cries of “Virginia isn’t ready” and, later that year, defied the naysayers by being elected to that office. Within five years, he would be sworn in as the first elected African American governor in American history. SON OF VIRGINIA by L. Douglas Wilder details the events of the author’s life to paint a portrait of the changing face of America. It will be a story of constant struggle and conflict, not only Wilder’s struggle, but also that of courageous people who stood up to decades of discrimination, corruption and greed. The book will stand as a road map for continued American progress in our elections and laws and a stark warning of what may happen if we relax our commitment to this program. |
| african american history richmond va: The Negro in Sports Edwin Bancroft Henderson, 1949 |
| african american history richmond va: Richmond's Unhealed History Benjamin P. Campbell, 2012 In a detailed look at the history of Richmond, Benjamin Campbell examines the contradictions and crises that have formed the city over more than four centuries. Campbell argues that the community of metropolitan Richmond is engaged in a decisive spiritual battle in the coming decade. He believes the city, more than any in the nation, has the potential for an unprecedented and historic achievement. Its citizens can redeem and fulfill the ideals of their ancestors, proving to the world that race and class can be conquered by the deliberate and prayerful intention of honest and dedicated citizens. |
| african american history richmond va: The Organ Thieves Chip Jones, 2020-08-18 The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks meets Get Out in this “startling…powerful” (Kirkus Reviews) investigation of racial inequality at the core of the heart transplant race. In 1968, Bruce Tucker, a black man, went into Virginia’s top research hospital with a head injury, only to have his heart taken out of his body and put into the chest of a white businessman. Now, in The Organ Thieves, Pulitzer Prize–nominated journalist Chip Jones exposes the horrifying inequality surrounding Tucker’s death and how he was used as a human guinea pig without his family’s permission or knowledge. The circumstances surrounding his death reflect the long legacy of mistreating African Americans that began more than a century before with cadaver harvesting and worse. It culminated in efforts to win the heart transplant race in the late 1960s. Featuring years of research and fresh reporting, along with a foreword from social justice activist Ben Jealous, “this powerful book weaves together a medical mystery, a legal drama, and a sweeping history, its characters confronting unprecedented issues of life and death under the shadows of centuries of racial injustice” (Edward L. Ayers, author of The Promise of the New South). |
| african american history richmond va: Almost Dead Michael Lawrence Dickinson, 2022-05-01 Beginning in the late seventeenth century and concluding with the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade, Almost Dead reveals how the thousands of captives who lived, bled, and resisted in the Black Urban Atlantic survived to form dynamic communities. Michael Lawrence Dickinson uses cities with close commercial ties to shed light on similarities, variations, and linkages between urban Atlantic slave communities in mainland America and the Caribbean. The study adopts the perspectives of those enslaved to reveal that, in the eyes of the enslaved, the distinctions were often of degree rather than kind as cities throughout the Black Urban Atlantic remained spaces for Black oppression and resilience. The tenets of subjugation remained all too similar, as did captives’ need to stave off social death and hold on to their humanity. Almost Dead argues that urban environments provided unique barriers to and avenues for social rebirth: the process by which African-descended peoples reconstructed their lives individually and collectively after forced exportation from West Africa. This was an active process of cultural remembrance, continued resistance, and communal survival. It was in these urban slave communities—within the connections between neighbors and kinfolk—that the enslaved found the physical and psychological resources necessary to endure the seemingly unendurable. Whether sites of first arrival, commodification, sale, short-term captivity, or lifetime enslavement, the urban Atlantic shaped and was shaped by Black lives. |
| african american history richmond va: Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States Charles Oscar Paullin, 1932 A digitally enhanced version of this atlas was developed by the Digital Scholarship Lab at the University of Richmond and is available online. Click the link above to take a look. |
| african american history richmond va: Black Labor in Richmond, 1865-1890 Peter J. Rachleff, 1984 ''The best study yet written about the ex-slave as urban wage-earner. It is essential reading for students of Afro-American and working-class history.'' -- Herbert Gutman''This book shows that black and white workers could act together and that a working-class reform movement, at least in one southern city, could challenge the existing status quo. . . . Rachleff presents an interesting story of social, economic, and political intrigue in a post-Civil War urban environment where class was pitted against class and race against race.'' -- C. K. McFarland, Journal of Southern History |
| african american history richmond va: Presumed Criminal Carl Suddler, 2020-09-01 A startling examination of the deliberate criminalization of black youths from the 1930s to today A stark disparity exists between black and white youth experiences in the justice system today. Black youths are perceived to be older and less innocent than their white peers. When it comes to incarceration, race trumps class, and even as black youths articulate their own experiences with carceral authorities, many Americans remain surprised by the inequalities they continue to endure. In this revealing book, Carl Suddler brings to light a much longer history of the policies and strategies that tethered the lives of black youths to the justice system indefinitely. The criminalization of black youth is inseparable from its racialized origins. In the mid-twentieth century, the United States justice system began to focus on punishment, rather than rehabilitation. By the time the federal government began to address the issue of juvenile delinquency, the juvenile justice system shifted its priorities from saving delinquent youth to purely controlling crime, and black teens bore the brunt of the transition. In New York City, increased state surveillance of predominantly black communities compounded arrest rates during the post–World War II period, providing justification for tough-on-crime policies. Questionable police practices, like stop-and-frisk, combined with media sensationalism, cemented the belief that black youth were the primary cause for concern. Even before the War on Crime, the stakes were clear: race would continue to be the crucial determinant in American notions of crime and delinquency, and black youths condemned with a stigma of criminality would continue to confront the overwhelming power of the state. |
| african american history richmond va: Banking on Freedom Shennette Garrett-Scott, 2019-05-07 Between 1888 and 1930, African Americans opened more than a hundred banks and thousands of other financial institutions. In Banking on Freedom, Shennette Garrett-Scott explores this rich period of black financial innovation and its transformative impact on U.S. capitalism through the story of the St. Luke Bank in Richmond, Virginia: the first and only bank run by black women. Banking on Freedom offers an unparalleled account of how black women carved out economic, social, and political power in contexts shaped by sexism, white supremacy, and capitalist exploitation. Garrett-Scott chronicles both the bank’s success and the challenges this success wrought, including extralegal violence and aggressive oversight from state actors who saw black economic autonomy as a threat to both democratic capitalism and the social order. The teller cage and boardroom became sites of activism and resistance as the leadership of president Maggie Lena Walker and other women board members kept the bank grounded in meeting the needs of working-class black women. The first book to center black women’s engagement with the elite sectors of banking, finance, and insurance, Banking on Freedom reveals the ways gender, race, and class shaped the meanings of wealth and risk in U.S. capitalism and society. |
| african american history richmond va: Right to Ride Blair L. M. Kelley, 2010-05-03 Through a reexamination of the earliest struggles against Jim Crow, Blair Kelley exposes the fullness of African American efforts to resist the passage of segregation laws dividing trains and streetcars by race in the early Jim Crow era. Right to Ride chronicles the litigation and local organizing against segregated rails that led to the Plessy v. Ferguson decision in 1896 and the streetcar boycott movement waged in twenty-five southern cities from 1900 to 1907. Kelley tells the stories of the brave but little-known men and women who faced down the violence of lynching and urban race riots to contest segregation. Focusing on three key cities--New Orleans, Richmond, and Savannah--Kelley explores the community organizations that bound protestors together and the divisions of class, gender, and ambition that sometimes drove them apart. The book forces a reassessment of the timelines of the black freedom struggle, revealing that a period once dismissed as the age of accommodation should in fact be characterized as part of a history of protest and resistance. |
| african american history richmond va: Virginia Waterways and the Underground Railroad Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander, PhD, 2017 A part of the Underground Railroad, read here of enslaved people and their stories of using Virginia's waterways to achieve freedom. Enslaved Virginians sought freedom from the time they were first brought to the Jamestown colony in 1619. Acts of self-emancipation were aided by Virginia's waterways, which became part of the network of the Underground Railroad in the years before the Civil War. Watermen willing to help escaped slaves made eighteenth-century Norfolk a haven for freedom seekers. Famous nineteenth-century escapees like Shadrack Minkins and Henry Box Brown were aided by the Underground Railroad. Enslaved men like Henry Lewey, known as Bluebeard, aided freedom seekers as conductors, and black and white sympathizers acted as station masters. Historian Cassandra Newby-Alexander narrates the ways that enslaved people used Virginia's waterways to achieve humanity's dream of freedom. |
| african american history richmond va: The Color of Their Skin Robert A. Pratt, 1992 By choosing this subtler form of defiance, city officials were able, in effect, to stave off integration for nearly two decades. The Color of Their Skin also covers Richmond politics concerning the issue. The clash of conservative idealogues such as James J. Kilpatrick and former governor Mills Godwin with activist black attorneys like Oliver W. Hill and Samuel W. Tucker bred a conservatively moderate element that was represented on the Richmond school board by the likes of board president (and later Supreme Court Justice) Lewis F. Powell. Powell attempted to chart a course between the extreme factions, a course that Pratt accurately describes as tokenism, since only a handful of blacks was ever admitted to Richmond's schools until the 1970 school busing decree. Pratt demonstrates how the impact of school desegregation was felt beyond the schools, in the demographics of the city itself. |
| african american history richmond va: Sisters of the Yam bell hooks, 2014-10-03 In Sisters of the Yam, bell hooks reflects on the ways in which the emotional health of black women has been and continues to be impacted by sexism and racism. Desiring to create a context where black females could both work on their individual efforts for self-actualization while remaining connected to a larger world of collective struggle, hooks articulates the link between self-recovery and political resistance. Both an expression of the joy of self-healing and the need to be ever vigilant in the struggle for equality, Sisters of the Yam continues to speak to the experience of black womanhood. |
| african american history richmond va: The Mis-education of the Negro Carter Godwin Woodson, 1969 |
| african american history richmond va: The Purple Decades Tom Wolfe, 1982-10 This collection of Wolfe's essays, articles, and chapters from previous collections is filled with observations on U.S. popular culture in the 1960s and 1970s. |
| african american history richmond va: Rights for a Season Lewis A. Randolph, Gayle T. Tate, 2003 Based on a historical analysis of the roots of Richmond's political evolution as well as on interviews and quantitative data, Rights for a Season places events in Richmond in a broader regional and national context of urban political development. |
| african american history richmond va: The Industrial History of the Negro Race of the United States Giles Beecher Jackson, Daniel Webster Davis, 1911 |
| african american history richmond va: The Washingtons of Wessyngton Plantation John Baker, 2009-02-03 When John F. Baker Jr. was in the seventh grade, he saw a photograph of four former slaves in his social studies textbook—two of them were his grandmother's grandparents. He began the lifelong research project that would become The Washingtons of Wessyngton Plantation, the fruit of more than thirty years of archival and field research and DNA testing spanning 250 years. A descendant of Wessyngton slaves, Baker has written the most accessible and exciting work of African American history since Roots. He has not only written his own family's story but included the history of hundreds of slaves and their descendants now numbering in the thousands throughout the United States. More than one hundred rare photographs and portraits of African Americans who were slaves on the plantation bring this compelling American history to life. Founded in 1796 by Joseph Washington, a distant cousin of America's first president, Wessyngton Plantation covered 15,000 acres and held 274 slaves, whose labor made it the largest tobacco plantation in America. Atypically, the Washingtons sold only two slaves, so the slave families remained intact for generations. Many of their descendants still reside in the area surrounding the plantation. The Washington family owned the plantation until 1983; their family papers, housed at the Tennessee State Library and Archives, include birth registers from 1795 to 1860, letters, diaries, and more. Baker also conducted dozens of interviews—three of his subjects were more than one hundred years old—and discovered caches of historic photographs and paintings. A groundbreaking work of history and a deeply personal journey of discovery, The Washingtons of Wessyngton Plantation is an uplifting story of survival and family that gives fresh insight into the institution of slavery and its ongoing legacy today. |
| african american history richmond va: Black Women's Activism Rita B. Dandridge, 2004 Black Women's Activism is the first book-length study of African American women's historical romances. This book examines romances written from 1989 to the present, and discusses their black heroines' resistance at particular moments in history - from the colonization movement to the Texas oil boom. Socio-historical perspectives, a womanist agenda, and an African-centered outlook inform the readings of female characters in the narratives of Francine Craft, Gay G. Gunn, Shirley Hailstock, Beverly Jenkins, and Anita Richmond Bunkley. Broadening the scope of the historical romance genre, and expanding the canon of African American literature, this book provides a more comprehensive image of the black female character and addresses gender issues previously unexplored in black fiction. This text should be used by librarians, historians, literary critics, writers, college- and graduate-level students, teachers, and romance readers. |
Africa - Wikipedia
African nations cooperate through the establishment of the African Union, which is headquartered in Addis Ababa. Africa is highly biodiverse; [17] it is the continent with the largest number of …
Africa | History, People, Countries, Regions, Map, & Facts | Britannica
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Africa is the second largest and most populous continent in the world after Asia. The area of Africa without islands is 11.3 million square miles (29.2 million sq km), with islands - about 11.7 million …
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African History Africa is a large and diverse continent that extends from South Africa northward to the Mediterranean Sea. The continent makes up one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth.
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NORFOLK: 19TH CENTURY - Official Website
1867 -- The United Order of Tents, J.R.G. and J.U., one of the most important African-American women's lodges in the country, officially organized in Norfolk. Founded by 2 slave women, …
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1790-1793 1806-1809 - Prince William County, Virginia
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CONTENTS
Director of African American Studies, University of South Carolina; and, Don Stewart, former director of Teaching American History, South Carolina, for their leadership and concept …
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NARRATIVE - williamsburgva.gov
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a young African American man to burn the barn of a white farmer. This man was later acquitted on all charges. More than 4,000 lynchings took place in the United States between 1877 and …
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