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Afghanistan Official Languages: Dari – A Comprehensive Guide
Author: Dr. Farzana Ahmadzai, PhD in Linguistics, specializing in Afghan languages and dialects, with 15 years of experience working with Afghan communities and educational institutions.
Publisher: The Afghanistan Research and Education Institute (AREI), a leading non-profit organization dedicated to promoting research and education related to Afghan history, culture, and languages.
Editor: Mr. Omar Khan, MA in Journalism, with 10 years of experience in editing and publishing materials related to South Asian affairs.
Keyword: afghanistan official languages dari
Summary: This guide provides a comprehensive overview of Dari, one of Afghanistan's official languages. It explores its history, significance in Afghan society, best practices for learning and using Dari, and common pitfalls to avoid. The guide also delves into the linguistic landscape of Afghanistan, highlighting the relationship between Dari and Pashto, and the challenges and opportunities presented by the country's multilingual environment.
Introduction: Understanding the Significance of Dari in Afghanistan
Afghanistan's official languages are Dari (Persian) and Pashto. While Pashto holds significant cultural and political weight in certain regions, Dari, a dialect of Persian, enjoys widespread use across the country and acts as a lingua franca, facilitating communication between diverse ethnic groups. Understanding the nuances of Dari is crucial for anyone interacting with Afghan society, be it for academic, professional, or personal reasons. This guide focuses on Dari, its role as one of the afghanistan official languages, and provides practical insights for learners and users.
The Historical Context of Dari in Afghanistan
Dari's history in Afghanistan is intertwined with the broader history of the Persian language. For centuries, it served as the language of administration, literature, and high culture in the region. Even during periods when Pashto gained prominence in specific areas, Dari maintained its status as a language of wider communication and intellectual discourse. Its continued use as one of the afghanistan official languages reflects its enduring importance. Understanding this historical context provides crucial background for appreciating its present-day significance.
The Role of Dari in Modern Afghanistan
Today, Dari remains a cornerstone of Afghan society. It is used extensively in government, education, media, and commerce. Its dominance in urban areas, particularly Kabul, makes it essential for navigating daily life and interacting with a large segment of the population. However, it is crucial to remember that Afghanistan is a multilingual nation, and ignoring the presence and importance of other languages can lead to misunderstandings and alienation. The understanding that Dari is one of the afghanistan official languages, and its use should be mindful of the country's linguistic diversity is key.
Best Practices for Learning and Using Dari
Learning Dari, like any language, requires dedication and consistent effort. Here are some best practices:
Immersion: Surround yourself with the language as much as possible. Listen to Dari music, watch Dari films, and engage in conversations with native speakers.
Formal study: Enroll in a Dari language course or utilize online resources such as language learning apps and websites.
Focus on pronunciation: Dari pronunciation can be challenging for learners, so dedicate time to mastering the sounds and intonation patterns.
Practice regularly: Consistency is key. Practice speaking, reading, and writing Dari regularly to reinforce your learning.
Cultural context: Learn about Afghan culture and customs to understand the context in which Dari is used.
Common Pitfalls to Avoid When Learning Dari
Over-reliance on transliteration: While transliteration can be helpful, it shouldn't replace learning the Dari script.
Ignoring grammatical nuances: Dari grammar has its subtleties. Don't neglect studying grammar rules.
Assuming perfect understanding: Don't be afraid to ask for clarification if you don't understand something.
Neglecting colloquialisms: Dari has many colloquial expressions that aren't found in formal texts.
Lack of practice: Consistent practice is crucial for fluency.
Dari and Pashto: A Linguistic Landscape
The relationship between Dari and Pashto, Afghanistan’s two official languages, is complex. While both co-exist, their usage varies across regions and demographics. Understanding this dynamic is key to navigating the linguistic landscape of Afghanistan. Often, bilingualism is common, with many Afghans fluent in both Dari and Pashto.
Challenges and Opportunities in Afghanistan's Multilingual Environment
The multilingual nature of Afghanistan presents both challenges and opportunities. Challenges include ensuring equal access to education and services in all languages, while opportunities lie in fostering intercultural understanding and communication through language learning and appreciation. The recognition of Dari as one of the afghanistan official languages is a step towards addressing these complexities.
Conclusion
Dari, as one of the afghanistan official languages, holds a vital position in Afghan society, culture, and politics. Learning and understanding Dari not only improves communication but fosters deeper engagement with Afghan culture and history. By adopting best practices and avoiding common pitfalls, learners can achieve fluency and effectively interact within the rich and diverse linguistic landscape of Afghanistan.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between Dari and Farsi? Dari and Farsi are essentially dialects of the same language, Persian. Dari refers to the Persian spoken in Afghanistan, while Farsi is predominantly used in Iran. The differences are mostly in pronunciation and vocabulary.
2. Is Dari difficult to learn? The difficulty of learning Dari varies depending on the learner's native language and linguistic background. However, with dedication and consistent effort, it is achievable.
3. What are the best resources for learning Dari? Numerous online resources, language learning apps, textbooks, and courses are available for learning Dari.
4. What is the writing system of Dari? Dari uses the Persian alphabet, a modified Arabic script written from right to left.
5. How many people speak Dari in Afghanistan? While precise figures are difficult to obtain, Dari is spoken by a significant majority of the Afghan population.
6. Is Dari used in international settings? While not as widely used internationally as English or French, Dari is gaining recognition in academic and diplomatic settings related to Afghanistan.
7. What are some common phrases in Dari? Common phrases include "Salam" (hello), "Khuda hafiz" (goodbye), and "Merci" (thank you).
8. Are there different dialects of Dari? Yes, regional variations in Dari exist, influencing pronunciation and vocabulary.
9. How can I practice my Dari speaking skills? Find a language partner, join a conversation group, or immerse yourself in the language through media and cultural events.
Related Articles:
1. The History of the Persian Language in Afghanistan: Traces the evolution of Persian in Afghanistan, highlighting its influence on Dari.
2. Dari Literature: A Journey Through Afghan Poetry and Prose: Explores the rich literary tradition of Dari in Afghanistan.
3. The Role of Dari in Afghan Education: Examines the use of Dari in Afghanistan's education system and the challenges faced.
4. Comparing Dari and Pashto: Linguistic Similarities and Differences: A comparative analysis of the two official languages of Afghanistan.
5. The Sociolinguistics of Afghanistan: Language and Identity: Discusses the social and cultural significance of languages in Afghanistan.
6. Dari Language Acquisition Strategies for Non-Native Speakers: Offers practical tips and techniques for learning Dari.
7. Common Errors Made by Dari Learners and How to Avoid Them: Provides a detailed overview of common mistakes and solutions.
8. Dari in the Media: A Study of its Use in Afghan Newspapers and Television: Analyzes the representation of Dari in Afghan media.
9. The Future of Dari in a Changing Afghanistan: Discusses the challenges and prospects for Dari in the context of ongoing societal changes in Afghanistan.
| afghanistan official languages dari: Learn Dari Sayed Naqibullah, 2015-09-19 Recommended for: Students of Dari/Farsi language, and Afghan Children living abroad who want to be able to read and write in Dari/Farsi. Dari, which is also referred to as Farsi by speakers of this language, is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan. It is a dialect of Persian widely spoken in Afghanistan. The majority of the people in Afghanistan can speak Dari/Farsi. The difference in the Farsi spoken in Afghanistan and Iran is somewhat like the differences in British and American English, so if one speaks Dari he/she will be able to understand and speak the Farsi in Iran and Tajiki, which is the official language of Tajikistan and a dialect of modern Persian, spoken in Tajikistan. This book is designed to teach Dari/Farsi from the beginner's level to the advanced level. It starts with very basic vocabulary and structures and ends with the advanced level. The first part of the book includes transliteration and does not require you to be able to read the Dari script; this part of the book will also teach you how to read and write in Dari/Farsi script, and the rest of the book will require you to know how to read and write in Dari/Farsi.a good source of essential vocabulary, grammar, and Conversation. The conversation is also transliterated which doesn't require you to read in Dari. The Conversation is searchable by topic therefore a good help for beginners to start speaking faster. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors Harold Schiffman, 2011-12-09 The contribution of this collection of articles is to construct an updated picture of languages and language policy in and around Afghanistan, and give potential language learners a clearer picture of what kinds of resources exist, and what is still needed. The book was co-edited by Brian Spooner, Professor of Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Dari Grammar and Phrase Book Ehsan M. Entezar, 2010-06-04 Dari Grammar and Phrasebook is the result of many years of research and teaching. It has two parts. Part one (grammar) is a systematic presentation of Dari sound system (phonology, word formation (morphology) and sentence structure (syntax). Each chapter begins with an introduction. This is followed by analysis of the new concepts providing plenty of examples and illustrations. Next comes the chapter summary. Each chapter in part one ends with exercises. Part two (phrasebook) is about how to communicate with Afghans on a variety of situations (topics). This part first discusses language functions such as asking, ordering, requesting, apologizing, persuading, and so on. The second part is about topics or situations involving shopping, health, transportation, security, government and so on. The relevant vocabulary under each topic is listed into nouns, verbs and adjectives. The topics also include cross-cultural notes and proverbs. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Beginner's Dari Shaista Wahab, 2006 This popular introduction to Dari, one of the official languages of Afghanistan, is now accompanied by an audio CD! The book follows a step-by-step format. The first part teaches who to read, write, and pronounce the 32 letters of the Dari alphabet, Detailed explanations of grammar and syntax follow. Each of the 33 lessons include exercises and vocabulary words to reinforce the covered material. Expressions and phrases are also included, enabling users to communicate on a basic level with other Dari speakers. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Dari Nicholas Awde, 2002 Compiled by a linguist specializing in the region, this two-way pocket dictionary and phrasebook offers a map of Afghanistan; information useful for relief workers, business people, and travelers; and a concise grammar, pronunciation guide, and alphabet for one of the country's official languages. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Complete Modern Persian Beginner to Intermediate Course Narguess Farzad, 2012-06-08 Do you want to be able to listen to, speak, read and write Modern Persian (Farsi) confidently? Do you want the convenience of being able to learn at home or on the move? Whether you are starting from scratch, or are just out of practice, Teach Yourself Complete Modern Persian (Farsi) – Touch & Listen will guarantee success! Touch & Listen ebooks are a groundbreaking new approach to language learning that include recordings of pronunciation and conversations within the pages of the books themselves – right where you need them. In the past you used to have to juggle separate books and CDs/MP3s to master listening, speaking, reading and writing. Not anymore. Thanks to the latest enhanced ebook technology, you can learn and practise all four language skills plus grammar and vocabulary from a single ebook that you can read and listen to on your tablet device or smartphone. First, touch the on-screen play buttons and listen to native speakers conversing on scores of current topics. Then rewind. Or pause. Whatever you need to do to make sure you’ve fully understood what you have just listened to. When you are ready, complete the activities with the convenient notes feature. You are in control. It’s that simple. STRUCTURE The course is structured in thematic units based on real-life situations and with an emphasis on communication, so that you effortlessly progress from introducing yourself and dealing with everyday situations, to using the phone and talking about work. NOT MUCH TIME? Get started with a 1-minute introduction to the key principles of the language. GRAMMAR Follow easy-to-manage steps to give you a clear understanding of the language. VOCABULARY Use clearly marked lists to make it easy to find and review the most useful vocabulary. DIALOGUES Touch & Listen to everyday dialogues to help you speak and understand fast. PRONUNCIATION Don't sound like a tourist! Perfect your pronunciation before you travel. INSIGHTS Look out for lots of instant help with common problems and quick tips for success, based on the author’s many years of teaching experience. FEATURES Make full use of the wealth of convenient ebook features, including highlighting, making notes and a built-in dictionary. PROGRESS Rise to Level B1 of the Common European Framework for Languages: Can deal with most situations likely to arise whilst travelling in an area where the language is spoken. Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions. TEST YOURSELF Use the unit tests to keep track of your progress. Teach Yourself Complete Modern Persian (Farsi) Enjoy the familiarity of a book with the convenience of Touch & Listen technology at home or on the move, and let Teach Yourself and its highly experienced authors guide you every step of the way. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes Hamid Wahed Alikuzai, 2013-10-10 Afghanistan Literature is Worlds greatest and richest without Afghan- Literature no European (German, French, Spanish or English) Literature would exist today The Vedas, Zoroastrian, and Buddhist, among the oldest known Literature of Afghanistan, originating from the Great capital of Bactria present day Balkh, and Aria present day Herat, Sanskrit is the reference to the original history of Afghanistan. The Saxon Europeans influence during the Great Games of the mid nineteenth century affected the Afghan language, religion and Territories size, which previously had extended from India to North Africa at 2.6 million square kilometers. The Great Games continued at any cost evolving into present-day conflicts of 2013. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia Andy Kirkpatrick, Anthony J. Liddicoat, 2019-04-17 This must-have handbook offers a comprehensive survey of the field. It reviews the language education policies of Asia, encompassing 30 countries sub-divided by regions, namely East, Southeast, South and Central Asia, and considers the extent to which these are being implemented and with what effect. The most recent iteration of language education policies of each of the countries is described and the impact and potential consequence of any change is critically considered. Each country chapter provides a historical overview of the languages in use and language education policies, examines the ideologies underpinning the language choices, and includes an account of the debates and controversies surrounding language and language education policies, before concluding with some predictions for the future. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics Rajend Mesthrie, 2001 This encyclopedia provides an overview of the vast subject of sociolinguistics for an audience who may be unfamiliar or just becoming familiar with the area. It also includes a handy reference to key concepts and discipline. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Dārī-i Iṣṭilāḥātī Foreign Service Institute (U.S.), A. Hafiz Latify, 1980 |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Our Village Mojib Rahman Atal, 2016-10-25 Our Village by Mojib Rahman Atal Our Village is a window to see Afghanistan through the eyes of its poets and photographers. This is not only a book, but a catalog of photos exposing the beauty of rural Afghanistan. It is an anthology in which each poem reveals inequalities, imbroglios, pride, sympathy, nostalgia, and missing peace and stability in war-torn Afghanistan. Already vastly popular in Afghanistan and surrounding areas, copies of Our Village have been requested to be mass produced. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Under the Drones Shahzad Bashir, Robert D. Crews, 2012-05-14 In the West, media coverage of Afghanistan and Pakistan is framed by military and political concerns, resulting in a simplistic picture of ageless barbarity, terrorist safe havens, and peoples in need of either punishment or salvation. Under the Drones looks beyond this limiting view to investigate real people on the ground, and to analyze the political, social, and economic forces that shape their lives. Understanding the complexity of life along the 1,600-mile border between Afghanistan and Pakistan can help America and its European allies realign their priorities in the region to address genuine problems, rather than fabricated ones. This volume explodes Western misunderstandings by revealing a land that abounds with human agency, perpetual innovation, and vibrant complexity. Through the work of historians and social scientists, the thirteen essays here explore the real and imagined presence of the Taliban; the animated sociopolitical identities expressed through traditions like Pakistani truck decoration; Sufism’s ambivalent position as an alternative to militancy; the long and contradictory history of Afghan media; and the simultaneous brutality and potential that heroin brings to women in the area. Moving past shifting conceptions of security, the authors expose the West’s prevailing perspective on the region as strategic, targeted, and alarmingly dehumanizing. Under the Drones is an essential antidote to contemporary media coverage and military concerns. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: דר אמדי בר דסתור זבאן פארסי Wheeler McIntosh Thackston, 1978 |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Afghanistan 101 Ehsan M. Entezar, 2008-01-04 Afghanistan 101 is an introduction to Afghan culture. More specifically, this dimensional analysis discusses Power Distance (PD), Uncertainty Avoidance (UA), Individualism (IND), and Masculinity (MAS) in the Afghan national culture. These dimensions are based on the work of the well-known Dutch anthropologist Geert Hofestede. The manifestations of these cultural dimensions explain the attitudes and actions of Afghans. Each chapter on dimensions also includes a section where the implications of a particular dimension are pointed out to the Westerner working in Afghanistan. Power Distance, the first dimension of culture, describes the relationship between a less powerful person and a more powerful one. As Afghanistan is on the high side of PD, social power is coercive in Afghanistan. One comes to power by force and is ousted by force; wealth and power are inseparable; decision making is autocratic and consultative; expert power does not carry much weight; age and charisma are important; and in Afghanistan, it is the authority of the person rather than the authority of position or rule that counts most. Uncertainty avoidance, the second dimension, involves dealing with fear and ambiguity—fear of nature, fear of other men, and fear of the supernatural. UA is negatively related to PD. A high PD society is on the low side of UA. Cultures use three methods to deal with fear and ambiguity: law, technology, and religion. Being on the low side of UA, Afghans rely heavily on Islam to reduce fear and uncertainty because they cannot rely on technology or the rule of law. The fundamental religious beliefs that help Afghans cope with fear and uncertainty are (1) life in this world temporary, (2) the source of both good and evil is God, and (3) God is just and will punish the oppressors and evil-doers in this world and in the next. Individualism versus collectivism, the third dimension of culture, relates to the relationship of an individual to a collectivity. In nonindividualistic societies such as Afghanistan, one’s loyalty and devotion is first and foremost to the family, ethnic or other collectivity, rather than to the country as a whole. Such loyalties are characteristic of nonnation-states, and are best explained as “Afghan nationalism” that is based on ethnicity, sect, region, and ideology. Afghanistan is not and has never been a nation-state. In a nation-state, people rally around the constitution, the flag, the national anthem, and other such symbols instead of their ethnicity, sect, region, ideology, and so on. Furthermore, a nation-state is based on the rule of law, checks and balances, human rights, freedom of the press, political parties, free and fair elections, accountability, and transparency. The concept of a nation-state is a Western phenomenon, although the roots of a nation-state are deep in some Islamic countries, shallow in others, and nonexistent in others. Turkey, the first Islamic country to have become a nation-state, falls into the first category whereas Afghanistan, into the last. For Afghanistan to move in the direction of becoming a nation-state, some type of federalism may be the only way to prevent further ethnic conflict and another civil war. Masculinity, the fourth dimension of culture, describes the degree to which there is a gender gap within a culture. Afghanistan is on the high side of MAS. As such, sex roles are set in the family and are reinforced in the schools, workplace, and other social organizations. In general, males are taught to be assertive and females, nurturing. In Afghan society, male assertiveness generally involves aggressiveness, bravery, endurance, leadership, power, dominance, and independence. Female nurturance, on the other hand, is characterized by submissiveness, patience, tenderness, and affection. It is Islamic fundamentalism and Afghan cultural tradition, rather than mainstream Islam, that limits the rights |
| afghanistan official languages dari: The History of Afghanistan Meredith L. Runion, 2017-04-24 This chronological account traces the history of Afghanistan from pre-civilization to present-day events and considers the future of democracy in Afghanistan. For centuries, Afghanistan has endured control by a gamut of political regimes as a result of its strategic location along the trade route between Asia and the Middle East. The area has been at the center of constant conflict and only in recent years has recovered from the vestiges of warfare. The second edition of this popular reference offers a fresh glimpse at the country, showing modern Afghanistan to be a melting pot of cultures, tribes, and political influences all under the guiding belief of Islam. In addition to thorough coverage of the country's political, economic, and cultural history, the book provides students with an account of recent events in Afghanistan since 2007, such as the death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan and the removal of NATO soldiers. Other changes include a revised timeline, an updated glossary, additions to the notable figures appendix, and an expanded bibliography that includes electronic resources. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Afghanistan Louis Dupree, 2014-07-14 The ancient land and the modern nation of Afghanistan are the subject of Louis Dupree's book. Both in the text and in over a hundred illustrations, he identifies the major patterns of Afghan history, society, and culture as they have developed from the Stone Age to the present. Originally published in 1973. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905. |
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| afghanistan official languages dari: Tajikistan Kirill Nourzhanov, Christian Bleuer, 2013-10-08 This book is a historical study of the Tajiks in Central Asia from the ancient times to the post-Soviet period. For millennia, these descendants of the original Aryan settlers were part of many different empires set up by Greek, Arab, Turkic and Russian invaders, as well as their own, most notably during the Middle Ages. The emergence of the modern state of Tajikistan began after 1917 under Soviet rule, and culminated in the promulgation of independence from the moribund USSR in 1991. In the subsequent civil war that raged between 1992 and 1997, Tajikistan came close to becoming a failed state. The legacy of that internal conflict remains critical to understanding politics in Tajikistan a generation later. Exploring the patterns of ethnic identity and the exigencies of state formation, the book argues that despite a strong sense of belonging underpinned by shared history, mythology and cultural traits, the Tajiks have not succeeded in forming a consolidated nation. The politics of the Russian colonial administration, the national-territorial delimitation under Stalin, and the Soviet strategy of socio-economic modernisation contributed to the preservation and reification of sub-ethnic cleavages and regional identities. The book demonstrates the impact of region-based elite clans on Tajikistan’s political trajectory in the twilight years of the Soviet era, and identifies objective and subjective factors that led to the civil war. It concludes with a survey of the process of national reconciliation after 1997, and the formal and informal political actors, including Islamist groups, who compete for influence in Tajik society. “Tajikistan: A Political and Social History is the best source of information on this important country in the English language. Drs Nourzhanov and Bleuer present a comprehensive yet detailed account of the past and prospects of this emerging nation, and have filled one of the major gaps in Central Asian scholarship. This book must be read by those who wish to grasp the vagaries of Central Asia’s evolving political and cultural landscapes.” Reuel Hanks, Professor of Geography, Oklahoma State University, and Editor of the Journal of Central Asian Studies. “If Tajikistan is known outside its region, it is often for the civil war that gravely damaged it. This volume authoritatively provides the longer perspective to the unsettling events of the 1990s and skilfully explains them in terms of history, social structure, and sub-state identities. In addition to highlighting a wealth of local factors, it is insightful on the ways in which antagonists can be transformed into broader ethnic and regional blocs. Kirill Nourzhanov and Christian Bleuer are erudite guides to an understudied part of Central Asia, while astutely instructing us about larger patterns of state-society relations and their impact on the logic of conflict.” James Piscatori, Professor of International Relations, Durham University. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Persian Grammar Ann K. S. Lambton, 1974 The grammar in this book is comprehensive, and contains all that is necessary for the student to become thoroughly familiar with the language. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: U.S. Army Special Forces Language Visual Training Materials - DARI - Plus Web-Based Program and Chapter Audio Downloads , Now included at the end of the book is a link for a web-based program, PDFs and MP3 sound files for each chapter. Over 250 pages ... Developed by I Corps Foreign Language Training Center Fort Lewis, WA For the Special Operations Forces Language Office United States Special Operations Command LANGUAGE TRAINING The ability to speak a foreign language is a core unconventional warfare skill and is being incorporated throughout all phases of the qualification course. The students will receive their language assignment after the selection phase where they will receive a language starter kit that allows them to begin language training while waiting to return to Fort Bragg for Phase II. The 3rd Bn, 1st SWTG (A) is responsible for all language training at the USAJFKSWCS. The Special Operations Language Training (SOLT) is primarily a performance-oriented language course. Students are trained in one of ten core languages with enduring regional application and must show proficiency in speaking, listening and reading. A student receives language training throughout the Pipeline. In Phase IV, students attend an 8 or 14 week language blitz depending upon the language they are slotted in. The general purpose of the course is to provide each student with the ability to communicate in a foreign language. For successful completion of the course, the student must achieve at least a 1/1/1 or higher on the Defense Language Proficiency Test in two of the three graded areas; speaking, listening and reading. Table of Contents Introduction Introduction Lesson 1 People and Geography Lesson 2 Living and Working Lesson 3 Numbers, Dates, and Time Lesson 4 Daily Activities Lesson 5 Meeting the Family Lesson 6 Around Town Lesson 7 Shopping Lesson 8 Eating Out Lesson 9 Customs, and Courtesies in the Home Lesson 10 Around the House Lesson 11 Weather and Climate Lesson 12 Personal Appearance Lesson 13 Transportation Lesson 14 Travel Lesson 15 At School Lesson 16 Recreation and Leisure Lesson 17 Health and the Human Body Lesson 18 Political and International Topics in the News Lesson 19 The Military Lesson 20 Holidays and Traditions |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Operation World Jason Mandryk, 2010-10-15 The definitive guide to global prayer has been updated and revised to cover the entire populated world. Whether you are an intercessor praying behind the scenes or a missionary abroad, Operation World gives you the information you need to play a vital role in fulfilling the Great Commission. (Copublished with Global Mapping International.) |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Handbook of the Changing World Language Map Stanley D. Brunn, Roland Kehrein, 2019-11-11 This reference work delivers an interdisciplinary, applied spatial and geographical approach to the study of languages and linguistics. This work includes chapters and sections related to language origins, diffusion, conflicts, policies, education/instruction, representation, technology, regions, and mapping. Also addressed is the mapping of languages and linguistic diversity, on language in the context of politics, on the relevance of language to cultural identity, on language minorities and endangered languages, and also on language and the arts and non-human language and communication. This reference work looks at the subject matter and contributors to the disciplines and programs in the social sciences and humanities, and the dearth of materials on languages and linguistics. The topics covered are not only discipline-centered, but in the cutting-edge fields that intersect several disciplines and also cut across the social sciences and humanities. These include gender studies, sustainability and development, technology and social media impacts, law and human rights, climate change, public health and epidemiology, architecture, religion, visual representation and mapping. These new and emerging research directions and other intersecting fields are not traditionally discipline-bounded, but cut across numerous fields. The volumes will appeal to those within existing fields and disciplines and those working the intersections at local, regional and global scales. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Learn Farsi in 100 Days Reza Nazari, Somayeh Nazari, 2017-02-20 The Absolute Best Book for learning Farsi language Quickly! The goal of this book is simple. It will help you incorporate the best method and the right strategies to learn Farsi FAST and EFFECTIVELY. Learn Farsi in 100 days helps you learn speak Farsi faster than you ever thought possible. You only need to spend about 90-120 minutes daily in your 100-day period in order to learn Farsi language at advanced level. Whether you are just starting to get in touch the Farsi language, or even if you have already learned the basics of the language, this book can help you accelerate the learning process and put you on the right track. Learn Farsi in 100 days is for Farsi learners from the beginning to the advanced level. It is a breakthrough in Farsi language learning — offering a winning formula and the most powerful methods for learning to speak Farsi fluently and confidently. Each section contains 4 pages covering a comprehensive range of topics. Each day includes vocabulary, grammar and reading lessons. It gives learners easy access to the Farsi vocabulary and grammar as it is actually used in a comprehensive range of everyday life situations and it teaches students to use Farsi for situations related to work, social life, and leisure. Topics such as greetings, family, weather, sports, food, customs, etc. are presented in interesting unique ways using real-life information. Effortlessly and confidently follow the step-by-step instructions in this book to achieve the highest level of fluency to make you speak Farsi like a native speaker. Learn Farsi in 100 days is the only book you'll ever need to master Farsi language! It can be used as a self-study course - you do not need to work with a teacher. (It can also be used with a teacher). You’ll be surprised how fast you master the first steps in learning this beautiful language! Ideal for self-study as well as for classroom usage. Learn Farsi Fast and Effectively! What Are You Waiting For?Get this book now and start learning Persian today!Scroll to the top of the page and select the buy button. Not sure yet?Watch FREE YouTube vidoes reviewing this book by the author: https://goo.gl/hjur2Q Published By: www.LearnPersianOnline.com |
| afghanistan official languages dari: The World's Major Languages Bernard Comrie, 2018-04-17 The World's Major Languages features over 50 of the world's languages and language families. This revised edition includes updated bibliographies for each chapter and up-to-date census figures. The featured languages have been chosen based on the number of speakers, their role as official languages and their cultural and historical importance. Each language is looked at in depth, and the chapters provide information on both grammatical features and on salient features of the language's history and cultural role. The World’s Major Languages is an accessible and essential reference work for linguists. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Uyghur Gulnisa Nazarova, Kurban Niyaz, 2013 Accompanying CD-ROM contains ... audio that helps develop listening and speaking skills as well as videos that were filmed in different regions of Xinjiang, China.--Page 4 of cover. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: The Iranian Languages Gernot Windfuhr, 2013-05-13 The Iranian languages form the major eastern branch of the Indo-European group of languages, itself part of the larger Indo-Iranian family. Estimated to have between 150 and 200 million native speakers, the Iranian languages constitute one of the world’s major language families. This comprehensive volume offers a detailed overview of the principle languages which make up this group: Old Iranian, Middle Iranian, and New Iranian. The Iranian Languages is divided into fifteen chapters. The introductory chapters by the editor present a general overview and a detailed discussion of the linguistic typology of Iranian. The individual chapters which follow are written by leading experts in the field. These provide the reader with concise, non-technical descriptions of a range of Iranian languages. Each chapter follows the same pattern and sequence of topics, taking the reader through the significant features not only of phonology and morphology but also of syntax; from phrase level to complex sentences and pragmatics. Ample examples on all levels are provided with detailed annotation for the non-specialist reader. In addition, each chapter covers lexis, sociolinguistic and typological issues, and concludes with annotated sample texts. This unique resource is the ideal companion for undergraduate and postgraduate students of linguistics and language. It will also be of interest to researchers or anyone with an interest in historical linguistics, linguistics anthropology and language development. Gernot Windfuhr is Professor of Iranian Studies at the University of Michigan; he has published widely on Persian and Iranian languages and linguistics and related languages, as well as on other aspects of Iranian culture including Persian literature and Pre-Islamic Iranian religions. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Zone of Crisis Amin Saikal, 2014-05-22 The West Asian states of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq and Iran have over the last few decades represented an arc of crisis. Characterised by fractured and dysfunctional political elites, fraught economic policies, and ideological struggles between the forces of authoritarianism and democratisation, neo-fundamentalism and pluralism, they embody a mosaic of ethnicities. Amin Saikal, a distinguished Afghan-born scholar of international affairs, provides a sweeping new understanding of the complex contemporary political and social instability encompassing the region. Saikal takes the reader on a journey throughout the history and current affairs of the four countries, highlighting how these states have been repeatedly invaded by major powers such as Tsarist and Soviet Russia, Great Britain and the United States. With each seeking, often in competition with one another, to redirect the domestic and foreign policy objectives and priorities of this region in accordance with their individual geopolitical and ideological preferences, the region finds itself today in a state of crisis. Critically comparing democratisation and counter-insurgency efforts in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan, and examining both recent Western intervention and the history of foreign influence in the region, this book looks at how US entanglement has affected Pakistani and Iranian domestic politics and foreign affairs. How has this influenced the success or failure of the occupation in Afghanistan and Iraq? What solutions can be taken to ensure regional security? Despite the critical importance of historical legacies in understanding present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq and Iran, the past has often been overlooked or misunderstood by outsiders, with frequently serious consequences. An improved understanding of the region among foreign policymakers is imperative to enhancing prospects for stability and mutually beneficial international relations. Bearing this in mind, Zone of Crisis offers an informed and balanced overview on a troubled region. This book will fascinate general readers and prove essential reading for specialists. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Looking for Marshall McLuhan in Afghanistan Rita Leistner, 2013 Conflict photographer and critical theorist Rita Leistner applies Marshall McLuhan's semiotic theories of language, media and technology to iPhone photographs taken during a military embed in Afghanistan. In a series of iProbes - a portmanteau of iPhone and probe - Leistner reveals the face of war through the extensions of man. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Television and the Afghan Culture Wars Wazhmah Osman, 2020-12-14 Portrayed in Western discourse as tribal and traditional, Afghans have in fact intensely debated women's rights, democracy, modernity, and Islam as part of their nation building in the post-9/11 era. Wazhmah Osman places television at the heart of these public and politically charged clashes while revealing how the medium also provides war-weary Afghans with a semblance of open discussion and healing. After four decades of gender and sectarian violence, she argues, the internationally funded media sector has the potential to bring about justice, national integration, and peace. Fieldwork from across Afghanistan allowed Osman to record the voices of many Afghan media producers and people. Afghans offer their own seldom-heard views on the country's cultural progress and belief systems, their understandings of themselves, and the role of international interventions. Osman analyzes the impact of transnational media and foreign funding while keeping the focus on local cultural contestations, productions, and social movements. As a result, she redirects the global dialogue about Afghanistan to Afghans and challenges top-down narratives of humanitarian development. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Ethiopia Tadesse E.A., 2014-11-04 Ethiopia has experienced decades of turmoil. The founding fathers created Ethiopia to have prosperity, to have love for each other, and to have unity, but those who were taken aboard by force knew nothing, saw nothing, loved nothing, and only united to sort out all those goals through fighting. In Ethiopia, author Tadesse E.A. offers a profile of Ethiopia, one of the worlds oldest and most complex countries. Part history book and part book of memoirs, it provides deep insight into the country. Based on Tadesse E.A.s strong academic background, vast international experience, and identity as an Ethiopian, he presents a look at Ethiopia in a contemporary way. He shares his life experiences from childhood to adulthood in an unfinished country; deals with the forces of the past; highlights the challenges of the people and their struggle during the imperial era; discusses two long-running governments and the national election process; and offers insight into the nonstop struggles and challenges during the transition period. Ethiopia melds the background of the past and the making of the present. It helps in the understanding of yesterday, which warrants many questions of its own, and todays mood, the uncertainty, and the central fact of the ongoing fractures between Ethiopians. It shares the journey of Tadesse E.A.s life and what his country and its people have meant to him. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Iran’s Influence in Afghanistan Alireza Nader, Ali G. Scotten, Ahmad Idrees Rahmani, Robert Stewart, Leila Mahnad, 2014-06-11 This study explores Iranian influence in Afghanistan and the implications for the United States after most U.S. forces depart Afghanistan in 2016. Iran has substantial economic, political, cultural, and religious leverage in Afghanistan. Although Iran will attempt to shape a post-2014 Afghanistan, Iran and the United States share core interests: to prevent the country from again becoming dominated by the Taliban and a safe haven for al Qaeda. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Area Handbook for Afghanistan Harvey Henry Smith, 1969 |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs Edward Zellem, 2012-05-01 The award-winning and world's most popular bilingual book of commonly-used Afghan Proverbs. Beautifully illustrated with 50 original artworks by Afghan high school students in Kabul. Collected and translated in Afghanistan by Edward Zellem, a U.S. Navy Captain and Dari speaker. Available at leading booksellers in over 40 countries in e-book and paperback. Awarded a QED Seal for quality in e-book design. Reads easily on screens large and small. In English and Dari with transliterations. Zarbul Masalha means Proverbs in Dari (Afghan Farsi). More information at afghansayings.com. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Afghanistan Labor Policy, Laws and Regulations Handbook: Strategic Information and Regulations IBP, Inc., 2017-07 Afghanistan Labor Laws and Regulations Handbook - Strategic Information and Basic Laws |
| afghanistan official languages dari: We Are Afghan Women Laura Bush, 2017-03-07 We Are Afghan Women chronicles the lives of young and old, daughters and mothers, educated and those who are still learning. Their stories are a stark reminder that women's progress in society, business, and politics cannot be taken for granted. Many of these women face serious risks for speaking so openly, but they want the world to listen. Their words will change not only how we as Americans see Afghanistan but also how we understand the complex challenges still facing women and girls around the globe. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Afghanistan, Second Edition Jeffrey A. Gritzner, 2009 Famous for its stark landscape and punishing mountain passes, Afghanistan has been a portal for traders and invaders between Asia and the Middle East for centuries. Afghanistan's recent history continues to be one of turmoil. The Soviet Union occupied the |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Assessing Grammar Martin J. Ball, David Crystal, Paul Fletcher, 2012-03-08 This collection is a resource book for those working with language disordered clients in a range of languages. It collects together versions of the well-known Language Assessment Remediation Screening Procedure (LARSP) prepared for different languages. Starting with the original version for English, the book then presents versions in more than a dozen other languages. Some of these are likely to be encountered as home languages of clients by speech-language therapists and pathologists working in the UK, Ireland, the US and Australia and New Zealand. Others are included because they are major languages found where speech-language pathology services are provided, but where no grammatical profile already exists. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Dictionary of Languages Andrew Dalby, 1998 This guide to the languages of the world details more than 400 languages in a clear A-Z style. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Afghan Hearts & Minds Shafie Ayar, 2010-10 Shafie Ayar was a 17-year-old medical student at Kabul University when the Russians invaded Afghanistan. |
| afghanistan official languages dari: Understanding Afghanistan Today Don Nardo, 2020-05-11 Afghanistan has long been one of the world s most war-torn countries. Beginning in ancient times, one invader after another tried to conquer it, but only a few succeeded. And even those who did seize the country did so with tremendous difficulty. In part, this is because the Afghans are tough, independent-minded folk who do not like being told what to do by foreign intruders. Indeed, they are proud of their traditional customs, including their main religion Islam and their native literature and music. Yet, while they often fight to maintain their time-honored way of life, many of them are willing to try some new ideas. After US forces helped them expel the brutal Taliban in 2002, for example, the Afghans installed a democratic government. It still struggles to control all of the country s far flung tribes. But a majority of Afghans hope that it will eventually bring their ancient land unity, peace, and prosperity. |
Afghanistan - Wikipedia
Afghanistan, [e] officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, [f] is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, …
Afghanistan | History, Map, Flag, Capital, Population, & Languages …
4 days ago · Afghanistan, landlocked multiethnic country located in the heart of south-central Asia. Lying along important trade routes connecting southern and eastern Asia to Europe and the …
What to know 3 years into the Taliban's rule of Afghanistan | AP …
The Taliban have ruled Afghanistan for 3 years. Take a look at their transition from insurgency to authority as they strive for legitimacy.
Afghanistan - The World Factbook
5 days ago · Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.
Afghanistan | Today's latest from Al Jazeera
May 29, 2025 · Stay on top of Afghanistan latest developments on the ground with Al Jazeera’s fact-based news, exclusive video footage, photos and updated maps.
Afghanistan - Country Profile - Nations Online Project
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan since the Taliban took control, is a mountainous, landlocked country in South-Central Asia at an important geopolitical location. It …
World Report 2025: Afghanistan - Human Rights Watch
Afghanistan’s economic crisis left 23 million in need of humanitarian assistance; women and girls were disproportionally affected. Taliban edicts violated the rights of women and girls to...
Afghanistan country profile - BBC News
Mar 10, 2025 · Provides an overview of Afghanistan, including key dates and facts about this Asian country.
Afghanistan - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is a country in Asia. It borders Pakistan in the south and east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and …
Afghanistan Maps & Facts - World Atlas
Mar 7, 2023 · Afghanistan is a landlocked mountainous country in Southern Asia. It is situated in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth. It is bordered by six nations – by Pakistan in the …
Afghanistan - Wikipedia
Afghanistan, [e] officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, [f] is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the east and …
Afghanistan | History, Map, Flag, Capital, Population,
4 days ago · Afghanistan, landlocked multiethnic country located in the heart of south-central Asia. Lying along important trade routes connecting southern and eastern Asia to Europe and …
What to know 3 years into the Taliban's rule of Afghanistan | AP …
The Taliban have ruled Afghanistan for 3 years. Take a look at their transition from insurgency to authority as they strive for legitimacy.
Afghanistan - The World Factbook
5 days ago · Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.
Afghanistan | Today's latest from Al Jazeera
May 29, 2025 · Stay on top of Afghanistan latest developments on the ground with Al Jazeera’s fact-based news, exclusive video footage, photos and updated maps.
Afghanistan - Country Profile - Nations Online Project
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan since the Taliban took control, is a mountainous, landlocked country in South-Central Asia at an important geopolitical location. It …
World Report 2025: Afghanistan - Human Rights Watch
Afghanistan’s economic crisis left 23 million in need of humanitarian assistance; women and girls were disproportionally affected. Taliban edicts violated the rights of women and girls to...
Afghanistan country profile - BBC News
Mar 10, 2025 · Provides an overview of Afghanistan, including key dates and facts about this Asian country.
Afghanistan - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is a country in Asia. It borders Pakistan in the south and east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, …
Afghanistan Maps & Facts - World Atlas
Mar 7, 2023 · Afghanistan is a landlocked mountainous country in Southern Asia. It is situated in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth. It is bordered by six nations – by Pakistan …
