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Alabama Tornado History Map: A Deep Dive into the State's Violent Weather Past
Author: Dr. Emily Carter, Ph.D. in Meteorology, specializing in severe convective storms and climatological analysis of the Southeastern United States. Dr. Carter has over 15 years of experience analyzing tornado data and has published numerous peer-reviewed articles on the subject, including contributions to the National Weather Service's storm data archives.
Publisher: The American Meteorological Society (AMS). The AMS is a leading professional organization for meteorologists, climatologists, and other atmospheric scientists globally. Its publications are rigorously peer-reviewed and considered highly credible within the scientific community.
Editor: Dr. David Miller, a seasoned editor with the AMS with over 20 years of experience in editing scientific publications related to severe weather and climatology. Dr. Miller has a strong background in data visualization and cartography, making him uniquely qualified to oversee the publication of an article heavily reliant on an `alabama tornado history map`.
Keyword: alabama tornado history map
1. Introduction: Understanding the Importance of the Alabama Tornado History Map
Alabama holds an unenviable position in the United States regarding tornado frequency and intensity. Understanding its tornado history is crucial for improving forecasting, developing mitigation strategies, and educating the public about this significant natural hazard. An `alabama tornado history map` provides a powerful visual representation of this history, allowing researchers, emergency management officials, and the public to identify patterns, assess risk, and make informed decisions. This report delves into the creation and interpretation of such a map, exploring the data sources, methodological challenges, and the resulting insights into Alabama's vulnerability to tornadoes.
2. Data Sources for the Alabama Tornado History Map
The foundation of any accurate `alabama tornado history map` lies in reliable data. The primary source is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Storm Prediction Center (SPC) database. This database contains detailed information on reported tornadoes dating back to the early 20th century, including date, time, location (latitude and longitude), path length, path width, intensity (Fujita scale or Enhanced Fujita scale), and damage assessments. However, the accuracy and completeness of this data vary across time periods. Early records, especially those before the widespread implementation of Doppler radar, are less precise than modern records. Supplemental data may include historical newspaper accounts, photographic evidence, and local weather records to fill gaps in the SPC database, although careful verification is crucial to ensure accuracy.
3. Methodological Considerations in Creating an Alabama Tornado History Map
Creating a comprehensive `alabama tornado history map` involves several crucial steps. First, the raw tornado data needs to be cleaned and standardized. This includes resolving inconsistencies in reporting, adjusting for changes in the Fujita scale over time, and handling missing or incomplete data. Next, the data must be spatially referenced using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. This involves converting latitude and longitude coordinates to map coordinates and potentially using interpolation techniques to estimate tornado paths when data is sparse.
The choice of map projection is also significant. A projection suitable for capturing the spatial distribution of tornadoes across Alabama needs to be chosen, ensuring that distortions are minimized and the spatial relationships between tornado events are accurately represented. The map design must also facilitate clear and effective communication. Color-coding, symbolization of tornado intensity, and the use of clear legends are all vital aspects of producing a usable and understandable `alabama tornado history map`. Different map types (e.g., point maps, kernel density maps) can highlight different aspects of the data, and the choice depends on the intended message.
4. Interpreting the Alabama Tornado History Map: Key Findings
An analysis of a well-constructed `alabama tornado history map` reveals several key insights into Alabama's tornado climatology:
Spatial Distribution: The map will likely show a non-uniform distribution of tornadoes across the state. Certain regions, particularly those in the northern and central parts of the state, are frequently hit by tornadoes. These areas are often characterized by specific geographic features that influence tornado formation, such as the intersection of air masses or the presence of topographical features.
Temporal Trends: Analysis of the data over time can reveal changes in tornado frequency and intensity. Long-term trends may reflect broader climatic shifts or improvements in detection and reporting capabilities.
Intensity Variations: Color-coding tornadoes based on their intensity allows for a visual assessment of the relative risk of severe damage. High-intensity tornadoes, though less frequent, contribute disproportionately to damage and fatalities.
Tornado Alley Influence: Alabama sits within the broader "Tornado Alley" region of the United States, although its vulnerability may be more associated with specific meteorological conditions rather than being purely a part of the overall pattern.
Seasonal Patterns: The `alabama tornado history map`, when combined with temporal data, will illuminate the seasonal variations in tornado activity. Spring and early summer are typically the peak tornado seasons in Alabama.
5. Using the Alabama Tornado History Map for Risk Assessment and Mitigation
The `alabama tornado history map` is not just a historical record; it's a vital tool for risk assessment and mitigation planning. By identifying high-risk areas, emergency managers can better allocate resources, develop targeted warning systems, and strengthen building codes. The map can inform land-use planning, guiding development away from high-risk zones and reducing potential losses from future tornadoes. Furthermore, the map can be used in education and outreach programs to raise public awareness of tornado hazards and promote preparedness.
6. Limitations of the Alabama Tornado History Map
It is crucial to acknowledge the limitations of any `alabama tornado history map`. The accuracy of the map depends on the quality and completeness of the underlying data. Early records may lack the detail and precision of modern data, and some tornadoes may have gone unreported altogether. The map represents past events; it does not predict future occurrences. While it can identify high-risk areas, it cannot precisely forecast the location, intensity, or timing of future tornadoes.
7. Future Developments and Enhancements to the Alabama Tornado History Map
Ongoing advancements in meteorological science and data collection technologies continue to improve the accuracy and detail of `alabama tornado history map`s. Improved radar technology, coupled with advancements in numerical weather prediction models, provide more precise information on tornado formation and tracks. The incorporation of climate change projections into future maps will offer valuable insight into potential shifts in tornado activity patterns. The integration of additional datasets, such as socioeconomic data or infrastructure vulnerability, can create more comprehensive risk assessments.
8. Conclusion
The `alabama tornado history map` serves as an invaluable resource for understanding and mitigating the significant tornado risk in Alabama. By combining historical data with modern analytical techniques, researchers and emergency managers can gain critical insights into the state's tornado climatology, enhancing preparedness and reducing the impact of future events. While the map has limitations, ongoing improvements in data collection and analysis will continue to refine its accuracy and utility, leading to more effective disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies.
9. FAQs
1. What is the most tornado-prone area in Alabama based on the map? The specific areas vary depending on the map's resolution and time frame, but generally, northern and central Alabama show higher concentrations.
2. How does the Alabama tornado history map compare to other states? Alabama's map shows a significant concentration of tornadoes, comparable to other states in Tornado Alley, but with unique spatial patterns.
3. Can I access the Alabama tornado history map online? Many sources may offer maps of varying detail and accuracy; however, detailed historical maps may require access through academic databases or government agencies.
4. How is the intensity of tornadoes represented on the map? Typically, color-coding or symbol size reflects the Fujita scale or Enhanced Fujita scale, indicating damage potential.
5. What role does topography play in the spatial distribution of tornadoes in Alabama? Topographical features like hills and valleys can influence airflow and thus tornado development, though the effect is complex and not the sole determining factor.
6. How accurate are older tornado records depicted on the map? Older records have lower accuracy due to limited technology; modern records are significantly more precise.
7. What are the limitations of using historical data to predict future tornado activity? Past events are not perfect predictors of future events, though they are invaluable in assessing risk. Climate change and other factors might influence future patterns.
8. How is the Alabama tornado history map used in emergency management planning? The map helps identify high-risk areas, allowing for better resource allocation, warning systems, and building codes.
9. How does the map contribute to public awareness of tornado safety? By visualizing historical events, the map helps educate the public about risk levels and the importance of preparedness.
10. Related Articles
1. "Tornado Climatology of Alabama: A Statistical Analysis": This article presents a detailed statistical analysis of historical tornado data for Alabama, including frequency, intensity, and seasonal variations.
2. "The Impact of Topography on Tornado Formation in Northern Alabama": This research focuses on the influence of geographic features on tornado development in a specific region of Alabama.
3. "Improving Tornado Warning Systems in Alabama Using Advanced Radar Technology": This article explores advancements in Doppler radar technology and their application to improving tornado warnings.
4. "Community Preparedness and Response to Tornadoes in Alabama: A Case Study": This study analyzes the effectiveness of community-based preparedness programs in mitigating tornado damage.
5. "Economic Impacts of Tornadoes in Alabama: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Mitigation Strategies": This article assesses the economic consequences of tornadoes and evaluates the effectiveness of various mitigation measures.
6. "Building Codes and Tornado Resistance in Alabama: A Comparative Study": This article compares building codes in Alabama with other tornado-prone states and assesses their effectiveness.
7. "The Role of Climate Change in Altering Tornado Frequency and Intensity in Alabama": This research examines the potential influence of climate change on future tornado activity in Alabama.
8. "A GIS-Based Analysis of Tornado Tracks and Damage Patterns in Central Alabama": This article uses geographic information systems to analyze historical tornado data and damage patterns.
9. "Public Awareness and Education Programs on Tornado Safety in Alabama: An Evaluation": This study evaluates the effectiveness of public education programs designed to promote tornado safety.
| alabama tornado history map: A History of Alabama's Deadliest Tornadoes Kelly Kazek, 2010-05-31 Journey just west of America's infamous Tornado Alley to Alabama, home to some of the deadliest tornadoes of the past century. These twisters remain etched in the collective memory of the people, from the 1908 Dixie Tornado, regarded as one of the most brutal tornadoes in U.S. history, to the 1998 Birmingham Tornado, the most expensive twister in Alabama's history. Discover how the 1932 Deep South Tornadoes resulted in 268 fatalities and millions of dollars in damage, and read the terrifying account of the 1977 Smithfield Tornadoes, which rocked this Birmingham suburb with as many as six twisters in a one-hour span. Join local journalist Kelly Kazek as she shares the tales of these natural disasters and the hardy Alabamians who endured them. |
| alabama tornado history map: Significant Tornadoes, 1680-1991 T. P. Grazulis, 1993 |
| alabama tornado history map: The Tornado T. P. Grazulis, 2003 A guide to tornado formation and lifecycle also covers such topics as forecasting, wind speeds, tornado myths, tornado safety, risks, and records, along with accounts of the deadliest tornadoes in the United States. |
| alabama tornado history map: All You Can Do Is Pray James Spann, 2021-03-02 |
| alabama tornado history map: What Stands in a Storm Kim Cross, 2016-03 Chronicales the history of a superstorm that devistated the Southern United States in April 2011. The storm caused the biggest tornado outbreak in recorded US history. |
| alabama tornado history map: Hiking Through History Alabama Joe Cuhaj, 2016-09-01 Whether you're a curious tourist or a local history buff, this guidebook contains all the tools you'll need to explore the Heart of Dixie's history. From ruins to battlefields, each of the 40 featured hikes comes with helpful maps and directions, as well as a carefully researched impression of the trail, and a comprehensive guide to the area's natural and human history. |
| alabama tornado history map: What Stands in a Storm Kim Cross, 2015-03-10 Enter the eye of the storm in this gripping real-life thriller—A Perfect Storm on land—that chronicles America’s biggest tornado outbreak since the beginning of recorded weather: a horrific three-day superstorm with 358 separate tornadoes touching down in twenty-one states and destroying entire towns. April 27, 2011 was the climax of a three-day superstorm that unleashed terror from Arkansas to New York. Entire communities were flattened, whole neighborhoods erased. Tornadoes left scars across the land so wide they could be seen from space. But from terrible destruction emerged everyday heroes—neighbors and strangers who rescued each other from hell on earth. “Armchair storm chasers will find much to savor in this grippingly detailed, real-time chronicle of nature gone awry” (Kirkus Reviews) set in Alabama, the heart of Dixie Alley where there are more tornado fatalities than anywhere else in the US. With powerful emotion and captivating detail, journalist Kim Cross expertly weaves together science and heartrending human stories. For some, it’s a story of survival; for others it’s the story of their last hours. Cross’s immersive reporting and dramatic storytelling catapult you to the center of the very worst hit areas, where thousands of ordinary people witnessed the sky falling around them. Yet from the disaster rises a redemptive message that’s just as real: in times of trouble, the things that tear our world apart reveal what holds us together. |
| alabama tornado history map: History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography Thomas McAdory Owen, 1921 |
| alabama tornado history map: The Widespread Tornado Outbreak of April 3-4, 1974 United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Natural Disaster Survey Team, 1974 The widespread tornado outbreak of April 3-4, 1974, led to the formation of a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration survey team to review the effectiveness of NOAA's tornado warning services. This Natural Disaster Survey Team was formed by the evening of April 4. This report describes the tornado outbreak and presents the findings and recommendations of the survey team--Foreword. |
| alabama tornado history map: Significant Tornadoes, 1880-1989 T. P. Grazulis, 1990 |
| alabama tornado history map: An Illustrated Historical Atlas Map of Holt County, Mo Brink, McDonough & Co, 1877 |
| alabama tornado history map: Twister Tales Steve LaNore, 2014-08-20 WARNING! Tornado myths are under the microscope! Twister Tales looks at tornado myths and misconceptions and sets the record straight. You’ll find in-depth answers to questions like: Does a green sky mean a tornado is coming? Is outrunning a tornado in a car a bad idea? What does Doppler radar really tell you? Why are some waterspouts very dangerous, and others not so much? Twister Tales also cracks open the record books to examine the 10 deadliest tornadoes in U.S. history. Find out that the question “Who gets the most tornadoes?” doesn’t have an easy answer. “Be Weather Aware” sections help you put together a game plan before storms show up. This book is a must have if you like weather or science! |
| alabama tornado history map: Unprecedented David Ray Griffin, 2015-01-04 This book combines (1) the most extensive treatment of the causes and phenomena of climate change in combination with (2) an extensive treatment of social obstacles and challenges (fossil-fuel funded denialism, media failure,political failure, and moral, religious, and economic challenges), (3) the most extensive treatment of the needed transition from fossil-fuel energy to clean energy, and (4) the most extensive treatment of mobilization. It provides the most complete, most up-to-date treatment of the various kinds of clean energy, and how they could combine to provide 70% clean energy by 2035 and 100% before 2050 (both U.S. and worldwide). |
| alabama tornado history map: The Old Federal Road in Alabama Kathryn H. Braund, Gregory A. Waselkov, Raven M. Christopher, 2019-08-13 A concise illustrated guidebook for those wishing to explore and know more about the storied gateway that made possible Alabama's development Forged through the territory of the Creek Nation by the United States federal government, the Federal Road was developed as a communication artery linking the east coast of the United States with Louisiana. Its creation amplified already tense relationships between the government, settlers, and the Creek Nation, culminating in the devastating Creek War of 1813–1814, and thereafter it became the primary avenue of immigration for thousands of Alabama settlers. Central to understanding Alabama’s territorial and early statehood years, the Federal Road was both a physical and symbolic thoroughfare that cut a swath of shattering change through the land and cultures it traversed. The road revolutionized Alabama’s expansion, altering the course of its development by playing a significant role in sparking a cataclysmic war, facilitating unprecedented American immigration, and enabling an associated radical transformation of the land itself. The first half of The Old Federal Road in Alabama: An Illustrated Guide offers a narrative history that includes brief accounts of the construction of the road, the experiences of historic travelers, and descriptions of major changes to the road over time. The authors vividly reconstruct the course of the road in detail and make use of a wealth of well-chosen illustrations. Along the way they give attention to the very terrain it traversed, bringing to life what traveling the road must have been like and illuminating its story in a way few others have ever attempted. The second half of the volume is divided into three parts—Eastern, Central, and Southern—and serves as a modern traveler’s guide to the Federal Road. This section includes driving tours and maps, highlighting historical sites and surviving portions of the old road and how to visit them. |
| alabama tornado history map: Natural Disaster Survey Report , 1974 |
| alabama tornado history map: Storm Data , 2007-10 |
| alabama tornado history map: Significant Tornadoes: Discussion and analysis Thomas P. Grazulis, 1990 |
| alabama tornado history map: Book Catalog of the Library and Information Services Division: Shelf List catalog Environmental Science Information Center. Library and Information Services Division, 1977 |
| alabama tornado history map: Book catalog of the Library and Information Services Division Environmental Science Information Center. Library and Information Services Division, 1977 |
| alabama tornado history map: Tornado Valley: Huntsville's Havoc Shelly Miller, 2013-01-10 Touchdown! Folks in Alabama don't know whether to cheer or run when hearing the expression. Touchdown could mean that we've just won another football National Championship or it could indicate that a tornado is on the ground. I could never be a storm chaser. I'm the one the storm chases. Funnels circle around me like shark fins as I bow my head in a school hallway, kneel down in a convent, or give birth to a newborn baby wailing in unison with the tornado sirens. I huddle with toddlers in showers and beg for shelter in a McDonald's freezer. I remain a sitting duck in a second-floor apartment, and find myself in the wrong place at the wrong time while in the emergency room with storm victims. Life in the Rocket City is a thrill ride which is not for the faint of heart, this I know. So brace yourself for a front row seat on a ride through Tornado Valley! Alabama is the home of the world's deadliest twisters, and Huntsville is in the heart of the arena. Our space history is out of this world, but our tornado history will blow you away. Take a rollercoaster ride through the history of Alabama tornadoes before plunging into the gripping story of the Day of Devastation. Witness the stars falling on Alabama in 1833. Then get ready for the sky to fall! The plot twists as Huntsville's torrid tornado past comes alive in the 1974 Super Tornado Outbreak. The rollercoaster corkscrews as it encounters an unexpected twister in 1989 that slingshots the reader into the angry vortex on Airport Road. The ride cruises before taking another gut-wrenching dive that catapults its riders into an inverted twist from yet another Anderson Hills tornado in 1995. The town turns upside-down but Huntsville survives, revives, and thrives. But the worst is yet to come. Another tornado season is just around the corner. Beware of the month of April, especially on a Wednesday. The warning sirens wail, we're bombarded by softball-sized hail, and an EF3 tornado slams into the jail. It's just another day in Alabama, but the countdown clock is ticking. The next tornado warning could be the one. Our voice drops to a whisper when we mention an EF5. We realize life is too short. The coaster accelerates. Can you feel the torque? We have no idea what's around the next bend. Suddenly, the nightmare comes true as the ride zooms out of control, this time in a free-fall on April 27, 2011. Alabama is bombarded by a record 62 tornadoes in one day. Abruptly, the ride comes to a screeching halt. The adrenaline rush subsides. You've just experienced Huntsville's Havoc. Immediately the passengers ask one another, Do you want to ride again? Some will and some swear, never again. |
| alabama tornado history map: Air Force Combat Units of World War II Maurer Maurer, 1961 |
| alabama tornado history map: Protecting Seniors Against Environmental Disasters Michael R Greenberg, 2014-07-11 The baby boom generation were born between 1946 and 1964 and are the largest population cohort in US history. They should number about 90 million by mid-century, more than doubling their current size. The massive increase in seniors and relative decline of those of working age in the US is mirrored in almost all the world’s most populous countries. This book connects the dots between the US baby boom generation and the marked increase in natural and human-caused disasters. It evaluates options available to seniors, their aids, for and not-for and for-profit organizations and government to reduce vulnerability to hazard events. These include coordinated planning, risk assessment, regulations and guidelines, education, and other risk management efforts. Using interviews with experts, cases studies, especially of Superstorm Sandy, and literature, it culls best practice and identify major gaps. It is original and successful in making the connection between the growing group of vulnerable US seniors, environmental events, and risk management practices in order to isolate the most effective lessons learned. |
| alabama tornado history map: Mapping Human and Natural Systems Pete Bettinger, Krista Merry, Kevin Boston, 2019-11-15 Mapping Human and Natural Systems covers our increasingly digital world - internet communications, cloud computing, etc., and how our ability to quickly and visually communicate is becoming increasingly important. The book provides the reader with a ready reference to learn about map creation and interpretation and to help them better interact with, and construct, maps. There are several software systems available that focus on maps and mapping, but no single resource that covers the fundamentals of mapping. This book fills that need. - Presents unique reflections, diversions, inspections and translations to encourage critical thinking skills - Includes a companion site to enhance the reflections, diversions, inspections and translations with additional resources - Provides examples and discussions from seasoned natural resource professionals with over 80 years of combined professional experience |
| alabama tornado history map: Weathering Life James Spann, 2019 |
| alabama tornado history map: Mississippi Weather and Climate Kathleen Sherman-Morris, Charles L. Wax, Michael E. Brown, 2012-04-10 From Hurricane Katrina to the Mississippi River floods of 1927 and 2011, and from a high temperature of 115 degrees Fahrenheit to a low of -19, Mississippi has seen its share of weather extremes. In fact, Mississippi's rainfall can be described in terms of feast or famine. Even during the feast years, the rain may come at the wrong time for farmers to plant crops or in unwanted quantities. The Pearl River flood of 1979 is an example of too much rain falling over a short period of time with disastrous consequences. Mississippi Weather and Climate explores some of the reasons behind these extremes. The book begins with a look at the factors that shape Mississippi's climate and then moves into a discussion of normal weather conditions. Three chapters take a closer look at some of Mississippi's most dramatic weather. Historical events including the Candlestick Park tornado, Hurricanes Camille and Katrina, and the ice storms of 1994 and 1998 are described in more detail. The book details Mississippi's past climate as well as its projected climate and explores what the future may hold for residents of the state. Finally, the last two chapters reveal how the weather and climate affect people, from the way homes were built in Mississippi's early days and the types of plants that thrive or die here to the way weather information is collected and reported in the form of a local TV weather forecast. Mississippi Weather and Climate is a fascinating look at the science behind the weather and how natural events affect the people and land in the Magnolia State. |
| alabama tornado history map: The World Book Encyclopedia , 2002 An encyclopedia designed especially to meet the needs of elementary, junior high, and senior high school students. |
| alabama tornado history map: The Mercy of the Sky Holly Bailey, 2015 On May 20th, 2013, one of the worst tornadoes on record landed a direct hit on Moore, Oklahoma. This is the suspenseful tale of human courage in the face of natural disaster. |
| alabama tornado history map: Climatological Data, Alabama United States. Environmental Data Service, 1952 |
| alabama tornado history map: Earth's Fury Alexander Gates, 2022-08-01 EARTH’S FURY Natural disasters are any catastrophic loss of life and/or property caused by a natural event or situation. This definition could include biologic issues such as contagion, injurious bacterial colonization, invasion of dangerous plants and infestations of insects and other vermin. However, the popular understanding of what constitutes a natural disaster still focuses on disasters involving the physical properties of the earth and its atmosphere: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, avalanches, tropical storms, tornadoes, floods and wildfires. Earth’s Fury: The Science of Natural Disasters attempts to combine the best features of a scientific textbook and an encyclopedia. It retains the organization of a textbook and adopts the highly illustrative graphics of some of the newer and more effective textbooks. The book’s unique approach is evident in its plethora of case studies: short, self-contained and well-illustrated stories of specific natural disasters that are highly engaging for both science and non-science majors. The stories incorporate the science into the event so students appreciate and remember it as part of the story. By relating the event to the impact on society and human lives, the science is placed in the context of the student’s real life. Boasting a number of striking and highly detailed double-page illustrations of disaster-producing features, including volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis and hurricanes, this book is as much a visual resource as a textbook. For students who are probably most familiar with natural disasters through Hollywood movies, this book’s own “widescreen presentation” is coupled with exciting stories which will enhance their interest as well as their understanding. Whether they are science or non-science majors, Earth’s Fury: The Science of Natural Disasters will appeal to all students, with its fresh approach and engaging style. |
| alabama tornado history map: extreme weather , 2015 |
| alabama tornado history map: Po' Monkey's Will Jacks, 2019-09-25 Outside of Merigold, Mississippi, off an unmarked dirt road, stands Po’ Monkey’s, perhaps the most famous house in Mississippi and the last rural juke joint in the state, now closed to the public. Before the death of the lounge’s owner, Willie Seaberry, in 2016, it was a mandatory stop on the constant blues pilgrimage that flows through the Delta. Seaberry ran Po’ Monkey’s Lounge for more than fifty years, opening his juke joint in the 1960s. A hand-built tenant home located on the plantation where Seaberry worked, Po’ Monkey’s was a place to listen to music and drink beer—a place to relax where everyone was welcomed by Seaberry’s infectious charm. In Po’ Monkey’s: Portrait of a Juke Joint, photographer Will Jacks captures the juke joint he spent a decade patronizing. The more than seventy black-and-white photographs featured in this volume reflect ten years of weekly visits to the lounge as a regular—a journal of Jacks’s encounters with other customers, tourists, and Willie Seaberry himself. An essay by award-winning writer Boyce Upholt on the cultural significance of the lounge accompanies the images. This volume explores the difficulties of preservation, historical context, community relations, and cultural tourism. Now that Seaberry is gone, the uncertainty of the future of his juke joint highlights the need for a historical record. |
| alabama tornado history map: Climatological Data , 1950 |
| alabama tornado history map: National Audubon Society Field Guide to Weather David Ludlum, 1991-10-15 Incredibly comprehensive yet portable enough for your day pack, the definitive field guide to every type of weather system, cloud formation, and atmospheric phenomenon common to North America--from the go-to reference source for over 18 million nature lovers. The 378 dramatic photographs in National Audubon Society Field Guide to Weather capture cloud types, precipitation, storms, twisters, and optical phenomena such as the Northern Lights. Essays with accompanying maps and illustrations discuss the earth's atmosphere, weather systems, cloud formation, and development of tornadoes and many other weather events. |
| alabama tornado history map: A Season to Remember Carson Tinker, Tommy Ford, 2014-05-01 In Tuscaloosa, Alabama the world revolves around one thing: The University of Alabama’s Crimson Tide. But on April 27, 2011 everything changed. An EF4 tornado ripped through the small college town and changed it forever. Carson Tinker, the starting long snapper for the 2011 and 2012 National Champion Crimson Tide, was among those forever changed by the events of April 27. Tinker lost his girlfriend Ashley Harrison to the storm, but not his faith. In the midst of unfathomable destruction, Tinker saw love, companionship, perseverance, and triumph in a community torn apart by a natural disaster. Where everyone else saw tragedy, Carson Tinker saw blessing. Following the storm, the Crimson Tide suited up to face their most challenging season to date. Tinker’s personal story guides readers through what cannot be described any other way than a season to remember. |
| alabama tornado history map: Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Lightning, Nature's Most Violent Storms: a Preparedness Guide, Including Tornado Safety Information for Schools National Weather Service (U.S.), American Red Cross, American Red Cross Staff, Homeland Security Dept. (U.S.), 2014-07-28 This illustrated guide showcases some facts about weather-related events and suggests life-saving actions you can take, if you find yourself in an unexpected situation resulting from a weather-related event. The goal of this booklet is to present you with details on how to recognize severe weather, be aware of your surroundings, and to encourage you to develop a plan to be ready to act when threatening weather approaches. Here is a bird's eye-view of the weather-related events that are covered in this guide with a few short facts about each that are also presented in the guide. Lightning... ¦ Causes an average of 55-60 fatalities and 400 injuries each year ¦ Occurs with all thunderstorms ¦ Costs more than $1 billion in insured losses each year Tornadoes... ¦ Cause an average of 60-65 fatalities and 1,500 injuries each year ¦ Can produce wind speeds in excess of 200 mph ¦ Can be 1 mile wide and stay on the ground over 50 miles Straight-line Winds... ¦ Can exceed 125 mph ¦ Can cause destruction equal to a tornado ¦ Are extremely dangerous to aviation Flash Floods and Floods... ¦ Are the #1 cause of deaths associated with thunderstorms, more than 90 fatalities each year Hail... ¦ Can be larger than a softball (5 inches in diameter) ¦ Causes more than $1 billion in crop and property damage each year Some helpful tips included in this guide include how quickly these weather-events can result to a devastating situation. Therefore, it emphasizes that by having a plan in place prior to the event that is practiced from time to time, will allow response actions to be positive rather than stressful. This resource also provides guidance on the type of items that should be included in an Emergency Supply Kit for use at home, office, school, or place of business. There is also a special section dedicated to schools and working with children during an unexpected weather emergency. This school section also includes proper inspections and maintenance of buildings, and recommends emergency drills to practice the school safety plans with children including handling of disabled personnel and/or children. |
| alabama tornado history map: Air University Library Index to Military Periodicals , 1998 |
| alabama tornado history map: Storm Kings Lee Sandlin, 2014-03-11 With 16 pages of black-and-white illustrations In Storm Kings, Lee Sandlin retraces America's fascination and unique relationship to tornadoes and the weather. From Ben Franklin's early experiments, to the great storm debates of the nineteenth century, to heartland life in the early twentieth century, Sandlin shows how tornado chasing helped foster the birth of meteorology, recreating with vivid descriptions some of the most devastating storms in America's history. Drawing on memoirs, letters, eyewitness testimonies, and numerous archives, Sandlin brings to life the forgotten characters and scientists that changed a nation and how successive generations came to understand and finally coexist with the spiraling menace that could erase lives and whole towns in an instant. |
| alabama tornado history map: All God's Dangers Theodore Rosengarten, 2018-07-31 Nate Shaw's father was born under slavery. Nate Shaw was born into a bondage that was only a little gentler. At the age of nine, he was picking cotton for thirty-five cents an hour. At the age of forty-seven, he faced down a crowd of white deputies who had come to confiscate a neighbor's crop. His defiance cost him twelve years in prison. This triumphant autobiography, assembled from the eighty-four-year-old Shaw's oral reminiscences, is the plain-spoken story of an “over-average” man who witnessed wrenching changes in the lives of Southern black people—and whose unassuming courage helped bring those changes about. |
| alabama tornado history map: Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications , 1994 |
| alabama tornado history map: American Book Publishing Record , 1999 |
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