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Air Science Flow Hood: A Comprehensive Guide
Author: Dr. Anya Sharma, PhD, Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH), Associate Professor of Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Sharma has over 15 years of experience in researching and developing cleanroom technologies, with a specific focus on laminar flow systems.
Publisher: Cleanroom Technology Publications, a leading publisher of peer-reviewed journals and industry guides specializing in cleanroom design, construction, and operation. They are known for their rigorous fact-checking and commitment to providing accurate, up-to-date information.
Editor: Mr. David Chen, Certified Cleanroom Manager (CCM), with over 20 years of experience in cleanroom management and compliance. Mr. Chen has a strong track record of editing technical publications within the cleanroom industry.
Keywords: air science flow hood, laminar flow hood, cleanroom technology, air purification, particulate control, biosafety cabinet, clean bench, contamination control, airflow management, laboratory equipment, HVAC
1. Introduction to the Air Science Flow Hood
An air science flow hood, also known as a laminar flow hood or clean bench, is a crucial piece of equipment used in various industries to provide a controlled environment for sensitive processes. These hoods create a clean workspace by removing airborne particles and contaminants, thus protecting the product or process from external contamination. The air science flow hood is a vital tool for maintaining product integrity and worker safety in diverse settings, from pharmaceutical manufacturing and medical research laboratories to electronics assembly and food processing facilities. Understanding the principles, types, and applications of the air science flow hood is critical for anyone working in environments demanding high levels of cleanliness and contamination control.
2. Working Principles of an Air Science Flow Hood
The core functionality of an air science flow hood relies on the principle of laminar airflow. A high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, situated within the unit, draws in ambient air. This air then passes through the HEPA filter, which is designed to remove at least 99.97% of particles 0.3 micrometers or larger in diameter. The filtered air is then expelled in a unidirectional, laminar flow across the work surface, creating a clean zone free of airborne contaminants. This controlled airflow effectively sweeps away particles that may settle on the work surface, preventing contamination. The design of the air science flow hood ensures that the air flows smoothly and evenly, minimizing turbulence and the potential for re-circulation of contaminants.
3. Types of Air Science Flow Hoods
There are two primary types of air science flow hoods:
Horizontal Laminar Flow Hoods: These hoods expel filtered air horizontally across the work surface. This design is ideal for applications where the primary concern is protecting the product from contamination, such as during pharmaceutical compounding or microelectronics assembly. The operator is not protected from potential airborne hazards generated within the hood.
Vertical Laminar Flow Hoods: These hoods expel filtered air vertically downwards onto the work surface. This type offers better protection for the operator, as the downward airflow helps to prevent the escape of airborne particles generated during the process. Vertical laminar flow hoods are often preferred in biological laboratories or when working with potentially hazardous materials. However, the downward airflow can sometimes interfere with delicate processes.
The selection of a horizontal or vertical air science flow hood depends heavily on the specific application and the level of protection required for both the product and the operator. Careful consideration of these factors is crucial in choosing the appropriate type of air science flow hood for a given task.
4. Applications of Air Science Flow Hoods
The versatility of the air science flow hood makes it a valuable tool across numerous industries:
Pharmaceutical Industry: Used for sterile compounding, tablet coating, and powder handling.
Medical Laboratories: Used for microbiological work, tissue culture, and sterile procedures.
Electronics Industry: Used for assembling sensitive electronic components and preventing contamination during microelectronics manufacturing.
Food Industry: Used for food preparation and quality control in sensitive applications.
Research Laboratories: Used for various scientific research applications requiring a clean work environment.
Hospitals and Healthcare: Used in aseptic techniques and other medical procedures requiring a clean and sterile environment.
5. Maintenance and Safety of Air Science Flow Hoods
Proper maintenance and safety protocols are critical for the effective operation of an air science flow hood. Regular maintenance includes:
HEPA Filter Replacement: HEPA filters should be replaced according to the manufacturer's recommendations, typically every 1-2 years depending on usage.
Pre-filter Cleaning: Pre-filters should be regularly cleaned or replaced to extend the life of the HEPA filter.
Airflow Monitoring: Regular monitoring of airflow velocity and uniformity is essential to ensure proper function.
Regular Cleaning: The work surface and internal components of the hood should be cleaned regularly using appropriate disinfectants.
Proper Training: Personnel using the air science flow hood should be adequately trained in its proper operation and safety procedures.
6. Choosing the Right Air Science Flow Hood
Selecting the appropriate air science flow hood requires careful consideration of several factors:
Application: The specific application dictates the type of hood (horizontal or vertical) required.
Work Surface Area: The size of the work surface should be sufficient for the intended application.
Airflow Velocity: The airflow velocity should be appropriate for the application and should meet relevant standards.
HEPA Filter Efficiency: The HEPA filter should have the appropriate efficiency for the required level of cleanliness.
Budget: The cost of the hood and its associated maintenance should be considered.
7. Compliance and Regulations
The use of air science flow hoods often falls under various regulations and standards depending on the application and industry. Compliance with these regulations is critical for ensuring the safety and quality of the work being performed. Relevant standards may include ISO 14644 (cleanrooms and associated controlled environments), USP <797> (pharmaceutical compounding – sterile preparations), and other industry-specific guidelines.
8. The Future of Air Science Flow Hoods
Ongoing advancements in filtration technology and control systems are continually improving the performance and efficiency of air science flow hoods. Innovations like improved HEPA filter materials, more efficient airflow designs, and integrated monitoring systems are leading to more effective and user-friendly equipment. The development of smart features, data logging, and remote monitoring capabilities promises further enhancements in the future.
Conclusion
The air science flow hood remains a vital instrument in maintaining contamination control across diverse industries. Understanding its principles, applications, and maintenance requirements is crucial for ensuring its effective use and promoting worker safety and product quality. Selecting the right type of air science flow hood and adhering to relevant safety and regulatory guidelines is essential for maximizing the benefits of this essential piece of laboratory and cleanroom equipment.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between a laminar flow hood and a biosafety cabinet? A laminar flow hood primarily protects the product from contamination, while a biosafety cabinet protects both the product and the operator from potentially harmful biological agents.
2. How often should I replace the HEPA filter in my air science flow hood? HEPA filter replacement frequency varies depending on usage and manufacturer recommendations, but generally ranges from 1 to 2 years.
3. Can I use an air science flow hood for all applications? No. The choice of hood depends on the specific application and the required level of protection.
4. What are the safety precautions I should take when using an air science flow hood? Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions, wear appropriate personal protective equipment, and ensure proper airflow.
5. How do I clean and disinfect my air science flow hood? Use appropriate disinfectants recommended by the manufacturer and follow a strict cleaning protocol.
6. What is the cost of an air science flow hood? The cost varies greatly depending on size, features, and manufacturer.
7. How can I monitor the airflow in my air science flow hood? Use an anemometer or other airflow monitoring device to check velocity and uniformity.
8. What are the common problems with air science flow hoods? Common problems include HEPA filter clogging, reduced airflow, and malfunctions in the control system.
9. Where can I get my air science flow hood serviced and repaired? Contact the manufacturer or a qualified service provider.
Related Articles:
1. HEPA Filter Selection for Air Science Flow Hoods: Discusses the different types of HEPA filters available and how to select the appropriate filter for your specific application.
2. Airflow Monitoring and Validation in Air Science Flow Hoods: Details the importance of airflow monitoring and provides guidance on validation procedures.
3. Cleaning and Decontamination of Air Science Flow Hoods: Provides a comprehensive guide to cleaning and disinfecting air science flow hoods.
4. Safety Precautions When Using Air Science Flow Hoods: Covers essential safety procedures and personal protective equipment for users.
5. Troubleshooting Common Problems with Air Science Flow Hoods: Offers practical solutions to common issues encountered with air science flow hoods.
6. Regulatory Compliance and Air Science Flow Hoods: Explains relevant regulations and standards related to the use of air science flow hoods.
7. Comparing Horizontal and Vertical Air Science Flow Hoods: Provides a detailed comparison of the two types of hoods, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.
8. Selecting the Right Air Science Flow Hood for Your Application: A guide to choosing the right hood based on various factors such as application, budget, and required level of cleanliness.
9. The Future of Air Science Flow Hood Technology: Discusses emerging trends and advancements in air science flow hood technology.
| air science flow hood: Basic Life Science Methods Javeed Ahmad Tantray, Nighat Un Nissa, Rasy Fayaz Choh Wani, Sheikh Mansoor Shafi, 2022-09-11 Basic Life Science Methods: A Laboratory Manual for Students and Researchers presents forty of the most executed life science assays. The authors use a consistent structure to cover the preparation, execution and analysis of data from each method. Assays include estimation of cholesterol fractions, C-Reactive Protein, Genomic DNA isolation, Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, RT-PCR, DNA solution preparation, how to design primers, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This book provides a complete reference containing step-by-step instructions on how to run life science assays. Laboratory staff can also benefit of the book as a training resource. Provides a practical resource on designing, executing and analyzing experiments and analytical procedures Includes detailed and standardized coverage of basic research methods in the area Presents step-by-step instructions on how to execute a large selection of life sciences experiments |
| air science flow hood: Advanced Lab Practices in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Swati Agarwal, Suphiya Khan, 2018-08-10 This book provides detailed information on various instruments, techniques and experiment protocols of biochemistry and molecular biology. It deals with basic as well as advanced information and in-depth methodology in simple language to help students and professionals to perform experiments with ease. This book not only clears the practical concepts of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at undergraduate and post-graduation levels, but also helps to pass the Ph.D. course work exam conducted by various universities. This book will develop research aptitude to clear the NET examination. This manual gives a comprehensive idea about the various instruments, their working, troubleshooting and their applications. It provides a wide spectrum of 14 chapters covering basic as well as advanced techniques and instrumentation, viz., Gas Chromatography (GC), Mass Spectrometry (MS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) with detailed protocols. Most of the experiments can be easily performed in the laboratory having basic facilities. Historical background, experiment nature, its principle, step-by-step procedure with diagrammatic representation and important precautions are given in the beginning of each experiment. |
| air science flow hood: Prudent Practices in the Laboratory National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: An Update, 2011-03-25 Prudent Practices in the Laboratory-the book that has served for decades as the standard for chemical laboratory safety practice-now features updates and new topics. This revised edition has an expanded chapter on chemical management and delves into new areas, such as nanotechnology, laboratory security, and emergency planning. Developed by experts from academia and industry, with specialties in such areas as chemical sciences, pollution prevention, and laboratory safety, Prudent Practices in the Laboratory provides guidance on planning procedures for the handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals. The book offers prudent practices designed to promote safety and includes practical information on assessing hazards, managing chemicals, disposing of wastes, and more. Prudent Practices in the Laboratory will continue to serve as the leading source of chemical safety guidelines for people working with laboratory chemicals: research chemists, technicians, safety officers, educators, and students. |
| air science flow hood: Mosby's Sterile Compounding for Pharmacy Technicians Karen Davis, 2019-12-01 Gain a complete introduction to institutional pharmacy practice and efficiently prepare for the new sterile compounding certification exam! Comprehensively covering sterile products, aseptic technique, and the workings of the sterile compounding facility, Mosby's Sterile Compounding for Pharmacy Technicians: Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition, focuses on safe and accurate practice. This edition has expanded and updated coverage to address preparation, processing, medications, technique, and documentation, with review, analysis, and application of , , and and additional content on waste management, workflow, safety and compliance, billing and reimbursement, and emergency management. Illustrations abound, and content is brought to life with an updated art program, step-by-step procedures, and technician notes and alerts. Certification review questions are included with each chapter, and online student and instructor resources round out the offering. - Competency forms, lab activities, and sample compounding orders allow you to perform basic, hands-on aseptic manipulations in the lab. - Mini-case scenarios promote critical thinking and application. - Tech Notes, Tech Alerts, and Did You Know? boxes offer key information on-the-job success. - Content modeled after ASHP curriculum for technician training. - Chapter quizzes and an online sample exam offer student practice and exam preparation. - Instructor support materials online, including lesson plans, PowerPoint slides, a test bank, student handouts, answer keys, an image collection, and chapter pretests. - NEW! Expanded and updated content on all aspects of preparation, processing, medications, techniques, and documentation plus new content on the sterile environment; , , and ; hazardous materials and waste management; workflow, quality control; safety and compliance; billing and reimbursement; and emergency and disaster planning. - NEW! Procedure boxes with step-by-step instructions, technique photos, and rationales. - NEW and EXPANDED! Updated art program focuses on the sterile environment, equipment and supplies, and skills. - NEW! Chapter quiz questions and a sample exam prepare students for classroom exams or the new certification credentialing exam. |
| air science flow hood: Success in Academic Surgery: Basic Science Gregory Kennedy, Ankush Gosain, Melina Kibbe, Scott A. LeMaire, 2019-04-29 This updated volume provides the foundation for starting a basic science research career as an academic surgeon. Taking a practical approach, the book covers the suggested timeline for the initial academic appointment, including how to setup and fund the laboratory and identifying appropriate scientific mentors and lab personnel. It also describes the application of basic and advanced research techniques, including animal models, flow cytometry, gene editing, tissue engineering, and microbiome analysis. Success in Academic Surgery: Basic Science aims to give guidance on the application of basic and advanced techniques in surgical research. This book is relevant to senior residents and fellows approaching their first academic appointment, as well as more senior investigators interested in expanding their research horizons. |
| air science flow hood: Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells Andras Nagy, Kursad Turksen, 2022-06-22 This extensive new edition presents protocols reflecting the great strides made in the study of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The collection explores new and improved methods for the generation, expansion, and maintenance of iPS cells from different tissue types, characterization of their differentiation pathways along different lineages, and their potential utility in tissue repair and regeneration. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and up-to-date, Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition aims to arm stem cell biologists, both novice and expert, with invaluable protocols that are currently being used in various laboratories around the world. |
| air science flow hood: Comprehensive Laboratory Manual of Life Sciences Mamta Baunthiyal, Indu Ravi, Jyoti Saxena, 2019-12-19 The present book ‘Comprehensive Laboratory Manual of Life Science’, deals with practical trends in modern biological sciences. It furnishes protocols on recent advances in biotechnological methods and aims to cover three most important aspects of this interdisciplinary stream; such as Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular biology. The book contains four sections: 1. Introduction: emphasizes on good laboratory practices and etiquettes for beginners; the do’s and don’ts of working in a laboratory, concepts and terminology, etc. 2. Instruments: Principle and Precautions: explores commonly used equipments employed in different experiments. 3. Experiments: is further divided into three parts: Microbiology with more than 70 experiments, Biochemistry with 62 and Molecular Biology having around 32 detailed protocols, accorded to make the readers proficient in the paramount disciplines of Bio Sciences and Biotechnology. 4. Appendix: at the end, a rather comprehensive section that concludes the book. This book is designed to meet the practical requirements of undergraduate and post graduate students of Life Science, Biotechnology, Microbiology, Biochemistry and Biochemical Engineering by providing worked out solution to the most commonly practiced experiments prescribed by majority of Indian Universities. The latest technological developments in the book will be appealing to the researchers and scientists |
| air science flow hood: OSHA Technical Manual United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Office of Science and Technology Assessment, 1995 |
| air science flow hood: Remington David B. Troy, Paul Beringer, 2006 For over 100 years, Remington has been the definitive textbook and reference on the science and practice of pharmacy. This Twenty-First Edition keeps pace with recent changes in the pharmacy curriculum and professional pharmacy practice. More than 95 new contributors and 5 new section editors provide fresh perspectives on the field. New chapters include pharmacogenomics, application of ethical principles to practice dilemmas, technology and automation, professional communication, medication errors, re-engineering pharmacy practice, management of special risk medicines, specialization in pharmacy practice, disease state management, emergency patient care, and wound care. Purchasers of this textbook are entitled to a new, fully indexed Bonus CD-ROM, affording instant access to the full content of Remington in a convenient and portable format. |
| air science flow hood: Advanced Methods in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Khalid Z. Masoodi, Sameena Maqbool Lone, Rovidha Saba Rasool, 2020-10-28 Advanced Methods in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: A Practical Lab Manual is a concise reference on common protocols and techniques for advanced molecular biology and biotechnology experimentation. Each chapter focuses on a different method, providing an overview before delving deeper into the procedure in a step-by-step approach. Techniques covered include genomic DNA extraction using cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and chloroform extraction, chromatographic techniques, ELISA, hybridization, gel electrophoresis, dot blot analysis and methods for studying polymerase chain reactions. Laboratory protocols and standard operating procedures for key equipment are also discussed, providing an instructive overview for lab work. This practical guide focuses on the latest advances and innovations in methods for molecular biology and biotechnology investigation, helping researchers and practitioners enhance and advance their own methodologies and take their work to the next level. - Explores a wide range of advanced methods that can be applied by researchers in molecular biology and biotechnology - Features clear, step-by-step instruction for applying the techniques covered - Offers an introduction to laboratory protocols and recommendations for best practice when conducting experimental work, including standard operating procedures for key equipment |
| air science flow hood: Management of Periprosthetic Joint Infections (PJIs) J.J. Chris Arts, Jan Geurts, 2016-10-25 Management of Periprosthetic Joint Infections (PJIs): Management of PJIs discusses periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), a fairly rare occurrence that is nonetheless one of the most serious complications in joint replacement surgery. Intricate interactions between the pathogen, the host, and the implant can result in PJIs which are not only physically devastating for the patient, but also financially crippling for health authorities and insurance companies. Actions taken to minimize the risk of PJIs can be extremely challenging for the orthopaedic community. Consequently, new research, which is detailed in this comprehensive book, is being undertaken to minimize and manage these challenging infections. - Provides essential background knowledge on the mechanisms and identification of PJIs - Dedicated chapters focus on the complex, but vital eccentricities between PJIs in different areas of the body - Contains contributions from a mixture of clinical and academic experts in the field, thus ensuring balanced coverage |
| air science flow hood: Single-Molecule Tools for Bioanalysis Shuo Huang, 2022-05-26 In the last three decades, the fast development of single-molecule techniques has revolutionized the way we observe and understand biological processes. Some of these techniques have been further adapted as tools for bioanalysis. This book summarizes and details the frontiers of the development of these tools as well as their applications. The contributors are young and established researchers in their respective fields. The main content originates from the lecture notes of a chemistry graduate course taught by the book editor at Nanjing University. This book is suitable to be used as a textbook for a high-level undergraduate or an entry-level graduate course. The systematically written content provides a thorough illustration of the mechanisms of each methodology presented. |
| air science flow hood: Comparative Medicine , 2008 |
| air science flow hood: Flow Cytometry Alice Longobardi Givan, 2013-04-10 Flow cytometry continually amazes scientists with its ever-expanding utility. Advances in flow cytometry have opened new directions in theoretical science, clinical diagnosis, and medical practice. The new edition of Flow Cytometry: First Principles provides a thorough update of this now classic text, reflecting innovations in the field while outlining the fundamental elements of instrumentation, sample preparation, and data analysis. Flow Cytometry: First Principles, Second Edition explains the basic principles of flow cytometry, surveying its primary scientific and clinical applications and highlighting state-of-the-art techniques at the frontiers of research. This edition contains extensive revisions of all chapters, including new discussions on fluorochrome and laser options for multicolor analysis, an additionalsection on apoptosis in the chapter on DNA, and new chapters onintracellular protein staining and cell sorting, including high-speed sorting and alternative sorting methods, as well as traditional technology. This essential resource: Assumes no prior knowledge of flow cytometry Progresses with an informal, engaging lecture style from simpleto more complex concepts Offers a clear introduction to new vocabulary, principles of instrumentation, and strategies for data analysis Emphasizes the theory relevant to all flow cytometry, with examples from a variety of clinical and scientific fields Flow Cytometry: First Principles, Second Edition provides scientists, clinicians, technologists, and students with the knowledge necessary for beginning the practice of flow cytometry and for understanding related literature. |
| air science flow hood: Research Methodology in Plant Science P.S. Narayana, D. Varalakshmi, T. Pullaiah, 2016-11-01 The book comprises of different chapters associated with methodology in Plant science (Botany), describing in a simple and comprehensive way. The importance of creativity and motivation in research, the planning and proposal of research project, the description of different techniques involved in research are described in an elaborate way. It also includes the sources/collection of scientific information, method of scientific report/paper/thesis writing etc. The book is also a source of different aspects of research methodology in plant science dealt with in a comprehensive manner tailored to the needs of postgraduate students/research scholars for easy understanding. The book is profusely illustrated. The different chapters described in the book include: Introduction, Microscopy, Plant micro-technique, Smear/Sqush technique, Plant tissue culture, Herbarium technique, Hydrogen ion concentration (pH), Centrifugation, Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Colorimetry, Spectro-photometry, Radio-isotopes in biology and Computers and their application in plant sciences. Chapters on Biostatistics, Biophysics and Bioinformatics have also been included to help the student in the statistical analysis of the results, physical principles involved in the operation of different instruments and basics of bioinformatics. We sincerely hope that this book helps to fill up the lacuna and provides what all that is needed about the research methods required for a scholar/student in plant sciences to pursue their higher studies. |
| air science flow hood: A Practical Handbook of Life Sciences Gauri Singhal, Nidhi Srivastava, 2022-09-15 Aimed at both undergraduate and postgraduate students, this practical handbook is the result of cooperative effort and is designed to meet the present needs of students. Clear and concise, it is prepared in accordance with the latest syllabi and guidelines, and explores the instruments, glassware, and plastic wares that are handled during experimental procedures and related information concerning calculations required to prepare chemical reagents and media. |
| air science flow hood: The Department of Energy's Support for the Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL). United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology (2007). Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, 2008 |
| air science flow hood: Basic Techniques in Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Aakanchha Jain, Richa Jain, Sourabh Jain, 2021-03-14 This book presents key methodologies, tools and databases for biochemistry, microbiology and molecular biology in simple and straightforward language. Covering all aspects related to experimental principles and procedures, the protocols included here are brief and clearly defined, and include essential precautions to be taken while conducting experiments. The book is divided into two major sections: one on constructing, working with, and standard operating procedures for laboratory instruments; and one on practical procedures used in molecular biology, microbiology and biochemical analysis experiments, which are described in full. Each chapter describes both the basic theory and relevant practical details for a given experiment, and helps readers recognize both the experiment’s potential and limitations. Intended as an intensive introduction to the various tools used in molecular biology, the book covers all basic methods and equipment, including cloning, PCR, spectrophotometers, ELISA readers, sonicators, etc. As such, it offers a valuable asset for final year undergraduate (especially project) students, graduate research students, research scientists and technicians who wish to understand and employ new techniques in the field of biotechnology. |
| air science flow hood: Fundamentals of Air Cleaning Technology and Its Application in Cleanrooms Zhonglin Xu, 2013-10-10 Fundamentals of Air Cleaning Technology and Its Application in Cleanrooms sets up the theoretical framework for cleanrooms. New ideas and methods are presented, which include the characteristic index of cleanrooms, uniform and non-uniform distribution characteristics, the minimum sampling volume, a new concept of outdoor air conditioning and the fundamentals of leakage-preventing layers. Written by an author who can look back on major scientific achievements and 50 years of experience in this field, this book offers a concise and accessible introduction to the fundamentals of air cleaning technology and its application. The work is intended for researchers, college teachers, graduates, designers, technicians and corporate R&D personnel in the field of HVAC and air cleaning technology. Zhonglin Xu is a senior research fellow at China Academy of Building Research. |
| air science flow hood: Air Contamination Control in Hospitals J. Luciano, 2012-12-06 This is a well conceived and executed volume detailing in close to encyclopedic proportions the question of control of air borne contamination in hospital environments. Many different ap plication areas are described and well documented. Alternative solutions are presented in historical perspective with the neces sary scientific background to provide the uninitiated an oppor tunity to learn not only how to solve a particular problem but more critically why one solution is preferable to another. Every clinician concerned for his patients' welfare must consider the quality of the environment within the hospital--for only there is it potentially controllable Airborne dissemination of nosocomial infections are considered generally rare today. This may be the result of improved intrahospital environmental control or better infection control techniques. If one considers airborne contaminatiqn, real or potential, as undesirable within certain areas of a hospital then proper environmental control must be included in the framework of the physical and functional struc ture. Often it is difficult to specify which controls are needed for a specific application. Frequently this is a problem of in adequate knowledge of the application area and not the availability of technology. Too often, in the rush to provide a solution the newest and most sophisticated equipment is chosen, installed, and found to be more than is required for the task. To avoid these types of errors it is necessary to provide a series of alternative solutions for each problem. |
| air science flow hood: Medical Virology 9 Luis M. De La Maza, Ellena M. Petersen, 2013-11-11 It would have been difficult at the beginning of the 80's to have predicted that by the end of the decade, Medical Virology would have become one of the most important topics in the area of both basic and clinical research. Although we were expecting a progressive increase in awareness of the role played by viruses in different diseases, we did not expect the outbreak of a fatal disease that was going to shake the roots of our society. The appearance of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in the early 80's, has prompted a unique re search impetus in the area of Medical Virology. The knowledge that we are gaining in our attempt to understand the biology of HIV-1 and the immuno logical response to this virus should not only help us control the spread of this virus, but should also help us to better understand other viral infections. Let us hope that during the 1990's we can learn how to control HIV-1 infections so that by the end of the decade, no more human lives succumb to an infection with this virus. Luis M. de la Maza Irvine, California Ellena M. Peterson March, 1990 v ACKNO~EDGEMENTS We would like to thank all the speakers that came to San Francisco and shared their knowledge during the lectures and for writing the chapters in this book. |
| air science flow hood: In Vitro Culture of Trees J.M. Bonga, Patrick Aderkas, 2013-06-29 Woody plants provide many challenges to the tissue culturist. Although there are many excellent tissue culture books and manuals available, these are generally strongly biased towards herbacious crops. Consequently, they often do not pay sufficient attention to the problems that specifically apply to in vitro culture of tree species. Culture of the latter often poses problems which are either absent or of lesser significance when culturing herbacious species. When trees in the field are used as explant source, the problems can be especially severe. For example, the physiological condition of the explants is difficult to control because of variation in weather and biotic factors. Furthermore, it is often difficult to obtain explants free of contaminants from field grown trees. Lack of genetic uniformity and maturation are additional problems one often has to deal with when culturing tree cells or tissues. These problems are emphasized in this text. In vitro culture of trees is not viewed in isolation. It is considered in conjunction with breeding, traditional cloning and other common tree improvement techniques. The text discusses theoretical as well as practical aspects of the in vitro culture of trees. |
| air science flow hood: Wine Microbiology Claudio Delfini, Joseph V. Formica, 2001-03-23 This volume applies an inductive experimental approach to recognize, control and resolve the variables that effect the wine-making process and the quality of the final product - focusing on the grape variety-yeast interaction controversy. It contains over 300 drawings, photographs and photomicrographs that illustrate the diagnostic morphology of wine yeast and bacteria used to track wine spoilage and related problems. |
| air science flow hood: Hospital pharmacy and the patient T.J. Bradley, 2012-12-06 The development of new technology means that compromised patients previously confined to hospital may now be treated at home. Those patients receiving intravenous feeding, cytotoxic drugs and new insulin therapy, are fully trained by the health-care professionals (doctors, pharmacists and nurses) to encourage self-reliance and understanding which are vital to success. There are hazards in treating these patients in the home environment, e.g. microbiological risks which are currently being evaluated, failure of equipment, and social problems as patients adjust to a new life in the community. Neverthless, the balance of benefits favour restoration of the patient to a self-reliant positive life at home. The delivery of this important new dimension in therapy was described at a symposium held in the University of York by innovators in the field. Discussion enabled the core of knowledge and experience developed by multi-disciplinary teams to be shared. The problems of supplying parenteral nutrition and medication for the compromised patient in the home and the family situation were aired and solutions presented. The special care for hospital out-patients receiving cytotoxic drug therapy and safe procedures for staff handling these agents was presented and together with responses to questions indicated the direction for UK hospital pharmacists to follow. More information is needed and it is hoped that this account of these proceedings will stimulate interest in these aspects of health care. |
| air science flow hood: Standard Operating Procedures In Vitro Toxicology I.P. Sword, S.D. Thomson, 2012-12-06 When Volume 1 (Toxicolpgy) in this series of Standard Operating Procedures was pub lished in early 1979, the FDA's Good Laboratory Practice Regulations did not have the force of United States Law, but nevertheless had a substantial impact on the conduct of toxicology in laboratories throughout the world. These Regulations are now in force, and Volume 2 (Pathology) was published later the same year. Our critics have implied that we have attempted to reduce toxicology to the level of the cookery book, or alternatively that we seek to impose our standards on others, In some sinister way ensuring that the IRI code will become the international norm. We dismiss these criticisms as arrant nonsense. The many thousands of volumes already sold worldwide can provide at best a framework for adaptation to suit local laboratory condi tions, and thus speed to GLP compliance those organisations which might otherwise have remained foundering at the starting post. If Volumes 1 and 2 of this series have con tributed anything to the conduct of toxicology it must surely be in those non-English speaking nations which, because of the international nature of pharmaceutical and chemical trading, are required by commercial pressures to be in compliance with a foreign law formulated in unfamiliar terminology and introduced for reasons that are not immediately obvious. Much has happened in the short period of time since Volumes 1 and 2 were published. |
| air science flow hood: Industrial Ventilation Design Guidebook Howard D. Goodfellow, Yi Wang, 2021-06-04 Industrial Ventilation Design Guidebook, Volume 2: Engineering Design and Applications brings together researchers, engineers (both design and plants), and scientists to develop a fundamental scientific understanding of ventilation to help engineers implement state-of-the-art ventilation and contaminant control technology. Now in two volumes, this reference contains extensive revisions and updates as well as a unique section on best practices for the following industrial sectors: Automotive; Cement; Biomass Gasifiers; Advanced Manufacturing; Industrial 4.0); Non-ferrous Smelters; Lime Kilns; Pulp and Paper; Semiconductor Industry; Steelmaking; Mining. - Brings together global researchers and engineers to solve complex ventilation and contaminant control problems using state-of-the-art design equations - Includes an expanded section on modeling and its practical applications based on recent advances in research - Features a new chapter on best practices for specific industrial sectors |
| air science flow hood: A Guide to Undergraduate Science Course and Laboratory Improvements National Science Foundation (U.S.). Directorate for Science Education, 1979 |
| air science flow hood: Thirty Years Hundred Stories Liu Fook Thim, 2016-04-29 Engineers play a vital role in nation building. Since independence, they have been driving Singapore's efforts in industrialisation. Their vision, creativity and resilience gave Singapore a competitive edge, enabling a meteoric rise from Third World to First in one generation. Going forward, the government wants to make Singapore a e;Smart Natione; - a nation where people live meaningful and fulfilled lives, enabled seamlessly by technology, offering exciting opportunities for all. Engineers are vital in making this happen. This book captures 100 stories of engineering accomplishments in Singapore over a span of 30 years as told by the Nanyang Technological Institute (now known as NTU) Pioneer Engineering Class of 85. They demonstrate the breadth and depth of the engineering landscape in our nation. If this book inspires some to take up an engineering career, it will have achieved its purpose. |
| air science flow hood: Advances in Understanding the Biology of Halophilic Microorganisms Russell H. Vreeland, 2012-12-14 This book is designed to be a long term career reference. The chapters present modern procedures. This is a how-to-book with a difference. These chapters: - reveal the background information about working with salt loving organisms, - are loaded with information about how experiments are conducted under high salt, - provide information about analyses that work under these conditions and those that may not, - present a wide range of details from laboratory designs to equipment used and even to simple anecdotal hints that can only come from experience. Microbiological training focuses largely on the growth, the handling and the study of the microbes associated with humans and animals. Yet the largest proportion of the Earth’s microbiota lives in saline environments such as the Oceans, saline deserts and terminal hypersaline environments. This need for salt can be intimidating for those interested in entering the field or for those interested in understanding how such research is accomplished. |
| air science flow hood: Guidelines for Laboratory Design Louis J. DiBerardinis, Janet S. Baum, Melvin W. First, Gari T. Gatwood, Anand K. Seth, 2013-04-08 Proven and tested guidelines for designing ideal labs for scientific investigations Now in its Fourth Edition, Guidelines for Laboratory Design continues to enable readers to design labs that make it possible to conduct scientific investigations in a safe and healthy environment. The book brings together all the professionals who are critical to a successful lab design, discussing the roles of architects, engineers, health and safety professionals, and laboratory researchers. It provides the design team with the information needed to ask the right questions and then determine the best design, while complying with current regulations and best practices. Guidelines for Laboratory Design features concise, straightforward advice organized in an easy-to-use format that facilitates the design of safe, efficient laboratories. Divided into five sections, the book records some of the most important discoveries and achievements in: Part IA, Common Elements of Laboratory Design, sets forth technical specifications that apply to most laboratory buildings and modules Part IB, Common Elements of Renovations, offers general design principles for the renovation and modernization of existing labs Part II, Design Guidelines for a Number of Commonly Used Laboratories, explains specifications, best practices, and guidelines for nineteen types of laboratories, with three new chapters covering nanotechnology, engineering, and autopsy labs Part III, Laboratory Support Services, addresses design issues for imaging facilities, support shops, hazardous waste facilities, and laboratory storerooms Part IV, HVAC Systems, explains how to heat, cool, and ventilate labs with an eye towards energy conservation Part V, Administrative Procedures, deals with bidding procedures, final acceptance inspections, and sustainability The final part of the book features five appendices filled with commonly needed data and reference materials. This Fourth Edition is indispensable for all laboratory design teams, whether constructing a new laboratory or renovating an old facility to meet new objectives. |
| air science flow hood: Energy Efficient Thermal Management of Data Centers Yogendra Joshi, Pramod Kumar, 2012-03-20 Energy Efficient Thermal Management of Data Centers examines energy flow in today's data centers. Particular focus is given to the state-of-the-art thermal management and thermal design approaches now being implemented across the multiple length scales involved. The impact of future trends in information technology hardware, and emerging software paradigms such as cloud computing and virtualization, on thermal management are also addressed. The book explores computational and experimental characterization approaches for determining temperature and air flow patterns within data centers. Thermodynamic analyses using the second law to improve energy efficiency are introduced and used in proposing improvements in cooling methodologies. Reduced-order modeling and robust multi-objective design of next generation data centers are discussed. |
| air science flow hood: The GMO Handbook Sarad R. Parekh, 2004-05-15 A comprehensive and accessible survey of the best current accomplishments of GMO research in all their complexity and ramifications. The authors introduce the fundamentals of biotechnology as a scientific discipline, show how GMO research is conducted today, discuss the problems that have arisen from genetic technology and the tools needed to resolve them, and describes how GMO-derived technology may impact our lives in the future. On the technical side, the authors examine a wide range of current technologies employed for constructing GMOs, and describe approaches to novel research, appropriate protocols, and the process of constructing and screening a GMO. The discussion of plant and animal cells covers new strategies employed and the large-scale expression and purification of recombinant products in cultured cells. Social political, and legal issues are also discussed. |
| air science flow hood: PRINS and In Situ PCR Protocols Franck Pellestor, 2008-02-03 The in situ hybridization and PCR technologies are now well-established molecular techniques for studying chromosomal aneuploidy and rearran- ments, gene localization and expression, and genomic organization. Over the last decade, we have seen increasing applications in these fields. By combining the high sensitivity of the PCR reaction and the cytological localization of target sequences, both PRINS and in situ PCR techniques have provided highly powerful complements to FISH for in situ cellular and molecular investigations. Both these approaches have several advantages in terms of sensitivity and specificity, owing to the use of primers and to the fast kinetics of annealing and elongation reactions in situ. In the first edition of PRINS and In Situ PCR Protocols edited by John R. Gosden, experts in the field presented in detail a variety of applications of PRINS and in situ PCR techniques, in a wide range of clinical conditions. Since the publication of this successful reference book, there have been s- nificant improvements in in situ detection techniques. This completely revised and updated second edition presents a compreh- sive selection of new procedures developed in the field of PRINS and in situ PCR technologies. The book has two sections. Part I, Basic Methodology, contains chapters that provide useful protocols for many variations of PRINS and in situ PCR, including a new fast multicolor PRINS method, and protocols for PRINS detection of unique sequences in situ. |
| air science flow hood: Defrosting for Air Source Heat Pump Mengjie Song, Shiming Deng, 2019-05-18 Defrosting for Air Source Heat Pumps: Research, Analysis and Methods presents a detailed analysis of the methods, processes and problems relating to defrosting, a necessary requirement to maintain the performance of ASHP units. Readers will gain a deeper understanding of control strategies and system design optimization methods that improve the performance and reliability of units. The book discusses the most recent experimental and numerical studies of reverse cycle defrosting and the most widely used defrosting method for ASHP. Techno-economic considerations are also presented, as is the outlook for the future. This book is a valuable resource for research students and academics of thermal energy and mechanical engineering, especially those focusing on defrosting for ASHP, heating, ventilation and energy efficiency, as well as engineers and professionals engaged in the development and management of heat pump machinery. |
| air science flow hood: Altering Nature B. A. Lustig, B.A. Brody, Gerald P. McKenny, 2008-07-15 B. Andrew Lustig, Baruch A. Brody, and Gerald P. McKenny Nearly every week the general public is treated to an announcement of another actual or potential “breakthrough” in biotechnology. Headlines trumpet advances in assisted reproduction, current or prospective experiments in cloning, and devel- ments in regenerative medicine, stem cell technologies, and tissue engineering. Scientific and popular accounts explore the perils and the possibilities of enhancing human capacities by computer-based, biomolecular, or mechanical means through advances in artificial intelligence, genetics, and nanotechnology. Reports abound concerning ever more sophisticated genetic techniques being introduced into ag- culture and animal husbandry, as well as efforts to enhance and protect biodiversity. Given the pace of such developments, many insightful commentators have proclaimed the 21st century as the “biotechnology century. ” Despite a significant literature on the morality of these particular advances in biotechnology, deeper ethical analysis has often been lacking. Our preliminary review of that literature suggested that current discussions of normative issues in biotechnology have suffered from two major deficiencies. First, the discussions have been too often piecemeal in character, limited to after-the-fact analyses of particular issues that provoked the debate, and unconnected to larger concepts and themes. Second, a crucial missing element of those discussions has been the failure to reflect explicitly on the diverse disciplinary conceptions of nature and the natural that shape moral judgments about the legitimacy of specific forms of research and their applications. |
| air science flow hood: Synthetic Biology Handbook Darren N. Nesbeth, 2016-04-06 The Synthetic Biology Handbook explains the major goals of the field of synthetic biology and presents the technical details of the latest advances made in achieving those goals. Offering a comprehensive overview of the current areas of focus in synthetic biology, this handbook:Explores the standardisation of classic molecular bioscience approaches |
| air science flow hood: Tissue Culture Techniques for Horticultural Crops Kenneth C. Torres, 2012-12-06 This book was written for those individuals who are concerned about the techniques and practices of plant cell cultures for horticultural crops. It was designed to serve as a text and reference for students and professionals in ornamental horticulture, fruit and vegetable crop pro duction, botany, forestry, and other areas of plant science. Research during the last twenty-five years in the area of plant tissue culture has led to many developments and changes in this field. Al though the techniques involved in the manipulation of plant tissue culture are now relatively straightforward, the presentation of these techniques in a short volume for the beginner in the field is generally unavailable. In addition to describing the techniques for establishment and manipulation of specific species, several chapters in this book also provide a brief, general review of important cultural parameters. Spe cific protocols and laboratory procedures may also be found in the appendix. I hope that this presentation of information will be helpful to those individuals wanting to apply plant tissue culture techniques for horticultural crops. |
| air science flow hood: Russell, Hugo and Ayliffe's Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization Adam P. Fraise, Jean-Yves Maillard, Syed Sattar, 2013-02-18 The new edition of this established and highly respected text is THE definitive reference in its field. It details methods for the elimination or prevention/control of microbial growth, and features: New chapters on bioterrorism and community healthcare New chapters on microbicide regulations in the EU, USA and Canada Latest material on microbial resistance to microbicides Updated material on new and emerging technologies, focusing on special problems in hospitals, dentistry and pharmaceutical practice Practical advice on problems of disinfection and antiseptics in healthcare A systematic review of sterilization methods, with uses and advantages outlined for each Evaluation of disinfectants and their mechanisms of action with respect to current regulations The differences between European and North American regulations are highlighted throughout, making this a truly global work, ideal for worldwide healthcare professionals working in infectious diseases and infection control. |
| air science flow hood: Lab Manager Magazine - July Issue , |
| air science flow hood: Bone Research Protocols Miep H. Helfrich, Stuart H. Ralston, 2008-02-01 The last decade has seen a tremendous advance in our understanding of bone biology. The genes responsible for the majority of rare inherited bone disorders have been identified and much progress has been made in the identification of genes in polygenic disorders such as Paget’s disease and complex multigene diseases such as osteoporosis. Transgenic technology has identified further genes, sometimes unexpectedly, with profound effects on bone. This wealth of new genetic information will undoubtedly lead to extensive cell biological studies to understand the mechanisms by which these gene products affect bone mass and bone strength. In Bone Research Protocols a catalogue of protocols has been assembled to perform such mechanistic studies. In the tradition of the Methods in Molecular Medicine series, the chapters are practical laboratory protocols that should enable the reader to carry out the techniques from scratch. To our knowledge this is the first time such a truly practical manual on well-established bone methods has been assembled, and this volume aims to be complementary to and follow on from the more theoretical Methods in Bone Biology, edited by Arnett and Henderson (1). |
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We offer comfort, reliability and value for money air travel across our network in 50 countries. Our priority is to provide best possible connections to our passengers at suitable timings. Find out more
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Enjoy fast track check-ins and boarding, hassle-free immigration processing, convenient porter air travel services and well-equipped lounges to relax in.
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