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Decoding the Demographics: A Deep Dive into Age Structure Diagrams of Apes
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD, Primatology & Conservation Biology, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Vance has over 15 years of experience in primate research, specializing in population dynamics and conservation efforts. Her work has been published in leading scientific journals including Conservation Biology and American Journal of Primatology.
Keywords: age structure diagram apes, primate demography, ape conservation, population dynamics, age pyramids apes, primate population structure, ape survival rates, ape reproductive rates, threatened ape species, endangered ape species.
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive examination of age structure diagrams for ape populations, highlighting their crucial role in understanding population health, identifying conservation challenges, and developing effective management strategies. We explore the complexities of constructing accurate diagrams, the insights they offer, and the limitations inherent in their application. The use of age structure diagrams for apes, coupled with other demographic and ecological data, is critical for ensuring the long-term survival of these critically endangered species.
1. Introduction: Unveiling the Secrets of Ape Populations via Age Structure Diagrams
Age structure diagrams, also known as population pyramids, are powerful visual tools used to represent the distribution of individuals across different age groups within a population. For ape populations, these diagrams provide invaluable insights into various aspects of their demography, including birth rates, death rates, life expectancy, and overall population health. Understanding the age structure diagram apes reveals the underlying dynamics driving population growth or decline, informing crucial conservation decisions. The accurate construction and interpretation of these diagrams, however, present unique challenges for ape research due to the logistical difficulties in studying wild ape populations.
2. Constructing Age Structure Diagrams for Apes: Challenges and Methodologies
Creating accurate age structure diagrams for apes presents several significant challenges. Firstly, obtaining reliable age data for wild apes is incredibly difficult. Unlike humans, apes don't possess readily accessible birth certificates. Researchers often rely on techniques such as photographic identification, behavioral observations (e.g., mother-infant relationships), and, where possible, genetic analysis to estimate age. These methods can be time-consuming, expensive, and prone to error, potentially impacting the accuracy of the resulting age structure diagram apes. Furthermore, the challenges are amplified for elusive or endangered ape species where access to populations is limited. Data collection for such species might necessitate long-term monitoring programs and innovative non-invasive techniques. For example, fecal DNA analysis coupled with advanced statistical modeling can estimate age and sex ratios.
3. Interpreting Age Structure Diagrams: Insights into Ape Population Dynamics
Once constructed, age structure diagrams provide rich information about the ape population's health and future trajectory. A pyramid with a broad base signifies a rapidly growing population with high birth rates and relatively low death rates. Conversely, a narrow base indicates a declining population, potentially suggesting issues such as low reproductive rates, high infant mortality, or habitat loss. A relatively even distribution across age classes points towards a stable population. Age structure diagrams apes can also reveal age-specific mortality patterns and highlight vulnerable age groups, providing targeted conservation interventions.
4. Case Studies: Applying Age Structure Diagrams to Specific Ape Species
Analyzing the age structure diagram apes of different species reveals species-specific dynamics. For example, gorilla populations might exhibit slow growth due to their low reproductive rates, while orangutan populations facing habitat loss might display a disproportionately low number of younger individuals. These species-specific insights are crucial for developing tailored conservation strategies. By comparing age structure diagrams across different populations of the same species (e.g., comparing different gorilla populations across various geographical locations), researchers can identify factors driving population differences and guide conservation priorities.
5. Limitations of Age Structure Diagrams and Complementary Approaches
While invaluable, age structure diagrams alone are insufficient to fully understand ape population dynamics. They should be complemented by other demographic data, such as birth and death rates, life expectancy, and reproductive success. Ecological factors, like habitat quality, food availability, and disease prevalence, also significantly influence ape population dynamics and must be considered alongside the age structure diagram apes. Furthermore, the accuracy of the age structure diagram apes is only as good as the underlying data. Bias in data collection, small sample sizes, and limitations in age estimation techniques can all affect the reliability of the insights derived.
6. Age Structure Diagrams and Ape Conservation: Practical Applications
Age structure diagrams for apes play a crucial role in guiding conservation efforts. By identifying age-specific vulnerabilities and population trends, they help prioritize conservation actions. For instance, a population with a disproportionately low number of juveniles might require interventions aimed at reducing infant mortality or protecting crucial habitats for foraging. The information provided by age structure diagram apes informs effective management strategies such as anti-poaching efforts, habitat restoration, and disease control programs, ultimately enhancing the chances of ape species survival.
7. Future Directions: Technological Advancements and Data Integration
Advances in technology, such as remote sensing, camera trapping, and genetic analysis, are significantly improving data collection for ape populations. Integrating these data sources with improved statistical modeling techniques will yield more accurate and detailed age structure diagrams, strengthening our understanding of ape population dynamics. Furthermore, integrating data from multiple populations and species will allow researchers to draw broader conclusions about the factors affecting ape populations across different geographical regions and environmental contexts.
8. Conclusion
Age structure diagrams are essential tools in primate conservation research. While challenges exist in constructing accurate diagrams for wild ape populations, the insights they provide into population dynamics are invaluable. By integrating data from various sources, employing advanced analytical techniques, and complementing them with ecological data, researchers can effectively utilize age structure diagram apes to develop evidence-based strategies to conserve these critically endangered animals for future generations.
FAQs
1. What is the most challenging aspect of creating an age structure diagram for apes? Accurately determining the age of wild apes is the biggest challenge. Traditional methods can be unreliable.
2. How does an age structure diagram inform conservation strategies? By identifying vulnerable age groups and population trends, it highlights areas needing focused conservation efforts.
3. What other data should be considered alongside an age structure diagram? Birth and death rates, life expectancy, reproductive success, and ecological factors are crucial.
4. Can age structure diagrams predict future population trends? While not a crystal ball, it provides strong indicators of population growth or decline, allowing for proactive conservation.
5. What are the limitations of using only age structure diagrams? They provide a snapshot, and ecological context is essential for full understanding.
6. How can technology improve age structure diagram accuracy? Remote sensing, camera traps, and genetic analysis offer improved data collection and age estimation.
7. Are there differences in age structure diagrams across different ape species? Yes, reproductive rates, lifespan, and environmental factors lead to species-specific variations.
8. How are age structure diagrams used in conjunction with anti-poaching efforts? They help identify age groups most vulnerable to poaching, informing targeted protection strategies.
9. What are the ethical considerations involved in studying ape populations for age structure diagrams? Minimizing disturbance and prioritizing animal welfare are paramount throughout the research process.
Related Articles:
1. "Gorilla Population Dynamics in the Virunga Mountains: An Age-Structured Modeling Approach": Examines gorilla population dynamics using age-structured models.
2. "The Impact of Habitat Fragmentation on Orangutan Age Structure in Borneo": Investigates the influence of habitat loss on orangutan age distribution.
3. "Age-Specific Mortality Rates and Conservation Implications for Wild Chimpanzees": Focuses on mortality patterns within chimpanzee populations.
4. "Longitudinal Study of Bonobo Population Dynamics: An Age-Structured Analysis": Provides a detailed analysis of Bonobo population dynamics over time.
5. "The Role of Disease in Shaping Age Structure of Gibbon Populations": Explores the impact of disease on gibbon age distribution.
6. "Conservation Prioritization Based on Age Structure Analysis of Endangered Ape Species": A review of how age structure data supports conservation planning.
7. "Using Non-Invasive Genetic Methods to Estimate Age and Sex Ratios in Ape Populations": Explores advancements in genetic techniques for improving data accuracy.
8. "Predictive Modeling of Ape Population Trends based on Age Structure Diagrams": Focuses on the use of age structure diagrams for predictive modeling.
9. "A Comparative Analysis of Age Structure Diagrams Across Different Great Ape Species": A comparative study highlighting inter-species differences in age structure.
| age structure diagram apes: APES in a BOX Benjamin Wood, David Holbert, 2009-10-14 APES in a Box is an all-inclusive study guide for the AP Environmental Science exam. This book includes content reviews, expert test taking tips, and strategies for success on the AP Environmental Science Exam. APES in a Box was written by experienced APES teachers Benjy Wood and Dave Holbert. |
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| age structure diagram apes: The Theory of Island Biogeography Robert H. MacArthur, Edward O. Wilson, 2001 Population theory. |
| age structure diagram apes: Between Zeus and the Salmon Caleb E. Finch, Committee on Population, 1997-10-29 Demographers and public health specialists have been surprised by the rapid increases in life expectancy, especially at the oldest ages, that have occurred since the early 1960s. Some scientists are calling into question the idea of a fixed upper limit for the human life span. There is new evidence about the genetic bases for both humans and other species. There are also new theories and models of the role of mutations accumulating over the life span and the possible evolutionary advantages of survival after the reproductive years. This volume deals with such diverse topics as the role of the elderly in other species and among human societies past and present, the contribution of evolutionary theory to our understanding of human longevity and intergenerational transfers, mathematical models for survival, and the potential for collecting genetic material in household surveys. It will be particularly valuable for promoting communication between the social and life sciences. |
| age structure diagram apes: Early Man F. Clark Howell, 1987-05 |
| age structure diagram apes: Chimpanzee Politics Frans B. M. Waal, 1982 Precise but eminently readable and indeed exciting... This excellent book achieves the dual goal which eludes so many writers about animal behavior -- it will both fascinate the non-specialist and be seen as an important contribution to science. -- Times Literary Supplement |
| age structure diagram apes: The Great Apes David A. Hamburg, Elizabeth R. McCown, 1979 |
| age structure diagram apes: Becoming Human Michael Tomasello, 2019-01-14 Winner of the William James Book Award Winner of the Eleanor Maccoby Book Award “A landmark in our understanding of human development.” —Paul Harris, author of Trusting What You’re Told “Magisterial...Makes an impressive argument that most distinctly human traits are established early in childhood and that the general chronology in which these traits appear can...be identified.” —Wall Street Journal Virtually all theories of how humans have become such a distinctive species focus on evolution. Becoming Human looks instead to development and reveals how those things that make us unique are constructed during the first seven years of a child’s life. In this groundbreaking work, Michael Tomasello draws from three decades of experimental research with chimpanzees, bonobos, and children to propose a new framework for psychological growth between birth and seven years of age. He identifies eight pathways that differentiate humans from their primate relatives: social cognition, communication, cultural learning, cooperative thinking, collaboration, prosociality, social norms, and moral identity. In each of these, great apes possess rudimentary abilities, but the maturation of humans’ evolved capacities for shared intentionality transform these abilities into uniquely human cognition and sociality. “How does human psychological growth run in the first seven years, in particular how does it instill ‘culture’ in us? ...Most of all, how does the capacity for shared intentionality and self-regulation evolve in people? This is a very thoughtful and also important book.” —Tyler Cowen, Marginal Revolution “Theoretically daring and experimentally ingenious, Becoming Human squarely tackles the abiding question of what makes us human.” —Susan Gelman “Destined to become a classic. Anyone who is interested in cognitive science, child development, human evolution, or comparative psychology should read this book.” —Andrew Meltzoff |
| age structure diagram apes: Environment Jay Withgott, Matthew Laposata, 2018 For courses in introductory environmental science. Help Students Connect Current Environmental Issues to the Science Behind Them Environment: The Science behind the Stories is a best seller for the introductory environmental science course known for its student-friendly narrative style, its integration of real stories and case studies, and its presentation of the latest science and research. The 6th Edition features new opportunities to help students see connections between integrated case studies and the science in each chapter, and provides them with opportunities to apply the scientific process to environmental concerns. Also available with Mastering Environmental Science Mastering(tm) Environmental Science is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment system designed to improve results by helping students quickly master concepts. Students benefit from self-paced tutorials that feature personalized wrong-answer feedback and hints that emulate the office-hour experience and help keep students on track. With a wide range of interactive, engaging, and assignable activities, students are encouraged to actively learn and retain tough course concepts. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; Mastering(tm) Environmental Science does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with Mastering Environmental Science, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and Mastering Environmental Science, search for: 0134145933 / 9780134145938 Environment: The Science behind the Stories Plus Mastering Environmental Science with eText -- Access Card Package Package consists of: 0134204883 / 9780134204888 Environment: The Science behind the Stories 0134510194 / 9780134510194 Mastering Environmental Science with Pearson eText -- ValuePack Access Card -- for Environment: The Science behind the Stories Environment: The Science behind the Stories , 6th Edition is also available via Pearson eText, a simple-to-use, mobile, personalized reading experience that lets instructors connect with and motivate students -- right in their eTextbook. Learn more. |
| age structure diagram apes: The Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel, Ofer Bar-Yosef, 2008-09-30 The transition from hunting and gathering to farming – the Neolithic Revolution – was one of the most signi cant cultural processes in human history that forever changed the face of humanity. Natu an communities (15,100–12,000Cal BP) (all dates in this chapter are calibrated before present) planted the seeds of change, and the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) (ca. 12,000–ca. 8,350Cal BP) people, were the rst to establish farming communities. The revolution was not fully realized until quite late in the PPN and later in the Pottery Neolithic (PN) period. We would like to ask some questions and comment on a few aspects emphas- ing the linkage between biological and cultural developments during the Neolithic Revolution. The biological issues addressed in this chapter are as follows: × Is there a demographic change from the Natu an to the Neolithic? × Is there a change in the overall health of the Neolithic populations compared to the Natu an? × Is there a change in the diet and how is it expressed? × Is there a change in the physical burden/stress people had to bear with? × Is there a change in intra- and inter-community rates of violent encounters? From the cultural perspective the leading questions will be: × What was the change in the economy and when was it fully realized? × Is there a change in settlement patterns and site nature and organization from Natu an to Neolithic? × Is there a change in human activities and division of labor? |
| age structure diagram apes: Learning UML 2.0 Russ Miles, Kim Hamilton, 2006-04-25 With its clear introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML) 2.0, this tutorial offers a solid understanding of each topic, covering foundational concepts of object-orientation and an introduction to each of the UML diagram types. |
| age structure diagram apes: The Real Planet of the Apes David R. Begun, 2018-11-13 The astonishing new story of human origins Was Darwin wrong when he traced our origins to Africa? The Real Planet of the Apes makes the explosive claim that it was in Europe, not Africa, where apes evolved the most important hallmarks of our human lineage. In this compelling and accessible book, David Begun, one of the world’s leading paleoanthropologists, transports readers to an epoch in the remote past when the Earth was home to many migratory populations of ape species. Begun draws on the latest astonishing discoveries in the fossil record, as well as his own experiences conducting field expeditions, to offer a sweeping evolutionary history of great apes and humans. He tells the story of how one of the earliest members of our evolutionary group evolved from lemur-like monkeys in the primeval forests of Africa. Begun then vividly describes how, over the next ten million years, these hominoids expanded into Europe and Asia and evolved climbing and hanging adaptations, longer maturation times, and larger brains. As the climate deteriorated in Europe, these apes either died out or migrated south, reinvading the African continent and giving rise to the lineages of African great apes, and, ultimately, humans. Presenting startling new insights, The Real Planet of the Apes fundamentally alters our understanding of human origins. |
| age structure diagram apes: Princeton Review AP Environmental Science Prep, 2021 The Princeton Review, 2020-10-13 Make sure you’re studying with the most up-to-date prep materials! Look for the newest edition of this title, The Princeton Review AP Environmental Science Prep, 2022 (ISBN: 9780525570646, on-sale August 2021). Publisher's Note: Products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality or authenticity, and may not include access to online tests or materials included with the original product. |
| age structure diagram apes: Primate Behavior: Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes Irven DeVore, 1965 One result of nine-month 'Primate project' held at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California, during 1962-1963. Organized by Sherwood L. Washburn and David A. Hamburg, and supported by a grant (no. M-5502) from the National Institutes of Health. |
| age structure diagram apes: Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds Hidemi Ishida, Russell Tuttle, Martin Pickford, Naomichi Ogihara, Masato Nakatsukasa, 2006-10-12 Advances in fossil studies relating to the origin of Homo sapiens have strengthened the hypothesis that our direct ancestors originated on the African continent. Most researchers also agree that the time when prehumans diverged from the last common ancestor was in the early part of the Late Miocene epoch. Focus must now shift from determining the times and places of hominid origins to clarifying hominid evolutionary problems, such as the selective factors and acquisition processes of hominid bipedalism. In March of 2003, researchers from Africa, Europe, Japan and the United States convened in Kyoto for a symposium on Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds, an interdisciplinary effort to consider these evolutionary puzzles, to report current research and to exchange thoughts towards better understanding the relationship among environmental changes, adaptive mechanisms and human origins. This book is the result of that symposium, and includes a diverse and unique set of papers on topics such as hominid evolution, dispersal and morphology, and the origins of bipedalism. |
| age structure diagram apes: Sophie's World Jostein Gaarder, 2007-03-20 A page-turning novel that is also an exploration of the great philosophical concepts of Western thought, Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World has fired the imagination of readers all over the world, with more than twenty million copies in print. One day fourteen-year-old Sophie Amundsen comes home from school to find in her mailbox two notes, with one question on each: Who are you? and Where does the world come from? From that irresistible beginning, Sophie becomes obsessed with questions that take her far beyond what she knows of her Norwegian village. Through those letters, she enrolls in a kind of correspondence course, covering Socrates to Sartre, with a mysterious philosopher, while receiving letters addressed to another girl. Who is Hilde? And why does her mail keep turning up? To unravel this riddle, Sophie must use the philosophy she is learning—but the truth turns out to be far more complicated than she could have imagined. |
| age structure diagram apes: The Ancestor's Tale Richard Dawkins, 2004 A renowned biologist provides a sweeping chronicle of more than four billion years of life on Earth, shedding new light on evolutionary theory and history, sexual selection, speciation, extinction, and genetics. |
| age structure diagram apes: Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam, 2012 Edition Princeton Review, Jon Moore, 2011-09-06 Reviews topics covered on the test, offers tips on test-taking strategies, and includes two full-length practice tests with answers and explanations. |
| age structure diagram apes: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 1986-04 The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic Doomsday Clock stimulates solutions for a safer world. |
| age structure diagram apes: Biology Sylvia S. Mader, 2004 |
| age structure diagram apes: Population and Development Tim Dyson, 2013-07-04 The demographic transition and its related effects of population growth, fertility decline and ageing populations are fraught with controversy. When discussed in relation to the global south and the modern project of development, the questions and answers become more problematic. Population and Development offers an expert guide on the demographic transition, from its origins in Enlightenment Europe through to the rest of the world. Tim Dyson examines how, while the phenomenon continues to cause unsustainable population growth with serious economic and environmental implications, its processes have underlain previous periods of sustained economic growth, helped to liberate women from the domestic domain, and contributed greatly to the rise of modern democracy. This accessible yet scholarly analysis will enable any student or expert in development studies to understand complex and vital demographic theory. |
| age structure diagram apes: Techniques for the Study of Primate Population Ecology , 1981-01-01 |
| age structure diagram apes: The Population Bomb Paul R. Ehrlich, 1971 |
| age structure diagram apes: The Evolution of the Human Head Daniel Lieberman, 2011-01-03 Exhaustively researched and years in the making, this innovative book documents how the many components of the head function, how they evolved since we diverged from the apes, and how they interact in diverse ways both functionally and developmentally, causing them to be highly integrated. This integration not only permits the head's many units to accommodate each other as they grow and work, but also facilitates evolutionary change. Lieberman shows how, when, and why the major transformations evident in the evolution of the human head occurred. The special way the head is integrated, Lieberman argues, made it possible for a few developmental shifts to have had widespread effects on craniofacial growth, yet still permit the head to function exquisitely. -- |
| age structure diagram apes: Physical Anthropology Gabriel Ward Lasker, Robert N. Tyzzer, 1982 |
| age structure diagram apes: Evolving Human Nutrition Stanley J. Ulijaszek, Neil Mann, Sarah Elton, 2012-10-18 Exploration of changing human nutrition from evolutionary and social perspectives and its influence on health and disease, past and present. |
| age structure diagram apes: The Great Apes of Africa Roger Valentine Short, Barbara J. Weir, 1980 |
| age structure diagram apes: AP - Environmental Science - Teacher's Edition Tracey Greenwood, Lissa Bainbridge Smith, Kent Pryor, 2020-08-08 BIOZONE's new AP Environmental Science is a dedicated title to address the new APES CED. This title takes a global perspective, examining the very latest issues concerning the environment while still providing the foundation for students to understand and engage with the science involved. Current concerns in the global community, including wildfires, COVID-19, glacial retreat, and loss of biodiversity are examined, with the emphasis being on the interconnectedness of Earth's systems and the importance of ecosystem services. Using current case studies, student investigations, and data analysis.BIOZONE's AP Environmental Science emphasizes the application of knowledge to understanding the Earth's systems and identifying and analyzing environmental problems and their solutions. This easily navigated resource addresses the two essential components of the course framework: science practices and course content. Its interdisciplinary approach and highly visual format encourage students to engage fully with the principles, ideas, and methodologies required to understand the natural world.The Teacher's Edition is a version of the student book with additional features specifically designed to aid the teacher's implementation of the CED. These features include:-Suggested answers in place to all activities not requiring the student's own investigation-A preface chapter providing a guide to instructional strategies and use of the book's features, including use in a differentiated classroom-Tabulated guide to what environmental legislation is covered in the book and where-Strategies for student approaches to environmental solutions-Guide to the features of the Teacher's Digital Edition-Long answers to some research questions and group work at the back of the book |
| age structure diagram apes: Explorations Beth Alison Schultz Shook, Katie Nelson, 2023 |
| age structure diagram apes: Biological Extinction Partha Dasgupta, Peter Raven, Anna McIvor, 2019-09-05 Questions why species are becoming extinct, and how we can protect the natural world on which we all depend. |
| age structure diagram apes: Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance Mihail C. Roco, William Sims Bainbridge, 2013-04-17 M. C. Roco and W.S. Bainbridge In the early decades of the 21st century, concentrated efforts can unify science based on the unity of nature, thereby advancing the combination of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and new technologies based in cognitive science. With proper attention to ethical issues and societal needs, converging in human abilities, societal technologies could achieve a tremendous improvement outcomes, the nation's productivity, and the quality of life. This is a broad, cross cutting, emerging and timely opportunity of interest to individuals, society and humanity in the long term. The phrase convergent technologies refers to the synergistic combination of four major NBIC (nano-bio-info-cogno) provinces of science and technology, each of which is currently progressing at a rapid rate: (a) nanoscience and nanotechnology; (b) biotechnology and biomedicine, including genetic engineering; (c) information technology, including advanced computing and communications; (d) cognitive science, including cognitive neuroscience. Timely and Broad Opportunity. Convergence of diverse technologies is based on material unity at the nanoscale and on technology integration from that scale. |
| age structure diagram apes: Environmental Science for AP® Andrew Friedland, Rick Relyea, 2015-01-30 Written specifically for the AP® Environmental Science course, Friedland and Relyea Environmental Science for AP®Second Edition, is designed to help you realize success on the AP® Environmental Science Exam and in your course by providing the built-in support you want and need. In the new edition, each chapter is broken into short, manageable modules to help students learn at an ideal pace. Do the Math boxes review quantitative skills and offer you a chance to practice the math you need to know to succeed. Module AP® Review questions, Unit AP® Practice Exams, and a full length cumulative AP® Practice test offer unparalleled, integrated support to prepare you for the real AP® Environmental Science exam in May. |
| age structure diagram apes: Encyclopaedia Britannica Hugh Chisholm, 1910 This eleventh edition was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time and it is considered to be a landmark encyclopaedia for scholarship and literary style. |
| age structure diagram apes: The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts James P. Allen, 2007-08-30 The Pyramid Texts are the oldest body of extant literature from ancient Egypt. First carved on the walls of the burial chambers in the pyramids of kings and queens of the Old Kingdom, they provide the earliest comprehensive view of the way in which the ancient Egyptians understood the structure of the universe, the role of the gods, and the fate of human beings after death. Their importance lies in their antiquity and in their endurance throughout the entire intellectual history of ancient Egypt. This volume contains the complete translation of the Pyramid Texts, including new texts recently discovered and published. It incorporates full restorations and readings indicated by post-Old Kingdom copies of the texts and is the first translation that presents the texts in the order in which they were meant to be read in each of the original sources. |
| age structure diagram apes: Population Regulation Robert H. Tamarin, 1978 |
| age structure diagram apes: Popular Science Library , 1922 |
| age structure diagram apes: Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Connectomics of the Brain Henry Kennedy, David C. Van Essen, Yves Christen, 2016-03-10 This book has brought together leading investigators who work in the new arena of brain connectomics. This includes ‘macro-connectome’ efforts to comprehensively chart long-distance pathways and functional networks; ‘micro-connectome’ efforts to identify every neuron, axon, dendrite, synapse, and glial process within restricted brain regions; and ‘meso-connectome’ efforts to systematically map both local and long-distance connections using anatomical tracers. This book highlights cutting-edge methods that can accelerate progress in elucidating static ‘hard-wired’ circuits of the brain as well as dynamic interactions that are vital for brain function. The power of connectomic approaches in characterizing abnormal circuits in the many brain disorders that afflict humankind is considered. Experts in computational neuroscience and network theory provide perspectives needed for synthesizing across different scales in space and time. Altogether, this book provides an integrated view of the challenges and opportunities in deciphering brain circuits in health and disease. |
| age structure diagram apes: An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy Leslie Aiello, Christopher Dean, 1990-09-11 An anthropologist and an anatomist have combined their skills in this book to provide students and research workers with the essentials of anatomy and the means to apply these to investigations into hominid form and function. Using basic principles and relevant bones, conclusions can be reached regarding the probable musculature, stance, brain size, age, weight, and sex of a particular fossil specimen. The sort of deductions which are possible are illustrated by reference back to contemporary apes and humans, and a coherent picture of the history of hominid evolution appears. Written in a clear and concise style and beautifully illustrated, An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy is a basic reference for all concerned with human evolution as well as a valuable companion to both laboratory practical sessions and new research using fossil skeletons. |
| age structure diagram apes: Patterns of Human Growth Barry Bogin, 1999-05-06 A revised edition of an established text on human growth and development from an anthropological and evolutionary perspective. |
| age structure diagram apes: The Neglected Ape Biruté M.F. Galdikas, R.D. Nadler, N. Rosen, Lori K. Sheeran, 1996-02-29 The orangutan is the most highly endangered species of great ape. Orangutans are threatened by deforestation, poaching, the illegal pet trade, and the isolation and fragmen tation of dwindling wild populations. Their conservation is impeded by certain aspects of their ecology (e. g. , a rain forest habitat) and certain features of their life history (e. g. , an eight-to twelve-year interbirth interval). Added to the U. S. Endangered Species List in 1970, the orangutan is now clearly on the road to extinction. The number of wild orangutans in Borneo and Sumatra is currently estimated to have decreased to between 12,300 and 20,571 individuals. Only 2% of original orangutan habitat is protected and some of these areas are now being destroyed. Clearly, attention to ecology, demography, censusing, rehabilitation, and conservation is essential if the orangutan is to survive in the wild beyond the next century. The protection of orangutans is a complex, multifaceted problem, involving such pressing issues as human poverty, overpopulation, and the economic development of Southeast Asia. Although the orangutan has been placed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), more orangutans were sold illegally in Taiwan between 1990 and 1993 than are housed in all the world's zoos. In the past, scientific and public attention has centered on the African apes. For this reason, the sole Asian great ape, the orangutan, has been called the neglected ape. |
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This free age calculator computes age in terms of years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, and seconds, given a date of birth.
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Age Calculator is a free online tool to calculate the age or time difference between two dates. The calculated age will be displayed in years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, and also in …
Age Calculator (How old am I?)
This free online age calculator, a.k.a. Pearson age calculator, makes it as easy as possible to calculate the age of a person, movable property, real estate, institution, or a company. All you …
How Old Am I? Exact Age Calculator
Aug 9, 2019 · After entering your birth day click on the submit button & it will automatically calculate your exact age today in years, days, hours & minutes. If you wanted to know how old …
Online Age Calculator - Find chronological age from date of birth
This is a free online tool by EverydayCalculation.com to calculate chronological age from date of birth. The calculator can tell you your age on any specified date in years, months, weeks and …
Age Calculator: Find Your Age from Date of Birth
Calculate your age accurately by a set date with our easy-to-use age calculator tool. Answer the question, how many days old am I instantly! Try it now.
How Old Am I? | Best Age Calculator to Find Your Age Now
Find Your Exact Age Now with Our Age Calculator. Have you ever wondered, "How old am I today?" or "What year was I born?" Our age calculator helps you find your exact age now, …
Age Calculator
May 14, 2025 · The age calculator finds age in years, months, days and minutes given a date of birth. Calculate age, time between DOB and any date, or someone's age at death.
Age Calculator | How old am I? | Calculate age from date of birth
The best age calculator apps for determining your age. The ultimate birthday calculator: How old are you in months, weeks, days, minutes? Did you ever want to know how old you will be if …
Age Calculator (How Old Am I?)
Simply use the ' Age at Date ' option in our calculator and enter a date in either the past or future. Our calculation tool will then calculate based upon that date. Your age can be calculated by …
