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| consistent application of the law: The Consistent Application of EU Competition Law Adriana Almășan, Peter Whelan, 2017-01-04 In recent years, there has been a decentralisation of the enforcement of the EU competition law provisions, Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Consequently, the national application of these provisions has become increasingly more common across the European Union. This national application poses various challenges for those concerned about the consistent application of EU competition law. This edited collection provides an in-depth analysis of the most important limitations of, and the challenges concerning, the applicability of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU at national level. Divided into five parts, the book starts out by examining how the consistent enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU operates as a general EU competition policy. It then discusses several recent landmark cases of the European Court of Justice on Articles 101 and 102 TFEU, before proceeding to analyse certain additional, unique jurisdictional challenges to the uniform application of the EU competition law provisions. Subsequently, it focuses on one of the most important instruments that can help to achieve the uniform application of EU competition law in cases handled by the national courts: preliminary rulings. Finally, it provides selective examples of how Articles 101 and 102 TFEU are effectively applied at national level, thereby providing additional input into how problematic the issue of consistent application of EU competition law is in practice. |
| consistent application of the law: Model Rules of Professional Conduct American Bar Association. House of Delegates, Center for Professional Responsibility (American Bar Association), 2007 The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts. |
| consistent application of the law: United States Attorneys' Manual United States. Department of Justice, 1985 |
| consistent application of the law: ABA Standards for Criminal Justice American Bar Association, 1999-01-01 Project of the American Bar Association, Criminal Justice Standards Committee, Criminal Justice Section--T.p. verso. |
| consistent application of the law: Judicial Review in an Objective Legal System Tara Smith, 2015-07-30 This book grounds judicial review in its deepest foundations: the function, authority, and objectivity of a legal system as a whole. |
| consistent application of the law: Legislative Approximation and Application of EU Law in the Eastern Neighbourhood of the European Union Roman Petrov, Peter Van Elsuwege, 2014-02-24 This book explores the exportation and application of European Union legislation beyond EU borders. It clarifies the means and instruments of the voluntary application of the EU’s norms by third countries and analyses in detail the process of legislative approximation between the EU and its East European neighbours. It also assesses the extent to which the EU is successful in promoting its legal standards abroad. The first part of the book addresses the EU’s mechanisms and instruments promoting the export of its own laws and practices to other countries. Key issues include the post-Lisbon constitutional basis for the EU’s engagement with its Eastern neighbours (Art. 8 TEU); the different methods of acquis export and the impact of a new generation of Association Agreements providing for the establishment of Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas (DCFTAs) and, ultimately, a Neighbourhood Economic Community (NEC) between the EU and its Eastern partners. The second part of the book includes substantive country reports that analyse the process of legislative approximation and application of EU law in the Eastern Partnership countries and Russia, authored by leading academics from the countries concerned. While currently these countries are not working towards full EU membership, the EU encourages them to approximate and converge their legislation with the EU acquis. The book also offers a unique picture of current practice of the application of EU law by judiciaries in the countries of the Eastern Partnership and Russia. The book concludes with reflections on the multi-faceted character of legislative approximation and the challenges surrounding the application of EU law in the EU’s Eastern neighbourhood. The conclusions reached are highly informative as to the effectiveness of present and future EU external regional policies aimed at the promotion of EU common values and EU legislation into the legal orders of third countries. |
| consistent application of the law: The Rule of Law in International and Comparative Context Robert McCorquodale, 2010 Includes bibliographical references and index. |
| consistent application of the law: Law in Perspective Michael Head, Scott Mann, 2005 Encourages critical, responsible and creative thinking about law as a system of ideas and as a social institution. It explores the relationships between law, logic and science, examines the socio-economic role of law and asks what role the legal system plays in alleviating or exacerbating contemporary social problems, such as crime and punishment, terrorism, refugees and tort law reform. |
| consistent application of the law: Juristic Concept of the Validity of Statutory Law Andrzej Grabowski, 2013-06-24 This book presents the theory of the validity of legal norms, aimed at the practice of law, in particular the jurisdiction of the constitutional courts. The postpositivist concept of the validity of statutory law, grounded on a critical analysis of the basic theories of legal validity elaborated up to now, is introduced. In the first part of the book a contemporary German nonpositivist conception of law developed by Ralf Dreier and Robert Alexy is analysed in order to answer the question whether the juristic concept of legal validity should include moral standards or criteria. In the second part, a postpositivist concept of legal validity and an innovative model of validity discourse, based on the juristic presumption of the validity of legal norms, are proposed. The book is a work on analytical legal theory, written from a postpositivist, detached point of view. |
| consistent application of the law: The Conceptual Structure of EU Competition Law Csongor I. Nagy, 2024-10-03 This is an Open Access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 License. It is free to read, download and share on Elgaronline, thanks to generous funding support from the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary and the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund. The Conceptual Structure of EU Competition Law provides a systematic overview of the key theoretical issues of restrictive agreements, by means of doctrinal analysis and comparative law. Engaging in both positivist and evaluative approaches, Csongor Istvan Nagy conceptualizes case-law in practical terms, outlining its paradigmatic changes and apparent contradictions. |
| consistent application of the law: The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization Peter Van den Bossche, Werner Zdouc, 2017-07-27 This fully updated edition of Van den Bossche and Zdouc's market-leading textbook is required reading for World Trade Organization law students and practitioners. |
| consistent application of the law: Criminal Investigation on the Street G.W. Hildebrand, 2021-10-28 Criminal Investigation on the Street presents investigative principles and techniques—and applies them to solving real-world crimes—in an engaging, student-friendly style centered on the Investigative Triangle: legal aspects, evidence, and behavioral analysis. Students and instructors alike will benefit from this book’s comprehensive coverage and accessible writing style. Along with the Investigative Triangle model, which provides a solid framework for approaching investigations, students will also learn about Criminal Investigative Analysis, a range of behavior-based services and strategies to help solve crimes. Chapters 1–7 (Section I) present the principles and techniques of criminal investigation—history and theory, legal background, forensics, crime scene, witnesses and informants, interviews and interrogations—including a chapter on crime analysis and Criminal Investigative Analysis. Chapters 8–13 (Section II) apply these principles and techniques to specific types of crime, beginning with assault and death investigations and a separate chapter on culpable homicide. Section II also covers sex crimes; theft, burglary, robbery, and arson; enterprise and white-collar crime, and terrorism. The book is illustrated throughout with a variety of Exhibits: photographs and drawings, flowcharts, facsimiles of police documents, and other instructive visuals. Each chapter begins with an engaging vignette, some based on high-profile news articles and others drawn from the author’s extensive experience. Interactive features—Case Focus, You Call It, and You Write It—occur at strategic points in every chapter, challenging students to answer questions and apply concepts to actual cases and fictional scenarios. Each chapter ends with a return to the Investigative Triangle, assessing how it applies to the chapter’s main topics. Chapters 1–7 (Section I) each include a list of Important Cases (court decisions relevant to the chapter’s key concepts). At the end of every chapter (Sections I and II), the Investigate Further feature provides an annotated list of readings, films, and other resources appropriate for class projects, term papers, and special assignments. Each chapter concludes with review questions and a chapter summary. This book is geared to students in the Criminal Investigation course at both two- and four-year institutions, and will appeal to those aspiring to a career in any field related to criminal investigation. |
| consistent application of the law: European Union International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department, 2013-12-03 This paper discusses the main findings of the Detailed Assessment of Observance of the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems–International Organization of Securities Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures (FMIs) for the European Union. Euroclear Bank’s risk framework is generally sound. Euroclear Bank should become operationally ready to fully implement plans for recovery and the orderly winding-down of operations. In anticipation of the emerging international regulatory standards and frameworks on recovery and resolution of FMIs, Euroclear Bank has developed recovery plans and plans for the orderly winding down of its operations. Important risk measures have been taken to reduce credit risk, but further improvements are needed to comply with the international standards. |
| consistent application of the law: The Frontiers of Public Law Jason NE Varuhas, Shona Wilson Stark, 2020-01-09 This major collection contains selected papers from the third Public Law Conference, an international conference hosted by the University of Melbourne in July 2018. The collection includes contributions by leading academics and senior judges from across the common law world, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. The collection explores the frontiers of public law, examining cutting-edge issues at the intersection of public law and other fields. The collection addresses four principal frontiers: public law and international law; public law and indigenous peoples; public law and other domestic fields, specifically criminal law and private law; and public law and public administration. In common with the two books from the previous Public Law Conferences, this collection offers authoritative insights into the most important issues emerging in public law, and is essential reading for those working in the field. |
| consistent application of the law: The Trial on Trial: Volume 2 R A Duff, Lindsay Farmer, Sandra Marshall, Victor Tadros, 2006-04-05 What are the aims of a criminal trial? What social functions should it perform? And how is the trial as a political institution linked to other institutions in a democratic polity? What follows if we understand a criminal trial as calling a defendant to answer to a charge of criminal wrongdoing and, if he is judged to be responsible for such wrongdoing, to account for his conduct? A normative theory of the trial, an account of what trials ought to be and of what ends they should serve, must take these central aspects of the trial seriously; but they raise a number of difficult questions. They suggest that the trial should be seen as a communicative process: but what kinds of communication should it involve? What kind of political theory does a communicative conception of the trial require? Can trials ever actually amount to more than the imposition of state power on the defendant? What political role might trials play in conflicts that must deal not simply with issues of individual responsibility but with broader collective wrongs, including wrongs perpetrated by, or in the name of, the state? These are the issues addressed by the essays in this volume. The third volume in this series, in which the four editors of this volume develop their own normative account, will be published in 2007. |
| consistent application of the law: Jurisdictional Competition Nikolaos Lavranos, 2009 Jurisdictional competition is a relatively new, but increasingly important, phenomenon in European and international law. The ongoing proliferation of various international courts and tribunals results in a multiplication of judgments and arbitral awards, which potentially conflict with each other. Moreover, the ever expanding exclusive jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice into international law issues further exacerbates and complicates the problem by mixing European law principles into international law. The selected cases examined in this book, which cover different areas of international and European law, illustrate the methods applied by various international courts and tribunals to deal with overlapping jurisdictions. Since any formal hierarchy or coordination between the various international courts and tribunals is lacking, it is argued that only soft law methods, such as the application of comity, in particular the Solange-method, appears to be a useful tool to deal with the negative effects associated with jurisdictional competition. |
| consistent application of the law: The EU Law Enforcement Directive (LED) , 2024-01-05 The Law Enforcement Directive 2016/680 (LED) is the first legal instrument in the EU which comprehensively regulates the use of personal data by law enforcement authorities, creating a minimum standard of privacy protection across the EU. Together with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), it stands at the heart of the legal reform of the EU's data protection law. Although it was adopted at the same time as the GDPR, the LED has not received the same scholarly attention, despite its significant impact and controversial implementation in Member States. The EU Law Enforcement Directive (LED): A Commentary addresses this by providing an article-by-article commentary on the Directive. Drawing on the expertise of leading scholars, regulators, and practitioners in the EU data protection field, it offers a detailed analysis of its legal provisions, drawing on relevant case law and scholarship to illuminate the key aspects and intricacies of each provision. It analyses national transpositions of the LED while taking into account the GDPR and the regulations on the processing of personal data by EU institutions, bodies, offices and agencies. For further context, it includes introductory chapters on the background and evolution of the Directive, the Council of Europe, and the impact of Brexit on the LED. This comprehensive volume is an excellent resource for anyone seeking authoritative guidance on the application and interpretation of LED provisions, especially judges, legal practitioners, prosecutors, competent authorities, and academics. |
| consistent application of the law: Investment Protection Standards and the Rule of Law August Reinisch, Professor of International and European Law August Reinisch, Professor of International and Economic Law and Governance Stephan W Schill, Stephan W. Schill, 2023-02-03 This thoughtfully edited volume brings together leading scholars in the field to explore the relationship between the substantive standards of treatment contained in international investment agreements and the rule of law, which is developing into one of the key principles which both supporters and critics use to evaluate the investment treaty regime. Investment Protection Standards and the Rule of Law explores two perspectives. Firstly, it examines to what extent the substantive standards of treatment can be understood as expressions of the rule of law. Secondly, it addresses the rule-of-law problems, or rule-of-law lacunae, that exist in, or are created by, the application of these standards. The subject matter is advanced by combining doctrinal analysis of the core substantive treatment standards, as well as normative assessment of those standards from the perspective of the rule of law. This book also offers a critical discussion of the potential the rule of law has as a guidepost for structuring international investment relations, as well as its blind spots. |
| consistent application of the law: The Enforcement of EU Law and Values András Jakab, Dimitry Kochenov, 2017 Examining the growing issue of EU Member States' defiance in the face of EU law, this volume outlines the development and history of this crisis, and offers a theoretical and comparative analysis of the difficulties the EU is facing in their attempts to enforce Member State to comply with European integration, suggesting solutions for the future. |
| consistent application of the law: Treatises on Solvency II Meinrad Dreher, 2015-03-16 The European system of insurance supervision under Solvency II constitutes a parallel to supervision of credit institutions under Basel III. At the heart of this new European insurance supervisory regime are the Solvency II Directive, the attendant regulation, and the EIOPA Regulation. The present volume, Treatises on Solvency II, includes articles on the bases of European insurance supervision and the associated three pillars of solvency, governance, and disclosure, all viewed predominantly from a legal standpoint. |
| consistent application of the law: Handbook on European Competition Law Ioannis Lianos, Damien Geradin, 2013-10-31 This Handbook will be an indispensable reference work for practitioners and scholars, as well as for those in an enforcement environment. |
| consistent application of the law: A Theory of Legitimate Expectations for Public Administration Alexander Brown, 2017 Should governmental administrative agencies be liable to pay compensation to agents who suffer losses as a result of a policy U-turn? Drawing on insights from political and legal theory, Alexander Brown argues that agencies should be held liable for losses they directly cause by creating and then frustrating legitimate expectations. |
| consistent application of the law: Experimentalist Competition Law and the Regulation of Markets Yane Svetiev, 2020-11-26 This book charts the emergence of experimentalist governance in the implementation of EU competition law as a response to uncertainty and the limits of hierarchical enforcement in an increasingly dynamic and heterogeneous economic environment. It contributes to ongoing debates about the current state of EU competition law and provides an innovative account of emergent enforcement trends and its future direction. It also argues that an experimentalist evolution of competition law and market regulation attenuates concerns about the competitive strictures of EU law on national economic and regulatory institutions. Through its focus on experimentalist governance, the book provides guidance on completing experimentalist infrastructures for market regulation, as well as on the role of courts in triggering and sustaining experimentalist solutions. As such, it offers a novel perspective on implementing competition law in the EU and beyond. |
| consistent application of the law: Competitiveness and Private Sector Development Western Balkans Competitiveness Outlook 2024: North Macedonia OECD, 2024-06-26 Inclusive and sustainable economic growth in the six Western Balkan (WB6) economies depends on greater economic competitiveness. Although the gap is closing gradually, the standards of living in WB6 are well below those of the OECD and EU. Accelerating the rate of socio-economic convergence will require a holistic and growth oriented approach to policy making. This is the fourth study of the region (formerly under the title 'Competitiveness in South East Europe') and it comprehensively assesses policy reforms in the WB6 economies across 15 policy areas key to strengthening their competitiveness. It enables WB6 economies to compare economic performance against regional peers, as well as EU-OECD good practices and standards, and to design future policies based on rich evidence and actionable policy recommendations. The regional profile presents assessment findings across five policy clusters crucial to accelerating socio-economic convergence of the WB6 by fostering regional co-operation: business environment, skills, infrastructure and connectivity, digital transformation and greening. Economy-specific profiles complement the regional assessment, offering each WB6 economy an in-depth analysis of their policies supporting competitiveness. They also track the implementation of the previous 2021 study's recommendations and provide additional ones tailored to the economies’ evolving challenges. These recommendations aim to inform structural economic reforms and facilitate the region’s socio-economic convergence towards the standards of the EU and OECD. |
| consistent application of the law: Environmental Law and the Ecosystem Approach Froukje Maria Platjouw, 2016-05-05 The ecosystem approach embodies a concept of the environment which emphasizes the integrated components of nature as complex adaptive systems. This book examines the relationship between the architecture and design of environmental law and the implementation of the ecosystem approach as a means to maintain ecological integrity. The main issue addressed is: in which manner and to what extent does fragmentation and administrative discretion in environmental law impede the implementation of an ecosystem approach? This is explored through analysis of several questions: what is an ecosystem approach and how could it be implemented; how can economic evaluation of ecosystem services contribute to the debate; to what extent is environmental law fragmented and how does this affect the implementation of the ecosystem approach; to what extent does environmental law contain administrative discretion and how does this affect the implementation of the ecosystem approach; is there a need for greater consistency, coherence and a stronger rule of law in environmental law in light of the ecosystem approach? The main focus is on Europe, with additional international comparisons where appropriate. The book concludes by providing a normative portrayal of future environmental law as protective, systemic and predictable. |
| consistent application of the law: The Legal Reasoning of the Court of Justice of the EU Gunnar Beck, 2013-01-21 The Court of Justice of the European Union has often been characterised both as a motor of integration and a judicial law-maker. To what extent is this a fair description of the Court's jurisprudence over more than half a century? The book is divided into two parts. Part one develops a new heuristic theory of legal reasoning which argues that legal uncertainty is a pervasive and inescapable feature of primary legal material and judicial reasoning alike, which has its origin in a combination of linguistic vagueness, value pluralism and rule instability associated with precedent. Part two examines the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the EU against this theoretical framework. The author demonstrates that the ECJ's interpretative reasoning is best understood in terms of a tripartite approach whereby the Court justifies its decisions in terms of the cumulative weight of purposive, systemic and literal arguments. That approach is more in line with orthodox legal reasoning in other legal systems than is commonly acknowledged and differs from the approach of other higher, especially constitutional courts, more in degree than in kind. It nevertheless leaves the Court considerable discretion in determining the relative weight and ranking of the various interpretative criteria from one case to another. The Court's exercise of its discretion is best understood in terms of the constraints imposed by the accepted justificatory discourse and certain extra-legal steadying factors of legal reasoning, which include a range of political factors such as sensitivity to Member States' interests, political fashion and deference to the 'EU legislator'. In conclusion, the Court of Justice of the EU has used the flexibility inherent in its interpretative approach and the choice it usually enjoys in determining the relative weight and order of the interpretative criteria at its disposal, to resolve legal uncertainty in the EU primary legal materials in a broadly communautaire fashion subject, however, to i) regard to the political, constitutional and budgetary sensitivities of Member States, ii) depending on the constraints and extent of interpretative manoeuvre afforded by the degree of linguistic vagueness of the provisions in question, the relative status of and degree of potential conflict between the applicable norms, and the range and clarity of the interpretative topoi available to resolve first-order legal uncertainty, and, finally, iii) bearing in mind the largely unpredictable personal element in all adjudication. Only in exceptional cases which the Court perceives to go to the heart of the integration process and threaten its acquis communautaire, is the Court of Justice likely not to feel constrained by either the wording of the norms in issue or by the ordinary conventions of interpretative argumentation, and to adopt a strongly communautaire position, if need be in disregard of what the written laws says but subject to the proviso that the Court is assured of the express or tacit approval or acquiescence of national governments and courts. |
| consistent application of the law: A Guide to Global Private International Law Paul Beaumont, Jayne Holliday, 2022-05-05 This book provides a substantial overview of the discipline of private international law viewed from a global perspective. The guide is divided into 4 key sections. Theory Institutional and Conceptual Framework Issues Civil and Commercial Law (apart from Family Law) Family Law Each chapter is written by a leading expert(s). The chapters address specific areas/aspects of private international law and consider the existing global solutions and the possibilities of improving/creating them. Where appropriate, the chapters are co-authored by experts from different legal perspectives in order to achieve as balanced a picture as possible. The range of contributions includes authors from Europe, North America, Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. An essential resource for academics, practitioners and students alike. |
| consistent application of the law: Transforming World Trade and Investment Law for Sustainable Development Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, 2022 Transforming World Trade and Investment Law for Sustainable Development explains why the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Agenda for Transforming our World--aimed at realizing universal human rights and the17 agreed sustainable development goals (SDGs)--requires transforming the UN and WTO legal systems, as well as international investment law and adjudication. UN and WTO law protect regulatory competition between diverse neo-liberal, state-capitalist, European ordo-liberal, and developing countries' conceptions of multilevel trade and investment regulation. However, geopolitical rivalries and trade wars increasingly undermine transnational rule of law and effective regulation of market failures, governance, and constitutional failures. Protecting the WTO legal and dispute settlement system remains essential for SDGs such as climate change mitigation measures and access to medical supplies and vaccines in global health pandemics. Investment law and adjudication must better reconcile governmental duties to protect human rights and decarbonize economies with the property rights of foreign investors. The constitutional, human rights, and environmental litigation in Europe enhances the legal accountability of democratic governments for protecting sustainable development. However, European economic constitutionalism has been rejected by neoliberalism, China's authoritarian state-capitalism, and many developing countries' governments. The more that regional economic orders (like the China-led Belt and Road networks) reveal heterogeneity and power politics block UN and WTO reforms, the more the US-led neoliberal world order risks disintegrating. UN and WTO law must promote private-public network governance and civil society participation in order to stabilize and de-politicize multilevel governance that protects SDGs and global public goods. |
| consistent application of the law: Judicial Review in the European Banking Union Chiara Zilioli, 2021-02-26 This is the first book to offer a profound, practical analysis of the framework for the judicial and pre-judicial protection of rights under the supranational banking supervision and resolution powers in the European Banking Union (EBU). It is also unique in its in-depth commentary on the developing case law from the European Court of Justice in this new field of EU litigation. |
| consistent application of the law: Eurolegalism R. Daniel Kelemen, 2011-04 Despite western Europe's traditional disdain for the United States' adversarial legalism, the European Union is shifting toward a very similar approach to the law, according to Daniel Kelemen. Coining the term eurolegalism to describe the hybrid that is now developing in Europe, he shows how the political and organizational realities of the EU make this shift inevitable. The model of regulatory law that had long predominated in western Europe was more informal and cooperative than its American counterpart. It relied less on lawyers, courts, and private enforcement, and more on opaque networks of bureaucrats and other interests that developed and implemented regulatory policies in concert. European regulators chose flexible, informal means of achieving their objectives, and counted on the courts to challenge their decisions only rarely. Regulation through litigation-central to the U.S. model-was largely absent in Europe. But that changed with the advent of the European Union. Kelemen argues that the EU's fragmented institutional structure and the priority it has put on market integration have generated political incentives and functional pressures that have moved EU policymakers to enact detailed, transparent, judicially enforceable rules-often framed as rights-and back them with public enforcement litigation as well as enhanced opportunities for private litigation by individuals, interest groups, and firms. |
| consistent application of the law: Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms in International Law Tomer Broude, Yuval Shany, 2011-03-21 Recent decades have witnessed an impressive process of normative development in international law. Numerous new treaties have been concluded, at global and regional levels, establishing far-reaching international legal and regulatory regimes in important areas such as human rights, international trade, environmental protection, criminal law, intellectual property, and more. New political and judicial institutions have been established to develop, apply and adjudicate these rules. This trend has been accompanied by the growing consolidation of treaty norms into international custom, and increased references to international law in domestic settings. As a result of these developments, international relations have now reached an unprecedented level of normative density and intensity, but they have also given rise to the phenomenon of 'fragmentation'. The debate over the fragmentation of international law has largely focused on conflicts: conflicts of norms and conflicts of authority. However, the same developments that have given rise to greater conflict and contradiction in international law, have also produced a growing amount of normative equivalence between rules in different fields of international law. New treaty rules often echo existing international customary norms. Regional arrangements reinforce undertakings that already exist at the global level; and common concerns and solutions appear in many international legal fields. This book focuses on such instances of normative parallelism, developing the concept of 'multisourced equivalent norms' in international law, with contributions by leading international law experts exploring the legal and political implications of the concept in a variety of contexts that span the full spectrum of international legal norms and institutions. By concentrating on situations governed by a multitude of similar norms, the book emphasizes the importance of legal contexts and institutional settings to international law-interpretation and application. |
| consistent application of the law: A Manual of Elementary Law William Pinckney Fishback, Arnold Bennett Hall, 1915 |
| consistent application of the law: Crown Jewel Mine Decision United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Forests and Public Land Management, 2000 |
| consistent application of the law: Philosopher Kings? George C. Christie, 2011 'Philosopher Kings' examines the attempts by courts to sort out conflicts involving freedom of expression, including religious expression on the one hand and rights to privacy and other important social values on the other. |
| consistent application of the law: For Love of Animals Charles Camosy, 2013-10-25 For Love of Animals is an honest and thoughtful look at our responsibility as Christians with respect to animals. Many Christians misunderstand both history and their own tradition in thinking about animals. They are joined by prominent secular thinkers who blame Christianity for the Western world's failure to seriously consider the moral status of nonhuman animals. This book explains how traditional Christian ideas and principles—like nonviolence, concern for the vulnerable, respect for life, stewardship of God's creation, and rejection of consumerism—require us to treat animals morally. Though this point of view is often thought of as liberal, the book cites several conservatives who are also concerned about animals. Camosy's Christian argument transcends secular politics. The book's starting point for a Christian position on animals—from the creation story in Genesis to Jesus's eating habits in the Gospels—rests in Scripture. It then moves to explore the views of the Church Fathers, the teachings of the Catholic Church, and current discussions in both Catholic and Protestant theology. Ultimately, however, the book is concerned not with abstract ideas, but with how we should live our everyday lives. Should Christians eat meat? Is cooperation with factory farming evil? What sort of medical research on animals is justified? Camosy also asks difficult questions about hunting and pet ownership. This is an ideal resource for those who are interested in thinking about animals from the perspective of Christian ethics and the consistent ethic of life. Discussion questions at the end of each chapter and suggestions for further reading round out the usefulness of this important work. |
| consistent application of the law: Developments in Information and Knowledge Management Systems for Business Applications Natalia Kryvinska, Michal Greguš, Solomiia Fedushko, 2023-03-18 This book presents a combination of chapters assembled in different fields of expertise. The book examines different aspects of business knowledge from a philosophical and practical standpoint. This data helps modern organizations by providing valuable insights and suggestions for future research and results. The increasing number of business disciplines studied necessitates implementing effective analytics practices within organizations. This book explores disciplinary and multidisciplinary concepts and practical techniques to help analyze the evolving field. |
| consistent application of the law: International Law and the Role of Domestic Legal Systems Benedetto Conforti, 2023-12-04 This book is an updated version of the General Course on public international law given by the author in French at the Hague Academy of International Law in 1988. It provides an outline of the Law of Nations in a perspective that focuses on its application and development through domestic courts and other `legal actors'. It is based on the idea that international law is no longer the exclusive province of diplomats but must evolve under the guidance of all State organs charged with applying the law. |
| consistent application of the law: From the Bottom Up Kent Greenawalt, 2016-05-02 Kent Greenawalt's From the Bottom Up constitutes a collection of articles and essays written over the last five decades of his career. They cover a wide range of topics, many of which address ties between political and moral philosophy and what the law does and should provide. A broad general theme is that in all these domains, what really is the wisest approach to difficult circumstances often depends on the particular issues involved and their context. Both judges and scholars too often rely on abstract general formulations to provide answers. A notable example in political philosophy was the suggestion of the great and careful scholar, John Rawls, that laws should be based exclusively on public reason. The essays explain that given uncertainty of what people perceive as the line between public reason and their religion convictions, the inability of public reason to resolve some difficulty questions, such as what we owe to higher animals, and the feeling of many that their religious understanding should count, urging exclusive reliance on public reason is not a viable approach. Other essays show similar problems with asserted bases for legal interpretations and the content of provisions such as the First Amendment. |
| consistent application of the law: EU Foreign Investment Law Angelos Dimopoulos, 2011-12-08 The regulation of foreign investment represents one of the most topical and controversial subjects in European Union law and international investment law. EU foreign investment law is emerging as a critically important issue, particularly since the introduction of EU competence over foreign direct investment after the Lisbon Treaty and the recent successful challenge of the compatibility of Member States Bilateral Investment Treaties with EU law. Within this framework, the book sets out to identify whether and to what extent the EU has become an international actor in the field of foreign investment. Exploring the existing legal framework on the scope and exercise of EU competence and its legal effects, it examines the foundations upon which EU investment policy is based and will be based in the future. The book addresses questions relating to the definition of foreign investment; the scope of EU competences; the exercise of EU powers; the substantive content of existing and future EU International Investment Agreements; and the objectives of EU investment policy and its EU law effects. From this grounding, the study widens to scrutinize the influence that the EU exerts on international law and regulation of foreign investment. Paying careful attention to the substantive content and orientation of EU International Investment Agreements, the book takes a comparative approach to the content of Bilateral Investment Treaties, as well as to the ramifications of EU foreign investment regulation for international law, especially with regard to the EU's international responsibility. Taking into account the recent developments in the field, this book provides the first comprehensive treatment of the legal, practical, and political concerns that the creation of an EU common investment policy creates. |
| consistent application of the law: Dispute Settlement Reports 2005 World Trade Organization, 2007-08-30 The authorized, paginated WTO Dispute Settlement Reports in English: cases for 2005. |
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Jun 2, 2025 · Over the past year, the index has decreased by 7.7 per cent in SDR terms, led by lower iron ore and coking coal prices. The index has decreased by 2.9 per cent in Australian …
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4 days ago · From ecb.europa.eu. I am grateful for the invitation to contribute to the Government Borrowers Forum. I will use my time to cover three topics.[ 1 ] First, I will briefly discuss last …
I will code your EAs and Indicators for no charge
May 27, 2025 · You will see that the MACD doesn't return the same values for every Tf and every instrument. If you can't have any consistency of values, then your 0.001 and -0.001 make no …
reversionX: A Rule-Based Strategy | Forex Factory
May 16, 2025 · However, since our strategy is more focused on mean reversion, we tend to enter after the squeeze has already fired. With experience, you'll notice that the squeeze can help …
Anyone consistently profitable using Expert Advisors?
Oct 10, 2024 · Having written EA’s for about 10 years, I have yet to have met anyone that makes consistent money in Forex… Let alone, using automated systems. There are some that make …
NZ: OCR lowered to 3.25% - Forex Factory
May 27, 2025 · The Monetary Policy Committee today voted to lower the OCR by 25 basis points to 3.25 percent. Annual consumers price index inflation increased to 2.5 percent in the first …
Smart Hedge Robot Free Download | Forex Factory
Nov 15, 2024 · Consistent Order Size with Grid Method Unlike the risky Martingale strategy, which involves increasing lot sizes, Smart Hedge EA maintains a fixed lot size for all additional …
Yen drifts ahead of Japan bond auction, dollar steady
May 27, 2025 · These conditions are consistent with inflation returning to the mid-point of the 1 to 3 percent target band over the medium term. The New Zealand economy is recovering after a …
Construction Work Done, Australia, Preliminary, March 2025
May 27, 2025 · These conditions are consistent with inflation returning to the mid-point of the 1 to 3 percent target band over the medium term. The New Zealand economy is recovering after a …
Australia's consumer inflation holds steady in April, rate cuts still ...
May 27, 2025 · Inflation expectations across firms and households have also risen. However, core inflation is declining and there is spare productive capacity in the economy. These conditions …
RBA Index of Commodity Prices May 2025 | Forex Factory
Jun 2, 2025 · Over the past year, the index has decreased by 7.7 per cent in SDR terms, led by lower iron ore and coking coal prices. The index has decreased by 2.9 per cent in Australian …
ECB's Lane: Last week's cut guards against any uncertainty about …
4 days ago · From ecb.europa.eu. I am grateful for the invitation to contribute to the Government Borrowers Forum. I will use my time to cover three topics.[ 1 ] First, I will briefly discuss last …
I will code your EAs and Indicators for no charge
May 27, 2025 · You will see that the MACD doesn't return the same values for every Tf and every instrument. If you can't have any consistency of values, then your 0.001 and -0.001 make no …
reversionX: A Rule-Based Strategy | Forex Factory
May 16, 2025 · However, since our strategy is more focused on mean reversion, we tend to enter after the squeeze has already fired. With experience, you'll notice that the squeeze can help …
