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| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Hazard Assessment Of Ethylene Oxide Leon Golberg, 2018-01-18 Hazard assessment of EO has involved consideration of the chemical composition, characteristics, and reactivity of this material. Teratogenic effects of EO are only seen under extreme conditions that render the result questionable. Reproductive effects or minor severity occur only at high levels of exposer. Epidemiological and other studies of occupational exposure to EO in men and women have revealed no substantial evidence of potential to produce cancer in the work place. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Science and Decisions National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the U.S. EPA, 2009-03-24 Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis. However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment. Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Risk Management Program Guidance for Offsite Consequence Analysis , 1999 |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Emergency Response Guidebook U.S. Department of Transportation, 2013-06-03 Does the identification number 60 indicate a toxic substance or a flammable solid, in the molten state at an elevated temperature? Does the identification number 1035 indicate ethane or butane? What is the difference between natural gas transmission pipelines and natural gas distribution pipelines? If you came upon an overturned truck on the highway that was leaking, would you be able to identify if it was hazardous and know what steps to take? Questions like these and more are answered in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Learn how to identify symbols for and vehicles carrying toxic, flammable, explosive, radioactive, or otherwise harmful substances and how to respond once an incident involving those substances has been identified. Always be prepared in situations that are unfamiliar and dangerous and know how to rectify them. Keeping this guide around at all times will ensure that, if you were to come upon a transportation situation involving hazardous substances or dangerous goods, you will be able to help keep others and yourself out of danger. With color-coded pages for quick and easy reference, this is the official manual used by first responders in the United States and Canada for transportation incidents involving dangerous goods or hazardous materials. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Reducing Environmental Cancer Risk Suzanne H. Reuben, 2010-10 Though overall cancer incidence and mortality have continued to decline in recent years, cancer continues to devastate the lives of far too many Americans. In 2009 alone, 1.5 million American men, women, and children were diagnosed with cancer, and 562,000 died from the disease. There is a growing body of evidence linking environmental exposures to cancer. The Pres. Cancer Panel dedicated its 2008¿2009 activities to examining the impact of environmental factors on cancer risk. The Panel considered industrial, occupational, and agricultural exposures as well as exposures related to medical practice, military activities, modern lifestyles, and natural sources. This report presents the Panel¿s recommend. to mitigate or eliminate these barriers. Illus. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on National Monitoring of Human Tissues, 1991-02-01 The National Human Monitoring Program (NHMP) identifies concentrations of specific chemicals in human tissues, including toxicologic testing and risk assessment determinations. This volume evaluates the current activities of the NHMP; identifies important scientific, technical, and programmatic issues; and makes recommendations regarding the design of the program and use of its products. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Mutagenic Impurities Andrew Teasdale, 2022-02-15 Learn to implement effective control measures for mutagenic impurities in pharmaceutical development In Mutagenic Impurities: Strategies for Identification and Control, distinguished chemist Andrew Teasdale delivers a thorough examination of mutagenic impurities and their impact on the pharmaceutical industry. The book incorporates the adoption of the ICH M7 guideline and focuses on mutagenic impurities from both a toxicological and analytical perspective. The editor has created a primary reference for any professional or student studying or working with mutagenic impurities and offers readers a definitive narrative of applicable guidelines and practical, tested solutions. It demonstrates the development of effective control measures, including chapters on the purge tool for risk assessment. The book incorporates a discussion of N-Nitrosamines which was arguably the largest mutagenic impurity issue ever faced by the pharmaceutical industry, resulting in the recall of Zantac and similar drugs resulting from N-Nitrosamine contamination. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to the development of regulatory guidelines for mutagenic and genotoxic impurities, including a historical perspective on the development of the EMEA guidelines and the ICH M7 guideline An exploration of in silico assessment of mutagenicity, including use of structure activity relationship evaluation as a tool in the evaluation of the genotoxic potential of impurities A discussion of a toxicological perspective on mutagenic impurities, including the assessment of mutagenicity and examining the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of common synthetic reagents Perfect for chemists, analysts, and regulatory professionals, Mutagenic Impurities: Strategies for Identification and Control will also earn a place in the libraries of toxicologists and clinical safety scientists seeking a one-stop reference on the subject of mutagenic impurity identification and control. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: The Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986 , 1987 |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, 2018-05-18 Millions of Americans use e-cigarettes. Despite their popularity, little is known about their health effects. Some suggest that e-cigarettes likely confer lower risk compared to combustible tobacco cigarettes, because they do not expose users to toxicants produced through combustion. Proponents of e-cigarette use also tout the potential benefits of e-cigarettes as devices that could help combustible tobacco cigarette smokers to quit and thereby reduce tobacco-related health risks. Others are concerned about the exposure to potentially toxic substances contained in e-cigarette emissions, especially in individuals who have never used tobacco products such as youth and young adults. Given their relatively recent introduction, there has been little time for a scientific body of evidence to develop on the health effects of e-cigarettes. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes reviews and critically assesses the state of the emerging evidence about e-cigarettes and health. This report makes recommendations for the improvement of this research and highlights gaps that are a priority for future research. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Framework for environmental health risk management United States. Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management, 1997 |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Safe Management of Wastes from Health-care Activities Yves Chartier, 2014 This is the second edition of the WHO handbook on the safe, sustainable and affordable management of health-care waste--commonly known as the Blue Book. The original Blue Book was a comprehensive publication used widely in health-care centers and government agencies to assist in the adoption of national guidance. It also provided support to committed medical directors and managers to make improvements and presented practical information on waste-management techniques for medical staff and waste workers. It has been more than ten years since the first edition of the Blue Book. During the intervening period, the requirements on generators of health-care wastes have evolved and new methods have become available. Consequently, WHO recognized that it was an appropriate time to update the original text. The purpose of the second edition is to expand and update the practical information in the original Blue Book. The new Blue Book is designed to continue to be a source of impartial health-care information and guidance on safe waste-management practices. The editors' intention has been to keep the best of the original publication and supplement it with the latest relevant information. The audience for the Blue Book has expanded. Initially, the publication was intended for those directly involved in the creation and handling of health-care wastes: medical staff, health-care facility directors, ancillary health workers, infection-control officers and waste workers. This is no longer the situation. A wider range of people and organizations now have an active interest in the safe management of health-care wastes: regulators, policy-makers, development organizations, voluntary groups, environmental bodies, environmental health practitioners, advisers, researchers and students. They should also find the new Blue Book of benefit to their activities. Chapters 2 and 3 explain the various types of waste produced from health-care facilities, their typical characteristics and the hazards these wastes pose to patients, staff and the general environment. Chapters 4 and 5 introduce the guiding regulatory principles for developing local or national approaches to tackling health-care waste management and transposing these into practical plans for regions and individual health-care facilities. Specific methods and technologies are described for waste minimization, segregation and treatment of health-care wastes in Chapters 6, 7 and 8. These chapters introduce the basic features of each technology and the operational and environmental characteristics required to be achieved, followed by information on the potential advantages and disadvantages of each system. To reflect concerns about the difficulties of handling health-care wastewaters, Chapter 9 is an expanded chapter with new guidance on the various sources of wastewater and wastewater treatment options for places not connected to central sewerage systems. Further chapters address issues on economics (Chapter 10), occupational safety (Chapter 11), hygiene and infection control (Chapter 12), and staff training and public awareness (Chapter 13). A wider range of information has been incorporated into this edition of the Blue Book, with the addition of two new chapters on health-care waste management in emergencies (Chapter 14) and an overview of the emerging issues of pandemics, drug-resistant pathogens, climate change and technology advances in medical techniques that will have to be accommodated by health-care waste systems in the future (Chapter 15). |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Commission on Life Sciences, Committee on Comparative Toxicity of Naturally Occurring Carcinogens, 1996-03-12 Despite increasing knowledge of human nutrition, the dietary contribution to cancer remains a troubling question. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens assembles the best available information on the magnitude of potential cancer riskâ€and potential anticarcinogenic effectâ€from naturally occurring chemicals compared with risk from synthetic chemical constituents. The committee draws important conclusions about diet and cancer, including the carcinogenic role of excess calories and fat, the anticarcinogenic benefit of fiber and other substances, and the impact of food additive regulation. The book offers recommendations for epidemiological and diet research. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens provides a readable overview of issues and addresses critical questions: Does diet contribute to an appreciable proportion of human cancer? Are there significant interactions between carcinogens and anticarcinogens in the diet? The volume discusses the mechanisms of carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic properties and considers whether techniques used to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of synthetics can be used with naturally occurring chemicals. The committee provides criteria for prioritizing the vast number of substances that need to be tested. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens clarifies the issues and sets the direction for further investigations into diet and cancer. This volume will be of interest to anyone involved in food and health issues: policymakers, regulators, researchers, nutrition professionals, and health advocates. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Elemental Speciation in Human Health Risk Assessment P. Apostoli, World Health Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organisation, 2006 Definitions of species and speciation - - Strructural aspects of speciation - - Analytical techniques and methodology - - Bioaccessibility and bioavailability - - Toxicokinetics and biological monitoring - - Molecular and cellular mechanisms of metal toxicity - - Health effects - - Conclusions and recommendations. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Hazop and Hazan Trevor A. Kletz, 2001 Hazop and Hazan were developed to identify and assess hazards in the process industries. The use of these techniques leads to safer plants. Understanding the practical issues involved in their correct implementation is the theme of this book. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: A Review of Human Carcinogens IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Conference, 2012 |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Health Assessment Document for Ethylene Oxide , 1985 |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables , 1997 |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Dosimetry for Risk Assessment , 1994 |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1 National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Environmental Epidemiology, 1991-01-01 The amount of hazardous waste in the United States has been estimated at 275 million metric tons in licensed sites alone. Is the health of Americans at risk from exposure to this toxic material? This volume, the first of several on environmental epidemiology, reviews the available evidence and makes recommendations for filling gaps in data and improving health assessments. The book explores: Whether researchers can infer health hazards from available data. The results of substantial state and federal programs on hazardous waste dangers. The book presents the results of studies of hazardous wastes in the air, water, soil, and food and examines the potential of biological markers in health risk assessment. The data and recommendations in this volume will be of immediate use to toxicologists, environmental health professionals, epidemiologists, and other biologists. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons , 1995 |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Prudent Practices in the Laboratory National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: An Update, 2011-03-25 Prudent Practices in the Laboratory-the book that has served for decades as the standard for chemical laboratory safety practice-now features updates and new topics. This revised edition has an expanded chapter on chemical management and delves into new areas, such as nanotechnology, laboratory security, and emergency planning. Developed by experts from academia and industry, with specialties in such areas as chemical sciences, pollution prevention, and laboratory safety, Prudent Practices in the Laboratory provides guidance on planning procedures for the handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals. The book offers prudent practices designed to promote safety and includes practical information on assessing hazards, managing chemicals, disposing of wastes, and more. Prudent Practices in the Laboratory will continue to serve as the leading source of chemical safety guidelines for people working with laboratory chemicals: research chemists, technicians, safety officers, educators, and students. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Hazard Assessment of Ethylene Oxide Ethylene Oxide Industry Council (U.S.), Leon Goldberg, 1983 |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants - Miscellaneous Organic Chemical Manufacturing, Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation, 2018 Law Library, 2018-08-22 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants - Miscellaneous Organic Chemical Manufacturing (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants - Miscellaneous Organic Chemical Manufacturing (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 On November 10, 2003, EPA promulgated national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants for miscellaneous organic chemical manufacturing. Several petitions for judicial review of the final rule were filed in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Petitioners expressed concern with various requirements in the final rule, including applicability of specific operations and processes, the leak detection and repair requirements for connectors, criteria to define affected wastewater streams requiring control, control requirements for wastewater streams that contain only soluble hazardous air pollutants, the definition of process condensers, and recordkeeping requirements for Group 2 batch process vents. In this action, EPA amends the final rule to address these issues and to correct inconsistencies that have been discovered during the review process. This book contains: - The complete text of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants - Miscellaneous Organic Chemical Manufacturing (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Annual Report on Carcinogens , 1991 |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment National Research Council, Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Developmental Toxicology, 2000-12-21 Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment reviews advances made during the last 10-15 years in fields such as developmental biology, molecular biology, and genetics. It describes a novel approach for how these advances might be used in combination with existing methodologies to further the understanding of mechanisms of developmental toxicity, to improve the assessment of chemicals for their ability to cause developmental toxicity, and to improve risk assessment for developmental defects. For example, based on the recent advances, even the smallest, simplest laboratory animals such as the fruit fly, roundworm, and zebrafish might be able to serve as developmental toxicological models for human biological systems. Use of such organisms might allow for rapid and inexpensive testing of large numbers of chemicals for their potential to cause developmental toxicity; presently, there are little or no developmental toxicity data available for the majority of natural and manufactured chemicals in use. This new approach to developmental toxicology and risk assessment will require simultaneous research on several fronts by experts from multiple scientific disciplines, including developmental toxicologists, developmental biologists, geneticists, epidemiologists, and biostatisticians. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Chemistry and Safety of Acrylamide in Food Mendel Friedman, Don Mottram, 2005-04-22 Interest in the chemistry, biochemistry, and safety of acrylamide is running high. These proceedings contain presentations by experts from eight countries on the chemistry, analysis, metabolism, pharmacology, and toxicology of the compound. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Air Toxics and Risk Assessment Edward J. Calabrese, Elaina Kenyon, 1991-03-25 Unlike most books, this one actually does risk assessments for you for over 110 chemicals that are confirmed or probable air toxics. All chemicals are analyzed with a scientifically sound methodology-outlined in the book-to assess public health risk associated with exposure to air toxics. Methodology will allow you to properly handle all air toxic health concerns within a practical decision-free framework. This permits the application of methodology to any new chemical. Each chemical or compound is organized by synonym, molecular weight, molecular formula, AALG, occupational limits, drinking water limits, toxicity profile and indexed by CAS number, and synonyms. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Veterans and Agent Orange Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides, Institute of Medicine, 1994-01-15 Have U.S. military personnel experienced health problems from being exposed to Agent Orange, its dioxin contaminants, and other herbicides used in Vietnam? This definitive volume summarizes the strength of the evidence associating exposure during Vietnam service with cancer and other health effects and presents conclusions from an expert panel. Veterans and Agent Orange provides a historical review of the issue, examines studies of populations, in addition to Vietnam veterans, environmentally and occupationally exposed to herbicides and dioxin, and discusses problems in study methodology. The core of the book presents What is known about the toxicology of the herbicides used in greatest quantities in Vietnam. What is known about assessing exposure to herbicides and dioxin. What can be determined from the wide range of epidemiological studies conducted by different authorities. What is known about the relationship between exposure to herbicides and dioxin, and cancer, reproductive effects, neurobehavioral disorders, and other health effects. The book describes research areas of continuing concern and offers recommendations for further research on the health effects of Agent Orange exposure among Vietnam veterans. This volume will be critically important to both policymakers and physicians in the federal government, Vietnam veterans and their families, veterans organizations, researchers, and health professionals. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods United Nations, 2020-01-06 The Manual of Tests and Criteria contains criteria, test methods and procedures to be used for classification of dangerous goods according to the provisions of Parts 2 and 3 of the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations, as well as of chemicals presenting physical hazards according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). As a consequence, it supplements also national or international regulations which are derived from the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods or the GHS. At its ninth session (7 December 2018), the Committee adopted a set of amendments to the sixth revised edition of the Manual as amended by Amendment 1. This seventh revised edition takes account of these amendments. In addition, noting that the work to facilitate the use of the Manual in the context of the GHS had been completed, the Committee considered that the reference to the Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods in the title of the Manual was no longer appropriate, and decided that from now on, the Manual should be entitled Manual of Tests and Criteria. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Prudent Practices in the Laboratory National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, Committee on Prudent Practices for Handling, Storage, and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories, 1995-09-16 This volume updates and combines two National Academy Press bestsellers--Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories and Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Laboratories--which have served for more than a decade as leading sources of chemical safety guidelines for the laboratory. Developed by experts from academia and industry, with specialties in such areas as chemical sciences, pollution prevention, and laboratory safety, Prudent Practices for Safety in Laboratories provides step-by-step planning procedures for handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals. The volume explores the current culture of laboratory safety and provides an updated guide to federal regulations. Organized around a recommended workflow protocol for experiments, the book offers prudent practices designed to promote safety and it includes practical information on assessing hazards, managing chemicals, disposing of wastes, and more. Prudent Practices for Safety in Laboratories is essential reading for people working with laboratory chemicals: research chemists, technicians, safety officers, chemistry educators, and students. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Hazardous Chemicals Handbook P A CARSON, 2013-10-22 Summarizes core information for quick reference in the workplace, using tables and checklists wherever possible. Essential reading for safety officers, company managers, engineers, transport personnel, waste disposal personnel, environmental health officers, trainees on industrial training courses and engineering students. This book provides concise and clear explanation and look-up data on properties, exposure limits, flashpoints, monitoring techniques, personal protection and a host of other parameters and requirements relating to compliance with designated safe practice, control of hazards to people's health and limitation of impact on the environment. The book caters for the multitude of companies, officials and public and private employees who must comply with the regulations governing the use, storage, handling, transport and disposal of hazardous substances. Reference is made throughout to source documents and standards, and a Bibliography provides guidance to sources of wider ranging and more specialized information. Dr Phillip Carson is Safety Liaison and QA Manager at the Unilever Research Laboratory at Port Sunlight. He is a member of the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health, of the Institution of Chemical Engineers' Loss Prevention Panel and of the Chemical Industries Association's `Exposure Limits Task Force' and `Health Advisory Group'. Dr Clive Mumford is a Senior Lecturer in Chemical Engineering at the University of Aston and a consultant. He lectures on several courses of the Certificate and Diploma of the National Examining Board in Occupational Safety and Health. [Given 5 star rating] - Occupational Safety & Health, July 1994 - Loss Prevention Bulletin, April 1994 - Journal of Hazardous Materials, November 1994 - Process Safety & Environmental Prot., November 1994 |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals National Research Council, Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicology, Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, 2000-07-06 Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Coal Tar Creosote C. Melber, J. Kielhorn, I. Mangelsdorf, World Health Organization, 2004 On cover: IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Use and Control of Ethylene Oxide (EtO) United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Labor Standards, 1984 |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents, 2006-04-07 Toxicity testing in laboratory animals provides much of the information used by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess the hazards and risks associated with exposure to environmental agents that might harm public health or the environment. The data are used to establish maximum acceptable concentrations of environmental agents in drinking water, set permissible limits of exposure of workers, define labeling requirements, establish tolerances for pesticides residues on food, and set other kinds of limits on the basis of risk assessment. Because the number of regulations that require toxicity testing is growing, EPA called for a comprehensive review of established and emerging toxicity-testing methods and strategies. This interim report reviews current toxicity-testing methods and strategies and near-term improvements in toxicity-testing approaches proposed by EPA and others. It identifies several recurring themes and questions in the various reports reviewed. The final report will present a long-range vision and strategic plan to advance the practices of toxicity testing and human health assessment of environmental contaminants. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Risk Assessment and Risk Management for the Chemical Process Industry Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation, 1991-09-03 The tragic incident at Bhopal, India made it clear that safetyreviews for identification and control of accidents involving toxicchemicals must be more systematic. This guide shows how tointegrate hazard identification, risk assessment, consequenceanalysis, and risk mitigation into a formalized program forhandling hazardous chemicals. Most of the 21 contributors aresenior staff members at Stone & Webster EngineeringCorporation. They discuss how to perform and supervise safetystudies for chemical, petrochemical, petroleum refining, and otherfacilities. They discuss all aspects of detection, prevention, andmitigation of risks associated with processing, handling, andproduction of hazardous chemicals. Special attention is given tohazard identification and hazard assessment techniques ranging fromsimple screening checklists to highly structured Hazard andOperability (HAZOP) analysis. You're shown how to calculatepotential consequences of identified hazards, quantify thelikelihood of these events, and combine equipment failure rate dataand human reliability analysis with hazard assessment. You'll alsobenefit from the book's rundowns of how to * apply expert systems and artificial intelligence in riskmanagement * instill safety-oriented operating and maintenanceprocedures * train operators and emergency response personnel * conduct internal and external safety audits * perform chemical dispersion, explosion, and fire analyses * assess health effects from chemical releases * use insurance vehicles to deal with residual risk. Risk Assessment and Risk Management for the Chemical ProcessIndustry is an essential source on minimizing the dangers of toxicincidents and accidents. It is essential reading for safetyengineers, regulatory managers, environmental engineers, and otherprofessionals responsible for safety in chemical plants. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: A Review of Human Carcinogens. F. Chemical Agents and Related Occupations International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2012-09-24 Volume 100 compiles information on tumor sites and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. About half of the agents classified in Group 1 were last reviewed more than 20 years ago, before mechanistic studies became prominent in evaluations of carcinogenicity. In addition, more recent epidemiological studies and animal cancer bioassays have demonstrated that many cancer hazards reported in earlier studies were later observed in other organs or through different exposure scenarios. Much can be learned by updating the assessments of agents that are known to cause cancer in humans. Accordingly, IARC has selected A Review of Human Carcinogensto be the topic for Volume 100. It is hoped that this volume, by compiling the knowledge accumulated through several decades of cancer research, will stimulate cancer prevention activities worldwide, and will be a valued resource for future research to identify other agents suspected of causing cancer in humans. Volume 100 was developed by six separate Working Groups: Pharmaceuticals; Biological agents; Metals, particles, and fibres; Radiation; Personal habits and household exposures; Chemical agents and related occupations. Because the scope of Volume 100 is so broad, its Monographs are focused on key information. Each Monograph presents a description of a carcinogenic agent and how people are exposed, critical overviews of the epidemiological studies and animal cancer bioassays, and a concise review of the agent's toxicokinetics, plausible mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and potentially susceptible populations, and life-stages. Details of the design and results of individual epidemiological studies and animal cancer bioassays are summarized in tables. Short tables that highlight key results are printed in Volume 100, and more extensive tables that include all studies appear on the Monographs programe website (http://monographs.iarc.fr/). For a few well-established associations (for example, tobacco smoke and human lung cancer), it was impractical to include all studies, even in the website tables. In those instances, the rationale for inclusion or exclusion of sets of studies is given. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Environmental Risk Assessment Ted Simon, 2019-12-06 The purpose of risk assessment is to support science-based decisions about how to solve complex societal problems. Indeed, the problems humankind faces in the 21st century have many social, political, and technical complexities. Environmental risk assessment in particular is of increasing importance as health and safety regulations grow and become more complicated. Environmental Risk Assessment: A Toxicological Approach, 2nd Edition looks at various factors relating to exposure and toxicity, human health, and risk. In addition to the original chapters being updated and expanded upon, four new chapters discuss current software and platforms that have recently been developed and provide examples of risk characterizations and scenarios. Features: Introduces the science of risk assessment—past, present, and future Provides environmental sampling data for conducting practice risk assessments Considers how bias and conflict of interest affect science-based decisions in the 21st century Includes fully worked examples, case studies, discussion questions, and suggestions for additional reading Discusses new software and computational platforms that have developed since the first edition Aimed at the next generation of risk assessors and students who need to know more about developing, conducting, and interpreting risk assessments, the book delivers a comprehensive view of the field, complete with sufficient background to enable readers to probe for themselves the science underlying the key issues in environmental risk. |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Ethylene Oxide R. Liteplo, M. E. Meek, Mark Lewis, World Health Organization, 2003 On cover: IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety. Published under the joint sponsorship of WHO, the United Nations Environment Programme, and the International Labour Organization and produced within the framework of the Inter-organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IPCS) |
| ethylene oxide risk assessment: Risk Assessment in Setting National Priorities James J. Bonin, Donald E. Stevenson, 2013-03-08 The growing perception of the public and politicians that life is extremely risky has led to a dramatic and increasing interest in risk analysis. The risks may be very diverse as demonstrated by the range of subjects covered at the annual meetings of the Society for Risk Analysis. There is a need to pause and see how well the present approaches are serving the nation. The theme, Setting National Priorities, which was chosen for the 1987 SRA Annual Meeting, reflects the concern that in dealing with individual kinds of risks, society may be more concerned with the trees than the forest. It is surprising how little attention is being given to the holistic aspects of risk. Who, for instance, is responsible for a national strategy to manage the reduction of health or other risks? Individual agencies have the responsibility for specific patterns of exposure, but these are not integrated and balanced to determine how the nation as a whole can obtain the greatest benefit for the very large investment which is made in risk-related research and analysis. |
Ethylene - Wikipedia
Ethylene is a hormone that affects the ripening and flowering of many plants. It is widely used to control freshness in horticulture and fruits. [20] The scrubbing of naturally occurring ethylene …
Ethylene | Structure, Sources, Production, Uses, & Facts | Britannica
May 28, 2025 · Ethylene is an important industrial organic chemical. It is produced by heating either natural gas, especially its ethane and propane components, or petroleum to 800–900 °C …
Ethylene | CH2=CH2 | CID 6325 - PubChem
Production of ethylene is currently based on steam cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons. Various feedstocks, including ethane, propane, butanes, naphthas and gas oils, are used to produce …
Ethylene - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ethylene or ethene is a chemical compound with two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms in each molecule. These molecules are put together with a double bond that makes it a …
Ethylene (C₂H₄) – Definition, Structure, Preparation, Properties, Uses
Oct 10, 2024 · Ethylene is a colorless gas with the chemical formula C₂H₄, making it the simplest alkene — a type of hydrocarbon characterized by at least one carbon-carbon double bond. …
Ethylene - New World Encyclopedia
Ethylene (or IUPAC name ethene) is a chemical compound with the formula C 2 H 4. Each molecule contains a double bond between the two carbon atoms, and for this reason it is …
Ethylene - Encyclopedia.com
May 14, 2018 · ethylene (ethene), a gas of the formula CH 2 =CH 2, produced by fruit as a hormone to speed ripening of climacteric fruits. This explains why some fruits ripen faster if …
Ethene vs. Ethylene — What’s the Difference?
Apr 4, 2024 · Ethene, a key compound in organic chemistry, is primarily used in chemical synthesis, whereas ethylene, its common name, is known for its role in plant biology and …
What is Ethylene? - BYJU'S
What is Ethylene? Ethylene is an unsaturated organic compound with the chemical formula C2H4. It has one double bond and is the simplest member of the alkene class of hydrocarbons.
Ethylene | Formula, Properties & Application
Ethylene is a hydrocarbon, specifically an alkene, represented by the chemical formula C 2 H 4. Its structure is composed of two carbon atoms connected by a double bond, with each carbon …
Ethylene - Wikipedia
Ethylene is a hormone that affects the ripening and flowering of many plants. It is widely used to control freshness in horticulture and fruits. [20] The scrubbing of naturally occurring ethylene …
Ethylene | Structure, Sources, Production, Uses, & Facts | Britannica
May 28, 2025 · Ethylene is an important industrial organic chemical. It is produced by heating either natural gas, especially its ethane and propane components, or petroleum to 800–900 °C …
Ethylene | CH2=CH2 | CID 6325 - PubChem
Production of ethylene is currently based on steam cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons. Various feedstocks, including ethane, propane, butanes, naphthas and gas oils, are used to produce …
Ethylene - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ethylene or ethene is a chemical compound with two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms in each molecule. These molecules are put together with a double bond that makes it a …
Ethylene (C₂H₄) – Definition, Structure, Preparation, Properties, Uses
Oct 10, 2024 · Ethylene is a colorless gas with the chemical formula C₂H₄, making it the simplest alkene — a type of hydrocarbon characterized by at least one carbon-carbon double bond. …
Ethylene - New World Encyclopedia
Ethylene (or IUPAC name ethene) is a chemical compound with the formula C 2 H 4. Each molecule contains a double bond between the two carbon atoms, and for this reason it is …
Ethylene - Encyclopedia.com
May 14, 2018 · ethylene (ethene), a gas of the formula CH 2 =CH 2, produced by fruit as a hormone to speed ripening of climacteric fruits. This explains why some fruits ripen faster if …
Ethene vs. Ethylene — What’s the Difference?
Apr 4, 2024 · Ethene, a key compound in organic chemistry, is primarily used in chemical synthesis, whereas ethylene, its common name, is known for its role in plant biology and …
What is Ethylene? - BYJU'S
What is Ethylene? Ethylene is an unsaturated organic compound with the chemical formula C2H4. It has one double bond and is the simplest member of the alkene class of hydrocarbons.
Ethylene | Formula, Properties & Application
Ethylene is a hydrocarbon, specifically an alkene, represented by the chemical formula C 2 H 4. Its structure is composed of two carbon atoms connected by a double bond, with each carbon …
