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| derived character biology definition: Concepts of Biology Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. Concepts of Biology is designed for the typical introductory biology course for nonmajors, covering standard scope and sequence requirements. The text includes interesting applications and conveys the major themes of biology, with content that is meaningful and easy to understand. The book is designed to demonstrate biology concepts and to promote scientific literacy. |
| derived character biology definition: Current and Emerging Technologies for the Diagnosis of Microbial Infections , 2015-11-23 Current and Emerging Technologies in Microbial Diagnostics, the latest volume in the Methods in Microbiology series, provides comprehensive, cutting-edge reviews of current and emerging technologies in the field of clinical microbiology. The book features a wide variety of state-of-the art methods and techniques for the diagnosis and management of microbial infections, with chapters authored by internationally renowned experts. This volume focuses on current techniques, such as MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy and molecular diagnostics, along with newly emerging technologies such as host-based diagnostics and next generation sequencing. - Written by recognized leaders and experts in the field - Provides a comprehensive and cutting-edge review of current and emerging technologies in the field of clinical microbiology, including discussions of current techniques such as MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy and molecular diagnostics - Includes a broad range and breadth of techniques covered - Presents discussions on newly emerging technologies such as host-based diagnostics and next generation sequencing |
| derived character biology definition: Understanding Evolution Kostas Kampourakis, 2014-04-03 Bringing together conceptual obstacles and core concepts of evolutionary theory, this book presents evolution as straightforward and intuitive. |
| derived character biology definition: Principles of Biology Lisa Bartee, Walter Shiner, Catherine Creech, 2017 The Principles of Biology sequence (BI 211, 212 and 213) introduces biology as a scientific discipline for students planning to major in biology and other science disciplines. Laboratories and classroom activities introduce techniques used to study biological processes and provide opportunities for students to develop their ability to conduct research. |
| derived character biology definition: Key Transitions in Animal Evolution Rob Desalle, Bernd Schierwater, 2010-12-07 Tackling one of the most difficult and delicate of the evolutionary questions, this challenging book summarizes the more recent results in phylogenetics and developmental biology that address the evolution of key innovations in metazoans. Divided into three sections, the first considers the phylogenetic issues involving this area of the tree of lif |
| derived character biology definition: Systematics and Biogeography Gareth J. Nelson, Norman I. Platnick, 1981 Comparative biology: space, time, and form; Systematic history: kinds of branching diagrams; Systematic patterns: component analysis; Systematic results: classification; Ontogeny, phylogeny, paleontology and the biogenetic law; Biogeographic history: kinds of questions; Biogeographic pattens: component analysis; Biogeographic results: regions. |
| derived character biology definition: Handbook of Trait-Based Ecology Francesco de Bello, Carlos P. Carmona, André T. C. Dias, Lars Götzenberger, Marco Moretti, Matty P. Berg, 2021-03-11 Trait-based ecology is rapidly expanding. This comprehensive and accessible guide covers the main concepts and tools in functional ecology. |
| derived character biology definition: Experiments in Plant Hybridisation Gregor Mendel, 2008-11-01 Experiments which in previous years were made with ornamental plants have already afforded evidence that the hybrids, as a rule, are not exactly intermediate between the parental species. With some of the more striking characters, those, for instance, which relate to the form and size of the leaves, the pubescence of the several parts, etc., the intermediate, indeed, is nearly always to be seen; in other cases, however, one of the two parental characters is so preponderant that it is difficult, or quite impossible, to detect the other in the hybrid. from 4. The Forms of the Hybrid One of the most influential and important scientific works ever written, the 1865 paper Experiments in Plant Hybridisation was all but ignored in its day, and its author, Austrian priest and scientist GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL (18221884), died before seeing the dramatic long-term impact of his work, which was rediscovered at the turn of the 20th century and is now considered foundational to modern genetics. A simple, eloquent description of his 18561863 study of the inheritance of traits in pea plantsMendel analyzed 29,000 of themthis is essential reading for biology students and readers of science history. Cosimo presents this compact edition from the 1909 translation by British geneticist WILLIAM BATESON (18611926). |
| derived character biology definition: Plant Systematics Michael G. Simpson, 2011-08-09 Plant Systematics is a comprehensive and beautifully illustrated text, covering the most up-to-date and essential paradigms, concepts, and terms required for a basic understanding of plant systematics. This book contains numerous cladograms that illustrate the evolutionary relationships of major plant groups, with an emphasis on the adaptive significance of major evolutionary novelties. It provides descriptions and classifications of major groups of angiosperms, including over 90 flowering plant families; a comprehensive glossary of plant morphological terms, as well as appendices on botanical illustration and plant descriptions. Pedagogy includes review questions, exercises, and references that complement each chapter. This text is ideal for graduate and undergraduate students in botany, plant taxonomy, plant systematics, plant pathology, ecology as well as faculty and researchers in any of the plant sciences. - The Henry Allan Gleason Award of The New York Botanical Garden, awarded for Outstanding recent publication in the field of plant taxonomy, plant ecology, or plant geography (2006) - Contains numerous cladograms that illustrate the evolutionary relationships of major plant groups, with an emphasis on the adaptive significance of major evolutionary novelties - Provides descriptions and classifications of major groups of angiosperms, including over 90 flowering plant families - Includes a comprehensive glossary of plant morphological terms as well as appendices on botanical illustration and plant description |
| derived character biology definition: Evolution of Nervous Systems Georg F. Striedter, Theodore H. Bullock, Todd M. Preuss, John Rubenstein, Leah A. Krubitzer, 2016-11-23 Evolution of Nervous Systems, Second Edition, Four Volume Set is a unique, major reference which offers the gold standard for those interested both in evolution and nervous systems. All biology only makes sense when seen in the light of evolution, and this is especially true for the nervous system. All animals have nervous systems that mediate their behaviors, many of them species specific, yet these nervous systems all evolved from the simple nervous system of a common ancestor. To understand these nervous systems, we need to know how they vary and how this variation emerged in evolution. In the first edition of this important reference work, over 100 distinguished neuroscientists assembled the current state-of-the-art knowledge on how nervous systems have evolved throughout the animal kingdom. This second edition remains rich in detail and broad in scope, outlining the changes in brain and nervous system organization that occurred from the first invertebrates and vertebrates, to present day fishes, reptiles, birds, mammals, and especially primates, including humans. The book also includes wholly new content, fully updating the chapters in the previous edition and offering brand new content on current developments in the field. Each of the volumes has been carefully restructured to offer expanded coverage of non-mammalian taxa, mammals, primates, and the human nervous system. The basic principles of brain evolution are discussed, as are mechanisms of change. The reader can select from chapters on highly specific topics or those that provide an overview of current thinking and approaches, making this an indispensable work for students and researchers alike. Presents a broad range of topics, ranging from genetic control of development in invertebrates, to human cognition, offering a one-stop resource for the evolution of nervous systems throughout the animal kingdom Incorporates the expertise of over 100 outstanding investigators who provide their conclusions in the context of the latest experimental results Presents areas of disagreement and consensus views that provide a holistic view of the subjects under discussion |
| derived character biology definition: Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics David P. Mindell, 1997-05-13 The use of DNA and other biological macromolecules has revolutionized systematic studies of evolutionary history. Methods that use sequences of nucleotides and amino acids are now routinely used as data for addressing evolutionary questions that, although not new questions, have defied description and analysis. The world-renowned contributors use these new methods to unravel particular aspects of the evolutionary history of birds. Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics presents an overview of the theory and application of molecular systematics, focusing on the phylogeny and evolutionary biology of birds. New, developing areas in the phylogeny of birds at multiple taxonomic areas are covered, as well as methods of analysis for molecular data, evolutionary genetics within and between bird populations, and the application of molecular-based phylogenies to broader questions of evolution. - Contains authoritative contributions from leading researchers - Discusses the utility of different molecular markers for questions of avian evolution, involving populations and higher-level taxa - Applies molecular-based phylogenies of birds and molecular population genetics data to broad questions of organismal and molecular evolution. - Compares and contrasts molecular and morphological data sets |
| derived character biology definition: Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht, 2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences. |
| derived character biology definition: Molecular Biology of the Cell , 2002 |
| derived character biology definition: Code International de Nomenclature Zoologique International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, W. D. L. Ride, International Union of Biological Sciences. General Assembly, 1985 |
| derived character biology definition: Bioinformatics for Beginners Supratim Choudhuri, 2014-05-09 Bioinformatics for Beginners: Genes, Genomes, Molecular Evolution, Databases and Analytical Tools provides a coherent and friendly treatment of bioinformatics for any student or scientist within biology who has not routinely performed bioinformatic analysis. The book discusses the relevant principles needed to understand the theoretical underpinnings of bioinformatic analysis and demonstrates, with examples, targeted analysis using freely available web-based software and publicly available databases. Eschewing non-essential information, the work focuses on principles and hands-on analysis, also pointing to further study options. - Avoids non-essential coverage, yet fully describes the field for beginners - Explains the molecular basis of evolution to place bioinformatic analysis in biological context - Provides useful links to the vast resource of publicly available bioinformatic databases and analysis tools - Contains over 100 figures that aid in concept discovery and illustration |
| derived character biology definition: Philosophy Of Biology Elliott Sober, 2018-03-05 Perhaps because of it implications for our understanding of human nature, recent philosophy of biology has seen what might be the most dramatic work in the philosophies of the ?special? sciences. This drama has centered on evolutionary theory, and in the second edition of this textbook, Elliott Sober introduces the reader to the most important issues of these developments. With a rare combination of technical sophistication and clarity of expression, Sober engages both the higher level of theory and the direct implications for such controversial issues as creationism, teleology, nature versus nurture, and sociobiology. Above all, the reader will gain from this book a firm grasp of the structure of evolutionary theory, the evidence for it, and the scope of its explanatory significance. |
| derived character biology definition: Fungal Phylogenetics and Phylogenomics , 2017-11-17 Fungal Phylogenetics and Phylogenomics, Volume 100, the latest release in the Advances in Genetics series, presents users with new chapters that delve into such topics as the Advances of fungal phylogenomics and the impact on fungal systematics, Data crunching for fungal phylogenomics: insights into data collection and phylogenetic inference based on genome data for fungi, Genomic and epigenomic traits of emerging fungal pathogens, Advances in fungal gene cluster diversity and evolution, Phylogenomics of Fusarium oxysporum species complex, Phylogenomic analyses of pathogenic yeasts, and the Phylogenetics and phylogenomics of rust fungi. The series continually publishes important reviews of the broadest interest to geneticists and their colleagues in affiliated disciplines, critically analyzing future directions. - Critically analyzes future directions for the study of clinical genetics - Written and edited by recognized leaders in the field - Presents new medical breakthroughs that are occurring as a result of advances in our knowledge of genetics |
| derived character biology definition: Epigenetic Principles of Evolution Nelson R Cabej, 2011-11-22 This is the first and only book, so far, to deal with the causal basis of evolution from an epigenetic view. By revealing the epigenetic user of the genetic toolkit, this book demonstrates the primacy of epigenetic mechanisms and epigenetic information in generating evolutionary novelties. The author convincingly supports his theory with a host of examples from the most varied fields of biology, by emphasizing changes in developmental pathways as the basic source of evolutionary change in metazoans. - Original and thought provoking--a radically new theory that overcomes the present difficulties of the theory of evolution - Is the first and only theory that uses epigenetic mechanisms and principles for explaining evolution of metazoans - Takes an integrative approach and shows a wide range of learning |
| derived character biology definition: Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice W.R. Gilks, S. Richardson, David Spiegelhalter, 1995-12-01 In a family study of breast cancer, epidemiologists in Southern California increase the power for detecting a gene-environment interaction. In Gambia, a study helps a vaccination program reduce the incidence of Hepatitis B carriage. Archaeologists in Austria place a Bronze Age site in its true temporal location on the calendar scale. And in France, |
| derived character biology definition: Molecular Evolution Roderick D.M. Page, Edward C. Holmes, 2009-07-14 The study of evolution at the molecular level has given the subject of evolutionary biology a new significance. Phylogenetic 'trees' of gene sequences are a powerful tool for recovering evolutionary relationships among species, and can be used to answer a broad range of evolutionary and ecological questions. They are also beginning to permeate the medical sciences. In this book, the authors approach the study of molecular evolution with the phylogenetic tree as a central metaphor. This will equip students and professionals with the ability to see both the evolutionary relevance of molecular data, and the significance evolutionary theory has for molecular studies. The book is accessible yet sufficiently detailed and explicit so that the student can learn the mechanics of the procedures discussed. The book is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in molecular evolution/phylogenetic reconstruction. It will also be a useful supplement for students taking wider courses in evolution, as well as a valuable resource for professionals. First student textbook of phylogenetic reconstruction which uses the tree as a central metaphor of evolution. Chapter summaries and annotated suggestions for further reading. Worked examples facilitate understanding of some of the more complex issues. Emphasis on clarity and accessibility. |
| derived character biology definition: Fourier Descriptors and Their Applications in Biology Pete E. Lestrel, 1997-05-13 This book discusses the theory and the practice of using Fourier descriptors as a method for measuring the shape of whole, or parts of organisms. |
| derived character biology definition: The Character Concept in Evolutionary Biology Günter P. Wagner, 2000-10-31 Almost all evolutionary biologists, indeed all biologists, use particular features to study life. These characteristics or features used by evolutionary biologists are used in a particular way to unravel a tangled evolutionary history, document the rate of evolutionary change, or as evidence of biodiversity. Characters are the data of evolutionary biology and they can be employed differently in research providing both opportunities and limitations. The Character Concept in Evolutionary Biology is about characters, their use, how different sorts of characters are limited, and what are appropriate methods for character analysis. Leading evolutionary biologists from around the world are contributors to this authoritative review of the character concept. Because characters and the conception of characters are central to all studies of evolution, and because evolution is the central organizing principle of biology, this book will appeal to a wide cross-section of biologists. - Focuses upon characters -- fundamental data for evolutionary biology - Covers the myriad ways in which characters are defined, described, and distinguished - Includes historical, morphological, molecular, behavioral, and philosophical perspectives |
| derived character biology definition: Plant Development and Evolution , 2019-01-04 Plant Development and Evolution, the latest release in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on the Evolution of the plant body plan, Lateral root development and its role in evolutionary adaptation, the Development of the vascular system, the Development of the shoot apical meristem and phyllotaxis, the Evolution of leaf diversity, the Evolution of regulatory networks in land plants, The role of programed cell death in plant development, the Development and evolution of inflorescence architecture, the Molecular regulation of flower development, the Pre-meiotic another development, and much more. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series - Updated release includes the latest information on Plant Development and Evolution |
| derived character biology definition: Feeding Kurt Schwenk, 2000-08-03 As the first four-legged vertebrates, called tetrapods, crept up along the shores of ancient primordial seas, feeding was among the most paramount of their concerns. Looking back into the mists of evolutionary time, fish-like ancestors can be seen transformed by natural selection and other evolutionary pressures into animals with feeding habitats as varied as an anteater and a whale. From frog to pheasant and salamander to snake, every lineage of tetrapods has evolved unique feeding anatomy and behavior.Similarities in widely divergent tetrapods vividly illustrate their shared common ancestry. At the same time, numerous differences between and among tetrapods document the power and majesty that comprises organismal evolutionary history.Feeding is a detailed survey of the varied ways that land vertebrates acquire food. The functional anatomy and the control of complex and dynamic structural components are recurrent themes of this volume. Luminaries in the discipline of feeding biology have joined forces to create a book certain to stimulate future studies of animal anatomy and behavior. |
| derived character biology definition: Marine Mammals Annalisa Berta, James L. Sumich, Kit M. Kovacs, 2005-12-14 Berta and Sumich have succeeded yet again in creating superior marine reading! This book is a succinct yet comprehensive text devoted to the systematics, evolution, morphology, ecology, physiology, and behavior of marine mammals. The first edition, considered the leading text in the field, is required reading for all marine biologists concerned with marine mammals. Revisions include updates of citations, expansion of nearly every chapter and full color photographs. This title continues the tradition by fully expanding and updating nearly all chapters. - Comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of the biology of all marine mammals - Provides a phylogenetic framework that integrates phylogeny with behavior and ecology - Features chapter summaries, further readings, an appendix, glossary and an extensive bibliography - Exciting new color photographs and additional distribution maps |
| derived character biology definition: From Groups to Individuals Frederic Bouchard, Philippe Huneman, 2013-03-22 The biological and philosophical implications of the emergence of new collective individuals from associations of living beings. Our intuitive assumption that only organisms are the real individuals in the natural world is at odds with developments in cell biology, ecology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and other fields. Although organisms have served for centuries as nature's paradigmatic individuals, science suggests that organisms are only one of the many ways in which the natural world could be organized. When living beings work together—as in ant colonies, beehives, and bacteria-metazoan symbiosis—new collective individuals can emerge. In this book, leading scholars consider the biological and philosophical implications of the emergence of these new collective individuals from associations of living beings. The topics they consider range from metaphysical issues to biological research on natural selection, sociobiology, and symbiosis. The contributors investigate individuality and its relationship to evolution and the specific concept of organism; the tension between group evolution and individual adaptation; and the structure of collective individuals and the extent to which they can be defined by the same concept of individuality. These new perspectives on evolved individuality should trigger important revisions to both philosophical and biological conceptions of the individual. Contributors Frédéric Bouchard, Ellen Clarke, Jennifer Fewell, Andrew Gardner, Peter Godfrey-Smith, Charles J. Goodnight, Matt Haber, Andrew Hamilton, Philippe Huneman, Samir Okasha, Thomas Pradeu, Scott Turner, Minus van Baalen |
| derived character biology definition: Philosophy of Evolutionary Biology Stefan Linquist, 2017-03-02 The impact of evolutionary theory on the philosophy of science has been no less profound than its impact on the science of biology itself. Advances in this theory provide a rich set of examples for thinking about the nature of scientific explanation and the structure of science. Many of the developments in our understanding of evolution resulted from contributions by both philosophers and biologists engaging over theoretical questions of mutual interest. This volume traces some of the most influential exchanges in this field over the last few decades. Focal topics include the nature of biological functions, adaptationism as an explanatory and methodological doctrine, the levels of selection debate, the concepts of fitness and drift, and the relationship of evolutionary to developmental biology. |
| derived character biology definition: Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics Masatoshi Nei, Sudhir Kumar, 2000-07-27 During the last ten years, remarkable progress has occurred in the study of molecular evolution. Among the most important factors that are responsible for this progress are the development of new statistical methods and advances in computational technology. In particular, phylogenetic analysis of DNA or protein sequences has become a powerful tool for studying molecular evolution. Along with this developing technology, the application of the new statistical and computational methods has become more complicated and there is no comprehensive volume that treats these methods in depth. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics fills this gap and present various statistical methods that are easily accessible to general biologists as well as biochemists, bioinformatists and graduate students. The text covers measurement of sequence divergence, construction of phylogenetic trees, statistical tests for detection of positive Darwinian selection, inference of ancestral amino acid sequences, construction of linearized trees, and analysis of allele frequency data. Emphasis is given to practical methods of data analysis, and methods can be learned by working through numerical examples using the computer program MEGA2 that is provided. |
| derived character biology definition: What the Philosophy of Biology Is M. Ruse, 2012-12-06 Philosophers of science frequently bemoan (or cheer) the fact that today, with the supposed collapse of logical empiricism, there are now ;;10 grand systems. However, although this mayor may not be true, and if true mayor may not be a cause for delight, no one should conclude that the philosophy of science has ground to a halt, its problems exhausted and its practioners dispirited. In fact, in this post Kuhnian age the subject has never been more alive, as we work with enthusiasm on special topics, historical and conceptual. And no topic has grown and thrived quite like the philosophy of biology, which now has many students in the field producing high-quality articles and monographs. The success of this subject is due above all to the work and influence of one man: David Hull. In his own writings and in the support he has given to others, he has shown true leadership, in the best Platonic sense. It is now twenty years since Hull fnt gave his seminal paper 'What the philosophy of biology is not', and to mark that point and to show our respect, gratitude and affection to its author, a number of us who owe much to Hull decided to produce a volume of essays on and around themes to which Hull has spoken. |
| derived character biology definition: Interrelationships of Fishes Melanie L.J. Stiassny, Lynne R. Parenti, G. David Johnson, 1996-11-08 Comprising by far the largest and most diverse group of vertebrates, fishes occupy a broad swathe of habitats ranging from the deepest ocean abyss to the highest mountain lakes. Such incredible ecological diversity and the resultant variety in lifestyle, anatomy, physiology and behavior, make unraveling the evolutionary history of fishes a daunting task. The successor of a classic volume by the same title, Interrelationships of Fishes, provides the latest in the state of the art of systematics and classification for many of the major groups of fishes. In providing a sound phylogenetic framework from leading authorities in the field, this book is an indispensable reference for a broad range of biologists, especially students of fish behavior, anatomy, physiology, molecular biology, genetics and ecology--in fact, anyone who wishes to interpret their work on fishes in an evolutionary context. - Provides thorough and comprehensive treatment of the Phylogency of fishes - Assembles an International team of expert contributors - Useful to a wide variety of fish biologists |
| derived character biology definition: Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life Morrissey, James L. Sumich, Deanna R. Pinkard-Meier, 2016-11 Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life is an introductory higher education textbook for students with no prior knowledge of marine biology. The book uses selected groups of marine organisms to provide a basic understanding of biological principles and processes that are fundamental to sea life. |
| derived character biology definition: Ancestors in Evolutionary Biology Ronald A. Jenner, 2022-07-28 Exploration of the history and current practice of phylogenetics as a storytelling discipline that provides explanations for character evolution. |
| derived character biology definition: Mathematics of Evolution and Phylogeny Olivier Gascuel, 2005-02-24 This book considers evolution at different scales: sequences, genes, gene families, organelles, genomes and species. The focus is on the mathematical and computational tools and concepts, which form an essential basis of evolutionary studies, indicate their limitations, and give them orientation. Recent years have witnessed rapid progress in the mathematics of evolution and phylogeny, with models and methods becoming more realistic, powerful, and complex. Aimed at graduates and researchers in phylogenetics, mathematicians, computer scientists and biologists, and including chapters by leading scientists: A. Bergeron, D. Bertrand, D. Bryant, R. Desper, O. Elemento, N. El-Mabrouk, N. Galtier, O. Gascuel, M. Hendy, S. Holmes, K. Huber, A. Meade, J. Mixtacki, B. Moret, E. Mossel, V. Moulton, M. Pagel, M.-A. Poursat, D. Sankoff, M. Steel, J. Stoye, J. Tang, L.-S. Wang, T. Warnow, Z. Yang, this book of contributed chapters explains the basis and covers the recent results in this highly topical area. |
| derived character biology definition: Homology and Systematics Robert Scotland, R. Toby Pennington, 2014-04-21 When looking at groups of organisms, shared characteristics (homologues) provide the raw data from which hypotheses of common ancestry may be suggested. In order to explore the relationship between homologues and particular hypotheses of common ancestry, complex matrices are devised, where homologues are coded, allowing theories of homology to be developed and tested. Practically nothing has been written about this matrix-building process, which is fundamental to our understanding of diversity and evolutionary history. This book fills the gap by discussing the ways observations are coded and the consequences for resulting hypotheses using case studies and theoretical examples. |
| derived character biology definition: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology , 2016-04-14 Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology, Four Volume Set is the definitive go-to reference in the field of evolutionary biology. It provides a fully comprehensive review of the field in an easy to search structure. Under the collective leadership of fifteen distinguished section editors, it is comprised of articles written by leading experts in the field, providing a full review of the current status of each topic. The articles are up-to-date and fully illustrated with in-text references that allow readers to easily access primary literature. While all entries are authoritative and valuable to those with advanced understanding of evolutionary biology, they are also intended to be accessible to both advanced undergraduate and graduate students. Broad topics include the history of evolutionary biology, population genetics, quantitative genetics; speciation, life history evolution, evolution of sex and mating systems, evolutionary biogeography, evolutionary developmental biology, molecular and genome evolution, coevolution, phylogenetic methods, microbial evolution, diversification of plants and fungi, diversification of animals, and applied evolution. Presents fully comprehensive content, allowing easy access to fundamental information and links to primary research Contains concise articles by leading experts in the field that ensures current coverage of each topic Provides ancillary learning tools like tables, illustrations, and multimedia features to assist with the comprehension process |
| derived character biology definition: Evolutionary Developmental Biology Brian K. Hall, 2012-12-06 Although evolutionary developmental biology is a new field, its origins lie in the last century; the search for connections between embryonic development (ontogeny) and evolutionary change (phylogeny) has been a long one. Evolutionary developmental biology is however more than just a fusion of the fields of developmental and evolutionary biology. It forges a unification of genomic, developmental, organismal, population and natural selection approaches to evolutionary change. It is concerned with how developmental processes evolve; how evolution produces novel structures, functions and behaviours; and how development, evolution and ecology are integrated to bring about and stabilize evolutionary change. The previous edition of this title, published in 1992, defined the terms and laid out the field for evolutionary developmental biology. This field is now one of the most active and fast growing within biology and this is reflected in this second edition, which is more than twice the length of the original and brought completely up to date. There are new chapters on major transitions in animal evolution, expanded coverage of comparative embryonic development and the inclusion of recent advances in genetics and molecular biology. The book is divided into eight parts which: place evolutionary developmental biology in the historical context of the search for relationships between development and evolution; detail the historical background leading to evolutionary embryology; explore embryos in development and embryos in evolution; discuss the relationship between embryos, evolution, environment and ecology; discuss the dilemma for homology of the fact that development evolves; deal with the importance of understanding how embryos measure time and place both through development and evolutionarily through heterochrony and heterotrophy; and set out the principles and processes that underlie evolutionary developmental biology. With over one hundred illustrations and photographs, extensive cross-referencing between chapters and boxes for ancillary material, this latest edition will be of immense interest to graduate and advanced undergraduate students in cell, developmental and molecular biology, and in zoology, evolution, ecology and entomology; in fact anyone with an interest in this new and increasingly important and interdisciplinary field which unifies biology. |
| derived character biology definition: EBOOK: Biology Peter Raven, George Johnson, Kenneth Mason, Jonathan Losos, Susan Singer, 2013-02-16 Committed to Excellence in the Landmark Tenth Edition. This edition continues the evolution of Raven & Johnson’s Biology. The author team is committed to continually improving the text, keeping the student and learning foremost. We have integrated new pedagogical features to expand the students’ learning process and enhance their experience in the ebook. This latest edition of the text maintains the clear, accessible, and engaging writing style of past editions with the solid framework of pedagogy that highlights an emphasis on evolution and scientific inquiry that have made this a leading textbook for students majoring in biology and have been enhanced in this landmark Tenth edition. This emphasis on the organizing power of evolution is combined with an integration of the importance of cellular, molecular biology and genomics to offer our readers a text that is student friendly and current. Our author team is committed to producing the best possible text for both student and faculty. The lead author, Kenneth Mason, University of Iowa, has taught majors biology at three different major public universities for more than fifteen years. Jonathan Losos, Harvard University, is at the cutting edge of evolutionary biology research, and Susan Singer, Carleton College, has been involved in science education policy issues on a national level. All three authors bring varied instructional and content expertise to the tenth edition of Biology. |
| derived character biology definition: The Species Problem Igor Pavlinov, 2013-02-06 The book includes collection of theoretical papers dealing with the species problem, which is among most fundamental issues in biology. The principal topics are: consideration of the species problem from the standpoint of modern non-classical science paradigm, with emphasis on its conceptual status presuming its analysis within certain conceptual framework; evolutionary emergence of the species as discrete unit of certain level of generality; epistemological consideration of the species as a particular explanatory hypotheses, with respective revised concepts of biodiversity and conservation; considerations of evolutionary and phylogenomic species concepts as candidates for the universal one; re-appraisal of the biological species concept based on the friend-foe recognition system; species delimitation approach using multi-locus coalescent-based method; a re-consideration of the Darwin's species concept. |
| derived character biology definition: Philosophy of Biology , 2007-02-05 Philosophy of Biology is a rapidly expanding field. It is concerned with explanatory concepts in evolution, genetics, and ecology. This collection of 25 essays by leading researchers provides an overview of the state of the field. These essays are wholly new; none of them could have been written even ten years ago. They demonstrate how philosophical analysis has been able to contribute to sometimes contested areas of scientific theory making.-Written by internationally acknowledged leaders in the field- Entries make original contributions as well as summarizing state of the art discoveries in the field- Easy to read and understand |
| derived character biology definition: Gnotobiotics Trenton R Schoeb, Kathryn A Eaton, 2017-08-11 Gnotobiotics summarizes and analyzes the research conducted on the use of gnotobiotes, providing detailed information regarding actual facility operation and derivation of gnotobiotic animals. In response to the development of new tools for microbiota and microbiome analysis, the increasing recognition of the various roles of microbiota in health and disease, and the consequent expanding demand for gnotobiotic animals for microbiota/microbiome related research, this volume collates the research of this expanding field into one definitive resource. - Reviews and defines gnotobiotic animal species - Analyzes microbiota in numerous contexts - Presents detailed coverage of the protocols and operation of a gnotobiotic facility |
Lecture 11 Phylogenetic trees - National Center for …
Assumption of character based parsimony • Each taxa is described by a set of characters • Each character can be in one of finite number of states • In one step certain changes are allowed in …
Traits evolving on a tree - CMU School of Computer Science
• Introduction to characters, character state matrices, and ancestral state reconstruction • Properties of characters –Ancestral (basal) and derived states – Monophyletic states • …
Basics of Cladistic Analysis - The George Washington University
This guide is designed to acquaint students with the basic principles and methods of cladistic analysis. The first part briefly reviews basic cladistic methods and terminology. The remaining …
Fill out the following character matrix. Mark an “X” if an …
D - Derived Character (Vascular Tissue) evolved 209 million years ago. Ferns have this trait. Biologically, one could use anatomical features, behavior, or molecular similarities and …
Shared Characters and Evolutionary Trees - KU Biodiversity …
Evolutionary tree diagrams are branching diagrams (dendrograms) that depict the phylogenetic relationships between taxa based on shared derived characters (synapomorphies) that reflect …
Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life - Biology E-Portfolio
What are shared derived characters? A shared derived character is an evolutionary novelty unique to a clade.
Definitions in Phylogenetic Taxonomy: Critique and Rationale
A general rationale for the formulation and placement of taxonomic de nitions in phy-logenetic taxonomy is proposed, and commonly used terms such as “crown taxon” or “node-based de …
Evolution # 4 Cladistics - Integrative Biology
apomorphic: a derived (new) trait, sometimes (inappropriately) termed advanced synapomorphies: shared apomorphies (derived) characteristics. To draw a phylogenetic tree, we look for …
Scanned Document - Bronx High School of Science
Sep 25, 2018 · Every organism on Earth may be referred to by a unique binomial, or a two-part name. These are in Latin, or latinized. What is your binomial? What does it mean? What are …
FIGURE 5.13. Ancestral and derived traits - evolution …
FIGURE 5.13. Ancestral and derived traits. (A) Derived traits. Consider a clade of species ABCD, with a trait present in species C and D but not A and B. If the trait evolved in the common …
Outline Character states Evolutionary change on a tree - CMU …
Questions to ask with character state analysis •What were the properties of the ancestor? •Which states are basal, which derived? •Did certain character states arise more than once, …
Rethinking Tree-Thinking: Cladograms, Ancestors & Evidence
general definition: “Evolutionary trees, known variously as clado- grams, phylogenies, phylogenetic trees, and genetic trees, are repre- sentations of biologists’ working hypotheses.”
Phylogenetic tree (phylogeny) - Integrative Biology
Monophyletic groups can be distinguished by identifying shared derived characters. In order to distinguish between shared primitive characters and shared derived characters, one or more …
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life - East Tennessee State University
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of species. To reconstruct phylogeny, scientists use systematics, an analytical approach to classifying the diversity and determining …
Key concepts - lecture 3 - Integrative Biology
Apomorphy (= apomorphic character-state): A derived state (either shared or unique). Autapomorphy: A unique, derived state; diagnostic for a terminal taxon but not informative …
Interpreting Evolutionary Trees - KU Biodiversity Institute
Evolutionary tree diagrams are branching diagrams (dendrograms) that depict the phylogenetic relationships between taxa based on shared derived characters (synapomorphies) that reflect …
Lost along the way: the significance of evolution in reverse
In the strictest sense, reverse evolution has been defined as the reacquisition by derived populations of the same character states as those of ancestor populations [3]. But, in many …
Evolution lecture #4 -- Phylogenetic Analysis (Cladistics)
• In cladistics, we use new (derived) traits shared by all descendants of a common ancestor ( synapomorphies ) to determine monophyletic groupings which include the common ancestor …
Cladograms - Integrative Biology
Cladograms are constructed using a method known as ‘cladistics’. This method analyzes a collection of heritable character data compiled by a researcher (morphology and/or DNA). This …
PART I - Analyze the Cladogram - KARA BEDFORD
character. Note: this cladogram was created for simplicity and understanding, it does not represent the established phylogeny for insects and their relatives. 1. _____ Wings ... Provide …
Tree thinking for all biology: the problem with reading …
ancestral versus derived character states). In fact, there is no general linear sequence of ancestral to derived, to more derived, except along the internal branches of the tree, following …
Phylogenetic tree (phylogeny) - Integrative Biology
• A shared derived character is a character that is shared by every species in a group but is not shared with any species outside the group. The assumption of parsimony is that a shared …
Derived Character Definition Biology Copy
Derived Character Definition Biology Günter P. Wagner. Derived Character Definition Biology: Concepts of Biology Samantha Fowler,Rebecca Roush,James Wise,2023-05-12 Black white …
FIGURE 5.13. Ancestral and derived traits - evolution …
B B c Trait here c here originated here FIGURE 5.13. Ancestral and derived traits. (A) Derived traits. Consider a clade of species ABCD, with a trait present in ...
Key concepts - lecture 3 - Integrative Biology
Hennig (1966): Shared, derived character-states are useful for resolving phylogeny, but shared, ancestral characteristics are not. Apomorphy (= apomorphic character-state): A derived state …
Derived Character Definition Biology Full PDF
Derived Character Definition Biology Annalisa Berta,James L. Sumich,Kit M. Kovacs. Derived Character Definition Biology Understanding Evolution Kostas Kampourakis,2014-04-03 …
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life - biocasts.com
24. Clades are developed by using shared derived characters. What are these? 25. Explain why, for mammals, hair is a shared derived character, but a backbone is a shared ancestral …
Definitions in Phylogenetic Taxonomy: Critique and …
Taxonomic diagnosis descriptive statementspecifying the apomorphies (derived character states) that serve to identify members of a taxon Taxonomic content existing and potential taxa or …
Outgroup Analysis and Parsimony - JSTOR
character state is derived (apomorphic) or ancestral (plesiomorphic). Many methods for assessing the evolutionary polarity of characters have been proposed, including outgroup analysis, …
Exploring Systematics and Phylogenetic Reconstruction Using …
Proceedings of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education. Vol. 33, 123-144, 2012 123. ... • Derived similarity (also called “synapomorphy”—syn = shared, apo = derived) is similarity due …
Phylogenetics Laboratory: Reconstructing Evolutionary …
share this character because they share a MRCA in which that character was newly derived. This is a simpler explanation than assuming it was derived independently four times—i.e., once in …
Evolution in Reverse Gear: The Molecular Basis of Loss and …
loss of a derived character state, e.g., the loss of red flower returning to the ancestral state of blue flowers. For this chapter, I propose to restrict the term “loss” to the first example and to restrict …
A sporopollenin definition for the genomics age - New …
‘Sporopollenin’ is the chimaeric term derived in 1931 by Zetzsche from ‘pollenin’ (John, 1814) and ‘sporonin’ (Braconnot, 1829)for ... show that a given character is ancestral rather than derived. …
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life - East Tennessee State …
o A character is any feature that a particular taxon possesses. o A shared derived character is unique to a particular clade. o A shared ancestral character is found not only in the clade being …
Scanned Document - Bronx High School of Science
Sep 25, 2018 · Clades are developed by using shared derived characters. What are these? Explain why, for mammals, hair is a shared derived character, but a backbone is a shared …
Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life - East Tennessee …
AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw . ... Explain why for mammals, hair is a shared derived character, but a backbone is …
CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT: ECOLOGICAL AND …
character displacement, and we also dis-cuss some of the downstream effects that may occur as a result of character displace-ment. Third, we evaluate how reproductive and ecological …
Evolutionary Polarity of Character States - JSTOR
A character is any aspect of the organism being examined; character states are the various manifestations of a character in different organisms or taxa. The terms ancestral, …
Fill out the following character matrix. Mark an “X” if an …
D - Derived Character (Vascular Tissue) evolved 209 million years ago. Ferns have this trait. Biologically, one could use anatomical features, behavior, or molecular similarities and …
Interpreting Evolutionary Trees - KU Biodiversity Institute
Shared derived characters (synapomorphies) that support these relationships can be included on the tree at relevant points. It is important to note that a shared derived character …
Functional morphology and evolution of aspiration …
is a shared-derived character for Lepidosauria. Gular pump breathing in lepidosaurs may be homologous with buccal pumping in amphibians, but non-ventilatory buccal oscillation and …
Homoplasy: From Detecting Pattern to Determining …
that derived similarity is not the simple result of common ancestry of taxa being compared. Usually homoplastic features are consequences of convergence or parallelism (Fig. 1, B and …
Determining Primitive Character States for Phylogenetic
respectively. Character state networks can be "rooted" to produce char-acter state trees or character state phylogenies (Estabrook 1978), transformation series (Hennig 1966), or trees …
TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS - EOPCW
May 7, 2021 · character. •Taxonomic character is any physical structure or behavioral system that can have more than one form (character state) which potentially provides phylogenetic …
Inferring Ancestral Character States - Springer
phylogeny is a character state configuration on n observed individuals (e.g., {OOlll}). The observed configuration is the data from which we will infer ancestral character states. It would …
Cladograms - Integrative Biology
of heritable character data compiled by a researcher (morphology and/or DNA). This method groups taxa based on the number of characters that they share with one another. Cladograms …
Species Concepts and Species Delimitation - JSTOR
Readers of Systematic Biology hardly need to be reminded of the importance of species in biology. Ac cording to various authors, species are one of the fun damental units of biology, …
Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny - David Bogler
Apomorphy - a derived feature or character; derived from and differing from an ancestral (plesiomorphic) condition Synapomorphy - A shared, derived character (apomorphy) reflecting …
A Corrected Parsimony Criterion for Reconstructing …
In phylogenetic analysis, each character, as an independent variable, provides evidence in discovering the genealogical relationships among the studied taxa. In other words, when each …
PHYLOGENETIC CONSTRAINT IN EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
biology need not be seen as a bleak one. Of course the truth about history ... This definition is related to the "local" developmental constraints of Maynard Smith et al (55), i.e. the …
AP Biology Name Chapter 14 Guided Reading: Mendel and …
3. What is the difference between a character and a trait? Explain using an example. 4. Define the following terms. Then consider your own family. Which generation would your mother’s …
Lecture 6.3 by Marina Barsky - Oberlin College and Conservatory
Character-based phylogeny problem with parsimony score • Input: –a set of N species –a set of M characters for each species –The input is generally presented as an NxM matrix C, where …
Evolution & Phylogenetic Analysis: Classroom Activities for ...
species radiates and gives rise to other new species, the novel character can either stay the same or change. If the character changes and that variation is passed on to new species, the …
ORDEREDVERSUS UNORDERED CHARACTERS - BMNH
character state tree (CST) is a rooted character state network (Camin and Sokal. 1965; Farris et al., 1970; Estabrook, 1984; Mickevich and Weller, 1990). ... made with regard to the …
Microsoft Word - 2008 Lecture11.doc - Integrative Biology
a shared derived character arose once in the ancestor of the group. Monophyletic groups can be distinguished by identifying shared derived characters. An example is given in Fig. 25.11. • In …
Phylogenetic Systematics: Developing an Hypothesis of …
Biology program at the University of Toronto. In addition to assisting in the coordination of the introductory biology course, he teaches the evolution section of the course in the summer. His …
How to Make a Cladogram - Boston University
Cladograms are constructed by grouping organisms together based on their shared derived characteristics. Example: 1. Given these characters and taxa: Characters Shark Bullfrog …
Understanding phylogenies: Constructing and interpreting …
number of character states, cladistics methods can provide a robust understanding of traits across an entire group with some level of completeness. Additionally, a phylogenetic tree can aid in …
REVIEW ARTICLE The powers and pitfalls of parsimony
derived characters to infer phylogenetic trees (Box 1 ), and that it can be used to tweeze apart overall similarity into its various components 14 (Fig. 2).
The Study of Character Development: Towards Tests of a
ture of character development, we present ideas pertinent to devising a relational de-velopmental systems-derived model of character development, and we suggest ways in which research …
FORUM ARTICLE - newzealandecology.org
legal/policy context. Literature-derived interpretations of natural character and equivalent concepts are evaluated as to their potential suitability for developing a biophysical definition of natural …
Phylogenetic Taxonomy of the Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: …
"the first taxon with derived character X and all of that ances-tor's descendants." Bryant (1994) noted that, while the first two definition types will always be stable, apomorphy-based defi …
Why do we make cladograms? - University of Texas at Austin
for “character present”. Some cladists use “0” to mean a character is primitive, and “1” to mean a character is derived with respect to the presence or absence of the character in the outgroup. …
HAPTER 4 STUDY GUIDE : CLASSIFICATION AND PHYLOGENY …
3. Characters that arose later are deri ved character states. 4. polarity of a character refers to ancestral/descendent relationships among its different states. 5. An outgrou p shows if a …
SECTION 2, DEFINITION, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND …
This working definition and its recognition of key features of asthma have been derived from studying how airway changes in asthma relate to the various factors associated with the …
The origin and evolution of segmentation
has been regarded as a shared, derived character of annelids and arthropods, uniting these phyla in a clade to the exclusion of un-segmented phyla, such as the molluscs 4. However, recent …
MAKING CLADOGRAMS: Background and Procedures …
With advances in molecular biology, scientists are able to take a closer look at similarities among organisms and to look for evolutionary relationships at the molecular level. The amino acid …
recognize and distinguish them. Uniting a stem-species with …
apomorphic) character states, while phylogenetic relationship can only be demonstrated by shared derived character states (synapomorphies). Contrary to the character state, that is only …
