Advertisement
| example of extinct language: Atlas of the world's languages in danger of disappearing Wurm, Stephen A., 2001-07-17 Close to half of the 6,000 languges spoken in the world are doomed or likely to disappear in the foreseeable future. The disappearance of any language is an irreparable loss for the heritage of all humankind. This new edition of the Atlas, first published in 1996, is intended to give a graphic picture of the magnitude of the problem and a comprehensive list of languages in danger. |
| example of extinct language: When Languages Die K. David Harrison, 2008 It is commonly agreed by linguists and anthropologists that the majority of languages spoken now around the globe will likely disappear within our lifetime. This text focuses on the question: what is lost when a language dies? |
| example of extinct language: Extinct Languages Johannes Friedrich, 1957 |
| example of extinct language: Language Endangerment David Bradley, Maya Bradley, 2019-11-21 Investigates the endangerment of languages and the loss of traditional cultural diversity, and how to respond. |
| example of extinct language: Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Christopher Moseley, 2010-01-01 Languages are not only tools of communication, they also reflect a view of the world. Languages are vehicles of value systems and cultural expressions and are an essential component of the living heritage of humanity. Yet, many of them are in danger of disappearing. UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger tries to raise awareness on language endangerment. This third edition has been completely revised and expanded to include new series of maps and new points of view. |
| example of extinct language: Language Death Nancy C. Dorian, 1981 |
| example of extinct language: The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages Peter K. Austin, Julia Sallabank, 2011-03-24 It is generally agreed that about 7,000 languages are spoken across the world today and at least half may no longer be spoken by the end of this century. This state-of-the-art Handbook examines the reasons behind this dramatic loss of linguistic diversity, why it matters, and what can be done to document and support endangered languages. The volume is relevant not only to researchers in language endangerment, language shift and language death, but to anyone interested in the languages and cultures of the world. It is accessible both to specialists and non-specialists: researchers will find cutting-edge contributions from acknowledged experts in their fields, while students, activists and other interested readers will find a wealth of readable yet thorough and up-to-date information. |
| example of extinct language: Language Death David Crystal, 2002-04-29 The rapid endangerment and death of many minority languages across the world is a matter of widespread concern, not only among linguists and anthropologists but among all concerned with issues of cultural identity in an increasingly globalized culture. By some counts, only 600 of the 6,000 or so languages in the world are 'safe' from the threat of extinction. A leading commentator and popular writer on language issues, David Crystal asks the fundamental question, 'Why is language death so important?', reviews the reasons for the current crisis, and investigates what is being done to reduce its impact. This 2002 book contains not only intelligent argument, but moving descriptions of the decline and demise of particular languages, and practical advice for anyone interested in pursuing the subject further. |
| example of extinct language: One Thousand Languages Peter Austin, 2008 Presents an overview of the living, endangered, and extinct languages of the world, providing the total number of speakers of the language, its history, and maps of the geographic areas where it is presently spoken or where it was spoken in the past. |
| example of extinct language: The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire Margus Kolga, 2013-07-19 The publisher of this book was a man who was born in 1938, in a free and democratic country (Estonia), with Estonian identity and citizenship. That all was amended in 1940 by Russian Empire as a result of the occupation of a sovereign country. The book was written with help of leading specialists of that time and with an attempt to stay neutral, almost as bystanders. The purpose was to describe cultures and ethnic groups of people who have suffered or have been eradicated under the power of Russian Empire. Oppression of neighbors has taken place for over 500 years, and continues even today with Russian Federation changing daily into more totalitarian and dangerous state in an attempt to restore its former glory. Also Russian Federation is the only surviving colonial country in the world, from whose clutches have fled only a few nations, who gained sovereignty. Still this is not an complete view of the Empire, because the 84 nations covered in this book is only a third of more than 200 nations and cultures, whose fate is evanesce and disappearance into the larger Russian population by aggressive social politics. This relentless process is irreparable loss to world cultural heritage, diversity and democratic freedoms. On the other hand, it is also a loss to these nations economy, because the aggressor ravages and robs natural resources while destroying the environment. The idea of the book the author, publisher and financier a Thomas Niimann. |
| example of extinct language: Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages Christopher Moseley, 2008-03-10 The concern for the fast-disappearing language stocks of the world has arisen particularly in the past decade, as a result of the impact of globalization. This book appears as an answer to a felt need: to catalogue and describe those languages, making up the vast majority of the world's six thousand or more distinct tongues, which are in danger of disappearing within the next few decades. Endangerment is a complex issue, and the reasons why so many of the world's smaller, less empowered languages are not being passed on to future generations today are discussed in the book's introduction. The introduction is followed by regional sections, each authored by a notable specialist, combining to provide a comprehensive listing of every language which, by the criteria of endangerment set out in the introduction, is likely to disappear within the next few decades. These languages make up ninety per cent of the world's remaining language stocks. Each regional section comprises an introduction that deals with problems of language preservation peculiar to the area, surveys of known extinct languages, and problems of classification. The introduction is followed by a list of all known languages within the region, endangered or not, arranged by genetic affiliation, with endangered and extinct languages marked. This listing is followed by entries in alphabetical order covering each language listed as endangered. Useful maps are provided to pinpoint the more complex clusters of smaller languages in every region of the world. The Encyclopedia therefore provides in a single resource: expert analysis of the current language policy situation in every multilingual country and on every continent, detailed descriptions of little-known languages from all over the world, and clear alphabetical entries, region by region, of all the world's languages currently thought to be in danger of extinction. The Encyclopedia of the World’s Endangered Languages will be a necessary addition to all academic linguistics collections and will be a useful resource for a range of readers with an interest in development studies, cultural heritage and international affairs. |
| example of extinct language: A Basic Grammar of Ugaritic Language Stanislav Segert, 1984 In 1929, the first cuneiform tablet, inscribed with previously unknown signs, was found during archeological excavations at Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit) in northern Syria. Since then a special discipline, sometimes called Ugaritology, has arisen. The impact of the Ugaritic language and of the many texts written in it has been felt in the study of Semitic languages and literatures, in the history of the ancient Near East, and especially in research devoted to the Hebrew Bible. In fact, knowledge of Ugaritic has become a standard prerequisite for the scientific study of the Old Testament. The Ugaritic texts, written in the fourteenth and thirteenth centuries B. c., represent the oldest complex of connected texts in any West Semitic language now available (1984). Their language is of critical importance for comparative Semitic linguistics and is uniquely important to the critical study of Biblical Hebrew. Ugaritic, which was spoken in a northwestern corner of the larger Canaanite linguistic area, cannot be considered a direct ancestor of Biblical Hebrew, but its conservative character can help in the reconstruction of the older stages of Hebrew phonology, word formation, and inflection. These systems were later-that is, during the period in which the biblical texts were actually written-complicated by phonological and other changes. The Ugaritic texts are remarkable, however, for more than just their antiquity and their linguistic witness. They present a remarkably vigorous and mature literature, one containing both epic cycles and shorter poems. The poetic structure of Ugaritic is noteworthy, among other reasons, for its use of the parallelism of members that also characterizes such ancient and archaizing poems in the Hebrew Bible as the Song of Deborah (in Judges 5), the Song of the Sea (in Exodus 15), Psalms 29, 68, and 82, and Habakkuk 3. Textual sources and their rendering The basic source for the study of Ugaritic is a corpus of texts written in an alphabetic cuneiform script unknown before 1929; this script represents consonants fully and exactly but gives only limited and equivocal indication of vowels. Our knowledge of the Ugaritic language is supple-mented by evidence from Akkadian texts found at Ugarit and containing many Ugaritic words, especially names written in the syllabic cuneiform script. Scholars reconstructing the lost language of Ugarit draw, finally, on a wide variety of comparative linguistic data, data from texts not found at Ugarit, as well as from living languages. Evidence from Phoenician, Hebrew, Amorite, Aramaic, Arabic, Akkadian, Ethiopic, and recently also Eblaitic, can be applied to good effect. For the student, as well as for the research scholar, it is important that the various sources of U garitic be distinguished in modern transliteration or transcription. Since many of the texts found at Ugarit are fragmentary or physically damaged, it is well for students to be clear about what portion of a text that they are reading actually survives and what portion is a modern attempt to fill in the blanks. While the selected texts in section 8 reflect the state of preservation in detail, in the other sections of the grammar standardized forms are presented, based on all available evidence. |
| example of extinct language: Language Diversity Endangered Matthias Brenzinger, 2015-07-31 This book presents a comprehensive overview of endangered languages with a global coverage. It features such well-known specialists as Michael Krauss, Willem F. H. Adelaar, Denny Moore, Colette Grinevald, Akira Yamamoto, Roger Blench, Bruce Connell, Tapani Salminen, Olga Kazakevich, Aleksandr Kibrik, Jonathan Owens, David Bradley, George van Driem, Nicholas Evans, Stephen A. Wurm, Darrell Tryon and Matthias Brenzinger. The contributions are unique in analysing the present extent and the various kinds of language endangerment by applying shared general indicators for the assessment of language endangerment. Apart from presenting the specific situations of language endangerment at the sub-continental level, the volume discusses major issues that bear universally on language endangerment. The actual study of endangered languages is carefully examined, for example, against the ethics and pragmatics of fieldwork. Practical aspects of community involvement in language documentation are discussed, such as the setting up of local archives and the training of local linguists. Numerous case studies illustrate different language shift environments with specific replacing factors, such as colonial and religious conquests, migrations and governmental language education. The book is of interest to students and scholars of linguistics with particular focus on endangered languages (and their documentation), typology, and sociolinguistics as well as to anthropologists and language activists. |
| example of extinct language: Reversing Language Shift Joshua A. Fishman, 1991-01-01 This book is about the theory and practice of assistance to speech-communities whose native languages are threatened because their intergenerational continuity is proceeding negatively, with fewer and fewer speakers (or readers, writers and even understanders) every generation. |
| example of extinct language: Atlas of the World's Languages R.E. Asher, Christopher Moseley, 2018-04-19 Before the first appearance of the Atlas of the World's Languages in 1993, all the world's languages had never been accurately and completely mapped. The Atlas depicts the location of every known living language, including languages on the point of extinction. This fully revised edition of the Atlas offers: up-to-date research, some from fieldwork in early 2006 a general linguistic history of each section an overview of the genetic relations of the languages in each section statistical and sociolinguistic information a large number of new or completely updated maps further reading and a bibliography for each section a cross-referenced language index of over 6,000 languages. Presenting contributions from international scholars, covering over 6,000 languages and containing over 150 full-colour maps, the Atlas of the World's Languages is the definitive reference resource for every linguistic and reference library. |
| example of extinct language: Attitudes to Endangered Languages Julia Sallabank, 2013-12-19 An in-depth study of endangered language revitalisation, which assesses the implications of changing language attitudes for language campaigners and policy-makers. |
| example of extinct language: The Last Speakers K. David Harrison, 2010-09-21 Part travelogue and part scientist's notebook, The Last Speakers is the poignant chronicle of author K. David Harrison's expeditions around the world to meet with last speakers of vanishing languages. The speakers' eloquent reflections and candid photographs reveal little-known lifeways as well as revitalization efforts to teach disappearing languages to younger generations. Thought-provoking and engaging, this unique book illuminates the global language-extinction crisis through photos, graphics, interviews, traditional wisdom never before translated into English, and first-person essays that thrillingly convey the adventure of science and exploration. |
| example of extinct language: Cataloguing the World's Endangered Languages Lyle Campbell, Anna Belew, 2018-02-02 Cataloguing the World’s Endangered Languages brings together the results of the extensive and influential Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat) project. Based on the findings from the most extensive endangered languages research project, this is the most comprehensive source of accurate information on endangered languages. The book presents the academic and scientific findings that underpin the online Catalogue, located at www.endangeredlanguages.com, making it an essential companion to the website for academics and researchers working in this area. While the online Catalogue displays much data from the ELCat project, this volume develops and emphasizes aspects of the research behind the data and includes topics of great interest in the field, not previously covered in a single volume. Cataloguing the World’s Endangered Languages is an important volume of particular interest to academics and researchers working with endangered languages. |
| example of extinct language: The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages Kenneth L. Rehg, Lyle Campbell, 2018-07-18 The endangered languages crisis is widely acknowledged among scholars who deal with languages and indigenous peoples as one of the most pressing problems facing humanity, posing moral, practical, and scientific issues of enormous proportions. Simply put, no area of the world is immune from language endangerment. The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages, in 39 chapters, provides a comprehensive overview of the efforts that are being undertaken to deal with this crisis. A comprehensive reference reflecting the breadth of the field, the Handbook presents in detail both the range of thinking about language endangerment and the variety of responses to it, and broadens understanding of language endangerment, language documentation, and language revitalization, encouraging further research. The Handbook is organized into five parts. Part 1, Endangered Languages, addresses the fundamental issues that are essential to understanding the nature of the endangered languages crisis. Part 2, Language Documentation, provides an overview of the issues and activities of concern to linguists and others in their efforts to record and document endangered languages. Part 3, Language Revitalization, includes approaches, practices, and strategies for revitalizing endangered and sleeping (dormant) languages. Part 4, Endangered Languages and Biocultural Diversity, extends the discussion of language endangerment beyond its conventional boundaries to consider the interrelationship of language, culture, and environment, and the common forces that now threaten the sustainability of their diversity. Part 5, Looking to the Future, addresses a variety of topics that are certain to be of consequence in future efforts to document and revitalize endangered languages. |
| example of extinct language: Revivalistics Ghil'ad Zuckermann, 2020 In this book, Ghil'ad Zuckermann introduces revivalistics, a new trans-disciplinary field of enquiry surrounding language reclamation, revitalization, and reinvigoration. Applying lessons from the Hebrew revival of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to contemporary endangered languages, Zuckermann takes readers along a fascinating and multifaceted journey into language revival and provides new insights into language genesis. Beginning with a critical analysis of Israeli-the language resulting from the Hebrew revival-Zuckermann's radical theory contradicts conventional accounts of the Hebrew revival and challenges the family tree model of historical linguistics. Revivalistics demonstrates how grammatical cross-fertilization with the revivalists' mother tongues is inevitable in the case of successful revival languages. The second part of the book then applies these lessons from the Israeli language to revival movements in Australia and globally, describing the why and how of revivalistics. With examples from the Barngarla Aboriginal language of South Australia, Zuckermann proposes ethical, aesthetic, and utilitarian reasons for language revival and offers practical methods for reviving languages. Based on years of the author's research, fieldwork, and personal experience with language revivals all over the globe, Revivalistics offers ground-breaking theoretical and pragmatic contributions to the field of language reclamation, revitalization, and reinvigoration. |
| example of extinct language: Poems from the Edge of Extinction Chris McCabe, 2021-12-09 Gold winner in Poetry and Special Honors Award winner for Best Anthology Nautilus Book Awards The Beautiful New Treasury of Poetry in Endangered Languages, in Association with the National Poetry Library Featuring award-winning poets from cultures as diverse as the Ainu people of Japan to the Zoque of Mexico, with languages that range from the indigenous Ahtna of Alaska to the Shetlandic dialect of Scots, this evocative collection gathers together 50 of the finest poems in endangered, or vulnerable, languages from across the continents. With poems by influential, award-winning poets such as US poet laureate Joy Harjo, Hawad, Valzhyna Mort, and Jackie Kay, this collection offers a unique insight into both languages and poetry, taking the reader on an emotional, life-affirming journey into the cultures of these beautiful languages, celebrating our linguistic diversity and highlighting our commonalities and the fundamental role verbal art plays in human life. Each poem appears in its original form, alongside an English translation, and is accompanied by a commentary about the language, the poet and the poem - in a vibrant celebration of life, diversity, language, and the enduring power of poetry. One language is falling silent every two weeks. Half of the 7,000 languages spoken in the world today will be lost by the end of this century. With the loss of these languages, we also lose the unique poetic traditions of their speakers and writers. This timely anthology is passionately edited by widely published poet and UK National Poetry Librarian, Chris McCabe, who is also the founder of the Endangered Poetry Project, a major project launched by London's Southbank Centre to collect poetry written in the world's disappearing languages, and introduced by Dr Mandana Seyfeddinipur, Director of the Endangered Languages Documentation Programme and the Endangered Languages Archive at SOAS University of London, and Dr Martin Orwin, Senior Lecturer in Somali and Amharic, SOAS University of London. Languages included in the book: Assyrian; Belarusian; Chimiini; Irish Gaelic; Maori; Navajo; Patua; Rotuman; Saami; Scottish Gaelic; Welsh; Yiddish; Zoque Poets included in the book: Joy Harjo; Hawad; Jackie Kay; Aurélia Lassaque; Nineb Lamassu; Gearóid Mac Lochlainn; Valzhyna Mort; Laura Tohe; Taniel Varoujan; Avrom Sutzkever |
| example of extinct language: Speak Not James Griffiths, 2021-10-21 A New Yorker Best Book of 2022 A Globe & Mail Book of the Year A stimulating work on the politics of language. LA Review of Books As globalisation continues languages are disappearing faster than ever, leaving our planet's linguistic diversity leaping towards extinction. The science of how languages are acquired is becoming more advanced and the internet is bringing us new ways of teaching the next generation, however it is increasingly challenging for minority languages to survive in the face of a handful of hegemonic 'super-tongues'. In Speak Not, James Griffiths reports from the frontlines of the battle to preserve minority languages, from his native Wales, Hawaii and indigenous American nations, to southern China and Hong Kong. He explores the revival of the Welsh language as a blueprint for how to ensure new generations are not robbed of their linguistic heritage, outlines how loss of indigenous languages is the direct result of colonialism and globalisation and examines how technology is both hindering and aiding the fight to prevent linguistic extinction. Introducing readers to compelling characters and examining how indigenous communities are fighting for their languages, Griffiths ultimately explores how languages hang on, what happens when they don't, and how indigenous tongues can be preserved and brought back from the brink. |
| example of extinct language: Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization Tasaku Tsunoda, 2013-02-06 In almost every part of the world, minority languages are threatened with extinction. At the same time, dedicated efforts are being made to document endangered languages, to maintain them, and even to revive once-extinct languages. The present volume examines a wide range of issues that concern language endangerment andlanguage revitalization. Among other things, it is shown that languages may be endangered to different degrees, endangerment situations in selected areas of the world are surveyed and definitions of language death and types of language death presented. The book also examines causes of language endangerment, speech behaviour in a language endangerment situation, structural changes in endangered languages, as well as types of speakers encountered in a language endangerment situation. In addition, methods of documentation and of training for linguists are proposed which will enable scholars to play an active role in the documentation of endangered languages and in language revitalization. The book presents a comprehensive overview of the field. It is clearly written and contains ample references to the relevant literature, thus providing useful guidance for further research. The author often draws on his own experience of documenting endangered languages and of language revival activities in Australia. The volume is of interest to a wide readership, including linguists, anthropologists, sociologists, and educators. |
| example of extinct language: Language in Prehistory Alan Barnard, 2016-01-05 For ninety per cent of our history, humans have lived as 'hunters and gatherers', and for most of this time, as talking individuals. No direct evidence for the origin and evolution of language exists; we do not even know if early humans had language, either spoken or signed. Taking an anthropological perspective, Alan Barnard acknowledges this difficulty and argues that we can nevertheless infer a great deal about our linguistic past from what is around us in the present. Hunter-gatherers still inhabit much of the world, and in sufficient number to enable us to study the ways in which they speak, the many languages they use, and what they use them for. Barnard investigates the lives of hunter-gatherers by understanding them in their own terms, to create a book which will be welcomed by all those interested in the evolution of language. |
| example of extinct language: Revitalizing Endangered Languages Justyna Olko, Julia Sallabank, 2021-01-31 Of the approximately 7,000 languages in the world, at least half may no longer be spoken by the end of the twenty-first century. Languages are endangered by a number of factors, including globalization, education policies, and the political, economic and cultural marginalization of minority groups. This guidebook provides ideas and strategies, as well as some background, to help with the effective revitalization of endangered languages. It covers a broad scope of themes including effective planning, benefits, wellbeing, economic aspects, attitudes and ideologies. The chapter authors have hands-on experience of language revitalization in many countries around the world, and each chapter includes a wealth of examples, such as case studies from specific languages and language areas. Clearly and accessibly written, it is suitable for non-specialists as well as academic researchers and students interested in language revitalization. This book is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core. |
| example of extinct language: Dialect Death Charles E. Holloway, 1997-01-01 The Brule Dwellers of Ascension Parish are descendants of Canary Island immigrants who came to Louisiana in the late 1700s. A few residents in and around the Ascension Parish area still speak an archaic dialect of Spanish which is at the brink of linguistic extinction. Because the Brule dialect is in the final stages of what is commonly known as language death, the case of Brule Spanish presents an exciting opportunity to investigate commonly held assumptions regarding the structural changes often associated with vestigial languages. Its relative isolation from other dialects of Spanish for over two hundred years serves as a sort of linguistic time capsule which provides information that is relevant to critical outstanding issues in Hispanic dialectology and historical linguistics. In addition to examining these issues, documenting the specific characteristics of Brule Spanish, and comparing Brule Spanish with other modern Spanish dialects, this book presents a very accessible introduction to the field of language death. |
| example of extinct language: Endangered Languages Lenore A. Grenoble, Lindsay J. Whaley, 1998-03-26 This book provides an overview of the issues surrounding language loss. It brings together work by theoretical linguists, field linguists, and non-linguist members of minority communities to provide an integrated view of how language is lost, from sociological and economic as well as from linguistic perspectives. The contributions to the volume fall into four categories. The chapters by Dorian and Grenoble and Whaley provide an overview of language endangerment. Grinevald, England, Jacobs, and Nora and Richard Dauenhauer describe the situation confronting threatened languages from both a linguistic and sociological perspective. The understudied issue of what (beyond a linguistic system) can be lost as a language ceases to be spoken is addressed by Mithun, Hale, Jocks, and Woodbury. In the last section, Kapanga, Myers-Scotton, and Vakhtin consider the linguistic processes which underlie language attrition. |
| example of extinct language: Investigating Obsolescence Nancy C. Dorian, 1992-09-03 This collection will certainly stimulate further and better co-ordinated research into a topic of direct relevance to sociolinguistics and anthropological linguistics. |
| example of extinct language: An Atlas of Endangered Alphabets Tim Brookes, 2024-08-29 A global exploration of the many writing systems that are on the verge of vanishing, and the stories and cultures they carry with them. If something is important, we write it down. Yet 85% of the world's writing systems are on the verge of vanishing - not granted official status, not taught in schools, discouraged and dismissed. When a culture is forced to abandon its traditional script, everything it has written for hundreds of years - sacred texts, poems, personal correspondence, legal documents, the collective experience, wisdom and identity of a people - is lost. This Atlas is about those writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them. From the ancient holy alphabets of the Middle East, now used only by tiny sects, to newly created African alphabets designed to keep cultural traditions alive in the twenty-first century: from a Sudanese script based on the ownership marks traditionally branded into camels, to a secret system used in one corner of China exclusively by women to record the songs and stories of their inner selves: this unique book profiles dozens of scripts and the cultures they encapsulate, offering glimpses of worlds unknown to us - and ways of saving them from vanishing entirely. |
| example of extinct language: Speak: A Short History of Languages Tore Janson, 2002-03-14 This book is a history of human speech from prehistory to the present. It charts the rise of some languages and the fall of others, explaining why some survive and others die. It shows how languages change their sounds and meanings, and how the history of languages is closely linked to the history of peoples. Writing in a lively, readable style, distinguished Swedish scholar Tore Janson makes no assumptions about previous knowledge. He takes the reader on a voyage of exploration through the changing patterns of the world's languages, from ancient China to ancient Egypt, imperial Rome to imperial Britain, Sappho's Lesbos to contemporary Africa. He discovers the links between the histories of societies and their languages; he shows how language evolved from primitive calls; he considers the question of whether one language can be more advanced than another. The author describes the history of writing and looks at the impact of changing technology. He ends by assessing the prospects for English world domination and predicting the languages of the distant future. Five historical maps illustrate this fascinating history of our defining characteristic and most valuable asset. |
| example of extinct language: How to Keep Your Language Alive Leanne Hinton, Matt Vera, Nancy Steele, 2002 Do you want to learn the language of your ancestors? Do you want to help save an endangered language? Do you know someone who speaks another language and could help you learn it? If the answer to any or all of these questions is yes, this book can help. Amidst an epidemic of worldwide language loss, author Leanne Hinton and a group of dedicated language activists have created a master-apprentice program, a one-on-one approach to ensure that new speakers will take the place of those who are fluent in the world's languages. The Master-Apprentice Language Learning Program originated among the indigenous tribes of California, but this is a manual for students of all languages, from Yurok to Yiddish, Washoe to Welsh. Here is a simple, structured series of exercises and activities designed to help you take advantage of the language-learning skills shared by all humans, along with advice to students and their mentors about how to succeed.--From publisher description. |
| example of extinct language: Spoken Here Mark Abley, 2005 In Spoken Here, journalist Mark Abley takes us on a world tour -- from the Arctic Circle to the outback of Australia -- to track obscure languages and reveal their beauty and the devotion of those who work to save them. --from publisher description. |
| example of extinct language: Can Threatened Languages be Saved? Joshua A. Fishman, 2001-01-01 Defenders of threatened languages all over the world, from advocates of biodiversity to dedicated defenders of their own cultural authenticity, are often humbled by the dimensity of the task that they are faced with when the weak and the few seek to find a safe-harbour against the ravages of the strong and the many. This book provides both practical case studies and theoretical directions from all five continents and advances thereby the collective pursuit of reversing language shift for the greater benefit of cultural democracy everywhere. |
| example of extinct language: Saving Languages Lenore A. Grenoble, Lindsay J. Whaley, 2005-11-03 Language endangerment has been the focus of much attention and as a result, a wide range of people are working to revitalize and maintain local languages. This book serves as a general reference guide to language revitalization, written not only for linguists and anthropologists, but also for language activists and community members who believe they should ensure the future use of their languages, despite their predicted loss. Drawing extensively on case studies, it sets out the necessary background and highlights central issues such as literacy, policy decisions, and allocation of resources. Its primary goal is to provide the essential tools for a successful language revitalization program, such as setting and achieving realistic goals, and anticipating and resolving common obstacles. Clearly written and informative, Saving Languages will be an invaluable resource for all those interested in the fate of small language communities around the globe. |
| example of extinct language: The Atlas of Unusual Languages: An exploration of language, people and geography Zoran Nikolic, Collins Books, 2021-10-14 We communicate through the spoken and written word and language has evolved over the centuries. Many languages have survived although only in small pockets throughout the world. This book explores a selection of those languages. |
| example of extinct language: The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice Leanne Hinton, Kenneth Locke Hale, 2013 With world-wide environmental destruction and globalization of economy, a few languages, especially English, are spreading, while thousands others are disappearing, taking with them cultural, philosophical and environmental knowledge systems and oral literatures. This book serves as a manual of effective practices in language revitalization. This book was previously published by Academic Press under ISBN 978-01-23-49354-5. |
| example of extinct language: Vanishing Voices Daniel Nettle, Suzanne Romaine, 2000 Nettle and Romaine paint a breathtaking landscape that shows why so many of the world's languages are disappearing-and more importantly, why it matters. - BOOK JACKET. |
| example of extinct language: Rhythm of War Brandon Sanderson, 2020-11-17 An instant #1 New York Times Bestseller and a USA Today and Indie Bestseller! The Stormlight Archive saga continues in Rhythm of War, the eagerly awaited sequel to Brandon Sanderson's #1 New York Times bestselling Oathbringer, from an epic fantasy writer at the top of his game. After forming a coalition of human resistance against the enemy invasion, Dalinar Kholin and his Knights Radiant have spent a year fighting a protracted, brutal war. Neither side has gained an advantage, and the threat of a betrayal by Dalinar’s crafty ally Taravangian looms over every strategic move. Now, as new technological discoveries by Navani Kholin’s scholars begin to change the face of the war, the enemy prepares a bold and dangerous operation. The arms race that follows will challenge the very core of the Radiant ideals, and potentially reveal the secrets of the ancient tower that was once the heart of their strength. At the same time that Kaladin Stormblessed must come to grips with his changing role within the Knights Radiant, his Windrunners face their own problem: As more and more deadly enemy Fused awaken to wage war, no more honorspren are willing to bond with humans to increase the number of Radiants. Adolin and Shallan must lead the coalition’s envoy to the honorspren stronghold of Lasting Integrity and either convince the spren to join the cause against the evil god Odium, or personally face the storm of failure. Other Tor books by Brandon Sanderson The Cosmere The Stormlight Archive ● The Way of Kings ● Words of Radiance ● Edgedancer (novella) ● Oathbringer ● Dawnshard (novella) ● Rhythm of War The Mistborn Saga The Original Trilogy ● Mistborn ● The Well of Ascension ● The Hero of Ages Wax and Wayne ● The Alloy of Law ● Shadows of Self ● The Bands of Mourning ● The Lost Metal Other Cosmere novels ● Elantris ● Warbreaker ● Tress of the Emerald Sea ● Yumi and the Nightmare Painter ● The Sunlit Man Collection ● Arcanum Unbounded: The Cosmere Collection The Alcatraz vs. the Evil Librarians series ● Alcatraz vs. the Evil Librarians ● The Scrivener's Bones ● The Knights of Crystallia ● The Shattered Lens ● The Dark Talent ● Bastille vs. the Evil Librarians (with Janci Patterson) Other novels ● The Rithmatist ● Legion: The Many Lives of Stephen Leeds ● The Frugal Wizard’s Handbook for Surviving Medieval England Other books by Brandon Sanderson The Reckoners ● Steelheart ● Firefight ● Calamity Skyward ● Skyward ● Starsight ● Cytonic ● Skyward Flight (with Janci Patterson) ● Defiant At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied. |
| example of extinct language: Sustaining Linguistic Diversity Kendall A. King, Natalie Schilling, Lyn Wright Fogle, Jia Jackie Lou, Barbara Soukup, 2008-03-06 In the last three decades the field of endangered and minority languages has evolved rapidly, moving from the initial dire warnings of linguists to a swift increase in the number of organizations, funding programs, and community-based efforts dedicated to documentation, maintenance, and revitalization. Sustaining Linguistic Diversity brings together cutting-edge theoretical and empirical work from leading researchers and practitioners in the field. Together, these contributions provide a state-of-the-art overview of current work in defining, documenting, and developing the world's smaller languages and language varieties. The book begins by grappling with how we define endangerment—how languages and language varieties are best classified, what the implications of such classifications are, and who should have the final say in making them. The contributors then turn to the documentation and description of endangered languages and focus on best practices, methods and goals in documentation, and on current field reports from around the globe. The latter part of the book analyzes current practices in developing endangered languages and dialects and particular language revitalization efforts and outcomes in specific locations. Concluding with critical calls from leading researchers in the field to consider the human lives at stake, Sustaining Linguistic Diversity reminds scholars, researchers, practitioners, and educators that linguistic diversity can only be sustained in a world where diversity in all its forms is valued. |
| example of extinct language: How Dead Languages Work Coulter H. George, 2020-04-05 What could Greek poets or Roman historians say in their own language that would be lost in translation? After all, different languages have different personalities, and this is especially clear with languages of the ancient and medieval world. This volume celebrates six such languages - Ancient Greek, Latin, Old English, Sanskrit, Old Irish, and Biblical Hebrew - by first introducing readers to their most distinctive features, then showing how these linguistic traits play out in short excerpts from actual ancient texts. It explores, for instance, how Homer's Greek shows signs of oral composition, how Horace achieves striking poetic effects through interlaced word order in his Latin, and how the poet of Beowulf attains remarkable intensity of expression through the resources of Old English. But these are languages that have shared connections as well. Readers will see how the Sanskrit of the Rig Veda uses words that come from roots found also in English, how turns of phrase characteristic of the Hebrew Bible found their way into English, and that even as unusual a language as Old Irish still builds on common Indo-European linguistic patterns. Very few people have the opportunity to learn these languages, and they can often seem mysterious and inaccessible: drawing on a lucid and engaging writing style and with the aid of clear English translations throughout, this book aims to give all readers, whether scholars, students, or interested novices, an aesthetic appreciation of just how rich and varied they are. |
EXAMPLE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of EXAMPLE is one that serves as a pattern to be imitated or not to be imitated. How to use example in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of Example.
EXAMPLE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
EXAMPLE definition: 1. something that is typical of the group of things that it is a member of: 2. a way of helping…. Learn more.
EXAMPLE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
one of a number of things, or a part of something, taken to show the character of the whole. This painting is an example of his early work. a pattern or model, as of something to be imitated or …
Example - definition of example by The Free Dictionary
1. one of a number of things, or a part of something, taken to show the character of the whole. 2. a pattern or model, as of something to be imitated or avoided: to set a good example. 3. an …
Example Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
To be illustrated or exemplified (by). Wear something simple; for example, a skirt and blouse.
EXAMPLE - Meaning & Translations | Collins English Dictionary
An example of something is a particular situation, object, or person which shows that what is being claimed is true. 2. An example of a particular class of objects or styles is something that …
example noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage …
used to emphasize something that explains or supports what you are saying; used to give an example of what you are saying. There is a similar word in many languages, for example in …
Example - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
An example is a particular instance of something that is representative of a group, or an illustration of something that's been generally described. Example comes from the Latin word …
example - definition and meaning - Wordnik
noun Something that serves as a pattern of behaviour to be imitated (a good example) or not to be imitated (a bad example). noun A person punished as a warning to others. noun A parallel …
EXAMPLE Synonyms: 20 Similar Words - Merriam-Webster
Some common synonyms of example are case, illustration, instance, sample, and specimen. While all these words mean "something that exhibits distinguishing characteristics in its …
Stabilizing Indigenous Languages - Northern Arizona University
• schools are best at implementing a developmental language curricu-lum for children who have acquired the language at home. Consistent with the above, the most frequently agreed-upon …
Language Revitalization: A Case Study of the Khoisan …
Alternatively, a language may also become extinct if the ... There has been only one successful example of language revival to date—modern Hebrew (Harshav, 2009). This revival was …
A Study of Endangered Languages from an
2021-4465-AJP-LNG 1 1 A Study of Endangered Languages from an 2 Ecological Lingustic Perspective 3 4 The endangerment of ethnic languages has now become a hot issue of 5 …
THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY — THE LINGUISTIC …
For example, in the model below, all the languages B through I in the tree are related as members of the same family; if they were not related, they would not all descend from the ... is PALAIC, …
Endangerment and revitalization of sign languages - SIL …
because deaf people themselves disappear from a community, typically a shared-signing community. For example, Martha’s Vineyard Sign Language (Massachusetts) became extinct …
Research on 2,400 languages shows nearly half the world's …
A huge linguistic database of grammar Were thrilled to release Grambank into the world. Our team of international colleagues built it over several years by reading many books
11. Language revitalization: maintenance and revival - De …
170 11. Language revitalization: maintenance and revival (a) Degree of language endangerment an d death A.s seen in Chapter 2, language endangerment consist osf successive phases, …
Exploring the Causes of Language Death: A Review Paper
Keywords: language death, language extinct, culture, bilingualism, immigration, natural disaster ... .Language is crucial in schooling. For example, education is mostly carried out
Ethnologue: Languages of the world. 15th ed. Ed. byR SIL …
For example, information on basic word order (typology) is present for only about 15% 57 of the languages, on ‘religion’ for about 38%. We might speculate that SIL’s interests in Bible ... 60 in …
Language extinction and linguistic fronts
spoken may become extinct, or greatly endangered, by the end of this century [17]. The main driver for the current processes of language shift is the perception of a potential economic …
ENDANGERED ANIMALS TRADING CARDS - pebblego.com
Ask if they know what this word means. (Extinct means no longer living anywhere in the world.) 3. Ask students to give you an example of an extinct animal. (Many students will know that …
Seeking the First Speakers of Indo-European Language
ancient DNA. Yet Hittite, a now extinct Indo-European language, was spoken there. Linguistic evidence (such as a lack of root words for wheeled vehicles) suggests that Hittite and the …
Writing an Effective Plain Language Summary - agu.org
people outside of a specific scientific circle. The example below, taken from a research article published in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, is broken down to show the four key …
SUSTAINING LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY Endangered and …
language of the Algonquian language family that is classified as extinct by well- known sources such as the Ethnologue (Gordon 2005). 2 However, as detailed later, it is not and never was …
1 Is Hebrew an endangered language? - Cambridge …
the leading experts in the field of the sociology of language, defines the lowest stage of language maintenance as when it is known only by old isolated individuals without anyone to …
ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS (Common Core)
ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS (Common Core) Monday, January 26, 2015 — 9:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m., only REGENTS IN ELA (Common Core) REGENTS IN ELA (Common Core) The …
16. Language Contact and Language Displacement
English is in a replacing position in relation, for example, to Australian Aboriginal languages, Indian languages in North America, and Celtic languages in Great Britain. Many languages …
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES - ed
example, economy, social, culture, education, politics, government and so on. Language shift concerns ... language that has become extinct so it can re-exist, and 4. This research will be …
Review - JSTOR
language family,aswellasthehistoryofthe thehistoryofideasrelatingto thefamily, andall the ramificationsofsuchtopics.Blustdoesn'tjustdescribe,he goes into exhaustivedetail,and not …
Language Endangerment and Sustainable Futures in …
the 7,000 languages currently spoken will be extinct by the end of the century’ (McVeigh 16/1/2023). In Solomon Islands, vernacular languages are rapidly giving way to ... is a prime …
in the Narragansett Language
Chart 2. Structure of Nouns in Massachusett Language…..16 Chart 3. Definition of Terms for Noun Inflections…..16 Chart 4. Summary of Noun Inflections for All Possible Forms…..20 …
Sicilian Language Usage: Language Attitudes and Usage
instruction by the written language (Cipolla 2011). Over time, the implementation of language policy officially stunted the use of the Sicilian language, yet unofficially the language is …
LOW GERMAN AS AN ENDANGERED LANGUAGE - Airccse
Löffler, for example, equals dialects with “Unterschichtsprache” (lower class language/white trash language, 1972: 37);while Ammon suggests that speaking Low German results in lower levels …
Social media used to revive extinct language - Phys.org
Social media used to revive extinct language July 1 2014, by Letisia Marquez ... example, the word in Tongva for "two" and review how various explorers and scholars wrote down how the …
Example Of Extinct Volcano In The Philippines
tiny jagged particles with the example of in volcano the extinct volcanoes far from pura pasat agung is currently undertaken the summit crater eruptions have to advance. To the most …
Language & Colonization: Statement of the Problem - JDS
indigenous languages extinct or endangered. In the residential school system, indigenous children were punished severely for using their ... British colonization, as an example of language …
Language and Ideology in Orwell's 1984 - JSTOR
Likewise, the disgraced "unpersons" who sit with "extinct eyes, like ghosts fading at cock-crow" (242) is an allusion to the ghost of Hamlet's father who fades "on the crowing of the cock" …
Language Contact and Language Change - JSTOR
of language change traditionally dealt with by historical linguists, such as changes in basic grammatical structure of speech varieties associated with reasonably stable social groups …
1. Introduction. Five languages (one of them extinct) make up …
There is one extinct language-called Arawa--and four living languages-Kulina-Deni, Jarawara-Jamamadi-Banawai, Sorowaha, and Paumari. After eliminating likely loans, about 460 cognate …
10-Year National Plan on Native Language Revitalization
would like to thank the tribal leaders, Native language experts, and Native communities for their generous participation and input that made this plan possible. The 10-Year National Plan on …
Human Geography, 11th edition Practice Questions Chapter 06
E. employed backward reconstruction to recreate an extinct language. Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: Classify the major language families and how they …
Heritage Voices: Language - CAL
hopes of establishing a written form that helps the language achieve equality in rank among other Indian languages. It has been hypothesized that the Kutchi language was once written in …
CHAPTER 2
Example 1.2.3. \How far is it to the next town?" is not a proposition. Example 1.2.4. \x+ 2 = 2x" is not a proposition. Example 1.2.5. \x+ 2 = 2xwhen x= 2" is a proposition. Recall a proposition is …
Introduction: Mutsun Text Collection - University of Arizona
The Mutsun language Mutsun is a Southern Costanoan language, and part of the Utian language family (Callaghan 2012). It is from the area of the Pajaro River drainage, where the modern …
A study of language death and revival with a particular
leaving any written records or other documentation can be classified as extinct (Crystal, 2000). In some cases people stop using languages as their normal means of communication, but ...
Threatened, Endan. & Extinct Lesson Plan
Threatened, Endangered, Extinct Poem The poem created below is an example that was created from information taken from the PA Game Commission website. Student generated poems do …
Germanic Languages - Cambridge University Press
a majority language, a minority language or a contact language can be quite clear. For example, one can readily agree that Icelandic is the majority language in Iceland, Low German is a …
The Basic Vocabulary of An Extinct Language: The Khoton …
were most common in the Khoton language (Alibayev & Abdyldaeva, 2020), therefore, the Khoton language was classified as a Turkic language. The Khotons, therefore, officially became a part …
Filling the Gaps in Ancient Akkadian Texts: A Masked …
sources of the Akkadian language, it is of or-ders of magnitude smaller compared to resources for other languages, such as English or German. Then, we will introduce masked language model …
Art Is a Visual Language - JSTOR
guage and verbal language often refer to common elements (Feldman, 1976; Cromer, 1966). The symbols with con ventional meanings are phonemes in ver bal language, or the elements of …
Efforts to Maintain Javanese Language in the Middle of the …
Efforts to Maintain Javanese Language in the Middle of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Surakarta Community, Central Java Suharyo Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University, Semarang …
Language death - PUCP
Language death The rapid endangerment and death of many minority languages across the world is a matter of widespread concern, not only among linguists and anthropologists but among all …
Fragments of a dead language, Naka’ela - ResearchGate
152 Wacana Vol. 22 No. 1 (2021) James T. Collins, “Culture is a shadow”, language as a shade 153 1. IntroductIon In 1992, Michael Krauss, a renowned scholar who studied all twenty of the ...
Issues of Language Contact and Shift in Tai Ahom - jseals.org
description of the language), and (c) the issue of cultural assimilation in the context of language contact and borrowings, which will be discussed with regard to the strong influence of …
Sociolinguistics as Language Variation and Change - Wiley
every level of grammar in a language, in every variety of a language, in every style, dialect, and register of a language, in every speaker, often even in the same discourse in the same …
Language death - Cambridge University Press & Assessment
Language death The rapid endangerment and death of many minority languages across the world is a matter of widespread concern, not only among linguists and anthropologists but among all …
Evidence of Dragons - 4 model texts plus related unit outline …
© Pie and Mel Corbett – Talk for Writing 2019. This resource may be reprinted for use in your class only. It should not be forwarded to others, duplicated in any other
CAN LANGUAGES WITHOUT WRITING SYSTEMS …
tiansen and Chater 2016 a, b). For example, (Christiansen and Chater 2016a) promise to provide “an integrated framework for explaining many aspects of language structure, acquisition, …
An Old Prussian Grammar The Phonology And Morphology …
extinct Baltic language offers a window into a lost culture and provides valuable insights into Proto-Indo-European linguistics. I. Unveiling a Lost Language Old Prussian, a member of the …
