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| diagram of an atomic bomb: Restricted Data Alex Wellerstein, 2021-04-09 Nuclear weapons, since their conception, have been the subject of secrecy. In the months after the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the American scientific establishment, the American government, and the American public all wrestled with what was called the problem of secrecy, wondering not only whether secrecy was appropriate and effective as a means of controlling this new technology but also whether it was compatible with the country's core values. Out of a messy context of propaganda, confusion, spy scares, and the grave counsel of competing groups of scientists, what historian Alex Wellerstein calls a new regime of secrecy was put into place. It was unlike any other previous or since. Nuclear secrets were given their own unique legal designation in American law (restricted data), one that operates differently than all other forms of national security classification and exists to this day. Drawing on massive amounts of declassified files, including records released by the government for the first time at the author's request, Restricted Data is a narrative account of nuclear secrecy and the tensions and uncertainty that built as the Cold War continued. In the US, both science and democracy are pitted against nuclear secrecy, and this makes its history uniquely compelling and timely-- |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. Manhattan District, 2021-01-01 The present book is originally a document of detailed expert investigation of the atomic bombing that took place at Hiroshima, Japan, during the final stage of the World War II by the United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. Manhattan District. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: The Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Commission on Life Sciences, 1991-02-01 Do persons exposed to radiation suffer genetic effects that threaten their yet-to-be-born children? Researchers are concluding that the genetic risks of radiation are less than previously thought. This finding is explored in this volume about the children of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasakiâ€the population that can provide the greatest insight into this critical issue. Assembled here for the first time are papers representing more than 40 years of research. These documents reveal key results related to radiation's effects on pregnancy termination, sex ratio, congenital defects, and early mortality of children. Edited by two of the principal architects of the studies, J. V. Neel and W. J. Schull, the volume also offers an important comparison with studies of the genetic effects of radiation on mice. The wealth of technical details will be immediately useful to geneticists and other specialists. Policymakers will be interested in the overall conclusions and discussion of future studies. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: The Making of the Atomic Bomb Richard Rhodes, 2012-09-18 **Winner of the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the National Book Critics Circle Award** The definitive history of nuclear weapons—from the turn-of-the-century discovery of nuclear energy to J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project—this epic work details the science, the people, and the sociopolitical realities that led to the development of the atomic bomb. This sweeping account begins in the 19th century, with the discovery of nuclear fission, and continues to World War Two and the Americans’ race to beat Hitler’s Nazis. That competition launched the Manhattan Project and the nearly overnight construction of a vast military-industrial complex that culminated in the fateful dropping of the first bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Reading like a character-driven suspense novel, the book introduces the players in this saga of physics, politics, and human psychology—from FDR and Einstein to the visionary scientists who pioneered quantum theory and the application of thermonuclear fission, including Planck, Szilard, Bohr, Oppenheimer, Fermi, Teller, Meitner, von Neumann, and Lawrence. From nuclear power’s earliest foreshadowing in the work of H.G. Wells to the bright glare of Trinity at Alamogordo and the arms race of the Cold War, this dread invention forever changed the course of human history, and The Making of The Atomic Bomb provides a panoramic backdrop for that story. Richard Rhodes’s ability to craft compelling biographical portraits is matched only by his rigorous scholarship. Told in rich human, political, and scientific detail that any reader can follow, The Making of the Atomic Bomb is a thought-provoking and masterful work. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age James Hershberg, 2019-07-31 James B. Conant (1893-1978) was one of the titans of mid-20th-century American history, attaining prominence and power in multiple fields. Usually remembered as an educational leader, he was president of Harvard University for two tumultuous decades, from the Depression to World War II to the Cold War and McCarthyism. To take that job he gave up a scientific career as one of the country’s top chemists, and he left it twenty years later to become Eisenhower’s top diplomat in postwar Germany. Hershberg’s prize-winning study, however, examines a critical aspect of Conant’s life that was long obscured by government secrecy: his pivotal role in the birth of the nuclear age. During World War II, as an advisor to Roosevelt and then Truman (on the elite “Interim Committee” that considered how to employ the bomb against Japan), Conant was intimately involved in the decisions to build and use the atomic bomb. During and after the Manhattan Project, he also led efforts to prevent a postwar nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union that, he feared, threatened the survival of civilization — an apocalyptic prospect he glimpsed in the first instant of the new age, when he witnessed the first test of the new weapon at Alamogordo on July 16, 1945. “... a vivid inquiry... a model of historiography; evocative reading...[Conant was] central to atomic policy and progress; the bomb would be as much Conant’s as it was anyone’s in Government. His inner response to that burden responsibility has long been obscured, but it is illumined here.” — Philip Morrison, The New York Times Book Review “In his splendid portrait of Conant, James Hershberg has illuminated the life of a pivotal figure in the making of U.S. nuclear, scientific, educational and foreign policy for almost a half-century. But the book is much more: It is not only an insightful narration of Conant’s life; it is also a brilliant and important account of the making of the nuclear age, a chronicle that contains much that is new... Hershberg’s superb study... is a chronicle of Conant’s moral journey and we are the wiser for his having charted Conant’s path.” — S.S. Schweber, Washington Post Book World “James G. Hershberg ably comes to grips with Conant and his hazardous times... His book is vibrantly written and compelling, and it breaches Conant’s shield of public discretion in masterly fashion, making extensive use of unpublished interviews, diaries, reports, and correspondence pried from private and governmental repositories. It is a huge, ambitious work — a history of the Cold War as Conant encountered it as well as a study of the man.” — Daniel J. Kevles, The New Yorker “... a well-written, comprehensive, nonjudgmental but sensitive biography... Conant was involved in so many and such critical events that students of almost any aspect of our public life over the past half-century will find useful the new material and helpful insights in this book... This fine biography of one of the most important and complicated of America’s twentieth-century leaders immediately establishes James Hershberg as one of America’s outstanding young historians.” — Stephen E. Ambrose,Foreign Affairs “... magnificent... Any reader interested in nuclear weapons, Cold War history or American politics from FDR to JFK will find this biography riveting.” — Priscilla McMillan, Chicago Tribune “... masterful... The prose is clear, the narrative forceful and the author’s judgments are balanced and judicious. This is simply splendid biography... The highest praise one can give for a book of this sort is that the historian has not shrunk from speaking truth to power. This book quietly but insistently does so. It should be read by the public at large as one of the definitive texts on the cold war and the nuclear age... Hershberg’s triumph is that he has prevailed over all the official lies to give us one more layer of the historical truth.” — Kai Bird, The Nation “... riveting... an impressive achievement... honest and comprehensive in its scholarship, the author has shown himself to be a historian of notable achievement and promise.” — McGeorge Bundy, Nature “Hershberg’s outstanding, balanced biography lifts the self-imposed secrecy surrounding a key architect of U.S. Cold War policy and of the nuclear age.” —Publisher’s Weekly “... [an] impressive and substantial achievement. [Hershberg] has used the life of one strategically placed individual to illuminate the most important issues surrounding America’s role and conduct in the nuclear age. His book will be invaluable to scholars assessing the impact and legacy of the group who acquired the epithet ‘wise men’ now that the Cold War has receded.” — Carol S. Gruber, Science “... definitive... a far more textured picture than one finds in Conant’s own guarded and unrevealing autobiography... an important and rewarding book... illuminating... Conant led a remarkable and eventful life in remarkable and eventful times. James Hershberg has explored that life, and those times, in exhaustive and revealing detail.” — Paul Boyer, The New Republic “James G. Hershberg has achieved the impossible. He has written a huge biography of a Harvard president that is fascinating, informative and as valuable a piece of American history as anything I have read in years... Mr. Hershberg has brought us back vividly to an age that seems remote, so long ago, but the questions about nuclear proliferation are the same, even while the answers are still ambiguous. As we watch men struggling with unanticipated post-Cold War problems and civil wars sprouting like Jason’s men at arms, it is good to read this story about a complex man who deserves an important place in our history because he helped make that history possible.” — Arnold Beichman, The Washington Times “... engrossing... A magisterial study of an awesome and intriguing public career.” —Kirkus Reviews “... entertaining... thought-provocative.” — Dick Teresi, The Wall Street Journal “Hershberg’s book helps us more clearly understand the postwar Establishment and offers a challenging appraisal of the role of elites, of universities and of the state.” — Gar Alperovitz, In These Times “Hershberg deserves great credit for cracking a tough New England walnut, analyzing this very important public figure, demonstrating how he fit into his own time and showing us what we can learn from the man.” — Daniel R. Mortensen, The Friday Review of Defense Literature “... a compelling account... an engaging examination of one of the central figures of the nuclear age. It succeeds in showing ‘one man’s intersection with great events and issues’ and in the process illuminates those issues for us all.” — American Historical Review “... well-written... Conant’s participation in one of our country’s most dynamic periods is, thanks to Hershberg, now much better understood.” — Library Journal “A reader of the book will enter the realm of the greats, the shapers of worlds created by the atomic blasts at Hiroshima and Nagasaki... Conant was no bit player in Cold War history... [the book is] very successful in weaving Conant’s subsurface persona in with his ups and downs as a prominent and committed public figure. And it leaves out little detail in describing top-level decisions involving the Cold War geopolitics of nuclear weaponry. Conant was a participant in most of these decisions—with Presidents Roosevelt and Truman themselves, their Secretaries of War and State, and, of course, all the major scientific figures of the time.” — Chemical & Engineering News “A wonderfully rich portrait that emerges from a carefully documented account of Conant’s role in the development of the atomic bomb and post-war nuclear policy... An extraordinarily well written text... Hershberg lays bare the person behind the persona — warts, dimples and all.” — Stanley Goldberg, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: The Effects of Atomic Bomb Blasts on Elevated Tanks and Standpipes Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Company, 1954 |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Atomic Bomb: The Story of the Manhattan Project Bruce Cameron Reed, 2015-06-01 This volume, prepared by an acknowledged expert on the Manhattan Project, gives a concise, fast-paced account of all major aspects of the project at a level accessible to an undergraduate college or advanced high-school student familiar with some basic concepts of energy, atomic structure, and isotopes. The text describes the underlying scientific discoveries that made nuclear weapons possible, how the project was organized, the daunting challenges faced and overcome in obtaining fissile uranium and plutonium, and in designing workable bombs, the dramatic Trinity test carried out in the desert of southern New Mexico in July 1945, and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Nuclear Weapons Technology 101 for Policy Wonks Bruce Goodwin, 2021-05 The making of policy for nuclear security requires a strong grasp of the associated technical matters. That grasp came naturally in the early decades of the nuclear era, when scientists and engineers were deeply engaged in policymaking. In more recent decades, the technical community has played a narrower role, one generally limited to implementing policies made by others. This narrower role has been accentuated by generational change in the technical community, as the scientists and engineers who conceived, built, and executed the programs that created the existing U.S. nuclear deterrent faded into history along with the long-term competition for technical improvements with the Soviet Union. There is thus today a clear need to impart to the new generation of nuclear policy experts the necessary technical context.That is the purpose of this paper. Specifically: to introduce a new generation of nuclear policy experts to the technical perspectives of a nuclear weapon designer, to explain the science and engineering of nuclear weapons for the policy generalist, to review the evolution of the U.S. approach to nuclear weapons design, to explain the main attributes of the existing U.S. nuclear stockpile, to explain the functions of the nuclear weapons complex, and how this all is integrated to sustain deterrence into the future. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Uranium Enrichment and Nuclear Weapon Proliferation Allan S. Krass, Peter Boskma, Boelie Elzen, Wim A. Smit, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2020-11-20 Originally published in 1983, this book presents both the technical and political information necessary to evaluate the emerging threat to world security posed by recent advances in uranium enrichment technology. Uranium enrichment has played a relatively quiet but important role in the history of efforts by a number of nations to acquire nuclear weapons and by a number of others to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. For many years the uranium enrichment industry was dominated by a single method, gaseous diffusion, which was technically complex, extremely capital-intensive, and highly inefficient in its use of energy. As long as this remained true, only the richest and most technically advanced nations could afford to pursue the enrichment route to weapon acquisition. But during the 1970s this situation changed dramatically. Several new and far more accessible enrichment techniques were developed, stimulated largely by the anticipation of a rapidly growing demand for enrichment services by the world-wide nuclear power industry. This proliferation of new techniques, coupled with the subsequent contraction of the commercial market for enriched uranium, has created a situation in which uranium enrichment technology might well become the most important contributor to further nuclear weapon proliferation. Some of the issues addressed in this book are: A technical analysis of the most important enrichment techniques in a form that is relevant to analysis of proliferation risks; A detailed projection of the world demand for uranium enrichment services; A summary and critique of present institutional non-proliferation arrangements in the world enrichment industry, and An identification of the states most likely to pursue the enrichment route to acquisition of nuclear weapons. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Atomic Energy for Military Purposes; the Official Report on the Development of the Atomic Bomb Under the Auspices of the United States Government, 194 Henry De Wolf Smyth, 2022-10-26 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Hitler's Atomic Bomb Mark Walker, 2024-07-18 Who were the German scientists who worked on atomic bombs during World War II for Hitler's regime? How did they justify themselves afterwards? Examining the global influence of the German uranium project and postwar reactions to the scientists involved, Mark Walker explores the narratives surrounding 'Hitler's bomb'. The global impacts of this project were cataclysmic. Credible reports of German developments spurred the American Manhattan Project, the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and in turn the Soviet efforts. After the war these scientists' work was overshadowed by the twin shocks of Auschwitz and Hiroshima. Hitler's Atomic Bomb sheds light on the postwar criticism and subsequent rehabilitation of the German scientists, including the controversial legend of Werner Heisenberg and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker's visit to occupied Copenhagen in 1941. This scientifically accurate but non-technical history examines the impact of German efforts to harness nuclear fission, and the surrounding debates and legends. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Bomb (Graphic Novel) Steve Sheinkin, 2023-01-24 A riveting graphic novel adaptation of the award-winning nonfiction book, Bomb—the fascinating and frightening true story of the creation behind the most destructive force that birthed the arms race and the Cold War. In December of 1938, a chemist in a German laboratory made a shocking discovery: When placed next to radioactive material, a Uranium atom split in two. That simple discovery launched a scientific race that spanned three continents. In Great Britain and the United States, Soviet spies worked their way into the scientific community; in Norway, a commando force slipped behind enemy lines to attack German heavy-water manufacturing; and deep in the desert, one brilliant group of scientists, led by father of the atomic bomb J. Robert Oppenheimer, was hidden away at a remote site at Los Alamos. This is the story of the plotting, the risk-taking, the deceit, and genius that created the world's most formidable weapon. This is the story of the atomic bomb. New York Times bestselling author Steve Sheinkin's award-winning nonfiction book is now available reimagined in the graphic novel format. Full color illustrations from Nick Bertozzi are detailed and enriched with the nonfiction expertise Nick brings to the story as a beloved artist, comic book writer, and commercial illustrator who has written a couple of his own historical graphic novels, including Shackleton and Lewis & Clark. Accessible, gripping, and educational, this new edition of Bomb is perfect for young readers and adults alike. Praise for Bomb (2012): “This superb and exciting work of nonfiction would be a fine tonic for any jaded adolescent who thinks history is 'boring.' It's also an excellent primer for adult readers who may have forgotten, or never learned, the remarkable story of how nuclear weaponry was first imagined, invented and deployed—and of how an international arms race began well before there was such a thing as an atomic bomb.” —The Wall Street Journal “This is edge-of-the seat material that will resonate with YAs who clamor for true spy stories, and it will undoubtedly engross a cross-market audience of adults who dozed through the World War II unit in high school.” —The Bulletin (starred review) Also by Steve Sheinkin: Fallout: Spies, Superbombs, and the Ultimate Cold War Showdown The Port Chicago 50: Disaster, Mutiny, and the Fight for Civil Rights Undefeated: Jim Thorpe and the Carlisle Indian School Football Team Most Dangerous: Daniel Ellsberg and the Secret History of the Vietnam War Born to Fly: The First Women's Air Race Across America The Notorious Benedict Arnold: A True Story of Adventure, Heroism & Treachery Which Way to the Wild West?: Everything Your Schoolbooks Didn't Tell You About Westward Expansion King George: What Was His Problem?: Everything Your Schoolbooks Didn't Tell You About the American Revolution Two Miserable Presidents: Everything Your Schoolbooks Didn't Tell You About the Civil War |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Birthplace of the Atomic Bomb William S. Loring, 2019-03-08 It was not Robert Oppenheimer who built the bomb--it was engineers, chemists and young physicists in their twenties, many not yet having earned a degree. The first atomic bomb was originally conceived as a backup device, a weapon not then currently achievable. The remote Trinity Site--the birthplace of the bomb--was used as a test range for U.S. bombers before the first nuclear device was secretly detonated. After the blast, locals speculated that the flash and rumble were caused by colliding B-29s, while Manhattan Project officials nervously measured high levels of offsite radiation. Drawing on original documents, many recently declassified, the author sheds new light on a pivotal moment in history--now approaching its 75th anniversary--told from the point of view of the men who inaugurated the Atomic Age in the New Mexico desert. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: The Race for the Atomic Bomb Norman Ridley, 2023-04-06 On 19 December 1938, Otto Hahn, working at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin, conducted an experiment the results of which baffled him. It took his émigré collaborator Lise Meitner to explain that he had split an atom of uranium, which at the time seemed to defy all known laws of physics. When Neils Bohr took this news to the United States it became clear to scientists there that these results opened a completely new and, for some, horrifying possibility of energy production that could be used for both peaceful and military purposes. Scientists in Germany, France, Britain and the US began to delve deeper into the implications. But it was the British government that was the first to explicitly describe how the splitting of the atom might be utilized to create a practical weapon of fearsome power. France, by then, had been occupied by the Germans and most of their nuclear scientists had fled to Britain. For their part, the Germans, who for a time were at the very forefront of nuclear research, had weakened their own scientific ranks by hounding many of their best scientists who had fled persecution under the draconian Nazi racial laws. They still retained, however, possibly the ablest nuclear scientist of them all in Werner Heisenberg who set about developing his own program for nuclear power. British scientists made extensive progress before realizing that translating their laboratory results into the vast industrial enterprise required to build a bomb was way beyond the nation’s stretched resources. The government agreed to hand over all the UK’s research findings to America in return for a share of the spoils. The United States, for its part, was impressed with British results and invested enormous sums of money and resources into what became known as the Manhattan Project in a concerted effort to build a bomb before the end of the war. For much of the war the Soviets showed little enthusiasm for the sort of investment required to build their own bomb. However, with an eye to the future they established an extensive espionage network both in Britain and America. Following the German surrender there was still the problem of Japan, and the race continued to develop a working bomb to accelerate the end of the war, both to save Allied lives and to prevent Soviet expansion into northern China and the Japanese mainland. It was a race that the Unites States won. It was also a race that ushered in a new Cold War. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, National Research Council, 2006-03-23 This book is the seventh in a series of titles from the National Research Council that addresses the effects of exposure to low dose LET (Linear Energy Transfer) ionizing radiation and human health. Updating information previously presented in the 1990 publication, Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V, this book draws upon new data in both epidemiologic and experimental research. Ionizing radiation arises from both natural and man-made sources and at very high doses can produce damaging effects in human tissue that can be evident within days after exposure. However, it is the low-dose exposures that are the focus of this book. So-called “late” effects, such as cancer, are produced many years after the initial exposure. This book is among the first of its kind to include detailed risk estimates for cancer incidence in addition to cancer mortality. BEIR VII offers a full review of the available biological, biophysical, and epidemiological literature since the last BEIR report on the subject and develops the most up-to-date and comprehensive risk estimates for cancer and other health effects from exposure to low-level ionizing radiation. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Bombing the Marshall Islands Keith M. Parsons, Robert A. Zaballa, 2017-07-26 A narrative history of the nuclear tests conducted by the United States in the Marshall Islands from 1946 to 1958. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Command and Control Eric Schlosser, 2013-09-17 The Oscar-shortlisted documentary Command and Control, directed by Robert Kenner, finds its origins in Eric Schlosser's book and continues to explore the little-known history of the management and safety concerns of America's nuclear aresenal. “A devastatingly lucid and detailed new history of nuclear weapons in the U.S. Fascinating.” —Lev Grossman, TIME Magazine “Perilous and gripping . . . Schlosser skillfully weaves together an engrossing account of both the science and the politics of nuclear weapons safety.” —San Francisco Chronicle A myth-shattering exposé of America’s nuclear weapons Famed investigative journalist Eric Schlosser digs deep to uncover secrets about the management of America’s nuclear arsenal. A groundbreaking account of accidents, near misses, extraordinary heroism, and technological breakthroughs, Command and Control explores the dilemma that has existed since the dawn of the nuclear age: How do you deploy weapons of mass destruction without being destroyed by them? That question has never been resolved—and Schlosser reveals how the combination of human fallibility and technological complexity still poses a grave risk to mankind. While the harms of global warming increasingly dominate the news, the equally dangerous yet more immediate threat of nuclear weapons has been largely forgotten. Written with the vibrancy of a first-rate thriller, Command and Control interweaves the minute-by-minute story of an accident at a nuclear missile silo in rural Arkansas with a historical narrative that spans more than fifty years. It depicts the urgent effort by American scientists, policy makers, and military officers to ensure that nuclear weapons can’t be stolen, sabotaged, used without permission, or detonated inadvertently. Schlosser also looks at the Cold War from a new perspective, offering history from the ground up, telling the stories of bomber pilots, missile commanders, maintenance crews, and other ordinary servicemen who risked their lives to avert a nuclear holocaust. At the heart of the book lies the struggle, amid the rolling hills and small farms of Damascus, Arkansas, to prevent the explosion of a ballistic missile carrying the most powerful nuclear warhead ever built by the United States. Drawing on recently declassified documents and interviews with people who designed and routinely handled nuclear weapons, Command and Control takes readers into a terrifying but fascinating world that, until now, has been largely hidden from view. Through the details of a single accident, Schlosser illustrates how an unlikely event can become unavoidable, how small risks can have terrible consequences, and how the most brilliant minds in the nation can only provide us with an illusion of control. Audacious, gripping, and unforgettable, Command and Control is a tour de force of investigative journalism, an eye-opening look at the dangers of America’s nuclear age. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: The Pariah Files Philip Rife, 2003-08-21 YOU'VE BEEN LIED TO * Ben Franklin was a British spy * The Wright Brothers weren't the first to fly * Someone discovered a cure for cancer in the 1930s * You or someone you know has been used as a human guinea pig * An innocent man was convicted in the Crime of the Century * Live American POWs were left behind after four wars * Three-Mile Island wasn't America's worst nuclear incident * The attack on Pearl Harbor was no surprise * A lost civilization of giants once lived in the U.S. * The Clinton scandal you haven't heard about * Government insiders believe UFOs are extraterrestrial * The fiery deaths nobody can explain AND MUCH MORE |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945 Paul Lawrence Rose, 2023-11-10 No one better represents the plight and the conduct of German intellectuals under Hitler than Werner Heisenberg, whose task it was to build an atomic bomb for Nazi Germany. The controversy surrounding Heisenberg still rages, because of the nature of his work and the regime for which it was undertaken. What precisely did Heisenberg know about the physics of the atomic bomb? How deep was his loyalty to the German government during the Third Reich? Assuming that he had been able to build a bomb, would he have been willing? These questions, the moral and the scientific, are answered by Paul Lawrence Rose with greater accuracy and breadth of documentation than any other historian has yet achieved. Digging deep into the archival record among formerly secret technical reports, Rose establishes that Heisenberg never overcame certain misconceptions about nuclear fission, and as a result the German leaders never pushed for atomic weapons. In fact, Heisenberg never had to face the moral problem of whether he should design a bomb for the Nazi regime. Only when he and his colleagues were interned in England and heard about Hiroshima did Heisenberg realize that his calculations were wrong. He began at once to construct an image of himself as a pure scientist who could have built a bomb but chose to work on reactor design instead. This was fiction, as Rose demonstrates: in reality, Heisenberg blindly supported and justified the cause of German victory. The question of why he did, and why he misrepresented himself afterwards, is answered through Rose's subtle analysis of German mentality and the scientists' problems of delusion and self-delusion. This fascinating study is a profound effort to understand one of the twentieth century's great enigmas. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Who Split the Atom? Anna Claybourne, 2015-01-01 Written in British English, Who Split the Atom? explores the ways in which scientists uncovered the secrets of atoms-the tiny particles of matter that make up our world. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea Jeffrey Richelson, 2007-09-17 'Spying on the Bomb' focuses on the past & present nuclear activities of various countries, intermingling what the US believed was happening with accounts of what actually occurred in each country's laboratories, test sites and decision-making councils. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Yank , 1945 |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Chemistry: The Central Science Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay Jr., Bruce E. Bursten, Catherine Murphy, Patrick Woodward, Steven Langford, Dalius Sagatys, Adrian George, 2013-10-04 If you think you know the Brown, LeMay Bursten Chemistry text, think again. In response to market request, we have created the third Australian edition of the US bestseller, Chemistry: The Central Science. An extensive revision has taken this text to new heights! Triple checked for scientific accuracy and consistency, this edition is a more seamless and cohesive product, yet retains the clarity, innovative pedagogy, functional problem-solving and visuals of the previous version. All artwork and images are now consistent in quality across the entire text. And with a more traditional and logical organisation of the Organic Chemistry content, this comprehensive text is the source of all the information and practice problems students are likely to need for conceptual understanding, development of problem solving skills, reference and test preparation. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: EBOOK: GENERAL CHEMISTRY, THE ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS CHANG, 2013-01-07 EBOOK: GENERAL CHEMISTRY, THE ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Atom Bombs John Coster-Mullen, 2010 |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: God the Geometer Thomas J. McAvoy, 2024-02-16 Faith is under assault today in the media and on college campuses. Numerous recent surveys show that college professors and contemporary scientists have lower religiosity compared to the general population. Parents are concerned that their children’s faith is not as strong as it should be. Unfortunately, scientific advances can lead people to think that faith is passé, supplanted by science, and no longer necessary. The average person is in awe of the accomplishments of science but overwhelmed by their complexity. The purpose of this book is to demonstrate what one can learn from modern science that leads to the conclusion that God created our universe. This book demonstrates how cosmology, physics, astronomy, and evolution do not conflict with faith but actually strongly support faith in God. The title of this book, God the Geometer, describes an image which appeared in a thirteenth-century codex. The image conveys the message that God created the universe using geometric and harmonic principles. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Unmaking the Bomb Harold A. Feiveson, Alexander Glaser, Zia Mian, Frank N. von Hippel, 2014-08-29 A new approach to nuclear disarmament, nonproliferation, and the prevention of nuclear terrorism that focuses on controlling the production and stockpiling of nuclear materials. Achieving nuclear disarmament, stopping nuclear proliferation, and preventing nuclear terrorism are among the most critical challenges facing the world today. Unmaking the Bomb proposes a new approach to reaching these long-held goals. Rather than considering them as separate issues, the authors—physicists and experts on nuclear security—argue that all three of these goals can be understood and realized together if we focus on the production, stockpiling, and disposal of plutonium and highly enriched uranium—the fissile materials that are the key ingredients used to make nuclear weapons. The authors describe the history, production, national stockpiles, and current military and civilian uses of plutonium and highly enriched uranium, and propose policies aimed at reducing and eventually eliminating these fissile materials worldwide. These include an end to the production of highly enriched uranium and plutonium for weapons, an end to their use as reactor fuels, and the verified elimination of all national stockpiles. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Medical Aspects of Civil Defense Against Atomic Weapons University of Rochester. Atomic Energy Project, 1955 |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Radiological Defense Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (U.S.), 1948 |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Federal Criminal Law Revision United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, 1983 |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Handbook for Radiological Defense Education United States. Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, 1959 |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Pulp Empire Paul S. Hirsch, 2024-06-05 Winner of the Popular Culture Association's Ray and Pat Browne Award for Best Book in Popular or American Culture In the 1940s and ’50s, comic books were some of the most popular—and most unfiltered—entertainment in the United States. Publishers sold hundreds of millions of copies a year of violent, racist, and luridly sexual comics to Americans of all ages until a 1954 Senate investigation led to a censorship code that nearly destroyed the industry. But this was far from the first time the US government actively involved itself with comics—it was simply the most dramatic manifestation of a long, strange relationship between high-level policy makers and a medium that even artists and writers often dismissed as a creative sewer. In Pulp Empire, Paul S. Hirsch uncovers the gripping untold story of how the US government both attacked and appropriated comic books to help wage World War II and the Cold War, promote official—and clandestine—foreign policy and deflect global critiques of American racism. As Hirsch details, during World War II—and the concurrent golden age of comic books—government agencies worked directly with comic book publishers to stoke hatred for the Axis powers while simultaneously attempting to dispel racial tensions at home. Later, as the Cold War defense industry ballooned—and as comic book sales reached historic heights—the government again turned to the medium, this time trying to win hearts and minds in the decolonizing world through cartoon propaganda. Hirsch’s groundbreaking research weaves together a wealth of previously classified material, including secret wartime records, official legislative documents, and caches of personal papers. His book explores the uneasy contradiction of how comics were both vital expressions of American freedom and unsettling glimpses into the national id—scourged and repressed on the one hand and deployed as official propaganda on the other. Pulp Empire is a riveting illumination of underexplored chapters in the histories of comic books, foreign policy, and race. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: The Physics of Sorrow: A Novel Georgi Gospodinov, 2024-05-07 A radical reimagining of the minotaur myth, from an essential voice in world literature. Winner of the Jan Michalski Prize for Literature • Finalist for the PEN Literary Award for Translation and the Strega Europeo Published a decade before his International Booker Prize–winning Time Shelter, Georgi Gospodinov’s The Physics of Sorrow has become an underground cult classic. Finding strange solace in the myth of the Minotaur, a man named Georgi reconstructs the story of his life like a labyrinth, meandering through the past to find the melancholy child at the center of it all. With profound wit and empathy, he catalogues curious instances of abandonment, spanning from antiquity to the Anthropocene; recounts scenes of a turbulent boyhood in 1970s Bulgaria, spent mostly in a basement; and charts a bizarre run-in with an eccentric flaneur named Gaustine. Exquisitely translated by Angela Rodel, and exhibiting his signature audacious style, this expansive work affirms Gospodinov as “one of Europe’s most fascinating and irreplaceable novelists” (Dave Eggers). |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Translations on People's Republic of China , 1978-12 |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: American History Wendy Conklin, 2005 Designed to help students think critically about mysteries in American history. Includes teacher lesson plans, background information, and student activities. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Guided Missiles United States. Department of the Air Force, 1957 |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: AIR FORCE MANUAL 52-31 GUIDED MISSILES FUNDAMENTALS U.S. Air Force, 1956-12-31 I scanned the original manual at 600 dpi. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: Fundamentals of Guided Missiles United States. Air Force. Air Training Command, 1960 |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: British Art in the Nuclear Age Catherine Jolivette, 2017-07-05 Rooted in the study of objects, British Art in the Nuclear Age addresses the role of art and visual culture in discourses surrounding nuclear science and technology, atomic power, and nuclear warfare in Cold War Britain. Examining both the fears and hopes for the future that attended the advances of the nuclear age, nine original essays explore the contributions of British-born and ?gr?rtists in the areas of sculpture, textile and applied design, painting, drawing, photo-journalism, and exhibition display. Artists discussed include: Francis Bacon, John Bratby, Lynn Chadwick, Prunella Clough, Naum Gabo, Barbara Hepworth, Peter Lanyon, Henry Moore, Eduardo Paolozzi, Peter Laszlo Peri, Isabel Rawsthorne, Alan Reynolds, Colin Self, Graham Sutherland, Feliks Topolski and John Tunnard. Also under discussion is new archival material from Picture Post magazine, and the Festival of Britain. Far from insular in its concerns, this volume draws upon cross-cultural dialogues between British and European artists and the relationship between Britain and America to engage with an interdisciplinary art history that will also prove useful to students and researchers in a variety of fields including modern European history, political science, the history of design, anthropology, and media studies. |
| diagram of an atomic bomb: New Times , 1975 |
Mi s i AD 257141 - DTIC
Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the layout of an atomic bomb. Inside the atomic bomb is a plutonium sphere surrounded by a substance that re- flects neutrons.
The Physics of Nuclear Weapons - Stanford University …
The atomic bombs used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were fission weapons. The nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons, with the number of protons determining the element (e.g., …
THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB MISSION: TRINITY B–29 …
Jun 24, 2015 · Before dawn at a remote desert test site in New Mexico, history’s first atomic bomb was exploded, culminating a top secret project codenamed Trinity. It was 50 percent more …
Component 4 Hiroshima and Nagasaki - University of …
Figure 1 is a diagram depicting the process of ionization. The populations of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki were drastically decreased due to the atomic bombing of these cities.
THE - Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and …
Figure 13.1 Diagram of an Atom Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have identical atomic numbers (same number of protons) but a different atomic mass (also called atomic …
How to Make a Bomb - Miami University
Below is a diagram of the main parts of the "Fat Man" device itself, followed by a more detailed look at the different materials used in the physics package of the device (the part responsible …
Physics of Nuclear Weapons - Sonoma State University
“Fat Man” style of A-bomb High explosives are arranged to form an imploding shock wave which compresses the fissile material to supercriticality. Burst of neutrons from generator is timed for …
Nuclear Bomb Blast Radius Diagram - steprefise.wordpress.com
The use of the atomic bomb would have to be done with visual targeting, not by the 5 psi (pounds-per-square-inch) overpressure blast radius of the bombs, with a radius of the diagram, it would …
designing the bomb - Atomic Archive
The nucleus of an atom of uranium-235 contains 92 protons and 143 neutrons. When this nucleus absorbs an additional neutron, it becomes unstable and usually divides approximately in half.
The Atomic Bomb - Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and …
to surrender. The United States had a secret weapon called the atomic bomb, a bomb that causes a very large, devastating nu. ear explosion. Harry commanded the American military to use the …
Atomic Bomb I INTRODUCTION - The World Factbook
The first atomic explosion was conducted, as a test code-named Trinity, of the plutonium bomb. It was carried out near Alamogordo, New Mexico, at dawn on July 16, 1945. The energy released …
Fission Basics and the First Nuclear Bombs
Protons and neutrons are bound together at the atom's center to form what is known as the atom'snucleus (see figure 1A). Protons are positively charged (+). A chemical element is …
The Basics of Nuclear Weapons - Federation of American …
All bomb fuel comes from the ground (Uranium) but... Uranium ore typically contains less than 1% uranium Of that 1%, only 0.7% is U-235:
Bomb: The Race to Build and Steal the World’s Most …
Bomb: The Race to Build and Steal the World’s Most Dangerous Weapon tells the story of the contest between the United States and Germany to build an atomic bomb and the Soviet …
Diagram Of An Atomic Bomb - staging-gambit2.uschess.org
Atomic Bomb and American Society Rosemary B. Mariner,G. Kurt Piehler,2009 Drawing on the latest research on the atomic bomb and its history the contributors to this provocative collection …
Nuclear Weapon Design - CTBTO
American nuclear technology evolved rapidly between 1944 and 1950, moving from the primitive Fat Man and Little Boy to more sophisticated, lighter, more powerful, and more efficient designs.
How to build an atomic bomb - Nature
On 31 January 1958, America's first satel lite was launched from a modified Jupiter. The satellite, Explorer 1, weighed 10.5 pounds. But any sense of relief was quashed on 15 May 1958 when …
The Manhattan Project - Department of Energy
first atomic bombs were the responsibility of the newly established Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, located at a virtually inaccessible site high on a mesa in northern New Mexico.
NUCLEAR WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY 101 - Lawrence Livermore …
The test of the Soviet bomb led President Truman to order the development of the thermonuclear (i.e. hydrogen) bomb. The conflict between Oppenheimer, the chair of the State Department …
Mi s i AD 257141 - DTIC
Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the layout of an atomic bomb. Inside the atomic bomb is a plutonium sphere surrounded by a substance that re- flects neutrons.
The Physics of Nuclear Weapons - Stanford University …
The atomic bombs used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were fission weapons. The nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons, with the number of protons determining the element (e.g., …
THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB MISSION: TRINITY B–29 …
Jun 24, 2015 · Before dawn at a remote desert test site in New Mexico, history’s first atomic bomb was exploded, culminating a top secret project codenamed Trinity. It was 50 percent more …
How to Build a Nuclear Bomb - McMaster University
• Such a basic nuclear bomb is not conceptually difficult • Did not show how to calculate minimum detontation velocity • Critical mass explains why there are not small nuclear weapons Even a …
Component 4 Hiroshima and Nagasaki - University of …
Figure 1 is a diagram depicting the process of ionization. The populations of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki were drastically decreased due to the atomic bombing of these cities.
THE - Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and …
Figure 13.1 Diagram of an Atom Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have identical atomic numbers (same number of protons) but a different atomic mass (also called atomic …
How to Make a Bomb - Miami University
Below is a diagram of the main parts of the "Fat Man" device itself, followed by a more detailed look at the different materials used in the physics package of the device (the part responsible …
Physics of Nuclear Weapons - Sonoma State University
“Fat Man” style of A-bomb High explosives are arranged to form an imploding shock wave which compresses the fissile material to supercriticality. Burst of neutrons from generator is timed for …
Nuclear Bomb Blast Radius Diagram - steprefise.wordpress.com
The use of the atomic bomb would have to be done with visual targeting, not by the 5 psi (pounds-per-square-inch) overpressure blast radius of the bombs, with a radius of the diagram, it would …
designing the bomb - Atomic Archive
The nucleus of an atom of uranium-235 contains 92 protons and 143 neutrons. When this nucleus absorbs an additional neutron, it becomes unstable and usually divides approximately in half.
The Atomic Bomb - Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and …
to surrender. The United States had a secret weapon called the atomic bomb, a bomb that causes a very large, devastating nu. ear explosion. Harry commanded the American military to use the …
Atomic Bomb I INTRODUCTION - The World Factbook
The first atomic explosion was conducted, as a test code-named Trinity, of the plutonium bomb. It was carried out near Alamogordo, New Mexico, at dawn on July 16, 1945. The energy …
Fission Basics and the First Nuclear Bombs
Protons and neutrons are bound together at the atom's center to form what is known as the atom'snucleus (see figure 1A). Protons are positively charged (+). A chemical element is …
The Basics of Nuclear Weapons - Federation of American …
All bomb fuel comes from the ground (Uranium) but... Uranium ore typically contains less than 1% uranium Of that 1%, only 0.7% is U-235:
Bomb: The Race to Build and Steal the World’s Most …
Bomb: The Race to Build and Steal the World’s Most Dangerous Weapon tells the story of the contest between the United States and Germany to build an atomic bomb and the Soviet …
Diagram Of An Atomic Bomb - staging-gambit2.uschess.org
Atomic Bomb and American Society Rosemary B. Mariner,G. Kurt Piehler,2009 Drawing on the latest research on the atomic bomb and its history the contributors to this provocative …
Nuclear Weapon Design - CTBTO
American nuclear technology evolved rapidly between 1944 and 1950, moving from the primitive Fat Man and Little Boy to more sophisticated, lighter, more powerful, and more efficient designs.
How to build an atomic bomb - Nature
On 31 January 1958, America's first satel lite was launched from a modified Jupiter. The satellite, Explorer 1, weighed 10.5 pounds. But any sense of relief was quashed on 15 May 1958 when …
The Manhattan Project - Department of Energy
first atomic bombs were the responsibility of the newly established Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, located at a virtually inaccessible site high on a mesa in northern New Mexico.
NUCLEAR WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY 101 - Lawrence Livermore …
The test of the Soviet bomb led President Truman to order the development of the thermonuclear (i.e. hydrogen) bomb. The conflict between Oppenheimer, the chair of the State Department …
