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| diagram of the earths interior: The Interior of the Earth Eugene C. Robertson, 1966 |
| diagram of the earths interior: Physical Geology Steven Earle, 2016-08-12 This is a discount Black and white version. Some images may be unclear, please see BCCampus website for the digital version.This book was born out of a 2014 meeting of earth science educators representing most of the universities and colleges in British Columbia, and nurtured by a widely shared frustration that many students are not thriving in courses because textbooks have become too expensive for them to buy. But the real inspiration comes from a fascination for the spectacular geology of western Canada and the many decades that the author spent exploring this region along with colleagues, students, family, and friends. My goal has been to provide an accessible and comprehensive guide to the important topics of geology, richly illustrated with examples from western Canada. Although this text is intended to complement a typical first-year course in physical geology, its contents could be applied to numerous other related courses. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Phase Diagrams for Geoscientists Tibor Gasparik, 2013-04-17 The book summarizes the author's experimental studies of phase relations in the chemical systems relevant to Earth, carried out in a time period of over 20 years using piston-cylinder and multi-avil presses. A summary of the research at high pressures and temperatures carried out by many other experimental petrologists is also included. The data was used to develop an internally consistent thermodynamic model, which was then used to calculate phase diagrams. This produced the largest collection of the calculated phase diagrams published so far, encompassing for the first time the temperature and pressure ranges corresponding to the whole upper mantle. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Thriving on Our Changing Planet National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Space Studies Board, Committee on the Decadal Survey for Earth Science and Applications from Space, 2019-01-20 We live on a dynamic Earth shaped by both natural processes and the impacts of humans on their environment. It is in our collective interest to observe and understand our planet, and to predict future behavior to the extent possible, in order to effectively manage resources, successfully respond to threats from natural and human-induced environmental change, and capitalize on the opportunities †social, economic, security, and more †that such knowledge can bring. By continuously monitoring and exploring Earth, developing a deep understanding of its evolving behavior, and characterizing the processes that shape and reshape the environment in which we live, we not only advance knowledge and basic discovery about our planet, but we further develop the foundation upon which benefits to society are built. Thriving on Our Changing Planet presents prioritized science, applications, and observations, along with related strategic and programmatic guidance, to support the U.S. civil space Earth observation program over the coming decade. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Origin and Evolution of Earth National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Committee on Grand Research Questions in the Solid-Earth Sciences, 2008-08-04 Questions about the origin and nature of Earth and the life on it have long preoccupied human thought and the scientific endeavor. Deciphering the planet's history and processes could improve the ability to predict catastrophes like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, to manage Earth's resources, and to anticipate changes in climate and geologic processes. At the request of the U.S. Department of Energy, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Science Foundation, and U.S. Geological Survey, the National Research Council assembled a committee to propose and explore grand questions in geological and planetary science. This book captures, in a series of questions, the essential scientific challenges that constitute the frontier of Earth science at the start of the 21st century. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Introduction to the Physics of the Earth's Interior Jean-Paul Poirier, 2000-03-02 Introduction to the Physics of the Earth's Interior describes the structure, composition and temperature of the deep Earth in one comprehensive volume. This new edition of a successful textbook has been enlarged and fully updated, taking into account the considerable experimental and theoretical progress recently made in understanding the inner structure of the Earth. Like the first edition, this will be a useful textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in geophysics and mineralogy. It will also be of great value to researchers in earth sciences, physics and materials sciences. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Phase Diagrams for Geoscientists Tibor Gasparik, 2013-08-31 |
| diagram of the earths interior: Carbon in Earth's Interior Craig E. Manning, Jung-Fu Lin, Wendy L. Mao, 2020-04-03 Carbon in Earth's fluid envelopes - the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, plays a fundamental role in our planet's climate system and a central role in biology, the environment, and the economy of earth system. The source and original quantity of carbon in our planet is uncertain, as are the identities and relative importance of early chemical processes associated with planetary differentiation. Numerous lines of evidence point to the early and continuing exchange of substantial carbon between Earth's surface and its interior, including diamonds, carbon-rich mantle-derived magmas, carbonate rocks in subduction zones and springs carrying deeply sourced carbon-bearing gases. Thus, there is little doubt that a substantial amount of carbon resides in our planet's interior. Yet, while we know it must be present, carbon's forms, transformations and movements at conditions relevant to the interiors of Earth and other planets remain uncertain and untapped. Volume highlights include: - Reviews key, general topics, such as carbonate minerals, the deep carbon cycle, and carbon in magmas or fluids - Describes new results at the frontiers of the field with presenting results on carbon in minerals, melts, and fluids at extreme conditions of planetary interiors - Brings together emerging insights into carbon's forms, transformations and movements through study of the dynamics, structure, stability and reactivity of carbon-based natural materials - Reviews emerging new insights into the properties of allied substances that carry carbon, into the rates of chemical and physical transformations, and into the complex interactions between moving fluids, magmas, and rocks to the interiors of Earth and other planets - Spans the various chemical redox states of carbon, from reduced hydrocarbons to zero-valent diamond and graphite to oxidized CO2 and carbonates - Captures and synthesizes the exciting results of recent, focused efforts in an emerging scientific discipline - Reports advances over the last decade that have led to a major leap forward in our understanding of carbon science - Compiles the range of methods that can be tapped tap from the deep carbon community, which includes experimentalists, first principles theorists, thermodynamic modelers and geodynamicists - Represents a reference point for future deep carbon science research Carbon in Planetary Interiors will be a valuable resource for researchers and students who study the Earth's interior. The topics of this volume are interdisciplinary, and therefore will be useful to professionals from a wide variety of fields in the Earth Sciences, such as mineral physics, petrology, geochemistry, experimentalists, first principles theorists, thermodynamics, material science, chemistry, geophysics and geodynamics. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Constitution of the Earth's Interior J. Leliwa-Kopystynski, Roman Teisseyre, 2016-07-29 Constitution of the Earth's Interior discusses the physical and evolutionary principles connecting various elements of the knowledge about structure and dynamics of the Earth's interior. This work is divided into eight chapters that primarily focus on the physical, chemical, and petrological state. This text contains general data on a general stationary model, which is described by equations of state combining the basic parameters, including pressure, temperature, density, gravity acceleration, and mineral composition within the Earth's interior. Considerable chapters concern the chemical and petrological composition of the matter in the Earth's interior. The remaining chapters describe models containing inhomogeneities used to illustrate processes connected with phase transitions. This book will be of great value to geologists, physicists, and researchers. |
| diagram of the earths interior: The Hollow Earth Raymond Bernard, 1996-09 1964 Dr. Bernard says this is the true home of the flying saucers. the epoch-making significance of Adm. Byrd's flight for 1,700 miles into the North Polar opening leading to the hollow interior of the earth, the home of a Super Race who are the Creators. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Crustal Dynamics Data Information System , 1993 |
| diagram of the earths interior: Book Of Earths Edna Kenton, 2018-05-02 THIS BOOK OF EARTHS began years ago, as a collection--maps of the Earth, the Moon, the heavens. For it occurred to me, not long ago, that it would be fun to put them all together, and many others with them, chosen to fill in the gaps of the original group. Luckily for the fun of it, the search about to begin would not be limited to what we know about the Earth, else it would have ended before it began; for we live in a universe of which we know little, and on a planet of which we know perhaps less. It would include not only what we know, or think to-day we know, but also anything that has been believed or felt or no more than guessed to be the picture of the Earth and its place in the universe. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Turbulence in Rotating, Stratified and Electrically Conducting Fluids P. A. Davidson, 2013-09-12 There are two recurring themes in astrophysical and geophysical fluid mechanics: waves and turbulence. This book investigates how turbulence responds to rotation, stratification or magnetic fields, identifying common themes, where they exist, as well as the essential differences which inevitably arise between different classes of flow. The discussion is developed from first principles, making the book suitable for graduate students as well as professional researchers. The author focuses first on the fundamentals and then progresses to such topics as the atmospheric boundary layer, turbulence in the upper atmosphere, turbulence in the core of the earth, zonal winds in the giant planets, turbulence within the interior of the sun, the solar wind, and turbulent flows in accretion discs. The book will appeal to engineers, geophysicists, astrophysicists and applied mathematicians who are interested in naturally occurring turbulent flows. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Physics of the Earth Frank D. Stacey, Paul M. Davis, 2008-08-28 The fourth edition of Physics of the Earth maintains the original philosophy of this classic graduate textbook on fundamental solid earth geophysics, while being completely revised, updated, and restructured into a more modular format to make individual topics even more accessible. Building on the success of previous editions, which have served generations of students and researchers for nearly forty years, this new edition will be an invaluable resource for graduate students looking for the necessary physical and mathematical foundations to embark on their own research careers in geophysics. Several completely new chapters have been added and a series of appendices, presenting fundamental data and advanced mathematical concepts, and an extensive reference list, are provided as tools to aid readers wishing to pursue topics beyond the level of the book. Over 140 student exercises of varying levels of difficulty are also included, and full solutions are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521873628. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Planet Earth Cesare Emiliani, 1992-08-28 This book explains why we have such a vast array of environments across the cosmos and on our own planet, and also a stunning diversity of plant and animal life on earth. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Theory of the Earth Don L. Anderson, 1989 Theory of the Earth is a combination reference and textbook that every exploration geologist and research scientist should have on his/her bookshelf. It is also suitable for advanced undergraduate, as well as graduate level geophysics courses. The emphasis is on the origin, evolution, structure and composition of the earth′s interior. It treats the pertinent aspects of solid state physics, thermodynamics, geochemistry, petrology, and seismology in sufficient detail for all who seek current information on geochemistry, solid state physics, and physics of the earth or planets |
| diagram of the earths interior: Deep Carbon Beth N. Orcutt, Isabelle Daniel, Rajdeep Dasgupta, 2020 A comprehensive guide to carbon inside Earth - its quantities, movements, forms, origins, changes over time and impact on planetary processes. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Regents Exams and Answers: Earth Science--Physical Setting Revised Edition Edward J. Denecke, 2021-01-05 Barron’s Regents Exams and Answers: Earth Science provides essential review for students taking the Earth Science Regents, including actual exams administered for the course, thorough answer explanations, and comprehensive review of all topics. This edition features: Five actual, administered Regents exams so students have the practice they need to prepare for the test Review questions grouped by topic, to help refresh skills learned in class Thorough explanations for all answers Score analysis charts to help identify strengths and weaknesses Study tips and test-taking strategies Looking for additional practice and review? Check out Barron’s Earth Science Power Pack two-volume set, which includes Let’s Review Regents: Earth Science in addition to the Regents Exams and Answers: Earth Science book. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Atmospheric Evolution on Inhabited and Lifeless Worlds David C. Catling, James F. Kasting, 2017-04-13 A comprehensive and authoritative text on the formation and evolution of planetary atmospheres, for graduate-level students and researchers. |
| diagram of the earths interior: The Origin of Continents and Oceans Alfred Wegener, 2012-07-25 A source of profound influence and controversy, this landmark 1915 work explains various phenomena of historical geology, geomorphy, paleontology, paleoclimatology, and similar areas in terms of continental drift. 64 illustrations. 1966 edition. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Landscapes on the Edge National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Committee on Challenges and Opportunities in Earth Surface Processes, 2010-04-25 During geologic spans of time, Earth's shifting tectonic plates, atmosphere, freezing water, thawing ice, flowing rivers, and evolving life have shaped Earth's surface features. The resulting hills, mountains, valleys, and plains shelter ecosystems that interact with all life and provide a record of Earth surface processes that extend back through Earth's history. Despite rapidly growing scientific knowledge of Earth surface interactions, and the increasing availability of new monitoring technologies, there is still little understanding of how these processes generate and degrade landscapes. Landscapes on the Edge identifies nine grand challenges in this emerging field of study and proposes four high-priority research initiatives. The book poses questions about how our planet's past can tell us about its future, how landscapes record climate and tectonics, and how Earth surface science can contribute to developing a sustainable living surface for future generations. |
| diagram of the earths interior: The Earth′s Land Surface Kenneth J Gregory, 2010-03-23 Given the sheer scale of the topic under consideration here, Professor Gregory does well to condense it into bite-size pieces for the reader. I recommend this text to all undergraduate students of physical geography and earth sciences, particularly to those in their first and second years... This book is a comprehensive and (crucially) inexpensive text that will provide students with a useful source on geomorphology. - Lynda York, The Geographical Journal I would highly recommend this to anyone doing geology or geography at university as a ′go to′ book for geomorphology and landform. - Sara Falcone, Teaching Earth Science An excellent source of information for anyone who needs a well-informed, easy to use reference volume to introduce them to the fascinating complexities of the earth’s land surface, past, present and future. - Angela Gurnell, Queen Mary, University of London This introductory text details the land surface of the earth in a readable style covering the major issues, key themes and sensitivities of the environments/landscape. Emphasising the major ideas and their development, each chapter includes case studies and details of influential scientists (not necessarily geomorphologists) who have contributed to the progress of understanding. Providing a very clear explanation of the understanding achieved and of the debates that have arisen, the book is comprised of 12 chapters in four sections: Visualising the land surface explains and explores the composition of the land surface and outlines how it has been studied. Dynamics of the land surface considers the dynamics affecting the earth′s land surface including its influences, processes and the changes that have occurred. Environments of the land surface looks to understand the land surface in major world regions highlighting differences between the areas. Management of the land surface is an examination of the current and future prospects of the management of the earth′s land surface. With pedagogical features including further reading, questions for discussion and a glossary, this original, lively text is authored by one of the leading experts in the field and will be core reading for first and second year undergraduates on all physical geography courses. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Petrogenesis and Exploration of the Earth’s Interior Domenico M. Doronzo, Emanuela Schingaro, John S. Armstrong-Altrin, Basem Zoheir, 2019-02-22 This edited volume is based on the best papers accepted for presentation during the 1st Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018. The book is of interest to all researchers in the fields of Mineralogy, Geochemistry, Petrology and Volcanology. The Earth's interior is a source of heat, which makes our planet unique. This source regulates the formation and evolution of rocks at larger scales, and of minerals and sediments toward smaller scales. In such context, the exploration of georesources (products) has to be related to petrogenesis (processes). This volume offers an overview of the state-of-the-art petrogenesis and exploration in, but not limited to, the Middle East and Mediterranean regions. It gives new insights into processes and products related to the Earth's interior, and associated georesources by international researchers. Main topics include: 1. Petrogenetic processes: geochemistry, geochronology and geophysical approaches 2. Surficial processes: sedimentation and facies analysis 3. Applied mineralogy and tectonics 4. Geological research applied to mineral deposits |
| diagram of the earths interior: Earth Edmond A. Mathez, 2001 A collection of essays and articles provides a study of how the planet works, discussing Earth's structure, geographical features, geologic history, and evolution. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Plate Boundary Zones Seth Stein, Jeffrey T. Freymueller, 2002-01-21 This volume collects some recent studies on the motions, mechanics, and earthquakes that take place within plate boundary zones. Many of the studies reflect advances made possible by the development of space geodetic techniques. Among the topics of the 21 papers are tectonic processes in the Eurasian-African plate boundary zone, the structure of the Dead Sea basin, the January 2001 Bhuj earthquake in India, geological investigations of the Kamchatka region in Russia, and crustal shortening and extension in the central Andes. There is no index. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR. |
| diagram of the earths interior: A Framework for K-12 Science Education National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Science Education, Committee on a Conceptual Framework for New K-12 Science Education Standards, 2012-02-28 Science, engineering, and technology permeate nearly every facet of modern life and hold the key to solving many of humanity's most pressing current and future challenges. The United States' position in the global economy is declining, in part because U.S. workers lack fundamental knowledge in these fields. To address the critical issues of U.S. competitiveness and to better prepare the workforce, A Framework for K-12 Science Education proposes a new approach to K-12 science education that will capture students' interest and provide them with the necessary foundational knowledge in the field. A Framework for K-12 Science Education outlines a broad set of expectations for students in science and engineering in grades K-12. These expectations will inform the development of new standards for K-12 science education and, subsequently, revisions to curriculum, instruction, assessment, and professional development for educators. This book identifies three dimensions that convey the core ideas and practices around which science and engineering education in these grades should be built. These three dimensions are: crosscutting concepts that unify the study of science through their common application across science and engineering; scientific and engineering practices; and disciplinary core ideas in the physical sciences, life sciences, and earth and space sciences and for engineering, technology, and the applications of science. The overarching goal is for all high school graduates to have sufficient knowledge of science and engineering to engage in public discussions on science-related issues, be careful consumers of scientific and technical information, and enter the careers of their choice. A Framework for K-12 Science Education is the first step in a process that can inform state-level decisions and achieve a research-grounded basis for improving science instruction and learning across the country. The book will guide standards developers, teachers, curriculum designers, assessment developers, state and district science administrators, and educators who teach science in informal environments. |
| diagram of the earths interior: 21st Century Mage Jason Augustus Newcomb, 2002-10-15 For the first time since its initial translation into English at the turn of the century, Jason Newcomb has reinterpreted the sacred magic of Abramelin the Mage into a completely relevant program for contemporary seekers. In the thirty-one chapters of 21st Century Mage , Newcomb has reinvented the Knowledge and Conversation of Your Holy Guardian Angel ritual. He lays out a course of practice and prayer -- and introduces a whole new generation to the Crowleyan esthetic. Thought to be the simplest and most effective explanation of secret Western doctrine, The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage, a 15th century text, laid the foundation for the nineteenth century occult group, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, and set young Aleister Crowley on his spiritual quest. This is the book that served as the cornerstone of Crowley's lifelong practice. Newcomb's hip, non-denominational reinterpretation requires only openness to the universe and a yearning for understanding and transcendental knowledge. Describing himself as a skeptical and pragmatic mystic, Newcomb shows how drug abuse, sexual compulsion, overeating, fanaticism in all its permutations, are all misplaced yearnings for the Knowledge and Conversation of Your Holy Guardian Angel. Jason Newcomb combines ideas and exercises from writers through the ages with the Abramelin techniques he himself has used to lose weight and quit smoking. |
| diagram of the earths interior: The Composition of the Earth's Crust Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, Henry Stephens Washington, 1924 |
| diagram of the earths interior: The Earth's Core and Geomagnetism Jack A. Jacobs, 1963-01 |
| diagram of the earths interior: The Earth's Crust and Mantle Raisa Mikhaĭlovna Demenit︠s︡kai︠a︡, 1970 The translation is a summary of complex data on the earth's crust and upper mantle. In the examination of the data on the various regions of the terrestrial globe (characteristics of the gravity, magnetic, seismic, thermal and electric fields of the earth) and the comparison between them and the structure of the crust, the author reveals the specific features of the different geological structures and determines the diagnostic significance of the geophysical data. Much attention is given to the crustal structure of the oceanic areas. A description of the general characteristics of the relief and the physical properties of the upper mantle is given in the last section of the book, where the physical map of the upper mantle is given in the last section of the book, where the physical map of the upper mantle is presented. In conclusion, a review is given of the projects of ultradeep scientific boring in the Pacific ocean, territory of the USSR, Japan and Canada. (Author). |
| diagram of the earths interior: Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes John P. Rafferty Associate Editor, Earth Sciences, 2010-08-15 Presents an introduction to volcanoes and earthquakes, explaining how the movement of the Earth's interior plates cause their formation and describing the volcanoes which currently exist around the world as well as some of the famous earthquakes of the nineteenth through twenty-first cenuturies. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Visualizing Geology Barbara W. Murck, Brian J. Skinner, 2015-12-21 The newly revised Fourth Edition of Visualizing Geology, WileyPLUS NextGen Card and Loose-leaf Set Single Semester delivers an authoritative and thorough exploration of introductory Earth system science and geology in the distinctive style of the Wiley Visualizing series. Students learn about the three grand geologic cycles – tectonic, rock, and water – and how they interact to create and shape the geologic features we see and experience. This single-semester loose-leaf set includes access to the renowned WileyPLUS NextGen digital learning environment, an indispensable pedagogical addition to any classroom. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Praxis Elementary Education For Dummies with Online Practice Tests Carla C. Kirkland, Chan Cleveland, 2016-08-01 Increase your chances of scoring higher on the Praxis II Elementary Education test Contrary to popular belief, the Praxis II Elementary Education test isn't a measure of academic performance, which is why many test-takers who achieve perfect grades in college don't always pass it. Studying such a broad range of topics and enduring such a long testing processing can be challenging, so what's the best way to prepare for it? Turn to Praxis II Elementary Education For Dummies with Online Practice! It offers easy-to-follow subject reviews, test-taking strategies and advice for multiple choice and essay questions, sample practice questions, two full-length practice tests with detailed answers and explanations, and more. If you're one of the more than 600,000 aspiring teachers who take this test each year, this hands-on, friendly test prep guide gets you up to speed on everything you need to know to pass the Praxis II Elementary Education text with flying colors. This helpful guide covers Reading and Language Arts, Mathematics, Social Studies, Science, Art, Music, and Physical Education. It leaves no stone unturned by offering tips on registering for the exam, as well as a detailed overview of the test and how it's administered. Practice with hundreds of authentic Praxis II questions Hone the skills needed to ace the exam and start your career as a licensed teacher Boost your confidence and do your best on test day Get one year of online access to five Praxis II exams to sharpen your test-taking skills If you're a future educator gearing up to take the Praxis II Elementary Education test, this is your ultimate guide to one of the most important tests you'll ever take. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Seismic Tomography G. Nolet, 2012-12-06 |
| diagram of the earths interior: Living on an Active Earth National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Committee on the Science of Earthquakes, 2003-09-22 The destructive force of earthquakes has stimulated human inquiry since ancient times, yet the scientific study of earthquakes is a surprisingly recent endeavor. Instrumental recordings of earthquakes were not made until the second half of the 19th century, and the primary mechanism for generating seismic waves was not identified until the beginning of the 20th century. From this recent start, a range of laboratory, field, and theoretical investigations have developed into a vigorous new discipline: the science of earthquakes. As a basic science, it provides a comprehensive understanding of earthquake behavior and related phenomena in the Earth and other terrestrial planets. As an applied science, it provides a knowledge base of great practical value for a global society whose infrastructure is built on the Earth's active crust. This book describes the growth and origins of earthquake science and identifies research and data collection efforts that will strengthen the scientific and social contributions of this exciting new discipline. |
| diagram of the earths interior: A Journey to the Center of the Earth (EasyRead Comfort Edition) Jules Verne, 2020 The story begins in Hamburg, 1863. The brilliant Professor Lidenbrock, inspired by an ancient, encoded manuscript, decides to take his reluctant nephew Axel on a seemingly insane mission: to travel down volcanic tunnels to the very center of the earth. With Hans, their intrepid Icelandic guide, they descend deeper and deeper, encountering terrifying prehistoric animals and passing through unimaginably beautiful landscapes. Will Axel ever again see his beloved fiancee Grauben? |
| diagram of the earths interior: Climate Intervention National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Committee on Geoengineering Climate: Technical Evaluation and Discussion of Impacts, 2015-06-23 The growing problem of changing environmental conditions caused by climate destabilization is well recognized as one of the defining issues of our time. The root problem is greenhouse gas emissions, and the fundamental solution is curbing those emissions. Climate geoengineering has often been considered to be a last-ditch response to climate change, to be used only if climate change damage should produce extreme hardship. Although the likelihood of eventually needing to resort to these efforts grows with every year of inaction on emissions control, there is a lack of information on these ways of potentially intervening in the climate system. As one of a two-book report, this volume of Climate Intervention discusses albedo modification - changing the fraction of incoming solar radiation that reaches the surface. This approach would deliberately modify the energy budget of Earth to produce a cooling designed to compensate for some of the effects of warming associated with greenhouse gas increases. The prospect of large-scale albedo modification raises political and governance issues at national and global levels, as well as ethical concerns. Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth discusses some of the social, political, and legal issues surrounding these proposed techniques. It is far easier to modify Earth's albedo than to determine whether it should be done or what the consequences might be of such an action. One serious concern is that such an action could be unilaterally undertaken by a small nation or smaller entity for its own benefit without international sanction and regardless of international consequences. Transparency in discussing this subject is critical. In the spirit of that transparency, Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth was based on peer-reviewed literature and the judgments of the authoring committee; no new research was done as part of this study and all data and information used are from entirely open sources. By helping to bring light to this topic area, this book will help leaders to be far more knowledgeable about the consequences of albedo modification approaches before they face a decision whether or not to use them. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Deep Earth Hidenori Terasaki, Rebecca A. Fischer, 2016-03-07 Deep Earth: Physics and Chemistry of the Lower Mantle and Core highlights recent advances and the latest views of the deep Earth from theoretical, experimental, and observational approaches and offers insight into future research directions on the deep Earth. In recent years, we have just reached a stage where we can perform measurements at the conditions of the center part of the Earth using state-of-the-art techniques, and many reports on the physical and chemical properties of the deep Earth have come out very recently. Novel theoretical models have been complementary to this breakthrough. These new inputs enable us to compare directly with results of precise geophysical and geochemical observations. This volume highlights the recent significant advancements in our understanding of the deep Earth that have occurred as a result, including contributions from mineral/rock physics, geophysics, and geochemistry that relate to the topics of: I. Thermal structure of the lower mantle and core II. Structure, anisotropy, and plasticity of deep Earth materials III. Physical properties of the deep interior IV. Chemistry and phase relations in the lower mantle and core V. Volatiles in the deep Earth The volume will be a valuable resource for researchers and students who study the Earth's interior. The topics of this volume are multidisciplinary, and therefore will be useful to students from a wide variety of fields in the Earth Sciences. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Earth Structures Stephen Marshak, Ben A. Van der Pluijm, 2010-06-04 The Second Edition also benefits from new artwork that clearly illustrates complex concepts. New to the Second Edition: New Chapter: 15, Geophysical Imaging, by Frederick Cook Within Chapters 21 and 22, four new essays on Regional Perspectives discuss the European Alps, the Altaids, the Appalachians, and the Cascadia Wedge. New and updated art for more informative illustration of concepts. The Second Edition now has 570 black & white figures. |
| diagram of the earths interior: Earth's Magnetic Field Claudia Stolle, Nils Olsen, Arthur D. Richmond, Hermann J. Opgenoorth, 2017-12-14 This volume provides a comprehensive view on the different sources of the geomagnetic field both in the Earth’s interior and from the field’s interaction with the terrestrial atmosphere and the solar wind. It combines expertise from various relevant areas of geomagnetic and near Earth space research with the aim to better characterise the state and dynamics of Earth’s magnetic field. Advances in the exploitation of geomagnetic observations hold a huge potential not only for an improved quantitative description of the field source but also for a better understanding of the underlying processes and physics. Key is the separation of the field sources in the observations, especially, but not solely, during times of quiet geomagnetic conditions, when the most subtle geomagnetic effects can be identified and become significant. The collected articles are based on the current constellation of ground and space observations, and on state-of-the-art empirical models and physics-based simulations. Thus, it provides an in-depth overview over recent achievements, current limitations and challenges, and future opportunities in the field of geomagnetism and space sciences. Originally published in Space Science Reviews, Volume 206, Issue 1-4, March 2017 |
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