Advertisement
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Supplemental Exercises to Accompany Writing First Laurie G. Kirszner, Stephen R. Mandell, 2009-01-21 |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Supplementary Exercise Booklet Lex Runciman, Andrea A. Lunsford, Carolyn Lengel, Kate Silver, 2009-02-06 This ancillary exercise booklet contains unique exercise sets — not found anywhere else — to give you more practice with the writing and editing topics essential for your composition class. (Instructors: With a Bedford Instructor Account, you can download the answer key for this booklet here.) |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Supplemental Exercises for Foundations First with Readings Laurie G. Kirszner, Stephen R. Mandell, 2011-07-28 Foundations First guides students through the process of writing sentences and paragraphs with simple explanations, appealing visuals, and student-friendly examples. Kirszner and Mandell's compelling approach lets students practice grammar in the context of their own writing and helps prepare them for success in college composition and beyond. Treating students with respect -- a hallmark of the Kirszner and Mandell approach -- the book also addresses study skills, ESL concerns, vocabulary development, and critical reading, providing beginning writers with all the support they need to master the essentials of good writing. The fourth edition gives students even more help transitioning into college, with new coverage on communicating in college and new tips for college success. Read the preface. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Seberson Method: New SAT® Vocabulary Workbook Katya Seberson, 2020-02-25 Further your SAT vocabulary knowledge to get farther down the road to success This SAT vocabulary workbook helps students master more than 700 words that frequently appear in the SAT's reading, writing, and essay sections. The book's approach reflects changes made to the test in recent years, focusing on understanding vocabulary more than rote memorization. It's a modern workbook designed to give students the edge needed to improve their SAT scores. 145 short lessons—Each lesson features a theme to help contextualize vocabulary and concludes with a mini quiz to test understanding. Practical organization—Chapters focus on different elements of the SAT, including words for reading topics like history and science, transition words, and commonly confused words. Learning that lasts—With extra tips for retention, this focused approach works equally well for students who are taking the test in a week or in a year. Perfect for summer learning—This guide makes a great summer workbook for students planning to take the SAT this coming year who want to get a head start on studying before heading back to school. Get the ideal resource for students looking to master SAT vocabulary. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: The College Panda's SAT Math Nielson Phu, 2015-01-06 For more sample chapters and information, check out http: //thecollegepanda.com/the-advanced-guide-to-sat-math/ This book brings together everything you need to know to score high on the math section, from the simplest to the most obscure concepts. Unlike most other test prep books, this one is truly geared towards the student aiming for the perfect score. It leaves no stones unturned. Inside, You'll Find: Clear explanations of the tested math concepts, from the simplest to the most obscure Hundreds of examples to illustrate all the question types and the different ways they can show up Over 500 practice questions and explanations to help you master each topic The most common mistakes students make (so you don't) A chapter completely devoted to tricky question students tend to miss A question difficulty distribution chart that tells you which questions are easy, medium, and hard A list of relevant questions from The Official SAT Study Guide at the end of each chapter A cheat sheet of strategies for all the common question patterns A chart that tells you how many questions you need to answer for your target score |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: The Everyday Writer with Exercises with 2009 MLA and 2010 APA Updates Andrea A. Lunsford, 2010-06-22 Students write every day and everywhere — for school, for work, and for fun. And nobody else in the field of composition understands the real world of student writing better than Andrea A. Lunsford. Her trademark attention to rhetorical choice, language and style, and critical thinking and argument — based on years of experience as a researcher and classroom teacher — make The Everyday Writer the tabbed handbook that can talk students through every writing situation. But wait — there’s more! New research into student writing now informs every page of the new edition…and with expanded, more visual coverage of the writing process, research and documentation, and writing in the disciplines, today’s Everyday Writer prepares students more than ever for everyday writing challenges — from managing a research project to writing on a Facebook wall. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Progressive English Exercises in Analysis, Composition and Spelling by the Use of Symbols Henry Ward Siglar, 1874 |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: TOEFL Practice Exercises Pamela J. Sharpe, 2020-10-06 Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Barron’s TOEFL Practice Exercises provides students with more than 1,000 practice questions for both the ITP (Institutional TOEFL Program) and the iBT (Internet Based TOEFL). This book has the tips, strategies, and practice you need to succeed on the TOEFL: Explanatory answers for all questions: The exercises break down each question and show you how to answer it smartly and quickly Example essays and speaking responses One full-length ITP practice test with instructions for evaluating answers and determining a test score. One full-length iBT practice test with instructions for evaluating answers and determining a test score. The top 100 academic vocabulary words on the TOEFL, along with ten exercises to test proficiency. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: A Review of Grammar, with Exercises Jonathan M. Dow, 1927 |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Writing First with Readings Laurie G. Kirszner, Stephen R. Mandell, 2005-09-28 Writing First teaches the basics of writing and grammar in the context of students' own writing. Along with a comprehensive treatment of the process of writing paragraphs and essays, it helps students develop the fundamental writing skills they need to succeed in college and beyond. By providing students with more help in the areas they most need it -- grammar, ESL, and high-stakes test taking -- the third edition of Writing First better addresses the realities of the developmental writing course. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Grammar Demystified Kashif Ahmed, Grammar Demystified: A Clear and Simple Guide is an indispensable resource for anyone seeking to conquer the complexities of grammar with ease. Authored by a language expert, this book presents grammar rules and concepts in a straightforward and accessible manner, making it an ideal companion for students, writers, and language enthusiasts alike. The book begins by demystifying grammar fundamentals, breaking down intricate rules into digestible segments. It covers essential topics such as sentence structure, parts of speech, punctuation, and common grammatical errors. Through clear explanations, illustrative examples, and practical exercises, readers will gain a solid understanding of grammar principles and enhance their communication skills. Whether you're a novice looking to build a strong foundation or someone seeking to refine their writing, Grammar Demystified provides a user-friendly approach to mastering the intricacies of the English language. The book encourages active learning with engaging exercises and quizzes, reinforcing concepts and ensuring practical application. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Eugene Field and His Age Lewis O. Saum, 2001-01-01 Eugene Field (1850?95) is perhaps best remembered for his children's verse, especially Little Boy Blue and Wynken, Blynken, and Nod. During his journalistic career, however, his column, Sharps and Flats, in the Chicago Daily News illuminated the shenanigans of local and national politics, captured the excitement of baseball, and praised the cultural scene of Chicago and the West over that of the East Coast and Europe. Field used whimsy, satire, and, at times, unadorned admiration to depict and encapsulate the energy of a young nation reinventing itself and its political ambitions in the closing decades of the nineteenth century. Foremost, Field was a political observer. During his lifetime politics saw more public awareness and involvement than at any other time in American history, and Field's great popularity derived mainly from his near-ceaseless commentary?arch, outlandish, comic, serious?on that arena of affairs. Field also devoted many columns to entertainment and diversions, discussing the baseball idiocy that stormed Chicago and championing and criticizing authors and actors. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: 1600 Drill Exercises in Corrective English Orville M. Hanna, Joseph Schimmel Taylor, 1922 |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Practical Lessons and Exercises in Grammar Olive McHenry, 1900 |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Successful College Writing Kathleen T. McWhorter, 2011-12-07 Because so many first-year writing students lack the basic skills the course demands, reading specialist McWhorter gives them steady guidance through the challenges they face in academic work. Successful College Writing offers extensive instruction in active and critical reading, practical advice on study and college survival skills, step-by-step strategies for writing and research, detailed coverage of the nine rhetorical patterns of development, and 61 readings that provide strong rhetorical models, as well as an easy-to-use handbook in the complete edition. McWhorter’s unique visual approach to learning uses graphic organizers, revision flowcharts, and other visual tools to help students analyze texts and write their own essays. Her unique attention to varieties of learning styles also helps empower students, allowing them to identify their strengths and learning preferences. Read the preface. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: How to Sharpen Your Business Writing Skills Nan S. Levinson, 2000 |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Digital SAT Practice Questions 2024: More Than 600 Practice Exercises for the New Digital SAT + Tips + Online Practice Philip Geer, Stephen A. Reiss, 2023-12-05 A study guide for the digital SAT that includes over 600 practice questions, answer explanations, and more. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Diagnostic and Editing Tests and Exercises T/A Longman 2004 English Handbooks H Ramsey Fowler, 2003-06 |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Rules for Writers with 2009 MLA and 2010 APA Updates Diana Hacker, 2010-06-08 Click here to find out more about the 2009 MLA Updates and the 2010 APA Updates. Rules for Writers succeeds because it has always been grounded in classroom experience. By looking at her own students’ needs, Diana Hacker created an affordable and practical classroom tool that doubles as a quick reference. Developed with the help of instructors from two- and four-year schools, the sixth edition gives students quick access to the information they need to solve writing problems in any college course. In the Hacker tradition, the new contributing authors — Nancy Sommers, Tom Jehn, Jane Rosenzweig, and Marcy Carbajal Van Horn — have crafted solutions for the writing problems of today’s college students. Together they give us a new edition that provides more help with academic writing and research and one that works better for a wider range of multilingual students. Flexible content options — in print and online — allow students to get more than they pay for. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: na , |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Walch Toolbook Susan Stein, 1998 Defines key terms and provides useful, relevant examples. Accommodates a wide range of student needs through flexible practice. Provides lessons appropriate for home or classroom use. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: The Fundamentals of English Grammar Niketa Hrushikesh Joglekar, English grammar forms the cornerstone of effective communication. For students in grades 5-10, mastering the fundamentals of grammar is crucial for academic success and beyond. This book, The Fundamentals of English Grammar for Grades 5-10, is designed to provide a comprehensive and accessible guide to the rules and conventions that govern the English language. It aims to equip young learners with the tools they need to express themselves clearly, confidently, and correctly. Understanding grammar is more than just knowing the rules of language; it’s about understanding how language works. This book covers all essential aspects of English grammar, including parts of speech, sentence structure, punctuation, and usage. It also delves into more complex areas such as clauses, phrases, and the intricacies of verb tenses. Each chapter is carefully structured to build on the previous one, ensuring a gradual and thorough understanding of the material. The journey begins with an exploration of the parts of speech. These are the building blocks of sentences and include nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Understanding the function of each part of speech is essential for constructing meaningful and grammatically correct sentences. For instance, recognizing the difference between a noun and a pronoun can help students avoid common mistakes such as using he instead of him in a sentence. By mastering the parts of speech, students can begin to understand how words work together to convey meaning. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: A Canadian Writer's Reference with 2009 MLA and 2010 APA Updates Diana Hacker, 2010-05-24 Click here to find out more about the 2009 MLA Updates and the 2010 APA Updates. A proven success, A Canadian Writer’s Reference, Fourth Edition, remains the easiest reference tool to use and understand. Updated with Canadian content and conventions, the fourth edition features new contributing authors who bring a wider range of teaching practice to the book — and who have shaped a writer’s handbook that serves an even broader and more diverse student body. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: REA's Handbook of English Grammar, Style, and Writing The Editors of REA, 2013-01-01 REA's Handbook of English Grammar, Style, and Writing is a must for students! The ability to write and speak correctly and effectively is a prerequisite for doing well in all subjects, including the physical and social sciences, math and the liberal arts. Writing and speaking skills become even more important when seeking a job and trying to succeed in a chosen career. This easy-to-understand, straightforward English handbook doesn't use the technical jargon usually found in English grammar books. Instead, our handbook provides hundreds of examples from which it is possible to easily see what is correct and what is incorrect in all areas of English grammar and writing. Practice exercises with answers follow each chapter. The handbook covers the following in detail: nouns, verbs, adjectives, paragraphs, composition, punctuation, spelling, and much more. Our handbook explains the basics of: * Rules and exceptions in grammar * Spelling and proper punctuation * Common errors in sentence structure * Correct usage (with 2,000 examples of correct grammar & usage) * Effective writing skills. All the English essentials you need to know are contained in this simple and practical book. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Which Comes First, the Comma Or the Pause? a Practical Guide to Writing Dona J. Young, 2009-04 |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Better Sentence Writing in 30 Minutes a Day Diana Campbell, 1995-08-15 Discover how to improve your sentence-writing skills in just thirty minutes a day with this easy-to-use, informative guide. Do your sentences run longer than a page? Or do they hang in the air, waiting for a subject, an object or some punctuation to finish them off? This easy-to-use guide to sentence writing not only teaches you how to overcome run-ons and sentence fragments, but also all of the sentence construction obstacles encountered by anyone who needs to master (or re-master) the English language—all without making you do a single dreaded diagram! You’ll learn a sentence-combining approach to writing that goes beyond helping you avoid errors by teaching you how to create sound sentences with variety and style. You’ll also find: Clear discussions of rules and strategies for good writing Easy-to-understand explanations and plenty of exercises, from fill-in-the-blanks to transforming short sentences into longer and more graceful combinations An answer key at the back of the book to encourage you to work at your own pace and check your answers as you go Even if you can’t spare thirty minutes a day to learn how to write brilliant sentences, Better Sentence Writing in 30 Minutes a Day allows you to customize your learning to take as little as five minutes a day. Just like its companion guides in the Better English Series, this book is just what the teacher ordered! |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Practical English Vicki L. Hackett, Paul C. Dalmas, 1987 This book ... includes daily lesson plans and supplemental materials for a course in vocational English, and it provides a systematic approach to instruction in writing used on the job. This book is divided into two parts. Part one ... provides lessons and materials for a course in vocational English. Each chapter describes one unit in which students master a particular skill or complete a writing assignment. Detailed daily plans are provided, and at the conclusion of each chapter reproducible worksheets for the unit are included. Part two of the book ... provides lessons and materials for language development.-Introd. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Additional Exercises to Accomoany Easy Access :the Reference Handbook for Writers : Michael L.Keene, Katherine H. Adams Timothy Miank, 1999 |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: The Little, Brown Essentials Handbook, Third Canadian Edition Jane E. Aaron, Elaine Bander, 2007-04 Brief, accessible, and value-priced, The Little, Brown Essential Handbook, 3rd Canadian Edition answers the common and not-so-common questions about usage, grammar, research writing and documentation. Thoroughly adapted to reflect Canadian spelling, culture, geography, and history, this pocket-sized member of the Little, Brown family is an indispensable tool for Canadian writers across the disciplines and beyond their academic careers. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Writing Center Research Paula Gillespie, Alice Gillam, Lady Falls Brown, Byron Stay, 2001-12 Writing centres exist in nearly every university in the US. This title seeks to open, to formalize, and to further the dialogue about research in and about writing centres. The essays in this volume offer accounts of research and demonstrate a range of methodologies. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: LB Jane E. Aaron, 2004-06 Concise and easy to use,LB Brief is the writing handbook that helps writers find what they need and then use what they find. Writing process, business writing, grammar, punctuation, mechanics, electronic research, documentation/citation style guides, avoiding plagiarism, ESL. Any student or professional interested in improving their writing. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Houghton Mifflin Grammar Exercises Marilyn B. Weissman, McWhorter, 1995 |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: George Burton, George Burton Hotchkiss, Business Training Corporation, 2011-09 This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfectionssuch as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed worksworldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.++++The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Business English: Being A First Unit Of A Course In Business English, Volume 5; Business English: Being A First Unit Of A Course In Business English; George Burton Hotchkiss George Burton Hotchkiss, Business Training Corporation Business Training Corp., 1916 English language |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: Inside Writing William Salomone, Stephen McDonald, Mark Edelstein, 1993 |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: The Clear Notices Training Program Master Instructor's Guide , 1987 |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: A practical English grammar with exercises in composition Henry Pendexter Emerson, Ida Catherine Bender, 1907 |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: English and Korean in Contrast Jong-Bok Kim, 2024-02-21 ENGLISH AND KOREAN IN CONTRAST English and Korean in Contrast: A Linguistic Introduction is the first book of its kind to present a comprehensive yet student-friendly comparative review of the grammars of English and Korean. Author Jong-Bok Kim, an internationally-recognized expert, offers rigorous contrastive analyses of all major aspects of English and Korean while addressing common usage errors made by learners of each language. Designed for both English- and Korean-language classrooms, this unique textbook describes and contrasts the two languages at every level from sound, word, and grammar to figurative language and metaphors. Throughout the text, the author uses an accessible, descriptive-based approach that covers both core and peripheral phenomena of English and Korean. Offering invaluable insights into the major sources of difficulty or ease in learning the two languages, English and Korean in Contrast: A Linguistic Introduction is the perfect undergraduate resource not only for English-speaking students studying Korean language and linguistics, but also for Korean-speaking students studying English language and linguistics. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: The Everyday Writer with Exercises Andrea A. Lunsford, 2012-11-19 Andrea Lunsford’s research shows that students are writing more than ever — in classrooms, workplaces, and social spaces, in local communities and around the world. The Everyday Writer, Fifth Edition, is the first tabbed handbook to help the participants in this literacy revolution build on the smart decisions they make as social writers — and use their skills in their academic and professional work. With Andrea Lunsford’s trademark attention to rhetorical choice and language, and with new chapters on public writing, critical reading, and understanding how and why to use documentation, The Everyday Writer gives today’s students the information they need to be effective, ethical writers. New illustrations by graphic artist G.B. Tran make complicated concepts clear and inviting for students. And now LearningCurve, game-like adaptive quizzing, gives students a new way to see what they know. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: A Pocket Style Manual, 2016 MLA Update Edition Diana Hacker, Nancy Sommers, 2016-07-05 THIS TITLE HAS BEEN UPDATED TO REFLECT THE 2016 MLA UPDATES! Our editorial team has updated this text based on content from The MLA Handbook, 8th Edition. Browse our catalog or contact your representative for a full listing of updated titles and packages, or to request a custom ISBN. Your students need clear, complete answers to their questions about research, writing, and grammar—and they often need them at a moment’s notice. As their teacher, you are their greatest resource, but you can’t be available 24/7. For help with work in class and at home and especially for questions at odd hours, students can turn to A Pocket Style Manual. The thoughtfully revised seventh edition makes it even easier for students to effectively and independently address their writing and research challenges. With 325 documentation models in four styles and coverage of drafting thesis statements, writing correctly and effectively, finding and evaluating sources, and writing research papers, A Pocket Style Manual supports writers across the disciplines. Our newest set of online materials, LaunchPad Solo, provides all the key tools and course-specific content that you need to teach your class. The LaunchPad Solo for A Pocket Style Manual includes exercises, sample student writing, and LearningCurve game-like adaptive quizzing. To package LaunchPad Solo free with A Pocket Style Manual, use ISBN 978-1-319-01282-3. |
| exercises for pronoun antecedent agreement: American Literature Beverly Ann Chin, McGraw-Hill Education, 2001-10 |
10 Best Exercises for Everyone - Healthline
Feb 11, 2025 · We’ve rounded up the 10 best and most powerful exercises to do every single day. Do these for 30 days straight or twice a week to see and feel a difference.
Pictures of the 7 Most Effective Exercises to Do at the Gym or
Feb 24, 2025 · Let WebMD show you how to properly perform seven exercises including squats, lunges, crunches, and the bend-over row. Good technique is a must for effective and safe …
Exercise Video Guides: 1500+ Exercises with Instructions & Tips
The largest and most comprehensive database of free video exercise guides! Learn how to perform exercises using correct technique.
20 Best Strength Training Exercises For A Complete Workout
Feb 11, 2023 · Here are the 20 Best Strength Training Exercises for a Complete Workout. Squats are a multi-joint, compound exercise that are often included in strength training routines for …
19 Cardio Exercises for an Effective At-Home Workout - Verywell Fit
May 3, 2024 · No equipment or gym membership? No problem. Here are 19 high-intensity cardio exercises you can do in your living room.
The 13 best exercises for overall health and fitness - Medical …
Dec 22, 2020 · Here, we look at 13 of the best exercises for overall health and fitness. We explain what areas of the body each exercise primarily works and provide step-by-step instructions.
5 Types of Exercises To Add to Your Workouts - Cleveland Clinic …
Feb 17, 2025 · There are five main types of exercise: resistance/strength training, cardio, flexibility training, balance exercises and sport-specific training.
Exercise Library: Workouts & Fitness Guides | ACE
Browse through total-body exercises or movements that target more specific areas of the body. Each comes with a detailed description and photos to help ensure proper form.
10 Best Exercises for Everyone - Baptist Health
May 11, 2022 · Incorporating a variety of exercises into your daily routine ensures a balanced workout that targets different muscle groups. Below is a list of the best workout exercises that …
6 At-Home Exercises That Sculpt Your Body Fast - Eat This Not …
1 day ago · Below, Rachel outlines six at-home exercises that sculpt your body quicker than gym machines. Deadlifts. Shutterstock “Deadlifts are a compound movement and highly effective in …
10 Best Exercises for Everyone - Healthline
Feb 11, 2025 · We’ve rounded up the 10 best and most powerful exercises to do every single day. Do these for 30 days straight or twice a week to see and feel a difference.
Pictures of the 7 Most Effective Exercises to Do at the Gym or
Feb 24, 2025 · Let WebMD show you how to properly perform seven exercises including squats, lunges, crunches, and the bend-over row. Good technique is a must for effective and safe …
Exercise Video Guides: 1500+ Exercises with Instructions & Tips
The largest and most comprehensive database of free video exercise guides! Learn how to perform exercises using correct technique.
20 Best Strength Training Exercises For A Complete Workout
Feb 11, 2023 · Here are the 20 Best Strength Training Exercises for a Complete Workout. Squats are a multi-joint, compound exercise that are often included in strength training routines for …
19 Cardio Exercises for an Effective At-Home Workout - Verywell Fit
May 3, 2024 · No equipment or gym membership? No problem. Here are 19 high-intensity cardio exercises you can do in your living room.
The 13 best exercises for overall health and fitness - Medical …
Dec 22, 2020 · Here, we look at 13 of the best exercises for overall health and fitness. We explain what areas of the body each exercise primarily works and provide step-by-step instructions.
5 Types of Exercises To Add to Your Workouts - Cleveland Clinic …
Feb 17, 2025 · There are five main types of exercise: resistance/strength training, cardio, flexibility training, balance exercises and sport-specific training.
Exercise Library: Workouts & Fitness Guides | ACE
Browse through total-body exercises or movements that target more specific areas of the body. Each comes with a detailed description and photos to help ensure proper form.
10 Best Exercises for Everyone - Baptist Health
May 11, 2022 · Incorporating a variety of exercises into your daily routine ensures a balanced workout that targets different muscle groups. Below is a list of the best workout exercises that …
6 At-Home Exercises That Sculpt Your Body Fast - Eat This Not That
1 day ago · Below, Rachel outlines six at-home exercises that sculpt your body quicker than gym machines. Deadlifts. Shutterstock “Deadlifts are a compound movement and highly effective in …
