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| extraction 2 language spoken: Chinese Spoken Language Processing Qiang Huo, Bin Ma, Eng-Siong Chng, Haizhou Li, 2006-11-30 This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing, ISCSLP 2006, held in Singapore in December 2006, co-located with ICCPOL 2006, the 21st International Conference on Computer Processing of Oriental Languages. Coverage includes speech science, acoustic modeling for automatic speech recognition, speech data mining, and machine translation of speech. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: A dictionary of the Teloogoo language Alexander Duncan Campbell, 1821 |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Speaking in a Second Language Rosa Alonso Alonso, 2018-04-15 For millions of individuals all over the world, speaking in a second language is a daily activity. It is therefore important that research in applied linguistics should contribute empirically to the study of second language spoken interaction. The aim of this volume is to make such a contribution by providing research-based insights into current approaches to the teaching and learning of this skill. Two key dimensions define the papers included here−their novelty and scope. First, the book provides a novel approach to the study of speaking in a second language by combining recent findings in usage-based linguistics with current issues in teaching. Second, the chapters cover a range of theoretical perspectives, including sociolinguistic and interactional competence, gestures, dynamic systems theory and code-switching. The volume offers a contemporary analysis of research in second language speaking that will be of interest to researchers, graduate students, teachers and other professionals working in the fields of communication and applied linguistics. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: The Prosody of Formulaic Sequences Phoebe Lin, 2018-09-20 To apply the same approaches to analysing spoken and written formulaic language is problematic; to do so masks the fact that the contextual meaning of spoken formulaic language is encoded, to a large extent, in its prosody. In The Prosody of Formulaic Sequences, Phoebe Lin offers a new perspective on formulaic language, arguing that while past research often treats formulaic language as a lexical phenomenon, the phonological aspect of it is a more fundamental facet. This book draws its conclusions from three original, empirical studies of spoken formulaic language, assessing intonation unit boundaries as well as features such as tempo and stress placement. Across all studies, Lin considers questions of methodology and conceptual framework. The corpus-based descriptions of prosody outlined in this book not only deepen our understanding of the nature of formulaic language but have important implications for English Language Teaching and automatic speech synthesis. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Statistical Language and Speech Processing Thierry Dutoit, Carlos Martín-Vide, Gueorgui Pironkov, 2018-10-08 This book constitutes the proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Statistical Language and Speech Processing, SLSP 2018, held in Mons, Belgium, in October 2018. The 15 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 40 submissions. They were organized in topical sections named: speech synthesis and spoken language generation; speech recognition and post-processing; natural language processing and understanding; and text processing and analysis. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: 9th International Workshop on Spoken Dialogue System Technology Luis Fernando D'Haro, Rafael E. Banchs, Haizhou Li, 2019-09-24 This book presents the outcomes of the 9th International Workshop on Spoken Dialogue Systems (IWSDS), “Towards creating more human-like conversational agent technologies”. It compiles and provides a synopsis of current global research to push forward the state of the art in dialogue technologies, including advances in the context of the classical problems of language understanding, dialogue management and language generation, as well as cognitive topics related to the human nature of conversational phenomena, such as humor, empathy and social context understanding and awareness. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Frequency Effects in Language Acquisition Insa Gülzow, Natalia Gagarina, 2007 The book addresses a controversial current topic in language acquisition studies: the impact of frequency on linguistic structure in child language. A major strength of the book is that the role of input frequency in the acquisition process is evaluated in a large variety of languages, topics and the two major theoretical frameworks: UG-based and usage-based accounts. While most papers report a clear frequency effect, different factors that may be interacting with pure statistical effects are critically assessed. An introductory statement is made by Thomas Roeper who calls for caution as he identifies frequency as a non-coherent concept and argues for a precise definition of what can and cannot be explained by statistical effects. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Voice User Interface Design Michael Harris Cohen, James P. Giangola, Jennifer Balogh, 2004 This book is a comprehensive and authoritative guide to voice user interface (VUI) design. The VUI is perhaps the most critical factor in the success of any automated speech recognition (ASR) system, determining whether the user experience will be satisfying or frustrating, or even whether the customer will remain one. This book describes a practical methodology for creating an effective VUI design. The methodology is scientifically based on principles in linguistics, psychology, and language technology, and is illustrated here by examples drawn from the authors' work at Nuance Communications, the market leader in ASR development and deployment. The book begins with an overview of VUI design issues and a description of the technology. The authors then introduce the major phases of their methodology. They first show how to specify requirements and make high-level design decisions during the definition phase. They next cover, in great detail, the design phase, with clear explanations and demonstrations of each design principle and its real-world applications. Finally, they examine problems unique to VUI design in system development, testing, and tuning. Key principles are illustrated with a running sample application. A companion Web site provides audio clips for each example: www.VUIDesign.org The cover photograph depicts the first ASR system, Radio Rex: a toy dog who sits in his house until the sound of his name calls him out. Produced in 1911, Rex was among the few commercial successes in earlier days of speech recognition. Voice User Interface Design reveals the design principles and practices that produce commercial success in an era when effective ASRs are not toys but competitive necessities. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: L2 Spoken Discourse Romy Ghanem, Okim Kang, Maria Kostromitina, 2023-12-22 This book integrates theoretical and practical perspectives on computer-assisted analysis of spoken discourse, reflecting recent important developments in speech analysis for language teaching and assessment. Bringing together into one volume the methods and approaches for analysis of speech properties and spoken discourse, Ghanem, Kang, and Kostromitina illustrate the importance of adaptive learning technologies in analyzing speech. The book offers a comprehensive go-to resource for the description of various features in second language (L2) spoken discourse as well as a guide for ways in which they can be extracted and analyzed. The text aims to accomplish its goal by providing an overview of linguistic features found in L2 acquisition, clarifying evidence-based constructs in L2 speech, and applying various analyses to suggestions for practice. This book brings together various strands of research and application with an emphasis on analysis of speech properties, which can be a gate-keeping function of speech. In particular, its innovative approach lies with the introduction of segmental, suprasegmental, lexico-grammatical, and pragmatic features in the analysis of L2 speech. This approach offers a more comprehensive view of L2 spoken discourse which can be extremely beneficial for L2 research and pedagogy. Covering the speech of both native and non-native speakers, but with particular relevance for second language acquisition, this book is essential reading for graduate students, teachers, and researchers in applied linguistics, TESOL, and other speech-science related fields. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Advances in Computational Intelligence Techniques Shruti Jain, Meenakshi Sood, Sudip Paul, 2020-02-20 This book highlights recent advances in computational intelligence for signal processing, computing, imaging, artificial intelligence, and their applications. It offers support for researchers involved in designing decision support systems to promote the societal acceptance of ambient intelligence, and presents the latest research on diverse topics in intelligence technologies with the goal of advancing knowledge and applications in this rapidly evolving field. As such, it offers a valuable resource for researchers, developers and educators whose work involves recent advances and emerging technologies in computational intelligence. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Product Research N. R. Srinivasa Raghavan, John A. Cafeo, 2010-03-11 7. 1. 1 Background Uncertainty can be considered as the lack of adequate information to make a decision. It is important to quantify uncertainties in mathematical models used for design and optimization of nondeterministic engineering systems. In general, - certainty can be broadly classi?ed into three types (Bae et al. 2004; Ha-Rok 2004; Klir and Wierman 1998; Oberkampf and Helton 2002; Sentz 2002). The ?rst one is aleatory uncertainty (also referred to as stochastic uncertainty or inherent - certainty) – it results from the fact that a system can behave in random ways. For example, the failure of an engine can be modeled as an aleatory uncertaintybecause the failure can occur at a random time. One cannot predict exactly when the engine will fail even if a large quantity of failure data is gathered (available). The second one is epistemic uncertainty (also known as subjective uncertainty or reducible - certainty) – it is the uncertainty of the outcome of some random event due to lack of knowledge or information in any phase or activity of the modeling process. By gaining information about the system or environmental factors, one can reduce the epistemic uncertainty. For example, a lack of experimental data to characterize new materials and processes leads to epistemic uncertainty. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Deep Learning Approaches for Spoken and Natural Language Processing Virender Kadyan, Amitoj Singh, Mohit Mittal, Laith Abualigah, 2022-01-01 This book provides insights into how deep learning techniques impact language and speech processing applications. The authors discuss the promise, limits and the new challenges in deep learning. The book covers the major differences between the various applications of deep learning and the classical machine learning techniques. The main objective of the book is to present a comprehensive survey of the major applications and research oriented articles based on deep learning techniques that are focused on natural language and speech signal processing. The book is relevant to academicians, research scholars, industrial experts, scientists and post graduate students working in the field of speech signal and natural language processing and would like to add deep learning to enhance capabilities of their work. Discusses current research challenges and future perspective about how deep learning techniques can be applied to improve NLP and speech processing applications; Presents and escalates the research trends and future direction of language and speech processing; Includes theoretical research, experimental results, and applications of deep learning. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: The London Quarterly Review , 1867 |
| extraction 2 language spoken: The Quarterly Review , 1867 |
| extraction 2 language spoken: ECAI 2008 European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence, 2008 Includes subconference Prestigious Applications of Intelligent Systems (PAIS 2008). |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Exploring (Im)politeness in Specialized and General Corpora Yeşim Aksan, Şükriye Ruhi, Thomas Schmidt, 2015-02-05 Corpus linguistic methods provide new avenues for (im)politeness scholarship to reflexively evaluate its understanding of communication and language use on the theoretical contributions of corpus linguistics to the linguistic sciences. In this sense, this volume is a unique contribution to (im)politeness scholarship. It showcases studies in the field which employ specialized and general corpora, with methodologies that range from the speech act to the discourse-analytic and conversation-analytic traditions. The book brings into closer contact scholarship that has hitherto remained in relatively different streams of the scientific investigation of (im)politeness. A unifying theme of the chapters here is that (im)politeness phenomena are situated within the institutional and genre-specific expectations of participants in an interaction. Each of the chapters identifies the situatedness of (im)politeness from varying perspectives. The chapters in the volume are sequenced from specialized to general corpora, and simultaneously move from conversation – and discourse – analytic perspectives to contributions that address issues surrounding the identification and extraction of (im)politeness in general corpora. In collating the chapters of the volume, care was taken to focus attention on languages that have been studied extensively in (im)politeness scholarship (varieties of English – British English and Englishes in Hong Kong – and Greek), and languages that are only recently gaining more visibility in the field (Slovenian and Turkish). |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Innovations in Deaf Studies Annelies Kusters, Maartje De Meulder, Dai O'Brien, 2017-04-14 What does it mean to engage in Deaf Studies and who gets to define the field? What would a truly deaf-led Deaf Studies research program look like? What are the research practices of deaf scholars in Deaf Studies, and how do they relate to deaf research participants and communities? What innovations do deaf scholars deem necessary in the field of Deaf Studies? In Innovations in Deaf Studies: The Role of Deaf Scholars, volume editors Annelies Kusters, Maartje De Meulder, and Dai O'Brien and their contributing authors tackle these questions and more. Spurred by a gradual increase in the number of Deaf Studies scholars who are deaf, and by new theoretical trends in Deaf Studies, this book creates an important space for contributions from deaf researchers, to see what happens when they enter into the conversation. Innovations in Deaf Studies expertly foregrounds deaf ontologies (defined as deaf ways of being) and how the experience of being deaf is central not only to deaf research participants' own ontologies, but also to the positionality and framework of the study as a whole. Further, this book demonstrates that the research and methodology built around those ontologies offer suggestions for new ways for the discipline to meet the challenges of the present, which includes productive and ongoing collaboration with hearing researchers. Providing fascinating perspective and insight, Kusters, De Meulder, O'Brien, and their contributors all focus on the underdeveloped strands within Deaf Studies, particularly on areas around deaf people's communities, ideologies, literature, religion, language practices, and political aspirations. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Dark Data David J. Hand, 2022-02-15 Data describe and represent the world. However, no matter how big they may be, data sets don't - indeed cannot - capture everything. Data are measurements - and, as such, they represent only what has been measured. They don't necessarily capture all the information that is relevant to the questions we may want to ask. If we do not take into account what may be missing/unknown in the data we have, we may find ourselves unwittingly asking questions that our data cannot actually address, come to mistaken conclusions, and make disastrous decisions. In this book, David Hand looks at the ubiquitous phenomenon of missing data. He calls this dark data (making a comparison to dark matter - i.e., matter in the universe that we know is there, but which is invisible to direct measurement). He reveals how we can detect when data is missing, the types of settings in which missing data are likely to be found, and what to do about it. It can arise for many reasons, which themselves may not be obvious - for example, asymmetric information in wars; time delays in financial trading; dropouts in clinical trials; deliberate selection to enhance apparent performance in hospitals, policing, and schools; etc. What becomes clear is that measuring and collecting more and more data (big data) will not necessarily lead us to better understanding or to better decisions. We need to be vigilant to what is missing or unknown in our data, so that we can try to control for it. How do we do that? We can be alert to the causes of dark data, design better data-collection strategies that sidestep some of these causes - and, we can ask better questions of our data, which will lead us to deeper insights and better decisions-- |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Cross-Modal Learning: Adaptivity, Prediction and Interaction Jianwei Zhang, Stefan Wermter, Fuchun Sun, Changshui Zhang, Andreas K. Engel, Brigitte Röder, Xiaolan Fu, Gui Xue, 2023-02-02 The purpose of this Research Topic is to reflect and discuss links between neuroscience, psychology, computer science and robotics with regards to the topic of cross-modal learning which has, in recent years, emerged as a new area of interdisciplinary research. The term cross-modal learning refers to the synergistic synthesis of information from multiple sensory modalities such that the learning that occurs within any individual sensory modality can be enhanced with information from one or more other modalities. Cross-modal learning is a crucial component of adaptive behavior in a continuously changing world, and examples are ubiquitous, such as: learning to grasp and manipulate objects; learning to walk; learning to read and write; learning to understand language and its referents; etc. In all these examples, visual, auditory, somatosensory or other modalities have to be integrated, and learning must be cross-modal. In fact, the broad range of acquired human skills are cross-modal, and many of the most advanced human capabilities, such as those involved in social cognition, require learning from the richest combinations of cross-modal information. In contrast, even the very best systems in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics have taken only tiny steps in this direction. Building a system that composes a global perspective from multiple distinct sources, types of data, and sensory modalities is a grand challenge of AI, yet it is specific enough that it can be studied quite rigorously and in such detail that the prospect for deep insights into these mechanisms is quite plausible in the near term. Cross-modal learning is a broad, interdisciplinary topic that has not yet coalesced into a single, unified field. Instead, there are many separate fields, each tackling the concerns of cross-modal learning from its own perspective, with currently little overlap. We anticipate an accelerating trend towards integration of these areas and we intend to contribute to that integration. By focusing on cross-modal learning, the proposed Research Topic can bring together recent progress in artificial intelligence, robotics, psychology and neuroscience. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Spoken Corpus Linguistics Svenja Adolphs, Ronald Carter, 2013-07-18 In this book, Adolphs and Carter explore key approaches to work in spoken corpus linguistics. The book discusses some of the pioneering challenges faced in designing, building and utilising insights from the analysis of spoken corpora, arguing that, even though writing is heavily privileged in corpus research, the spoken language can reveal patterns of language use that are both different and distinctive and that this has important implications for the way in which language is described, for the study of human communication and for the field of applied linguistics as a whole. Spoken Corpus Linguistics is divided into two main parts. The first part sets the scene by discussing traditional and new approaches to monomodal spoken corpus analysis, with a focus on discourse organisation and conversational interaction and with particular attention to forms of language such as discourse markers and multi-word units, areas of language not conventionally described but which are argued to be of importance to spoken language description and to spoken language learning and teaching research within the field of applied linguistics. The second part of the book moves into the multimodal domain and focuses on alignments between language and gesture in a spoken corpus, with particular reference to gestural movements of the head and the hand and to the different ways in which prosody might be used to enhance communication. A brief final chapter discusses new developments in the area of spoken corpus research, including the relationship between language and context, emerging research methods as well as discussing possible shifts in scope and emphasis in spoken corpus research in the future. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Springer Handbook of Speech Processing Jacob Benesty, M. M. Sondhi, Yiteng Huang, 2007-11-22 This handbook plays a fundamental role in sustainable progress in speech research and development. With an accessible format and with accompanying DVD-Rom, it targets three categories of readers: graduate students, professors and active researchers in academia, and engineers in industry who need to understand or implement some specific algorithms for their speech-related products. It is a superb source of application-oriented, authoritative and comprehensive information about these technologies, this work combines the established knowledge derived from research in such fast evolving disciplines as Signal Processing and Communications, Acoustics, Computer Science and Linguistics. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Journal of Educational Psychology , 1924 |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Particles Marcel den Dikken, 1995-03-16 Particles are words that do not change their form through inflection and do not fit easily into the established system of parts of speech. Examples include the negative particle not, the infinitival particle to (as in to go), and do and let in do tell me and let's go. Particles investigates the constraints on the distribution and placement of verbal particles. A proper understanding of these constraints yields insight into the structure of various secondary predicative constructions. Starting out from a detailed analysis of complex particle constructions, den Dikken brings forth accounts of triadic constructions and Dative Shift, and the relationship between dative and transitive causative constructions--all of them built on the basic structural template proposed from complex particle constructions. Drawing on data from Norwegian, English, Dutch, German, West Flemish, and other languages, this book will interest a wide audience of students and specialists. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Encyclopedia of Linguistics Philipp Strazny, 2013-02-01 Utilizing a historical and international approach, this valuable two-volume resource makes even the more complex linguistic issues understandable for the non-specialized reader. Containing over 500 alphabetically arranged entries and an expansive glossary by a team of international scholars, the Encyclopedia of Linguistics explores the varied perspectives, figures, and methodologies that make up the field. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Big Data and Business Analytics Jay Liebowitz, 2013-06-13 The chapters in this volume offer useful case studies, technical roadmaps, lessons learned, and a few prescriptions to ‘do this, avoid that.’ —From the Foreword by Joe LaCugna, Ph.D., Enterprise Analytics and Business Intelligence, Starbucks Coffee Company With the growing barrage of big data, it becomes vitally important for organizations to make sense of this data and information in a timely and effective way. That’s where analytics come into play. Research shows that organizations that use business analytics to guide their decision making are more productive and experience higher returns on equity. Big Data and Business Analytics helps you quickly grasp the trends and techniques of big data and business analytics to make your organization more competitive. Packed with case studies, this book assembles insights from some of the leading experts and organizations worldwide. Spanning industry, government, not-for-profit organizations, and academia, they share valuable perspectives on big data domains such as cybersecurity, marketing, emergency management, healthcare, finance, and transportation. Understand the trends, potential, and challenges associated with big data and business analytics Get an overview of machine learning, advanced statistical techniques, and other predictive analytics that can help you solve big data issues Learn from VPs of Big Data/Insights & Analytics via case studies of Fortune 100 companies, government agencies, universities, and not-for-profits Big data problems are complex. This book shows you how to go from being data-rich to insight-rich, improving your decision making and creating competitive advantage. Author Jay Liebowitz recently had an article published in The World Financial Review. www.worldfinancialreview.com/?p=1904 |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Natural Language Processing of Semitic Languages Imed Zitouni, 2014-04-22 Research in Natural Language Processing (NLP) has rapidly advanced in recent years, resulting in exciting algorithms for sophisticated processing of text and speech in various languages. Much of this work focuses on English; in this book we address another group of interesting and challenging languages for NLP research: the Semitic languages. The Semitic group of languages includes Arabic (206 million native speakers), Amharic (27 million), Hebrew (7 million), Tigrinya (6.7 million), Syriac (1 million) and Maltese (419 thousand). Semitic languages exhibit unique morphological processes, challenging syntactic constructions and various other phenomena that are less prevalent in other natural languages. These challenges call for unique solutions, many of which are described in this book. The 13 chapters presented in this book bring together leading scientists from several universities and research institutes worldwide. While this book devotes some attention to cutting-edge algorithms and techniques, its primary purpose is a thorough explication of best practices in the field. Furthermore, every chapter describes how the techniques discussed apply to Semitic languages. The book covers both statistical approaches to NLP, which are dominant across various applications nowadays and the more traditional, rule-based approaches, that were proven useful for several other application domains. We hope that this book will provide a one-stop-shop'' for all the requisite background and practical advice when building NLP applications for Semitic languages. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Proceedings of the Paralinguistic Information and its Integration in Spoken Dialogue Systems Workshop Ramón López-Cózar Delgado, Tetsunori Kobayashi, 2011-08-27 This volume includes proceedings articles presented at the Workshop on Paralinguistic Information and its Integration in Spoken Dialogue Systems held in Granada, Spain. The material focuses on the three broad areas of spoken dialogue systems for robotics, emotions and spoken dialogue systems, and Spoken dialogue systems for real-world applications The workshop proceedings are part of the 3rd Annual International Workshop on Spoken Dialogue Systems, which brings together researchers from all over the world working in the field of spoken dialogue systems. It provides an international forum for the presentation of research and applications, and for lively discussions among researchers as well as industrialists. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition Asit Kumar Das, Janmenjoy Nayak, Bighnaraj Naik, Soumi Dutta, Danilo Pelusi, 2021-09-04 This book features high-quality research papers presented at the 3rd International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition (CIPR 2021), held at the Institute of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, on 24 – 25 April 2021. It includes practical development experiences in various areas of data analysis and pattern recognition, focusing on soft computing technologies, clustering and classification algorithms, rough set and fuzzy set theory, evolutionary computations, neural science and neural network systems, image processing, combinatorial pattern matching, social network analysis, audio and video data analysis, data mining in dynamic environments, bioinformatics, hybrid computing, big data analytics and deep learning. It also provides innovative solutions to the challenges in these areas and discusses recent developments. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: The Calcutta Gazette , 1913 |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Mathematics and Computer Science, Volume 2 Sharmistha Ghosh, M. Niranjanamurthy, Krishanu Deyasi, Biswadip Basu Mallik, Santanu Das, 2023-07-13 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE This second volume in a new multi-volume set builds on the basic concepts and fundamentals laid out in the previous volume, presenting the reader with more advanced and cutting-edge topics being developed in this exciting field. This second volume in a new series from Wiley-Scrivener is the first of its kind to present scientific and technological innovations by leading academicians, eminent researchers, and experts around the world in the areas of mathematical sciences and computing. Building on what was presented in volume one, the chapters focus on more advanced topics in computer science, mathematics, and where the two intersect to create value for end users through practical applications. The chapters herein cover scientific advancements across a diversified spectrum that includes differential as well as integral equations with applications, computational fluid dynamics, nanofluids, network theory and optimization, control theory, machine learning and artificial intelligence, big data analytics, Internet of Things, cryptography, fuzzy automata, statistics, and many more. Readers of this book will get access to diverse ideas and innovations in the field of computing together with its growing interactions in various fields of mathematics. Whether for the engineer, scientist, student, academic, or other industry professional, this is a must-have for any library. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Automated Speaking Assessment Klaus Zechner, Keelan Evanini, 2019-11-28 Automated Speaking Assessment: Using Language Technologies to Score Spontaneous Speech provides a thorough overview of state-of-the-art automated speech scoring technology as it is currently used at Educational Testing Service (ETS). Its main focus is related to the automated scoring of spontaneous speech elicited by TOEFL iBT Speaking section items, but other applications of speech scoring, such as for more predictable spoken responses or responses provided in a dialogic setting, are also discussed. The book begins with an in-depth overview of the nascent field of automated speech scoring—its history, applications, and challenges—followed by a discussion of psychometric considerations for automated speech scoring. The second and third parts discuss the integral main components of an automated speech scoring system as well as the different types of automatically generated measures extracted by the system features related to evaluate the speaking construct of communicative competence as measured defined by the TOEFL iBT Speaking assessment. Finally, the last part of the book touches on more recent developments, such as providing more detailed feedback on test takers’ spoken responses using speech features and scoring of dialogic speech. It concludes with a discussion, summary, and outlook on future developments in this area. Written with minimal technical details for the benefit of non-experts, this book is an ideal resource for graduate students in courses on Language Testing and Assessment as well as teachers and researchers in applied linguistics. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Human-Computer Interaction. Multimodal and Natural Interaction Masaaki Kurosu, 2020-07-10 The three-volume set LNCS 12181, 12182, and 12183 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Human Computer Interaction thematic area of the 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCII 2020, which took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, in July 2020.* A total of 1439 papers and 238 posters have been accepted for publication in the HCII 2020 proceedings from a total of 6326 submissions. The 145 papers included in these HCI 2020 proceedings were organized in topical sections as follows: Part I: design theory, methods and practice in HCI; understanding users; usability, user experience and quality; and images, visualization and aesthetics in HCI. Part II: gesture-based interaction; speech, voice, conversation and emotions; multimodal interaction; and human robot interaction. Part III: HCI for well-being and Eudaimonia; learning, culture and creativity; human values, ethics, transparency and trust; and HCI in complex environments. *The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Marketing of Tourism Experiences Noel Scott, Eric Laws, Philipp Boksberger, 2013-09-13 This book provides a review of the current theory and practice of experiential tourism and how it is marketed. Many societies today are characterised by widespread individual wealth of an order previously confined to the elite with the consequence that ownership of ‘ordinary’ physical goods is no longer a distinguishing factor. Instead people are now seeking the ‘extraordinary’ with examples being bodies enhanced through surgery, personal fitness trainers, and, in the case of leisure and tourism, seeking unique and unusual places to visit and activities to undertake. This trend manifests in the increasing consumption of services and the addition of experiential elements to physical goods by businesses aware of societal changes. The trend is enhanced by rapidly changing technology and economic production methods providing new sectors of the world’s population with access to the consumption experiences that are repeatedly featured in the media. This is the experience economy, characterised by a search by consumers for fantasies, feelings, and fun. This book was based on a special issue of Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Mangement. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Contemporary Computing Manish Parashar, Dinesh Kaushik, Omer F. Rana, Ravi Samtaney, Yuanyuan Yang, Albert Y. Zomaya, 2012-08-10 This volume constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing, IC3 2010, held in Noida, India, in August 2011. The 42 revised full papers presented together with 7 short papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 162 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on: algorithm; applications; systems (hardware and software); biomedical informations; poster papers. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Census of India, 1901 , 1903 |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Census of India, 1921 India. Census Commissioner, 1923 |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Advances in Artificial Intelligence -- IBERAMIA 2012 Juan Pavón, Néstor D. Duque-Méndez, Rubén Fuentes Fernández, 2012-11-15 This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th Ibero-American Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IBERAMIA 2012, held in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, in November 2012. The 75 papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 170 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on knowledge representation and reasoning, information and knowledge processing, knowledge discovery and data mining, machine learning, bio-inspired computing, fuzzy systems, modelling and simulation, ambient intelligence, multi-agent systems, human-computer interaction, natural language processing, computer vision and robotics, planning and scheduling, AI in education, and knowledge engineering and applications. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Innovations and Advances in Cognitive Systems S. D. Prabu Ragavendiran, |
| extraction 2 language spoken: Speech, Image, and Language Processing for Human Computer Interaction: Multi-Modal Advancements Tiwary, Uma Shanker, 2012-04-30 This book identifies the emerging research areas in Human Computer Interaction and discusses the current state of the art in these areas--Provided by publisher. |
| extraction 2 language spoken: INTERSPEECH 2004 - ICSLIP , 2004 |
Extraction (2020 film) - Wikipedia
Extraction is a 2020 American action thriller film directed by Sam Hargrave (in his feature directorial debut) and written by Joe Russo, based on the graphic novel Ciudad by Ande …
Extraction (2020) - IMDb
Apr 24, 2020 · Extraction: Directed by Sam Hargrave. With Chris Hemsworth, Bryon Lerum, Ryder Lerum, Rudhraksh Jaiswal. Tyler Rake, a fearless black market mercenary, embarks on …
Extraction streaming: where to watch movie online? - JustWatch
Tyler Rake, a fearless black market mercenary, embarks on the most deadly extraction of his career when he's enlisted to rescue the kidnapped son of an imprisoned international crime lord.
Extraction (2020) - Rotten Tomatoes
Discover reviews, ratings, and trailers for Extraction (2020) on Rotten Tomatoes. Stay updated with critic and audience scores today!
Watch Extraction | Netflix Official Site
A hardened gun-for-hire's latest mission becomes a soul-searching race to survive when he's sent into Bangladesh to rescue a drug lord's kidnapped son. Watch trailers & learn more.
EXTRACTION Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of EXTRACTION is the act or process of extracting something. How to use extraction in a sentence.
Extraction First Reviews: Chris Hemsworth Anchors a Brutal, …
Apr 22, 2020 · Critics say the Russo brothers-produced rescue mission is relentlessly violent, but it benefits from Hemsworth's talents and a mindblowing single-take action set-piece. TAGGED...
EXTRACTION | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
EXTRACTION definition: 1. the process of removing or obtaining something from somewhere, especially from under a surface…. Learn more.
Extraction movie review & film summary (2020) - Roger Ebert
Apr 24, 2020 · “Extraction” is based on a graphic novel that was written, and is now adapted by, “Avengers: Endgame” co-director Joe Russo as a starring vehicle for Thor himself, Chris …
Extraction (2020) - Movie Summary, Ending Explained & Themes
Experience the heart-stopping action of Extraction on What's After the Movie! Chris Hemsworth stars as Tyler Rake, a fearless mercenary who must rescue a young boy kidnapped by …
Extraction (2020 film) - Wikipedia
Extraction is a 2020 American action thriller film directed by Sam Hargrave (in his feature directorial debut) and written by Joe Russo, based on the graphic novel Ciudad by Ande …
Extraction (2020) - IMDb
Apr 24, 2020 · Extraction: Directed by Sam Hargrave. With Chris Hemsworth, Bryon Lerum, Ryder Lerum, Rudhraksh Jaiswal. Tyler Rake, a fearless black market mercenary, embarks on …
Extraction streaming: where to watch movie online? - JustWatch
Tyler Rake, a fearless black market mercenary, embarks on the most deadly extraction of his career when he's enlisted to rescue the kidnapped son of an imprisoned international crime lord.
Extraction (2020) - Rotten Tomatoes
Discover reviews, ratings, and trailers for Extraction (2020) on Rotten Tomatoes. Stay updated with critic and audience scores today!
Watch Extraction | Netflix Official Site
A hardened gun-for-hire's latest mission becomes a soul-searching race to survive when he's sent into Bangladesh to rescue a drug lord's kidnapped son. Watch trailers & learn more.
EXTRACTION Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of EXTRACTION is the act or process of extracting something. How to use extraction in a sentence.
Extraction First Reviews: Chris Hemsworth Anchors a Brutal, …
Apr 22, 2020 · Critics say the Russo brothers-produced rescue mission is relentlessly violent, but it benefits from Hemsworth's talents and a mindblowing single-take action set-piece. TAGGED...
EXTRACTION | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
EXTRACTION definition: 1. the process of removing or obtaining something from somewhere, especially from under a surface…. Learn more.
Extraction movie review & film summary (2020) - Roger Ebert
Apr 24, 2020 · “Extraction” is based on a graphic novel that was written, and is now adapted by, “Avengers: Endgame” co-director Joe Russo as a starring vehicle for Thor himself, Chris …
Extraction (2020) - Movie Summary, Ending Explained & Themes …
Experience the heart-stopping action of Extraction on What's After the Movie! Chris Hemsworth stars as Tyler Rake, a fearless mercenary who must rescue a young boy kidnapped by …
