Advertisement
| fe al phase diagram: IRON—Binary Phase Diagrams O. Kubaschewski, 2013-03-14 At the official dinner of a· meeting in May 1939, I was seated next to Max Hansen. When I congratulated him on the well deserved success of his Aufbau der Zweistoff-Legierungen, he smiled: yes, it was a struggle with the hydra, and so it has taken me seven years, meaning that whenever he had thought to have finished the phase diagram of a particular system, new evidence would turn up like the new heads of the Greek monster. There is no need to point out the importance of assessed phase diagrams to metallurgists or even anyone concerned with the technology and applica tion of metals and alloys. The information contained therein is fundamental to considerations concerning the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of alloys. Hansen's German monograph was followed by a revised English edition in 1958 with K. Anderko and the supplements by R.P. Elliott (1965) and F.A. Shunk (1969). All those who have made use of these volumes will admit that much diligent labour has gone into this work, necessary to cope with the ever increasing number of publications and the consequent improvements. |
| fe al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams of Binary Beryllium Alloys Hiroaki Okamoto, Lee E. Tanner, 1987 Evaluations of pure beryllium, plus 72 binary beryllium alloys. Bibliography through 1986. Required reference sources for engineers and scientists alike, each volume in the Phase Diagram Monograph Series presents the most complete, authoritative, and reliable phase equilibria information ever published on the alloys. Each volume comprises critical evaluations of individual alloy systems performed by experts under the ASM/NIST Data Program for Alloy Phase Diagrams. Evaluation involves searching the literature for all existing thermodynamic and related information on the system, assessing value and distilling the best data into a comprehensive report. Phase diagrams are plotted in atomic percent, but include a secondary weight percent scale. Important points are labeled with composition and temperature. Supplementary graphs provide enlargements of complex areas, solubilities and transformations on the phase diagrams, as well as ancillary drawings that show lattice parameters and thermodynamic data. The text includes discussion of stable and metastable phases, order-disorder and magnetic transitions, thermodynamic calculations and modeling, discrepancies in data values and controversial areas and uncertainties in the diagram. In addition, tables list invariant reactions, crystal structures, lattice parameters, experimental values and thermodynamic parameters. |
| fe al phase diagram: Methods for Phase Diagram Determination Ji-Cheng Zhao, 2011-05-05 Phase diagrams are maps materials scientists often use to design new materials. They define what compounds and solutions are formed and their respective compositions and amounts when several elements are mixed together under a certain temperature and pressure. This monograph is the most comprehensive reference book on experimental methods for phase diagram determination. It covers a wide range of methods that have been used to determine phase diagrams of metals, ceramics, slags, and hydrides.* Extensive discussion on methodologies of experimental measurements and data assessments * Written by experts around the world, covering both traditional and combinatorial methodologies* A must-read for experimental measurements of phase diagrams |
| fe al phase diagram: Multicomponent Phase Diagrams: Applications for Commercial Aluminum Alloys Nikolay A. Belov, Dmitry G. Eskin, Andrey A. Aksenov, 2005-07-01 Despite decades of extensive research and application, commercial aluminum alloys are still poorly understood in terms of the phase composition and phase transformations occurring during solidification, cooling, and heating. Multicomponent Phase Diagrams: Applications for Commercial Aluminum Alloys aims to apply multi-component phase diagrams to commercial aluminum alloys, and give a comprehensive coverage of available and assessed phase diagrams for aluminum-based alloy systems of different dimensionality. - Features data on non-equilibrium phase diagrams, which can rarely be obtained from other publications - Extensive coverage of all groups of commercially important alloys and materials |
| fe al phase diagram: Intermetallics Gerhard Sauthoff, 2008-07-11 Derived from the highly acclaimed series Materials Science and Technology, this book covers the properties as well as the present and emerging applications of intermetallics. Mechanical characteristics, microstructure as well as the environmental influence on intermetallics are treated in depth. In addition, the prospects and risks inherent in materials development as well as typical applications of intermetallics are critically assessed. It is the author's aim to provide the basis for understanding the physical mechanisms, which influence the properties of the materials and ultimately their areas of application. Materials covered include: Titanium Aluminides and Related Phases * Nickel Aluminides and Related Phases * Iron Aluminides and Related Phases * Cu-Base Phases * A15 Phases * Laves Phases * Rare-Earth Compound * Beryllides * Silicides Intermetallics is a valuable source of information for researchers and graduate students working in materials science, metallurgy, condensed-matter physics, and engineering. |
| fe al phase diagram: Introduction to Surface Engineering P. A. Dearnley, 2017-01-16 This highly illustrated reference work covers the three principal types of surface technologies that best protect engineering devices and products: diffusion technologies, deposition technologies, and other less commonly acknowledged surface engineering (SE) techniques. Various applications are noted throughout the text and additionally whole chapters are devoted to specific SE applications across the automotive, gas turbine engine (GTE), metal machining, and biomedical implant sectors. Along with the benefits of SE, this volume also critically examines SE's limitations. Materials degradation pathways - those which can and those which cannot be mitigated by SE - are rigorously explained. Written from a scientific, materials engineering perspective, this concise text is supported by high-quality images and photo-micrographs which show how surfaces can be engineered to overcome the limits of conventionally produced materials, even in complex or hostile operating environments. This book is a useful resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as professional engineers. |
| fe al phase diagram: Phase Equilibria, Phase Diagrams and Phase Transformations Mats Hillert, 2007-11-22 Computational tools allow material scientists to model and analyze increasingly complicated systems to appreciate material behavior. Accurate use and interpretation however, requires a strong understanding of the thermodynamic principles that underpin phase equilibrium, transformation and state. This fully revised and updated edition covers the fundamentals of thermodynamics, with a view to modern computer applications. The theoretical basis of chemical equilibria and chemical changes is covered with an emphasis on the properties of phase diagrams. Starting with the basic principles, discussion moves to systems involving multiple phases. New chapters cover irreversible thermodynamics, extremum principles, and the thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces. Theoretical descriptions of equilibrium conditions, the state of systems at equilibrium and the changes as equilibrium is reached, are all demonstrated graphically. With illustrative examples - many computer calculated - and worked examples, this textbook is an valuable resource for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in materials science and engineering. |
| fe al phase diagram: Ternary Alloys: Ag-Al-Li to Ge-Li-Nd G. Petzow, Günter Effenberg, 1988 |
| fe al phase diagram: Intermetallic Compounds Mahmood Aliofkhazraei, 2018-05-30 Intermetallic compounds are usually brittle with high melting points. Their properties are often found among ceramic and metallic materials. In most cases, their hot corrosion resistance and simultaneously hardness are important. One of the main applications of intermetallic compounds is for superalloy turbine blades in which they show appropriate high-temperature-related properties. This book collects new developments about intermetallic compounds and their recent usages. |
| fe al phase diagram: Nonequilibrium Phase Diagrams of Ternary Amorphous Alloys Yoshiyuki Kawazoe, Tsuyoshi Masumoto, Jing-Zhi Yu, An-Pang Tsai, 1997-01-08 Metallic amorphous materials are of high strength, high corrosion resistance, high permeability and other industrially important and useful properties. Furthermore, new metallic materials can be produced from metallic amorphous materials by proper crystallization processes, usually heat treatment, to meet the various industrial demands. In subvolume A, 8327 points of formation data of 1532 ternary amorphous alloys consisting of 351 ternary systems have been extracted, classified and evaluated. Preparation methods, atmosphere for preparation of amorphous alloys, sample form and size and phase identification methods are provided. Composition data are given in phase diagrams and tables. Subvolume B is in preparation. |
| fe al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys Philip Nash, 1991 |
| fe al phase diagram: Carbon in Earth's Interior Craig E. Manning, Jung-Fu Lin, Wendy L. Mao, 2020-04-03 Carbon in Earth's fluid envelopes - the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, plays a fundamental role in our planet's climate system and a central role in biology, the environment, and the economy of earth system. The source and original quantity of carbon in our planet is uncertain, as are the identities and relative importance of early chemical processes associated with planetary differentiation. Numerous lines of evidence point to the early and continuing exchange of substantial carbon between Earth's surface and its interior, including diamonds, carbon-rich mantle-derived magmas, carbonate rocks in subduction zones and springs carrying deeply sourced carbon-bearing gases. Thus, there is little doubt that a substantial amount of carbon resides in our planet's interior. Yet, while we know it must be present, carbon's forms, transformations and movements at conditions relevant to the interiors of Earth and other planets remain uncertain and untapped. Volume highlights include: - Reviews key, general topics, such as carbonate minerals, the deep carbon cycle, and carbon in magmas or fluids - Describes new results at the frontiers of the field with presenting results on carbon in minerals, melts, and fluids at extreme conditions of planetary interiors - Brings together emerging insights into carbon's forms, transformations and movements through study of the dynamics, structure, stability and reactivity of carbon-based natural materials - Reviews emerging new insights into the properties of allied substances that carry carbon, into the rates of chemical and physical transformations, and into the complex interactions between moving fluids, magmas, and rocks to the interiors of Earth and other planets - Spans the various chemical redox states of carbon, from reduced hydrocarbons to zero-valent diamond and graphite to oxidized CO2 and carbonates - Captures and synthesizes the exciting results of recent, focused efforts in an emerging scientific discipline - Reports advances over the last decade that have led to a major leap forward in our understanding of carbon science - Compiles the range of methods that can be tapped tap from the deep carbon community, which includes experimentalists, first principles theorists, thermodynamic modelers and geodynamicists - Represents a reference point for future deep carbon science research Carbon in Planetary Interiors will be a valuable resource for researchers and students who study the Earth's interior. The topics of this volume are interdisciplinary, and therefore will be useful to professionals from a wide variety of fields in the Earth Sciences, such as mineral physics, petrology, geochemistry, experimentalists, first principles theorists, thermodynamics, material science, chemistry, geophysics and geodynamics. |
| fe al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams of Ternary Iron Alloys V. Raghavan, 1992 |
| fe al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams Flake C. Campbell, 2012-01-01 This well-written text is for non-metallurgists and anyone seeking a quick refresher on an essential tool of modern metallurgy. The basic principles, construction, interpretation, and use of alloy phase diagrams are clearly described with ample illustrations for all important liquid and solid reactions. Gas-metal reactions, important in metals processing and in-service corrosion, also are discussed. Get the basics on how phase diagrams help predict and interpret the changes in the structure of alloys. |
| fe al phase diagram: Complex Metallic Alloys Jean-Marie Dubois, Esther Belin-Ferré, 2010-12-13 Covering fundamental research as well as real-world applications, this first book on CMAs at an introductory level treats everything from atomistic details to surface processing. Comprehensive, self-contained chapters provide readers with the latest knowledge on the most salient features of the topic, selected in terms of their relevance to potential technological applications. Edited by one of the most distinguished authorities on quasicrystals and this most important of their subclasses, the contributions elucidate aspects of CMAs from a particular viewpoint: physical and chemical characteristics in the sub-nanometer regime, mesoscale phenomena, preparation and processing of thin films, and large-scale engineering properties. The whole is rounded off by a look at the commercial potential of CMA-based applications. For PhD students and lecturers alike. |
| fe al phase diagram: Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams , 1996 |
| fe al phase diagram: Introduction to Phase Equilibria in Ceramics Clifton G. Bergeron, Subhash H. Risbud, 1984 |
| fe al phase diagram: Pearson's Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic Phases Pierre Villars, 1991 |
| fe al phase diagram: Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture Two Volume Set Pascal Richet, 2021-02-05 This Encyclopedia begins with an introduction summarizing itsscope and content. Glassmaking; Structure of Glass, GlassPhysics,Transport Properties, Chemistry of Glass, Glass and Light,Inorganic Glass Families, Organic Glasses, Glass and theEnvironment, Historical and Economical Aspect of Glassmaking,History of Glass, Glass and Art, and outlinepossible newdevelopments and uses as presented by the best known people in thefield (C.A. Angell, for example). Sections and chapters arearranged in a logical order to ensure overall consistency and avoiduseless repetitions. All sections are introduced by a briefintroduction and attractive illustration. Newly investigatedtopics will be addresses, with the goal of ensuring that thisEncyclopedia remains a reference work for years to come. |
| fe al phase diagram: Compendium of Phase Diagram Data Erwin Rudy, 1969 |
| fe al phase diagram: Aluminum John E. Hatch, 1984-01-01 Comprehensive information for the American aluminium industry Collective effort of 53 recognized experts on aluminium and aluminium alloys Joint venture by world renowned authorities-the Aluminium Association Inc. and American Society for Metals. The completely updated source of information on aluminium industry as a whole rather than its individual contributors. this book is an opportunity to gain from The knowledge of the experts working for prestigious companies such as Alcoa, Reynolds Metals Co., Alcan International Ltd., Kaiser Aluminium & Chemical Corp., Martin Marietta Laboratories and Anaconda Aluminium Co. It took four years of diligent work to complete this comprehensive successor to the classic volume, Aluminium, published by ASM in 1967. Contents: Properties of Pure Aluminum Constitution of Alloys Microstructure of Alloys Work Hardening Recovery, Recrystalization and Growth Metallurgy of Heat Treatment and General Principles of Precipitation Hardening Effects of Alloying Elements and Impurities on Properties Corrosion Behaviour Properties of Commercial Casting Alloys Properties of Commercial Wrought Alloys Aluminum Powder and Powder Metallurgy Products. |
| fe al phase diagram: Casting Aluminum Alloys Michael V Glazoff, Vadim S Zolotorevsky, Nikolai A Belov, 2010-07-07 Casting Aluminum Alloys summarizes research conducted at Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloy during many decades in part together with Alcoa Inc. The research covered areas of the structure, properties, thermal resistance, corrosion and fatigue of aluminum alloys in industrial manufacturing. - Emphasis on interconnection among phase equilibria, thermodynamics and microstructure of alloys - Systematic overview of all phase diagrams with Al that are important for the development of casting aluminium alloys - Diagrams (processing windows) of important technological properties such as castability, molten metal fluidity, tendency to hot pre-solidification cracking, porosity - Mathematical models for alloy mechanical properties facilitating the down-selection of best prospect candidates for new alloy development - New principles of design of eutectic casting aluminium alloys - Examples of successful novel casting alloy development, including alloys for high-strength applications, alloys with transition metals, and novel alloys utilizing aluminium scrap |
| fe al phase diagram: High-Performance Ferrous Alloys Radhakanta Rana, 2020-12-18 The current state of understanding of emerging iron alloys and high-alloy ferrous systems, in comparison with some conventional steels, is compiled in this single volume to further their development. While most of the conventional steels are produced routinely today, many advanced high strength steels and iron-based alloys are still in the laboratory stage. The iron-based emerging alloys can yield high levels of mechanical and physical properties due to their new alloy concepts and novel microstructures leading to multiple benefits of their use in terms of sustainability and environmental impact. This book contains introductory chapters that present the requisite background knowledge on thermodynamics, phase diagrams, and processing routes used for the ferrous alloys to enable the readers a smooth understanding of the main chapters. Then, an overview of the conventional microalloyed steels and advanced high strength steels is given to present the benchmark of the existing steels and ferrous alloys manifesting their current state-of-the-art in terms of physical metallurgy and engineering applications. Subsequent chapters detail novel, emerging ferrous alloys and high-alloy ferrous systems. Summarizes the state-of-the-art of emerging iron-based alloys and the new processing and physical metallurgy-related developments of high-alloy iron systems; Explores new iron-based systems driven by the need for new properties, enhanced performance, sustainable processes and educed environmental impact; Compiles cutting-edge research on the progress of materials science of iron-based systems, from physical metallurgy to engineering applications, and possible avenues for future research. |
| fe al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams and Heterogeneous Equilibria Bruno Predel, Michael Hoch, Monte J. Pool, 2013-03-09 This advanced comprehensive textbook introduces the practical application of phase diagrams to the thermodynamics of materials consisting of several phases. It describes the fundamental physics and thermodynamics as well as experimental methods, treating all material classes: metals, glasses, ceramics, polymers, organic materials, aqueous solutions. With many application examples and realistic cases from chemistry and materials science, it is intended for students and researchers in chemistry, metallurgy, mineralogy, and materials science as well as in engineering and physics. The authors treat the nucleation of phase transitions, the production and stability of technologically important metastable phases, and metallic glasses. Also concisely presented are the thermodynamics and composition of polymer systems. This innovative text puts this powerful analytical approach into a readily understandable and practical context, perhaps for the first time. |
| fe al phase diagram: Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys David A. Porter, K. E. Easterling, 1981 |
| fe al phase diagram: Materials, Design and Manufacturing for Lightweight Vehicles P.K. Mallick, 2010-03-01 Research into the manufacture of lightweight automobiles is driven by the need to reduce fuel consumption to preserve dwindling hydrocarbon resources without compromising other attributes such as safety, performance, recyclability and cost. Materials, design and manufacturing for lightweight vehicles will make it easier for engineers to not only learn about the materials being considered for lightweight automobiles, but also to compare their characteristics and properties.Part one discusses materials for lightweight automotive structures with chapters on advanced steels for lightweight automotive structures, aluminium alloys, magnesium alloys for lightweight powertrains and automotive structures, thermoplastics and thermoplastic matrix composites and thermoset matrix composites for lightweight automotive structures. Part two reviews manufacturing and design of lightweight automotive structures covering topics such as manufacturing processes for light alloys, joining for lightweight vehicles, recycling and lifecycle issues and crashworthiness design for lightweight vehicles.With its distinguished editor and renowned team of contributors, Materials, design and manufacturing for lightweight vehicles is a standard reference for practicing engineers involved in the design and material selection for motor vehicle bodies and components as well as material scientists, environmental scientists, policy makers, car companies and automotive component manufacturers. - Provides a comprehensive analysis of the materials being used for the manufacture of lightweight vehicles whilst comparing characteristics and properties - Examines crashworthiness design issues for lightweight vehicles and further emphasises the development of lightweight vehicles without compromising safety considerations and performance - Explores the manufacturing process for light alloys including metal forming processes for automotive applications |
| fe al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams of Binary Vanadium Alloys John F. Smith, 1989 |
| fe al phase diagram: Basics of Thermodynamics and Phase Transitions in Complex Intermetallics Esther Belin-Ferr, 2008 Complex metal alloys (CMAs) comprise a huge group of largely unknown alloys and compounds, where many phases are formed with crystal structures based on giant unit cells containing atom clusters, ranging from tens of to more than thousand atoms per unit cell. In these phases, for many phenomena, the physical length scales are substantially smaller than the unit-cell dimension. Hence, these materials offer unique combinations of properties which are mutually exclusive in conventional materials, such as metallic electric conductivity combined with low thermal conductivity, good light absorption with high-temperature stability, high metallic hardness with reduced wetting by liquids, etc.This book is the first of a series of books issued yearly as a deliverable to the European Community of the School established within the European Network of Excellence CMA. Written by reputed experts in the fields of metal physics, surface physics, surface chemistry, metallurgy, and process engineering, this book brings together expertise found inside as well as outside the network to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in CMAs. |
| fe al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams of Ternary Iron Alloys V. Raghavan, 1987 |
| fe al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams of Binary Copper Alloys P. R. Subramanian, Dhruba J. Chakrabarti, David E. Laughlin, 1994 |
| fe al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams of Binary Titanium Alloys Joanne L. Murray, 1987 |
| fe al phase diagram: Concepts in Physical Metallurgy Lavakumar Avala, 2017-05-02 The progress of civilization can be, in part, attributed to their ability to employ metallurgy. This book is an introduction to multiple facets of physical metallurgy, materials science, and engineering. As all metals are crystalline in structure, it focuses attention on these structures and how the formation of these crystals are responsible for certain aspects of the material's chemical and physical behaviour. Concepts in Physical Metallurgy also discusses the mechanical properties of metals, the theory of alloys, and physical metallurgy of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. |
| fe al phase diagram: CALPHAD (Calculation of Phase Diagrams): A Comprehensive Guide N. Saunders, A.P. Miodownik, 1998-06-09 This monograph acts as a benchmark to current achievements in the field of Computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry, often called CALPHAD which is an acronym for Computer CALculation of PHAse Diagrams. It also acts as a guide to both the basic background of the subject area and the cutting edge of the topic, combining comprehensive discussions of the underlying physical principles of the CALPHAD method with detailed descriptions of their application to real complex multi-component materials.Approaches which combine both thermodynamic and kinetic models to interpret non-equilibrium phase transformations are also reviewed. |
| fe al phase diagram: Cohesion in Metals Frank R. Boer, 1988 Hardbound. - Complete collection of phase diagrams; - Up-to-date experimental information and bibliography on thermochemical data; - Formation enthalpies as predicted by the Miedema model for binary solid and liquid solutions and compounds. The first volume in this series presents a complete collection of heat of formation data on binary intermetallic compounds that contain at least one transition metal.Both solid compounds and liquid alloys are considered. A complete table of model predictions is given for systems which lack this experimental information and the origin of the model and the accuracy of the predictions are discussed extensively. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate the applicability of the atomic model in predicting energy effects in metal science in general. When surface energies and vacancy-formation energies of pure metals and model values for enthalpies of alloying are available, one can deal with a large variety of proble |
| fe al phase diagram: Amorphous Metallic Alloys F. E. Luborsky, 1983 Index of amorphous alloys |
| fe al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys ASM International, 1993 |
| fe al phase diagram: High-Entropy Alloys Michael C. Gao, Jien-Wei Yeh, Peter K. Liaw, Yong Zhang, 2016-04-27 This book provides a systematic and comprehensive description of high-entropy alloys (HEAs). The authors summarize key properties of HEAs from the perspective of both fundamental understanding and applications, which are supported by in-depth analyses. The book also contains computational modeling in tackling HEAs, which help elucidate the formation mechanisms and properties of HEAs from various length and time scales. |
| fe al phase diagram: Aqueous Solution and the Phase Diagram Frederick Field Purdon, Victor Wallace Slater, 1946 |
| fe al phase diagram: Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing Horst Czichos, Tetsuya Saito, Leslie E. Smith, 2011-07-22 This Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing presents the principles of Metrology – the science of measurement – and the methods and techniques of Testing – determining the characteristics of a given product – as they apply to chemical and microstructural analysis, and to the measurement and testing of materials properties and performance, including modelling and simulation. The principal motivation for this Handbook stems from the increasing demands of technology for measurement results that can be used globally. Measurements within a local laboratory or manufacturing facility must be able to be reproduced accurately anywhere in the world. The book integrates knowledge from basic sciences and engineering disciplines, compiled by experts from internationally known metrology and testing institutions, and academe, as well as from industry, and conformity-assessment and accreditation bodies. The Commission of the European Union has expressed this as there is no science without measurements, no quality without testing, and no global markets without standards. |
| fe al phase diagram: The Metallurgy of Zinc Coated Steels Arnold Marder, Frank Goodwin, 2023-02-22 The Metallurgy of Zinc Coated Steels provides a comprehensive overview of the science and engineering of zinc coatings. Beginning with a look at new innovations made in the hot-dip coating methods (CGL), the book goes on to discuss phase equilibria, Zn bath phenomena and overlay coating formations. Both processing methods and controls are covered, as well as corrosion resistance and coating product properties. The book concludes with a discussion of future opportunities for zinc coatings. This book is a vital resource for both individuals new to this area while also serving as a handbook for users and producers of zinc coatings. - Presents a basic understanding of the science and engineering behind zinc coatings with a thorough and cutting-edge look at their processing methods, controls, properties, and applications - Discusses corrosion resistance, overlay coating formation, heat treatment, interface reactions, deposition processes, and more - Covers real-world applications of these coatings |
| fe-al phase diagram: IRON—Binary Phase Diagrams O. Kubaschewski, 2013-03-14 At the official dinner of a· meeting in May 1939, I was seated next to Max Hansen. When I congratulated him on the well deserved success of his Aufbau der Zweistoff-Legierungen, he smiled: yes, it was a struggle with the hydra, and so it has taken me seven years, meaning that whenever he had thought to have finished the phase diagram of a particular system, new evidence would turn up like the new heads of the Greek monster. There is no need to point out the importance of assessed phase diagrams to metallurgists or even anyone concerned with the technology and applica tion of metals and alloys. The information contained therein is fundamental to considerations concerning the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of alloys. Hansen's German monograph was followed by a revised English edition in 1958 with K. Anderko and the supplements by R.P. Elliott (1965) and F.A. Shunk (1969). All those who have made use of these volumes will admit that much diligent labour has gone into this work, necessary to cope with the ever increasing number of publications and the consequent improvements. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams of Binary Beryllium Alloys Hiroaki Okamoto, Lee E. Tanner, 1987 Evaluations of pure beryllium, plus 72 binary beryllium alloys. Bibliography through 1986. Required reference sources for engineers and scientists alike, each volume in the Phase Diagram Monograph Series presents the most complete, authoritative, and reliable phase equilibria information ever published on the alloys. Each volume comprises critical evaluations of individual alloy systems performed by experts under the ASM/NIST Data Program for Alloy Phase Diagrams. Evaluation involves searching the literature for all existing thermodynamic and related information on the system, assessing value and distilling the best data into a comprehensive report. Phase diagrams are plotted in atomic percent, but include a secondary weight percent scale. Important points are labeled with composition and temperature. Supplementary graphs provide enlargements of complex areas, solubilities and transformations on the phase diagrams, as well as ancillary drawings that show lattice parameters and thermodynamic data. The text includes discussion of stable and metastable phases, order-disorder and magnetic transitions, thermodynamic calculations and modeling, discrepancies in data values and controversial areas and uncertainties in the diagram. In addition, tables list invariant reactions, crystal structures, lattice parameters, experimental values and thermodynamic parameters. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Methods for Phase Diagram Determination Ji-Cheng Zhao, 2011-05-05 Phase diagrams are maps materials scientists often use to design new materials. They define what compounds and solutions are formed and their respective compositions and amounts when several elements are mixed together under a certain temperature and pressure. This monograph is the most comprehensive reference book on experimental methods for phase diagram determination. It covers a wide range of methods that have been used to determine phase diagrams of metals, ceramics, slags, and hydrides.* Extensive discussion on methodologies of experimental measurements and data assessments * Written by experts around the world, covering both traditional and combinatorial methodologies* A must-read for experimental measurements of phase diagrams |
| fe-al phase diagram: Introduction to Surface Engineering P. A. Dearnley, 2017-01-16 This highly illustrated reference work covers the three principal types of surface technologies that best protect engineering devices and products: diffusion technologies, deposition technologies, and other less commonly acknowledged surface engineering (SE) techniques. Various applications are noted throughout the text and additionally whole chapters are devoted to specific SE applications across the automotive, gas turbine engine (GTE), metal machining, and biomedical implant sectors. Along with the benefits of SE, this volume also critically examines SE's limitations. Materials degradation pathways - those which can and those which cannot be mitigated by SE - are rigorously explained. Written from a scientific, materials engineering perspective, this concise text is supported by high-quality images and photo-micrographs which show how surfaces can be engineered to overcome the limits of conventionally produced materials, even in complex or hostile operating environments. This book is a useful resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as professional engineers. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Intermetallics Gerhard Sauthoff, 2008-07-11 Derived from the highly acclaimed series Materials Science and Technology, this book covers the properties as well as the present and emerging applications of intermetallics. Mechanical characteristics, microstructure as well as the environmental influence on intermetallics are treated in depth. In addition, the prospects and risks inherent in materials development as well as typical applications of intermetallics are critically assessed. It is the author's aim to provide the basis for understanding the physical mechanisms, which influence the properties of the materials and ultimately their areas of application. Materials covered include: Titanium Aluminides and Related Phases * Nickel Aluminides and Related Phases * Iron Aluminides and Related Phases * Cu-Base Phases * A15 Phases * Laves Phases * Rare-Earth Compound * Beryllides * Silicides Intermetallics is a valuable source of information for researchers and graduate students working in materials science, metallurgy, condensed-matter physics, and engineering. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Multicomponent Phase Diagrams: Applications for Commercial Aluminum Alloys Nikolay A. Belov, Dmitry G. Eskin, Andrey A. Aksenov, 2005-07-01 Despite decades of extensive research and application, commercial aluminum alloys are still poorly understood in terms of the phase composition and phase transformations occurring during solidification, cooling, and heating. Multicomponent Phase Diagrams: Applications for Commercial Aluminum Alloys aims to apply multi-component phase diagrams to commercial aluminum alloys, and give a comprehensive coverage of available and assessed phase diagrams for aluminum-based alloy systems of different dimensionality. - Features data on non-equilibrium phase diagrams, which can rarely be obtained from other publications - Extensive coverage of all groups of commercially important alloys and materials |
| fe-al phase diagram: Phase Equilibria, Phase Diagrams and Phase Transformations Mats Hillert, 2007-11-22 Computational tools allow material scientists to model and analyze increasingly complicated systems to appreciate material behavior. Accurate use and interpretation however, requires a strong understanding of the thermodynamic principles that underpin phase equilibrium, transformation and state. This fully revised and updated edition covers the fundamentals of thermodynamics, with a view to modern computer applications. The theoretical basis of chemical equilibria and chemical changes is covered with an emphasis on the properties of phase diagrams. Starting with the basic principles, discussion moves to systems involving multiple phases. New chapters cover irreversible thermodynamics, extremum principles, and the thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces. Theoretical descriptions of equilibrium conditions, the state of systems at equilibrium and the changes as equilibrium is reached, are all demonstrated graphically. With illustrative examples - many computer calculated - and worked examples, this textbook is an valuable resource for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in materials science and engineering. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Intermetallic Compounds Mahmood Aliofkhazraei, 2018-05-30 Intermetallic compounds are usually brittle with high melting points. Their properties are often found among ceramic and metallic materials. In most cases, their hot corrosion resistance and simultaneously hardness are important. One of the main applications of intermetallic compounds is for superalloy turbine blades in which they show appropriate high-temperature-related properties. This book collects new developments about intermetallic compounds and their recent usages. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Ternary Alloys: Ag-Al-Li to Ge-Li-Nd G. Petzow, Günter Effenberg, 1988 |
| fe-al phase diagram: Carbon in Earth's Interior Craig E. Manning, Jung-Fu Lin, Wendy L. Mao, 2020-04-03 Carbon in Earth's fluid envelopes - the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, plays a fundamental role in our planet's climate system and a central role in biology, the environment, and the economy of earth system. The source and original quantity of carbon in our planet is uncertain, as are the identities and relative importance of early chemical processes associated with planetary differentiation. Numerous lines of evidence point to the early and continuing exchange of substantial carbon between Earth's surface and its interior, including diamonds, carbon-rich mantle-derived magmas, carbonate rocks in subduction zones and springs carrying deeply sourced carbon-bearing gases. Thus, there is little doubt that a substantial amount of carbon resides in our planet's interior. Yet, while we know it must be present, carbon's forms, transformations and movements at conditions relevant to the interiors of Earth and other planets remain uncertain and untapped. Volume highlights include: - Reviews key, general topics, such as carbonate minerals, the deep carbon cycle, and carbon in magmas or fluids - Describes new results at the frontiers of the field with presenting results on carbon in minerals, melts, and fluids at extreme conditions of planetary interiors - Brings together emerging insights into carbon's forms, transformations and movements through study of the dynamics, structure, stability and reactivity of carbon-based natural materials - Reviews emerging new insights into the properties of allied substances that carry carbon, into the rates of chemical and physical transformations, and into the complex interactions between moving fluids, magmas, and rocks to the interiors of Earth and other planets - Spans the various chemical redox states of carbon, from reduced hydrocarbons to zero-valent diamond and graphite to oxidized CO2 and carbonates - Captures and synthesizes the exciting results of recent, focused efforts in an emerging scientific discipline - Reports advances over the last decade that have led to a major leap forward in our understanding of carbon science - Compiles the range of methods that can be tapped tap from the deep carbon community, which includes experimentalists, first principles theorists, thermodynamic modelers and geodynamicists - Represents a reference point for future deep carbon science research Carbon in Planetary Interiors will be a valuable resource for researchers and students who study the Earth's interior. The topics of this volume are interdisciplinary, and therefore will be useful to professionals from a wide variety of fields in the Earth Sciences, such as mineral physics, petrology, geochemistry, experimentalists, first principles theorists, thermodynamics, material science, chemistry, geophysics and geodynamics. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams of Ternary Iron Alloys V. Raghavan, 1992 |
| fe-al phase diagram: Complex Metallic Alloys Jean-Marie Dubois, Esther Belin-Ferré, 2010-12-13 Covering fundamental research as well as real-world applications, this first book on CMAs at an introductory level treats everything from atomistic details to surface processing. Comprehensive, self-contained chapters provide readers with the latest knowledge on the most salient features of the topic, selected in terms of their relevance to potential technological applications. Edited by one of the most distinguished authorities on quasicrystals and this most important of their subclasses, the contributions elucidate aspects of CMAs from a particular viewpoint: physical and chemical characteristics in the sub-nanometer regime, mesoscale phenomena, preparation and processing of thin films, and large-scale engineering properties. The whole is rounded off by a look at the commercial potential of CMA-based applications. For PhD students and lecturers alike. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams Flake C. Campbell, 2012-01-01 This well-written text is for non-metallurgists and anyone seeking a quick refresher on an essential tool of modern metallurgy. The basic principles, construction, interpretation, and use of alloy phase diagrams are clearly described with ample illustrations for all important liquid and solid reactions. Gas-metal reactions, important in metals processing and in-service corrosion, also are discussed. Get the basics on how phase diagrams help predict and interpret the changes in the structure of alloys. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams , 1996 |
| fe-al phase diagram: Pearson's Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic Phases Pierre Villars, 1991 |
| fe-al phase diagram: Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture Two Volume Set Pascal Richet, 2021-02-05 This Encyclopedia begins with an introduction summarizing itsscope and content. Glassmaking; Structure of Glass, GlassPhysics,Transport Properties, Chemistry of Glass, Glass and Light,Inorganic Glass Families, Organic Glasses, Glass and theEnvironment, Historical and Economical Aspect of Glassmaking,History of Glass, Glass and Art, and outlinepossible newdevelopments and uses as presented by the best known people in thefield (C.A. Angell, for example). Sections and chapters arearranged in a logical order to ensure overall consistency and avoiduseless repetitions. All sections are introduced by a briefintroduction and attractive illustration. Newly investigatedtopics will be addresses, with the goal of ensuring that thisEncyclopedia remains a reference work for years to come. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Compendium of Phase Diagram Data Erwin Rudy, 1969 |
| fe-al phase diagram: Mechanisms of Diffusional Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys Hubert I. Aaronson, Masato Enomoto, Jong K. Lee, 2016-04-19 Developed by the late metallurgy professor and master experimentalist Hubert I. Aaronson, this collection of lecture notes details the fundamental principles of phase transformations in metals and alloys upon which steel and other metals industries are based. Mechanisms of Diffusional Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys is devoted to solid-s |
| fe-al phase diagram: Aluminum John E. Hatch, 1984-01-01 Comprehensive information for the American aluminium industry Collective effort of 53 recognized experts on aluminium and aluminium alloys Joint venture by world renowned authorities-the Aluminium Association Inc. and American Society for Metals. The completely updated source of information on aluminium industry as a whole rather than its individual contributors. this book is an opportunity to gain from The knowledge of the experts working for prestigious companies such as Alcoa, Reynolds Metals Co., Alcan International Ltd., Kaiser Aluminium & Chemical Corp., Martin Marietta Laboratories and Anaconda Aluminium Co. It took four years of diligent work to complete this comprehensive successor to the classic volume, Aluminium, published by ASM in 1967. Contents: Properties of Pure Aluminum Constitution of Alloys Microstructure of Alloys Work Hardening Recovery, Recrystalization and Growth Metallurgy of Heat Treatment and General Principles of Precipitation Hardening Effects of Alloying Elements and Impurities on Properties Corrosion Behaviour Properties of Commercial Casting Alloys Properties of Commercial Wrought Alloys Aluminum Powder and Powder Metallurgy Products. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Structure and Concentration of Point Defects in Selected Spinels and Simple Oxides Andrzej Stoklosa, Stefan S Kurek, 2023-05-31 It presents diagrams and numerical data of important properties of spinels and oxides in one useful volume. Material scientists and engineers developing new metal or oxide-based systems can use this data to calculate other useful parameters and compare the properties of different materials to select the best candidates for intended use. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys Philip Nash, 1991 |
| fe-al phase diagram: Introduction to Phase Equilibria in Ceramics Clifton G. Bergeron, Subhash H. Risbud, 1984 |
| fe-al phase diagram: High-Performance Ferrous Alloys Radhakanta Rana, 2020-12-18 The current state of understanding of emerging iron alloys and high-alloy ferrous systems, in comparison with some conventional steels, is compiled in this single volume to further their development. While most of the conventional steels are produced routinely today, many advanced high strength steels and iron-based alloys are still in the laboratory stage. The iron-based emerging alloys can yield high levels of mechanical and physical properties due to their new alloy concepts and novel microstructures leading to multiple benefits of their use in terms of sustainability and environmental impact. This book contains introductory chapters that present the requisite background knowledge on thermodynamics, phase diagrams, and processing routes used for the ferrous alloys to enable the readers a smooth understanding of the main chapters. Then, an overview of the conventional microalloyed steels and advanced high strength steels is given to present the benchmark of the existing steels and ferrous alloys manifesting their current state-of-the-art in terms of physical metallurgy and engineering applications. Subsequent chapters detail novel, emerging ferrous alloys and high-alloy ferrous systems. Summarizes the state-of-the-art of emerging iron-based alloys and the new processing and physical metallurgy-related developments of high-alloy iron systems; Explores new iron-based systems driven by the need for new properties, enhanced performance, sustainable processes and educed environmental impact; Compiles cutting-edge research on the progress of materials science of iron-based systems, from physical metallurgy to engineering applications, and possible avenues for future research. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys David A. Porter, K. E. Easterling, 1981 |
| fe-al phase diagram: Materials, Design and Manufacturing for Lightweight Vehicles P.K. Mallick, 2010-03-01 Research into the manufacture of lightweight automobiles is driven by the need to reduce fuel consumption to preserve dwindling hydrocarbon resources without compromising other attributes such as safety, performance, recyclability and cost. Materials, design and manufacturing for lightweight vehicles will make it easier for engineers to not only learn about the materials being considered for lightweight automobiles, but also to compare their characteristics and properties.Part one discusses materials for lightweight automotive structures with chapters on advanced steels for lightweight automotive structures, aluminium alloys, magnesium alloys for lightweight powertrains and automotive structures, thermoplastics and thermoplastic matrix composites and thermoset matrix composites for lightweight automotive structures. Part two reviews manufacturing and design of lightweight automotive structures covering topics such as manufacturing processes for light alloys, joining for lightweight vehicles, recycling and lifecycle issues and crashworthiness design for lightweight vehicles.With its distinguished editor and renowned team of contributors, Materials, design and manufacturing for lightweight vehicles is a standard reference for practicing engineers involved in the design and material selection for motor vehicle bodies and components as well as material scientists, environmental scientists, policy makers, car companies and automotive component manufacturers. - Provides a comprehensive analysis of the materials being used for the manufacture of lightweight vehicles whilst comparing characteristics and properties - Examines crashworthiness design issues for lightweight vehicles and further emphasises the development of lightweight vehicles without compromising safety considerations and performance - Explores the manufacturing process for light alloys including metal forming processes for automotive applications |
| fe-al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams and Heterogeneous Equilibria Bruno Predel, Michael Hoch, Monte J. Pool, 2013-03-09 This advanced comprehensive textbook introduces the practical application of phase diagrams to the thermodynamics of materials consisting of several phases. It describes the fundamental physics and thermodynamics as well as experimental methods, treating all material classes: metals, glasses, ceramics, polymers, organic materials, aqueous solutions. With many application examples and realistic cases from chemistry and materials science, it is intended for students and researchers in chemistry, metallurgy, mineralogy, and materials science as well as in engineering and physics. The authors treat the nucleation of phase transitions, the production and stability of technologically important metastable phases, and metallic glasses. Also concisely presented are the thermodynamics and composition of polymer systems. This innovative text puts this powerful analytical approach into a readily understandable and practical context, perhaps for the first time. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Equilibrium Activity Diagrams T. S. Bowers, K. J. Jackson, H. C. Helgeson, 2012-12-06 This book represents a revision and expansion of an earlier set of diagrams for tempera 0 0 tures from 25 to 300 C along the equilibrium vapor-liquid curve for H 0 (Helgeson, Brown, 2 and Leeper, 1969). The activity diagrams summarized in the following pages were generated over a six year period from 1977 to 1983 in the Laboratory of Theoretical Geochemistry (oth erwise known as Prediction Centra!) at the University of California, Berkeley. They represent the culmination of research efforts to generate a comprehensive and internally consistent set of thermodynamic data and equations for minerals, gases, and aqueous solutions at high pres sures and temperatures. Among the many who contributed to the successful completion of this book, we are especially indebted to David Kirkham, John Walther, and George Flowers, who wrote program SUPCRT, Tom Brown, who created program DIAGRAM, and Eli Mess inger, who generated the Tektronix plot routine to construct the diagrams. Ken Jackson and Terri Bowers both devoted an enormous amount of time and effort over the past six years to produce the diagrams in the following pages; some of which went through many stages of revision. Consequently, they appear as senior authors of this volume. It should be mentioned in this regard that their equal dedication to the project made it necessary to determine their order of authorship by flipping a coin. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams of Binary Copper Alloys P. R. Subramanian, Dhruba J. Chakrabarti, David E. Laughlin, 1994 |
| fe-al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams of Binary Titanium Alloys Joanne L. Murray, 1987 |
| fe-al phase diagram: Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys ASM International, 1993 |
| fe-al phase diagram: Aqueous Solution and the Phase Diagram Frederick Field Purdon, Victor Wallace Slater, 1946 |
| fe-al phase diagram: Cohesion in Metals Frank R. Boer, 1988 Hardbound. - Complete collection of phase diagrams; - Up-to-date experimental information and bibliography on thermochemical data; - Formation enthalpies as predicted by the Miedema model for binary solid and liquid solutions and compounds. The first volume in this series presents a complete collection of heat of formation data on binary intermetallic compounds that contain at least one transition metal.Both solid compounds and liquid alloys are considered. A complete table of model predictions is given for systems which lack this experimental information and the origin of the model and the accuracy of the predictions are discussed extensively. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate the applicability of the atomic model in predicting energy effects in metal science in general. When surface energies and vacancy-formation energies of pure metals and model values for enthalpies of alloying are available, one can deal with a large variety of proble |
| fe-al phase diagram: CALPHAD (Calculation of Phase Diagrams): A Comprehensive Guide N. Saunders, A.P. Miodownik, 1998-06-09 This monograph acts as a benchmark to current achievements in the field of Computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry, often called CALPHAD which is an acronym for Computer CALculation of PHAse Diagrams. It also acts as a guide to both the basic background of the subject area and the cutting edge of the topic, combining comprehensive discussions of the underlying physical principles of the CALPHAD method with detailed descriptions of their application to real complex multi-component materials.Approaches which combine both thermodynamic and kinetic models to interpret non-equilibrium phase transformations are also reviewed. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Iron in Aluminium Alloys N.A. Belov, A.A. Aksenov, Dmitry G. Eskin, 2002-02-07 This volume discusses the phase composition and structure of iron-containing alloys, the influence of iron on various properties, the harmful effects of iron as an impurity. It considers the effect of iron on the structure and properties of aluminium alloys and defines ways to diminish this effect. The book also explores the use of iron in the development of new alloys and composites. It presents analyses of equilibrium and non-equilibrium phase diagrams and structure of iron-containing alloys to the development of new alloys and composite materials. Iron in Aluminium Alloys: Impurity and Alloying Element is intended for graduate students, engineers and researchers working in materials science and metallurgy. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Localized Corrosion Fumio Hine, Kenjirō Komai, Kōji Yamakawa, 1988 |
| fe-al phase diagram: TMS 2017 146th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society TMS, 2017-02-18 This collection features papers presented at the 146th Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Advances in Particulate Materials A. Bose, 2013-10-22 Advances in Particulate Materials introduces the approaches and principles associated with basic powder production, and details the most critical, state-of-the-art advancements in the area of materials processing and particulate materials. As the demands of modern technology increase, particulate materials facilitates the production of numerous advanced materials that may be utilized in aerospace, automotive, defense, chemical, and medical industries.Provides in-depth coverage of some of the most exciting and crucial developments in the area of particulate materials Covers both processing and the materials aspect of some of the emerging areas of particulate materials. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing Horst Czichos, Tetsuya Saito, Leslie E. Smith, 2011-07-22 This Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing presents the principles of Metrology – the science of measurement – and the methods and techniques of Testing – determining the characteristics of a given product – as they apply to chemical and microstructural analysis, and to the measurement and testing of materials properties and performance, including modelling and simulation. The principal motivation for this Handbook stems from the increasing demands of technology for measurement results that can be used globally. Measurements within a local laboratory or manufacturing facility must be able to be reproduced accurately anywhere in the world. The book integrates knowledge from basic sciences and engineering disciplines, compiled by experts from internationally known metrology and testing institutions, and academe, as well as from industry, and conformity-assessment and accreditation bodies. The Commission of the European Union has expressed this as there is no science without measurements, no quality without testing, and no global markets without standards. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Advanced Additive Manufacturing Igor V. Shishkovsky, 2022-07-20 Additive manufacturing (AM) is now being used to produce series components for the most demanding applications. It is a disruptive, if not revolutionary, manufacturing technology. The biggest advantage of this technology is its capacity to make parts with any free form, thus paving the way for free and complex part design. Components and integrated structures with complex designs that would not have been possible just a few years ago can now be made according to various requirements. The net-shape manufacturing capacity of AM allows a considerable saving of materials, conventional thermomechanical processing, and machining processes, making it an environmentally friendly manufacturing technology. This book includes two sections that cover new approaches in AM for biomedical applications and advanced technological solutions. |
| fe-al phase diagram: Nuclear Science Abstracts , 1976 |
MBTI里的fe和fi具体有什么不同？ - 知乎
f轴的本质就是一种主观价值判断，fe fi区别在于，fi是更关注自己的价值观，用自己的价值观衡量外部世界。而fe是更关注外部世界的价值观，希望遵守这个价值观，因此他们的价值观也更容易 …
微单镜头入门推荐 ·索尼E卡口篇 | 2024版 - 知乎
Feb 27, 2024 · 一、E卡口镜头群简述 索尼自2010年开始专注微单赛道，十余年来，已将自家α微单建设成为了 世界上镜头选择最丰富的微单系统。 据DPReview的统计数据，截至2024年 …
索尼的E卡口与FE卡口有什么区别？ - 知乎
卡口的尺寸是一样的 索尼现在市场上可见的a6000系列，a7系列，a9系列，以及一些摄影机，都采用了这种统一的卡口 E卡口的镜头，同样可以装在FE卡口上，反之亦然 但是，能装不一定就 …
以ftp开头的网址怎么打开? - 知乎
FTP开头的网址可以通过浏览器、FTP客户端或命令行工具打开。
双向固定效应模型怎么理解？ - 知乎
面板数据所有都用 虚拟变量 理解就方便了，当然并不是说就用虚拟变量法 (LDSV)来估计，但是你就把它当成有多少个类别就加入n-1个虚拟变量就行了。虚拟变量加法引入改变截距，所以， …
低阶、中阶、高阶的intp分别是怎么样的？ - 知乎
8、整体来说，积累人脉、社会资源的意识淡泊，和人交往也没有什么目的性，类似于，“将来我用得着你，所以我和你交往；或者我觉得你对我有价值，你会帮我达成我的某个目的”，几乎没 …
请问用ansys里的mesh划分网格报错是为什么? - 知乎
May 9, 2022 · 1.复杂的模型先用DM砍成规整的，方方正正的那种 2.先粗划分，再插入——方法——细化 3.砍成好几块后，分开分步进行多区域网格划分，看报错报的是哪一块，再对其砍成 …
完全弄懂X射线光电子能谱（XPS）
Jun 11, 2025 · X射线光电子能谱（XPS）是一种用于分析材料表面化学成分和电子状态的先进技术。
4070，4070ti，4070tis4070s怎么选?
2K/4K游戏帧数表现如下 DLSS2/3：OFF、光追：OFF 4070、4070s、4070Ti 这三张卡都是192bit位宽 12G显存，他们的性能差距就在上面，你们可以自己看下，从性价比的角度来 …
急求！Stata中xtreg、areg、reghdfe三种回归的区别？ - 知乎
Apr 11, 2019 · xtreg,fe 是固定效应模型的官方命令，使用这一命令估计出来的系数是最为纯正的固定效应估计量（组内估计量）。 xtreg 对数据格式有严格要求，要求必须是面板数据，在使 …
MBTI里的fe和fi具体有什么不同？ - 知乎
f轴的本质就是一种主观价值判断，fe fi区别在于，fi是更关注自己的价值观，用自己的价值观衡量外部世界。而fe是更关注外部世界的价值观，希望遵守这个价值观，因此他们的价值观也更容易变化。 所 …
微单镜头入门推荐 ·索尼E卡口篇 | 2024版 - 知乎
Feb 27, 2024 · 一、E卡口镜头群简述 索尼自2010年开始专注微单赛道，十余年来，已将自家α微单建设成为了 世界上镜头选择最丰富的微单系统。 据DPReview的统计数据，截至2024年初，E卡口镜头 …
索尼的E卡口与FE卡口有什么区别？ - 知乎
卡口的尺寸是一样的 索尼现在市场上可见的a6000系列，a7系列，a9系列，以及一些摄影机，都采用了这种统一的卡口 E卡口的镜头，同样可以装在FE卡口上，反之亦然 但是，能装不一定就能用 E卡口 …
以ftp开头的网址怎么打开? - 知乎
FTP开头的网址可以通过浏览器、FTP客户端或命令行工具打开。
双向固定效应模型怎么理解？ - 知乎
面板数据所有都用 虚拟变量 理解就方便了，当然并不是说就用虚拟变量法 (LDSV)来估计，但是你就把它当成有多少个类别就加入n-1个虚拟变量就行了。虚拟变量加法引入改变截距，所以，对于 个体FE， …
低阶、中阶、高阶的intp分别是怎么样的？ - 知乎
8、整体来说，积累人脉、社会资源的意识淡泊，和人交往也没有什么目的性，类似于，“将来我用得着你，所以我和你交往；或者我觉得你对我有价值，你会帮我达成我的某个目的”，几乎没有这个意念。 …
请问用ansys里的mesh划分网格报错是为什么? - 知乎
May 9, 2022 · 1.复杂的模型先用DM砍成规整的，方方正正的那种 2.先粗划分，再插入——方法——细化 3.砍成好几块后，分开分步进行多区域网格划分，看报错报的是哪一块，再对其砍成好几块，再细 …
完全弄懂X射线光电子能谱（XPS）
Jun 11, 2025 · X射线光电子能谱（XPS）是一种用于分析材料表面化学成分和电子状态的先进技术。
4070，4070ti，4070tis4070s怎么选?
2K/4K游戏帧数表现如下 DLSS2/3：OFF、光追：OFF 4070、4070s、4070Ti 这三张卡都是192bit位宽 12G显存，他们的性能差距就在上面，你们可以自己看下，从性价比的角度来说，4070super 是这三 …
急求！Stata中xtreg、areg、reghdfe三种回归的区别？ - 知乎
Apr 11, 2019 · xtreg,fe 是固定效应模型的官方命令，使用这一命令估计出来的系数是最为纯正的固定效应估计量（组内估计量）。 xtreg 对数据格式有严格要求，要求必须是面板数据，在使用xtreg命令 …
